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Resituating culture

edited by Gavan Titley

Directorate of Youth and Sport Council of Europe Publishing

This publication is an edited collection of articles from the resituating culture seminar organised in the framework of the partnership agreement on youth research between the Directorate of Youth and Sport of the Council of Europe and the Directorate-General for Education and Culture, Directorate D, Unit 1, Youth, of the European Commission.

The opinions expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the Council of Europe.

All correspondence relating to this publication or the reproduction or translation of all or part of the document should be addressed to: Directorate of Youth and Sport European Youth Centre Council of Europe 30, rue Pierre de Coubertin F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex Tel: +33 (0) 3 88 41 23 00 Fax: +33 (0) 3 88 41 27 77 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.coe.int/youth

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic (CD-Rom, Internet, etc.) or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior permission in writing from the Publishing Division, Communication and Research Directorate.

Cover: Graphic Design Publicis Koufra Council of Europe F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex

ISBN 92-871-5396-5 © Council of Europe, April 2004 Reprinted May 2005 Printed at the Council of Europe

Contents

Pags

  • List of contributors ...........................................................................................
  • 5

Resituating culture: an introduction

  • Gavan Titley ......................................................................................................
  • 9

Part l. Connexity and self

1. Global culture, deterritorialisation and the cosmopolitanism of youth culture John Tomlinson ............................................................................................ 21

2. Diasporic spatiality, difference and the question of identity
Avtar Brah .................................................................................................... 31

Part ll. Multiculturalisms and interculturalisms

1. Citizenship and multiculturalism: equality, rights and diversity in contemporary Europe Colm O’Cinneide .......................................................................................... 43

2. Constructing the hybrid identities of Europeans
Anna Bagnoli ............................................................................................... 57

3. School success of Moroccan youth in Barcelona: theoretical insights for practical questions Diego Herrera Aragon .................................................................................. 69

4. The practice of intercultural communication: reflections for professionals in cultural encounters Iben Jensen .................................................................................................. 81

Part lll. Racism and anti-racism

1. The problem of culture and human rights in the response to racism
Alana Lentin ................................................................................................. 95

2. The rise and fall of British multiculturalism
Arun Kundnani ............................................................................................. 105

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3. Managing diversity, fighting racism or combating discrimination?
A critical exploration John Wrench ................................................................................................. 113

4. Interculturalism and multiculturalism in Ireland: textual strategies at work in the media landscape Debbie Ging and Jackie Malcolm ................................................................. 125

Part lV. Culture and gender

1. The veil debate: when the religious other and the gendered other are one
Irene Becci ................................................................................................... 139

2. Gendered spaces of exchange: Iranian Muslim religious practices in London
Kathryn Spellman ......................................................................................... 151

3. How important are cultural norms of gender in young people’s accounts of sexual practice? Bryony Hoskins ............................................................................................ 163

Part V. Youth, culture and youth culture?

1. The notion of youth culture in contemporary context
Benjamin Perasovic´ ..................................................................................... 177

2. The uses of hip-hop culture
Rupa Huq ..................................................................................................... 187

3. From youth culture to mass culture? Hip-hop as Trojan horse
Olivier Cathus .............................................................................................. 199

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Contributors

Diego Herrera Aragon is a PhD student in the Departament de Sociologia at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. He is co-author of several studies on minority education and his current research interest is the academic success of Moroccan youth in Catalonia (Spain).

Anna Bagnoli is an Associate Member of the Centre for Family Research at the University of Cambridge, and a Senior Member of Wolfson College, Cambridge. At the Centre for Family Research she was an ESRC Postdoctoral Fellow (2002-03), and conducted her PhD research, a study on the process of identity construction among young people in Europe (University of Cambridge, 2001). This project was funded by the European Commission with a Marie Curie TMR Fellowship (1998- 2000). She was awarded a Ramón y Cajal Scholarship by the European Parliament (2001-02). Anna has previously worked for the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences of the University of Cambridge.

Irene Becci has studied sociology at the universities of Lausanne and Rome. She is currently working on a doctoral thesis at the European University Institute in Florence. Her research is mainly directed towards the study of the relationship between state and religion in Europe.

Avtar Brah is Reader in Sociology in the Faculty of Continuing Education, Birkbeck College, University of London, and has previously been a visiting professor at the Centre for Cultural Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz. She has authored numerous books and articles, including Cartographies of Diaspora (1996), and edited or co-edited several publications, including Hybridity and its Discontents: Politics, Science, Culture (2000). She is currently teaching and researching race and ethnicity in relation to globalisation and diaspora.

Olivier Cathus holds a PhD in sociology and is the author of L’âme-sueur: le funk et les musiques populaires du 20e siècle (Desclée de Brouwer, Paris, 1998). He is a founder member of Gredin (Groupe de Recherche sur l’Effervescence et la Dynamique des Identités Nouvelles), which held a seminar at the Sorbonne (from 1990 to 1997) and organises collective publications. He also works as a journalist and lecturer.

Colm O’Cinneide is Lecturer in Human Rights and Equality Law at the Faculty of Laws, University College London, and has published extensively in the field of equality, rights and citizenship. He is a graduate of the National University of Ireland (Cork), and has previously worked as Legal Officer to Lord Lester of Herne Hill QC in the UK Parliament.

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Debbie Ging lectures in the School of Communications, Dublin City University. Along with Jackie Malcolm and Maeve Connolly, she set up the Working Group on Media and Interculturalism in 2001. She is currently doing doctoral research on masculinity in the entertainment media, and has published a number of book chapters and articles in the area of film studies.

Bryony Hoskins has a background in youth research, and holds a PhD from Brunel University, London, on the topic of young people’s sexual practices. She has completed evaluation research for the European Commission on their youth programmes training courses. Since completing her PhD she has worked in the European Commission Youth Unit and is now working for the Council of Europe as the research officer for the new agreement between both these institutions on youth research co-operation. She was one of the organisers of the resituating culture seminar.

Rupa Huq is a lecturer at the School of Education, University of Manchester. Her research focuses largely on youth culture, ethnicity and popular music. In her spare time she has been known to DJ, write articles on music and even dabble in politics.

Iben Jensen holds an MA in cultural sociology and a PhD in intercultural communication, and is Senior Lecturer at the Department of Communication, Journalism and Computer Science, Roskilde University. Iben has been working with intercultural communication in public schools in Denmark and is now researching intercultural communication in job interviews in Denmark, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Sweden.

Arun Kundnani is a researcher at the Institute of Race Relations, London, and editor of IRR News, a newsletter on race and refugee issues (www.irr.org.uk). He writes and lectures on aspects of racism and immigration and is the designer of the CD-Rom HomeBeats: Struggles for Racial Justice (1997) on anti-racist history.

Alana Lentin is a political sociologist. She received an MSc in political sociology from the London School of Economics in 1997 and completed her PhD, a political sociology of anti-racism in Europe, at the European University Institute in Florence in 2002. Her current research focuses on collective action against detention and deportation in the domain of immigration and asylum in Britain, Italy and Israel. She has received a two-year Marie Curie Individual Fellowship from the European Commission to carry out the research project entitled “They must stay! The political sociology of pro-immigration organisation in Britain, Italy and Israel” within the framework of the Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford. Her first book, Racism and Anti-Racism in Europe, is being published by Pluto Press.

Jackie Malcolm lectures in film studies, media studies and visual culture at the National College of Art and Design, Dublin. A graduate of Dublin City University, she has been involved in initiating and undertaking research projects in the area of media and multiculturalism.

Benjamin Perasovic´ is a researcher at the Institute for Social Sciences Ivo Pilar,

and a professor at the University of Zagreb. His PhD research dealt with youth subcultural styles and identities in Croatia from the 1970s to 1990s. He has published books and articles on youth subcultures and youth issues in Croatia. His research currently focuses on affective alliances, urban tribes and expressive

6

communities. He is President of the NGO Spica that aims at harm reduction in relation to drugs in the dance scene. He is also a DJ, playing mainly roots reggae and dub.

Kathryn Spellman received her MSc and PhD in politics and sociology at Birkbeck College, University of London. Her research interests include transnational migration movements, minority religions in Britain and Iranian studies. Her forthcoming book is entitled Religion and Nation: Iranian Local and Transnational Networks in Britain (Berghahn Publishers, Oxford). She is a Visiting Research Fellow at the Sussex Centre for Migration Research and the Graduate Research Centre for Culture, Development and Environment at the University of Sussex, Brighton. She is a Lecturer in Sociology at Huron International University and Syracuse University’s London campus.

Gavan Titley is a researcher at the Renvall Institute at the University of Helsinki, and is completing his PhD in the School of Applied Language and Intercultural Studies, Dublin City University, where his thesis addresses globalisation, tourism and cosmopolitanism. He has lectured in several universities in Ireland and Finland, and works regularly as an educational consultant in the Directorate of Youth and Sport of the Council of Europe. Gavan was the convener of the resituating culture seminar. Details of his publications can be found at www.helsinki.fi/hum/renvall/bir/staff_titley.html

John Tomlinson is Professor of Cultural Sociology and Director of the Centre for Research in International Communications and Culture (CRICC), Nottingham Trent University. He is the author of Cultural Imperialism (1991) and Globalization and Culture (1999). He has published on issues of globalisation, cosmopolitanism, media and culture in a wide range of books and journals in disciplines from communications and cultural studies to geography, urban studies and development studies.

John Wrench, PhD, is a Research Administrator at the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, Vienna, on secondment from the University of Southern Denmark, where he was an associate professor teaching diversity management. He has researched and published for many years in the area of labour market inclusion and exclusion regarding immigrants and ethnic minorities at a European comparative level. Publications include Migrants, Ethnic Minorities and the Labour Market: Integration and Exclusion in Europe (Macmillan, London, 1999, edited with Andrea Rea and Nouria Ouali) and The EU, Ethnic Minorities and Migrants at the Workplace (Kogan Page, London, 1998).

7

Resituating culture: an introduction

Gavan Titley This is another book about culture. Moreover, it is another book about culture with a title that appears to make a radical claim. Culture is a concept that is often regarded as overexposed, overextended, and possibly over-theorised, and a radical title could understandably be dismissed as a bid for relevance amidst the cacophony of culture talk. Yet it is precisely this dense field of constant reference, and certain dominant currents within it, which motivates this invitation to resituate the idea of culture. This publication stems from a research seminar that aimed to analyse the power, properties, boundaries and possibilities attributed to culture in a range of contemporary discourses, and to assess the import of these discourses for working with youth in European societies. The seminar contended that, in public discourse, culture remains significantly accented in static and essentialist terms, and instrumental in a range of political interventions. In our societies, ideas of culture as the more or less immutable and bounded ways of life of racialised national and ethnic groups persist. The resilient prevalence of this transparent fiction is deeply problematic; as the primary source of ascribed identity it marginalises intersections of gender, class, sexuality and the realities of multiple identities and allegiances, and as political rhetoric it subjects these identities to reductive visions of belonging, entitlement and equality in Europe today.

The significance of culture as an idea is of particular import for the broad community of youth educators, researchers and policy makers active at local, national and European levels. The last ten years have seen – particularly under the aegis of the two European institutions involved in this publication – a concerted emphasis on campaigns, projects and educational activities that address racism and anti-racism, living in “multicultural” societies, human rights, youth participation and conflict transformation. It is a fair guess that all of these initiatives have, at various stages, had to confront culture as an apparent fact and implied value. Many of these initiatives have been instrumental in raising awareness around notions of cultural diversity and experiences of marginality. However, the basic suspicion present at the seminar – of culture as a new horizon of meaning and key witness for political rhetoric – was compounded by a realisation that the necessity to educate about culture may have generated dogmatic educational practices grounded in equally static and unreflexive ideas of culture. Organising and acting at a European level understandably generates a common vocabulary and a storehouse of theories and approaches, but it also generates conceptual and practice-based orthodoxies. In an expansive and integrating

9

Europe, shorthands of culture as bounded group, as nation or as everything are poorly equipped to engage with analytical, educational and political challenges.

Given both the diffuseness of culture as a contemporary keyword and its thorough imbrication in contemporary politics, it might be tempting to regard the idea of resituating culture as involving an attempt at conceptual reckoning, an interesting if futile stab at rescuing the utility of culture by chiselling away layers of encrusted meaning. Resituating, in our sense, does not involve an attempt to recalibrate precise notions of culture, but rather constitutes an ongoing process of resituating culture within shifting and involved discourses. In other words, considering culture today requires the negotiation of complex, uneven and disparate cultural flows and processes in relation to varying and overlapping senses of culture as a mode of framing and evaluating these flows and processes. Engaging with culture and cultural politics, we would argue, involves a form of cultural literacy that emphasises the discursive; the ability to recognise in uses of culture that “it is at one and the same time a mark of distinction and of the assumptions upon which such distinctions are forged” (Smith 2000: 4). To resituate culture is to embrace the constant necessity to historicise, contextualise and critique a disputed and multi-accented concept that is understood in divergent and overlapping ways within and across the realities and modernities of Europe.

The ubiquity of culture

Culture has long been regarded as one of the most complicated concepts in the human and social sciences, and it is also a ubiquitous and banal feature of everyday description. Its usages tumble out of the newspapers on any given day; on a single day of recent newspaper reading I witnessed fears over the health impacts of globalised food culture, a push to correct the balance between work and life in corporate organisational culture – which may or may not be a subset of global business culture – a television series that aims to capture the dynamics of attraction in different sexual cultures, and a review of a book that sets out to tackle the atomised image of video game players by detailing the world of computer game culture. Thus culture, as Ulf Hannerz observes, is everywhere (1996: 31), and is deployed with random ease to suggest different versions of collectivity possibly infused with shared meanings, values and outlooks. Its vague senses of particularity, and the almost universal recognition of that assumed particularity, place culture as one of the central global concepts of our time.

Despite the apparently ceaseless mobility of culture as a vogue signifier, it never floats free of the traces and accents of its complex discursive attachments. Culture may be used to describe “ways of life” and life practices, collectivities based on location, nation, history, lifestyle and ethnicity, systems and webs of representation and meaning, and realms of artistic value and heritage. Its ubiquity and tangled senses could lead us to conclude, simply, that we require an extended vocabulary for framing human activity, or a heightened tolerance for the relativity of culture as a concept. Language, after all, is no more forensic than the realities that produce it, and any articulation of culture is likely to involve a range of overlapping meanings. Indeed, if we adopt the broad sense of culture that emerges in the debates and discussions of what has come to be known as British cultural studies, overlapping meanings of culture are an obvious product of culture as a space of contestation (Du Gay 1997, Barker 2002). Meaning is disputed and in flux, and culture, as a historically accented way of describing, framing and evaluating life and life practices, is a site of contest.

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However, culture as a space of contestation involves the tendency to prefer and embed some meanings over others, and these preferences involve the interaction of power and meaning (Bauman 1999, Hall 1997). Culture is an operative concept that is often naturalised as a descriptive one; as Chris Barker puts it, “‘Culture’ is both a name for the domain in which contestation over value, meanings and practices takes place and a tool by which to intervene in social life” (2002: 67). In contemporary societies and public discourses culture has become a powerful and commonly held currency, and its diffuse descriptiveness is subsumed by the prescriptive senses now ingrained in it. While contemporary cultural theory between and across disciplines emphasises the fluidity of culture as a concept, its assumed and often vague senses of distinctiveness seem to provide, in a range of national and transnational contexts, a unifying language and self-evident marker of identity. Culture may involve reciprocity between senses of making and being made (Eagleton 2000), but there is a lot of evidence to suggest that the latter accent is in the ascendant.

Jane K. Cowan et al. observe (in an anthropological analysis of approaches to culture and human rights) that academic critiques of culture as intimating an organic, particular, bounded way of life, replete with internally coherent systems of meaning and values, have been helplessly paralleled by the “increasing prevalence of culture as a rhetorical object – often in a highly essentialised form – in contemporary political talk” (2001: 3). This volume is informed by a concern that many political debates in the European landscape, that are highly relevant to workers in the broad field of youth, are conducted through the lingering prism of a rhetoric of culture that is descriptively inadequate and politically reactionary. The idea of culture as the essentialised way of life of a people, often implicitly linked to geopolitical territory, retains a disturbing degree of orthodoxy in Europe today.

The culture of differences

Where, then, are these notions of culture most obviously at work, and why is it so hard to convincingly erode them? To return to Cowan’s observation, culture as a rhetorical object has always leant itself to political co-option; as Terry Eagleton points out, “It is one of those rare ideas which have been as integral to the political left as they are vital to the political right, and its social history is thus exceptionally tangled and ambivalent” (2000: 22). With this in mind, it is possible to argue that certain hard-edged rhetorics of culture in an age of globalisation thrive only on the rhetorical possibilities provided by reductionist notions. The lingering phantasm of cultural imperialism, for example, retains an implacably provocative charge despite the inadequate theories of agency and cultural process that underpin such arguments (Tomlinson 1991). Thus Time magazine, in a recent special double edition providing vignettes of European change since the end of the second world war, included the somewhat startling description of Euro Disney as “cultural Chernobyl”1 to illustrate contemporary European fears of “American cultural imperialism”. Similarly, the vastly overexposed notion of a “clash of civilisations” – which vaguely imagines “civilisations” as amplified cultural meta-units – has been critiqued as being of such import primarily because dramatic dichotomies grounded in cultural fundamentalism are appealing in a geopolitically complex world, and also because they fit snugly within the prevailing news values, structures and formats of major US media networks.2

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    AIRPLAY RADIO FRANCE LE MOUT/Toulouse B CHR KULA SHAKER ©BPI Communications Inc. Gilles Seydom Head Of Prom -roaming SHOWER YOUR LOVE A List Addition: Connie Williams- Saturday Columbia Freres Lumieres. Etre NO Qualm. Part Producers: Bob Ezrin & Crispian Mills Most added *sic Fatboy Right Bore Right Now ...dia Alliance Ethnik- 5 lieures Du Mat Publisher: Hoodoo/Hit & Run Mex Gopher- The Child week 16/99 Stephan Eicher- Vanes Danner Cloud Number Nine ITALY Ilit airborne Bryan Adams - (A&M) 10 ITALIANETWaRK1 With the second single taken from their second album LOS CUARENTA/Bologna P B"witched Blame It On The Weatherman CHR Peasants, Pigs & Astronauts, Kula Shaker reaffirm their (Glow Worm/Epic) 10 Michele Menegon - Prog Dir A List Addition: status as one of The Honeyz Love Of A Lifetime Funky Green Dogs- Body (1st Avenue/Wilcistar/Mercury)10 Eiffel 65- Blu Da Bo Dee) Britain'sleadingrock acts, The track has a Alanis Morisseffe Joining You RADIO 105/MilanP CHR (Maverick) 8 Angelo De ftobertis - Head Of Music strong'70sfeel,but A List Addition: the combination of a Texas In Our Lifetime Jennifer Brown- Alive (Mercury) 7 Bon Jovi- Real Life well -constructed song Dottor Livingstone. Al Centro Del Mondo Bon Jovi Real Life Daniels Silvestri- Amore Mio and matching musi- (Reprise)6 Eiffel 65- Blu (Da Ba Dee) cianship works in the Eagle -Eye Cherry Permanent Tears RADIO DEEJAY NETWORK/Milan P CBS group's favour once (Superstudio/Polydor) 6 Dario Usuelli Dead Of Music again. John Paul Bal- A List Addition: Treat Her Like A Lady Celine Dion Vengaboys.
  • Cultural Policy in France Since 1959: Arm's Lenght, Or

    Cultural Policy in France Since 1959: Arm's Lenght, Or

    Cultural Policy in France Since 1959: arm’s lenght, or ’up close and personal?’ – by David Looseley © David Looseley & Nordisk Kultur Institut 2001. Publikationen indgår i forskningsprojektet ”Nordisk Kulturpolitik under Forandring.” Alle rettigheder forbeholdes. Mekanisk, fotografisk eller anden gengivelse af eller kopiering af teksten eller dele deraf er kun tilladt i overensstemmelse med overenskomst mellem Undervisningsministeriet og Copy-Dan. Enhver anden udnyttelse uden skriftligt samtykke fra forfatteren/forlaget er forbudt ifølge dansk lov om ophavsret. Nordisk Kultur Institut | Amalievej 15 | DK-1875 Frederiksberg C Tlf. +45 33 21 36 53 | [email protected] | www.nordiskkulturinstitut.dk 1. Preface Before I begin, I would like to clarify my approach to the subject of French cultural policy. I am not French, nor do I work in cultural administration in any form. I am neither political scientist nor sociologist. What I am is an academic working in the area of French studies, the main object of which is of course France itself. As such, I generally adopt a cultural-historical perspective in my research field, which I define as the contemporary history of French cultural policies, practices and institutions. What my perspective brings to the study of cultural policy, therefore, is a concern not just with administrative and distributive structures but with the importance the arts have been accorded in France for several hundred years. In his paper for this Tribunal, Kevin Mulcahy evokes the French state’s ‘strong sense of cultural mission’ (Tribunal Reader, 1999, 255), while a French writer on the subject, Jean-Michel Djian, starts from the fearlessly unequivocal view that ‘cultural policy is a French invention’ (Djian, 1996, 11).
  • Democracy in the Turmoil of the Future

    Democracy in the Turmoil of the Future

    D e m oc racy in the Turmoil of the Future Democracy in the Turmoil of the Future Cover: Statue “Future” by Wäinö Aaltonen, 1932/1969 Bronze. Eduskunta, Parliament of Finland, Assembly Chamber Mika Mannermaa Committee for the Future Eduskunta, Parliament of Finland tel. +358 9 4321 fax +358 9 432 2140 tuv@parliament.fi ISBN 978-951-53-2961-5 (printed) www.parliament.fi ISBN 978-951-53-2962-2 (PDF) kansi DTF.indd 1 23.05.2007 14:24:55 Democracy in the Turmoil of the Future Societal influence within a new frame of reference Mika Mannermaa Original work in Finnish language: Demokratia tulevaisuuden myllerryksessä, 2007 Committee for the Future Eduskunta, Parliament of Finland www.parliament.fi ISBN 978-951-53-2961-5 (printed) ISBN 978-951-53-2962-2 (PDF) Helsinki, Finland 2007 To the reader Since it was set up in 1993, the Committee for the Future of the Finnish Parliament has touched on the subject of democracy in many ways. However, it is only now as its mandate draws to an end that the Committee for the Future has decided to address this subject specifically. The decision was not an easy one. Democracy is a difficult and challenging subject. To provide background for its debate, the Committee commissioned a report from fu- tures researcher Dr Mika Mannermaa. Produced in conjunction with the Committee as part of the Parliament’s centenary anniversary and launched to coincide with the Pori Jazz Festival in summer 2006, first a book with an international focus Democracy and Futures was published (appeared later in Finnish as Demokratian tulevaisuudet).
  • Mapping Second Generation Cape Verdean Youth Identity in the Greater Boston Area

    Mapping Second Generation Cape Verdean Youth Identity in the Greater Boston Area

    “WE EAT CACHUPA, NOT CLAM CHOWDER:” MAPPING SECOND GENERATION CAPE VERDEAN YOUTH IDENTITY IN THE GREATER BOSTON AREA A dissertation presented by Paul Khalil Saucier Submitted to The Department of Sociology and Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of Sociology Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts September, 2008 1 “WE EAT CACHUPA, NOT CLAM CHOWDER:” MAPPING SECOND GENERATION CAPE VERDEAN YOUTH IDENTITY IN THE GREATER BOSTON AREA by Paul Khalil Saucier ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology in the Graduate School Arts and Sciences of Northeastern University, September 2008 2 ABSTRACT On the basis of fieldwork conducted in the Greater Boston area from May 2007 to May 2008, this dissertation explores the ways in which second-generation Cape Verdean youth in the Greater Boston area negotiate their identity as Cape Verdean and, by extension, as black through multiple articulations of diaspora. Using the ethnographic method this dissertation attempts to understand processes of racialization of “blackness.” My objective is to examine how racialization works to create black identities and to challenge the assumptions that black people do not actively participate in the discourses and practices of racial identity formation. I argue that Cape Verdean youth identities are constructed out of a process of negotiation and contestation, but the negotiation and contestation is stunted by the racial logic of the U.S.; a logic that configures blacks one- dimensionally. In doing so, I examine how North American ascriptions of blackness and forms of black popular culture inform processes of identity formation and negotiation among Cape Verdean youth.