DOCSLIB.ORG

Geography of World and India

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Geography of World and India MPPSCADDA 1 GEOGRAPHY OF WORLD AND INDIA CONTENT WORLD GEOGRAPHY ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ INDIAN GEOGRAPHY ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ 2 MPPSCADDA 3 GEOGRAPHY WORLD 1. UNIVERSE INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY • The word ‘Geography’ is a combination of two Greek words "geo" means Earth and "graphy" means write about. • Geography as a subject not only deals with the features and patterns of surface of Earth, it also tries to scientifically explain the inter-relationship between man and nature. • In the second century, Greek scholar Eratosthenes (Father of Geography) adopted the term 'Geography'. BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY Physical Geography Human Geography Bio - Geography Cultural Geography Climatology Economic Geography Geomorphology Historical Geography Glaciology Political Geography Oceanography Population Geography Biogeography Social Geography Pedology Settlement Geography PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY It deals with the physical environment and various processes that bring about changes in the physical environment on the Earth's surface. It includes: 1. Bio-Geography: The study of the geographic distribution of organisms. 2. Climatology: The study of climate or weather conditions averaged over a period of time. 3. Geomorphology or Physiographic: The scientific study of landforms and processes that shape them. 4. Glaciology: The study of glaciers and ice sheets. 5. Oceanography: The study of all aspects of the ocean including temperature, ocean current, salinity, fauna and flora, etc. 6. Pedology: The study of various types of Soils. 4 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Human geography deals with the perspective of human and its functions as well as its interaction with the environment. It studies people, communities and cultures with an emphasis on relations of land across space. It includes: 1. Cultural Geography: The study of the spatial variations among cultural groups and spatial functioning of the society. 2. Economic Geography : It studies the distribution and utilization of resources of the Earth. 3. Historical Geography: The study of the past like the reconstruction of past environment and the study of sequences of changes with the passage of time at a place. 4. Political Geography: It is the study of the political phenomenon like national interests, nations and international relations. 5. Population Geography: The study of the characteristics of people living in an area such as sex-ratio, literacy, migration, etc. 6. Social Geography: The study of the spatial arrangement of social phenomena like caste, religion, racial groups and their social implications. 7. Settlement Geography: It deals with the: nature of human shelter. UNIVERSE • Universe is the whole of existence, including planets, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space, all matter and energy. The size of the universe is unknown and infinite. • The study of universe is called as Cosmology. The age of universe is approximately 13.8 million years (13.8 x 109years). COMPOSITION OF UNIVERSE • The Universe is believed to be composed of dark energy, dark matter, hydrogen and helium. THEORIES of Evolution of the Universe • Aristotle propounded geocentric theory where the Earth was the centre of the universe and the sun, the moon and the other planets are orbiting the Earth. • In 140 AD, Claudius Ptolemy propounded the theory that the Earth was the centre of the universe and the sun and other heavenly bodies revolved around it. • In 1543, Nicholas Copernicus argued that the sun, and not the Earth, was the centre of the universe. Johannes Kepler supported Copernicus but said that the sun was the centre of the solar system and not the universe. • In 1805, Hershel made it clear that the solar system was a part of the much larger system of stars called galaxy. 5 The three main theories put forward to explain the origin and evolution of the universe are: The Big Bang Theory • The 'Big Bang theory' is related to the origin of the Universe, Milky Way and Solar system. • It explains the origin of the universe from the earliest known period through its subsequent large- scale evolution. • The measurement of the expansion rate of the universe places this moment approximately 13.7 billion years ago, which is thus considered the age of the universe. • This theory was propounded by Georges Lemaitre and George Gamow in 1894-96. Later in 1967, Robert Wagner explained this theory. • According to this theory, whole universe was concentrated on a hot and dense point some 13.7 bn years ago. Due to high concentration, there was a sudden explosion which was termed as Big-Bang. • Due to primordial explosion, the matter was broken into pieces, which were thrown out with high speed in all directions forming stars and galaxies which are still moving away from one another. Pulsating (Oscillating) Universe Theory • It states that universe periodically expands from the explosion of the primordial body, then contracts back and explodes again, over immensely long cycles, ad infinitum. At present, the universe is expanding. Steady State Theory • This Theory was developed in 1948 by Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold and Hermann Bondi. It states that the universe is always expanding though it maintains a constant average density. GALAXY • A galaxy is a huge congregation of stars held together by the forces of gravity. • Infinite group of these swirling galaxies are visible to us collectively in the form of Universe. • Every Galaxy is estimated to contain 100 billion stars. • Milky Way: Our galaxy is Milky Way Galaxy (or the Akash Ganga) which contains our Solar System. • It is spiral in shape. It consists of over a 100 billion stars rotating and revolving about its centre. The nearest spiral galaxy to ours is Andromeda. • In 1924, Edwin Hubble first demonstrated existence of galaxies beyond Milky Way. • There are three main types of galaxies: 1. Elliptical Galaxies shaped like a "Spheriod" or "Elongated Sphere"; 2. Spiral Galaxies have three main components and 3. Irregular Galaxies have no regular or symmetrical structure. • Spitzer space telescope in 2005, produced clear proof that the shape of our Milky Way is Barred spiral. 6 STAR • Stars are self-luminous and heavenly bodies that are extremely hot and have own light. Star forming matter is richer in hydrogen and helium. • A star's color indicates the temperature of its surface. Blue color denotes maximum temperature. • The nearest star to Earth is the Sun. The oldest star HE 1523-0901, is an estimated 13.2 billion years old. The most massive star known is "Eta Carinae" having with 100-150 times as much mass as the Sun. • "VY Canis Majoris" is one of the largest known stars by radius and the most luminous. • The smallest star in the universe is a Red Dwarf known as "Gilese 623b". Its mass is one tenth the mass of the sun. STAGES OF STAR • Universe is a group of infinite galaxies and each galaxy contains billions of stars. Stars are the most fundamental building blocks of galaxies. Whole lifecycle of stars is divided into 5 stages: 1. Stage 1 : These stars are formed by nebulae having ingredient Hydrogen and Helium present in galaxies. These are born within the clouds of dust scattered throughout most galaxies. During the first life-cycle phase of a high-mass star, the hydrogen in the core burns until only helium is left. 2. Turbulence deep within these clouds gives rise to knots with sufficient mass that the gas and dust can bring to collapse under its own gravitational attraction. In the initial stage of their development, stars are known as Protostar. Subsequently, a star enters the next phase of development which describes the stars as 'main sequence star'. The stages a star will go through and how long it will last in each stage depends on the mass. Heavy stars evolve quicker than light stars. Heavy stars live shorter lives than the common stars because even though they have a larger amount of hydrogen for nuclear reactions, their rate of consuming their fuel is much greater. 3. Once a star has burnt through all its fuel i.e. hydrogen fuel in its' core, nuclear reactions can no longer continue. So, the core begin to contract within it's own gravity. This brings additional hydrogen into a zone where temperature and pressure are adequate to cause fusion to resume in a shell around the core. In this stage a star is termed as 'Red Giant'. 4. In the Second (maturing) process, a star takes millions of year from the beginning of the collapse to adulthood. A star of the size of our Sun requires about 50 million years to mature and will stay in this mature phase for approximately 10 billion years. The smallest stars, known as red dwarfs, may contain as little as 10% the mass of the Sun, while the most massive stars, known as hypergiants may be 100 or more times more massive than the Sun. In the stage of red giant or hyper giant a burst of nuclear fusion occurs by which dwarf may become Nova or Super Nova. 7 5. After this the stars, according to their size reaches to one of the three stages: Black dwarf, Neutron star or Black hole, of death. o Small stars like Sun — If after Novae explosion the remaining Mass is within 1.44 times of solar masses, the star will become white dwarf and shall reach to death in the form Black dwarf. A solar mass is the standard way to describe mass in astronomy (One solar mass is equal to the mass of the Sun, or about 1.98892 ×10^30 kg) o Stars of Medium size—If after Supernovae explosion the remaining mass of star is within the limit of 1.44 times to 3 times of solar masses it will become Neutron star. o Stars of Large size — If after Supernovae explosion the remaining mass is more than 3 times of the Solar masses, star will become Black Hole.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Shankar Ias Academy Test 18 - Geography - Full Test - Answer Key
    SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY TEST 18 - GEOGRAPHY - FULL TEST - ANSWER KEY 1. Ans (a) Explanation: Soil found in Tropical deciduous forest rich in nutrients. 2. Ans (b) Explanation: Sea breeze is caused due to the heating of land and it occurs in the day time 3. Ans (c) Explanation: • Days are hot, and during the hot season, noon temperatures of over 100°F. are quite frequent. When night falls the clear sky which promotes intense heating during the day also causes rapid radiation in the night. Temperatures drop to well below 50°F. and night frosts are not uncommon at this time of the year. This extreme diurnal range of temperature is another characteristic feature of the Sudan type of climate. • The savanna, particularly in Africa, is the home of wild animals. It is known as the ‘big game country. • The leaf and grass-eating animals include the zebra, antelope, giraffe, deer, gazelle, elephant and okapi. • Many are well camouflaged species and their presence amongst the tall greenish-brown grass cannot be easily detected. The giraffe with such a long neck can locate its enemies a great distance away, while the elephant is so huge and strong that few animals will venture to come near it. It is well equipped will tusks and trunk for defence. • The carnivorous animals like the lion, tiger, leopard, hyaena, panther, jaguar, jackal, lynx and puma have powerful jaws and teeth for attacking other animals. 4. Ans (b) Explanation: Rivers of Tamilnadu • The Thamirabarani River (Porunai) is a perennial river that originates from the famous Agastyarkoodam peak of Pothigai hills of the Western Ghats, above Papanasam in the Ambasamudram taluk.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIT-III 1. Middle East Countries 2. Central and Middle Asia 3. China 4
    WORLD TOURISM DESTINATIONS UNIT-III 1. Middle East Countries 2. Central and Middle Asia 3. China 4. SAARC Countries A S I A N C O N T I N E N T 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 2 Countries in ASIAN Continent : 48+03+01 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 3 WEST ASIA CENTRAL ASIA SOUTH ASIA 12/11/2020NORTH ASIA Saravanan_doc_WorldEAST ASIA Tourism_PPT SOUTH EAST ASIA4 WEST ASIA 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 5 WEST ASIAN COUNTRIES • Armenia • Lebanon • Azerbaijan • Oman • Bahrain • Palestine • Cyprus • Qatar • Georgia • Saudi Arabia • Iraq • Syria • Iran • Turkey • Israel • United Arab Emirates • Jordan • Yemen • Kuwait 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 6 Armenia 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 7 Azerbaijan 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 8 Bahrain 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 9 Cyprus 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 10 Georgia 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 11 Iraq 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 12 Iran 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 13 Israel 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 14 Jordan 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 15 Kuwait 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 16 Lebanon 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 17 Oman 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 18 Palestine 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 19 Qatar 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 20 Saudi Arabia 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 21 Syria 12/11/2020 Saravanan_doc_World Tourism_PPT 22 Turkey
    [Show full text]
  • Lok Sabha ___ Synopsis of Debates
    LOK SABHA ___ SYNOPSIS OF DEBATES (Proceedings other than Questions & Answers) ______ Monday, March 11, 2013 / Phalguna 20, 1934 (Saka) ______ OBITUARY REFERENCE MADAM SPEAKER: Hon. Members, it is with great sense of anguish and shock that we have learnt of the untimely demise of Mr. Hugo Chavez, President of Venezuela on the 5th March, 2013. Mr. Hugo Chavez was a popular and charismatic leader of Venezuela who always strived for uplifting the underprivileged masses. We cherish our close relationship with Venezuela which was greatly strengthened under the leadership of President Chavez. We deeply mourn the loss of Mr. Hugo Chavez and I am sure the House would join me in conveying our condolences to the bereaved family and the people of Venezuela and in wishing them strength to bear this irreparable loss. We stand by the people of Venezuela in their hour of grief. The Members then stood in silence for a short while. *MATTERS UNDER RULE 377 (i) SHRI ANTO ANTONY laid a statement regarding need to check smuggling of cardamom from neighbouring countries. (ii) SHRI M. KRISHNASSWAMY laid a statement regarding construction of bridge or underpass on NH-45 at Kootterapattu village under Arani Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu. (iii) SHRI RATAN SINGH laid a statement regarding need to set up Breeding Centre for Siberian Cranes in Keoladeo National Park in Bharatpur, Rajasthan. (iv) SHRI P.T. THOMAS laid a statement regarding need to enhance the amount of pension of plantation labourers in the country. (v) SHRI P. VISWANATHAN laid a statement regarding need to set up a Multi Speciality Hospital at Kalpakkam in Tamil Nadu to treat diseases caused by nuclear radiation.
    [Show full text]
  • Multi- Hazard District Disaster Management Plan
    MULTI –HAZARD DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN, BIRBHUM 2018-2019 MULTI – HAZARD DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN BIRBHUM - DISTRICT 2018 – 2019 Prepared By District Disaster Management Section Birbhum 1 MULTI –HAZARD DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN, BIRBHUM 2018-2019 2 MULTI –HAZARD DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN, BIRBHUM 2018-2019 INDEX INFORMATION 1 District Profile (As per Census data) 8 2 District Overview 9 3 Some Urgent/Importat Contact No. of the District 13 4 Important Name and Telephone Numbers of Disaster 14 Management Deptt. 5 List of Hon'ble M.L.A.s under District District 15 6 BDO's Important Contact No. 16 7 Contact Number of D.D.M.O./S.D.M.O./B.D.M.O. 17 8 Staff of District Magistrate & Collector (DMD Sec.) 18 9 List of the Helipads in District Birbhum 18 10 Air Dropping Sites of Birbhum District 18 11 Irrigation & Waterways Department 21 12 Food & Supply Department 29 13 Health & Family Welfare Department 34 14 Animal Resources Development Deptt. 42 15 P.H.E. Deptt. Birbhum Division 44 16 Electricity Department, Suri, Birbhum 46 17 Fire & Emergency Services, Suri, Birbhum 48 18 Police Department, Suri, Birbhum 49 19 Civil Defence Department, Birbhum 51 20 Divers requirement, Barrckpur (Asansol) 52 21 National Disaster Response Force, Haringahata, Nadia 52 22 Army Requirement, Barrackpur, 52 23 Department of Agriculture 53 24 Horticulture 55 25 Sericulture 56 26 Fisheries 57 27 P.W. Directorate (Roads) 1 59 28 P.W. Directorate (Roads) 2 61 3 MULTI –HAZARD DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN, BIRBHUM 2018-2019 29 Labpur
    [Show full text]
  • English/Publish/Download/Vrf/Pdf/492.Pdf
    GEF/E/C.59/01 November 11, 2020 59th GEF Council December 7-10, 2020 Virtual Meeting Agenda Item 09 EVALUATION OF GEF SUPPORT IN FRAGILE AND CONFLICT-AFFECTED SITUATIONS (Prepared by the Independent Evaluation Office of the GEF) Recommended Council Decision The Council, having reviewed document GEF/E/C.59/01, Evaluation of GEF Support in Fragile and Conflict- Affected Situations, and the Management Response, endorses the following recommendations: 1. The GEF Secretariat should use the project review process to provide feedback to Agencies to identify conflict and fragility-related risks to a proposed project and develop measures to mitigate those risks. 2. To improve conflict-sensitive programming while also providing flexibility to Agencies and projects, the GEF Secretariat could develop guidance for conflict-sensitive programming. 3. To improve conflict-sensitive design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of GEF projects, the GEF Secretariat together with the Agencies should leverage existing platforms for learning, exchange, and technical assistance. 4. The current GEF Environmental and Social Safeguards could be expanded to provide more details so that GEF projects address key conflict-sensitive considerations. 5. The GEF Secretariat could consider revising its policies and procedures so that GEF-supported projects can better adapt to rapid and substantial changes common in fragile and conflict-affected situations ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ...............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tourist Places in and Around Dhanbad
    Tourist Places in and around Dhanbad Dhanbad the coal capital of India lies at the western part of Eastern Indian Shield, the Dhanbad district is ornamented by several tourist spots, namely Parasnath Hill, Parasnath Temple, Topchanchi, famous Jharia coalfields, to mention a few. Other important places are Bodh Gaya, Maithon Dam, and this town is only at 260 km distance by rail route from Kolkata. Bodh Gaya Lying at 220 km distance from Dhanbad. Bodh Gaya is the place where Gautam Buddha attained unsurpassed, supreme Enlightenment. It is a place which should be visited or seen by a person of devotion and which would cause awareness and apprehension of the nature of impermanence. About 250 years after the Enlightenment, the Buddhist Emperor, Ashoka visited the site of pilgrimage and established the Mahabodhi temple. Parasnath Temple The Parasnath Temple is considered to be one of the most important and sanctified holy places of the Jains. According to Jain tradition, no less than 23 out of 24 Tirthankaras (including Parsvanatha) are believed to have attained salvation here. Baidyanath Temple Baidyanath Jyotirlinga temple, also known as Baba dham and Baidyanath dham is one of the twelve Jyotirlingas, the most sacred abodes of Shiva. It is located in Deoghar at a distance of 134 km from Dhanbad. It is a temple complex consisting of the main temple of Baba Baidyanath, where the Jyotirlinga is installed, and 21 other temples. Maithon Dam Maithon is 52 km from Dhanbad. This is the biggest reservoir in the Damodar Valley. This dam, designed for flood control, has been built on Barakar river.
    [Show full text]
  • Further Refinement of the Corbelling Theory for the Equilibrium Analysis of Corbelled Domes
    Curved and Layer. Struct. 2019; 6:30–40 Research Article Aguinaldo Fraddosio*, Nicola Lepore, and Mario Daniele Piccioni Further refinement of the Corbelling Theory for the equilibrium analysis of corbelled domes https://doi.org/10.1515/cls-2019-0003 sion of the concept of false arch: indeed, both the construc- Received Jul 07, 2018; accepted Jul 23, 2018 tions are composed by a superposition of purely horizon- tal stone layers slightly cantilevered toward the center un- Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present a further de- til meeting at the top [3]. Whereas at first sight, this kind of velopment of the Corbelling Theory [1] for assessing the constructions may appear to be the result of a self-building structural safety of “false domes” constructions like Trulli, process, actually they are the expression of a consider- and more generally for corbelled domes. In particular, it is able constructive knowledge, handed down over time. In well-known that a corbelled dome of a Trullo is a layered particular, the above architectural typology comes from a thick shell and that only the thin inner layer (candela) has long historical process: corbelled domes were well-known a structural role. The proposed procedure extends the ca- since the Bronze Age, and several examples can be found pabilities of the approach proposed in [2] to more general in archeological sites in Italy (Tuscany) and in Greece as load conditions, including the infill. The effectiveness of the renowned case of the Mycenaean Tholoi (XIV century the proposed approach is discussed through the analysis B.C.).
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern India Pramila Nandi
    P: ISSN NO.: 2321-290X RNI : UPBIL/2013/55327 VOL-5* ISSUE-6* February- 2018 E: ISSN NO.: 2349-980X Shrinkhla Ek Shodhparak Vaicharik Patrika Dimension of Water Released for Irrigation from Mayurakshi Irrigation Project (1985-2013), Eastern India Abstract Independent India has experienced emergence of many irrigation projects to control the river water with regulatory measures i.e. dam, barrage, embankment, canal etc. These irrigation projects were regarded as tools of development and it was thought that they will take the economy of the respective region to a higher level. Against this backdrop, the Mayurakshi Irrigation Project was initiated in 1948 with Mayurakshi as principal river and its four main tributaries namely Brahmani, Dwarka, Bakreswar and Kopai. This project aimed to supply water for irrigation to the agricultural field of the command area at the time of requirement and assured irrigation was the main agenda of this project’s commencement. In this paper the author has tried to find out the current status of the timely irrigation water supply which was the main purpose of initiation of this project. Keywords: Irrigation Projects, Regulatory Measures, Command Area, Assured Irrigation. Introduction In the post-independence period, India has shown accelerating trend in growth of irrigation projects. Following USA and other advanced economies of the time, independent India encouraged irrigation projects to ensure assured irrigation, flood control, generation of hydroelectricity. Then Prime Minister Jawhar Lal Neheru entitled the dams as temples of modern India. Mayurakshi Irrigation Project (MIP) was one of them and was Pramila Nandi launched in 1948 to serve water to the thirsty agricultural lands of one of Research Scholar, the driest district of West Bengal i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • A Critical Reconstruction of Modern Urban Settlement Patterns in Muscat and Al Batinah Based on Military Maps
    Research Collection Journal Article A Critical Reconstruction of Modern Urban Settlement Patterns in Muscat and Al Batinah Based on Military Maps Author(s): Richthofen, Aurel von Publication Date: 2018-01-26 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000290644 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library A Critical Reconstruction of Modern Urban Settlement Patterns in Muscat and Al Bāţinah based on Military Maps Aurel von Richthofen ABSTRACT Urbanisation in Oman started shortly after 1970. The process of urbanisation changed the land-use and settlement patterns in Oman and in particular in Muscat Capital Area. Modern urban geography and urban planning in Oman emerged in the 1980s when the ‘rational’ Llewelyn-Davies plan of 1981 became the guiding planning framework. The main conceptual strategies and spatial imagination of the territory remained un-questioned in all subsequent plans and strategies up to the present Oman National Spatial Strategy. This article argues that the limited means of spatial representation of urban planners and geographers in the 1980s also limited the conceptualisation of the urban development strategies. These relied essentially on conventional aerial photography whereas the military already used systematic satellite imagery. US and Soviet military maps based on satellite images have been disclosed at the end of the Cold War and are now accessible. The evaluation of maps produced between 1943 and 1975 allows to reconstruct earlier settlement patterns preceding the 1980s. Hundreds of pre-existing settlement cores integrated hydrographic, topographic and agricultural features across the region of Muscat and Al Bāţinah.
    [Show full text]
  • Maltese Stone by Damjan Hidic University of Ljubljana July 2009
    Page 430 Maltese stone by Damjan Hidic University of Ljubljana July 2009 ABSTRACT Malta Summer School is an event prepared by the Belgian organisation Xpeditions, which operates in the field of anthropological research. The heads of the project are Marc Vanlangendonck and Sam Janssen. The purpose of the event is to research areas connected with anthropology in a place where the group lives for a certain period. The rich history of Malta testifies that over the centuries, or rather millennia, it has played an important strategic role as a defensible point in the middle of the Mediterrannean. The remains of the Ggantija Temples can be seen today on the island of Gozo, which have a specific place in the development of the earliest sacral architecture. The underground temples and tombs hold a special place. The next important period is the Renaissance. Valetta is one of the most important Renaissance towns, which, according to tradition, was planned in a mere six days. This period was followed by the Baroque. A well-known name from that time is Count Giovanni Battista Vertova, who was a mathematician and military engineer. Contemporary architecture provides the last framework. Here it is worth mentioning as a curiosity the production of modular stone in quarries in a way that is characteristic only for this area. In addition to new buildings, vernacular architecture must also be mentioned, to which belong girnas or shelters, hides for bird hunters, beehives in walls, wells etc. ARTICLE INFO Introduction Malta Summer School is an event prepared by the Belgian organisation Xpeditions, which operates in the field of anthropological research.
    [Show full text]
  • Moradih, Loyadih & Polkera Balu Ghat Mining
    Moradih, Loyadih & Polkera Balu Ghat Mining Project Village- Moradih, Loyadih & Polkera, Tehsil: Dhanbad, District- Dhanbad, Jharkhand. (Area-20.39 Hectare) 1. Status of LOI Copy of DMO letter is enclosed. 2. CO report for any bridge within 500 m from the site. There is no bridge within 500 m from the site. 3. Form -1 revised Stockyard will be constructed near the mine site when the mine will be in operation and it will be used to store excavated sand. Operation will be done after getting prior permission. Revised form is enclosed at Annexure. 4. Status of transportation The mine site is well connected via an approach road of approx. 1.9 km towards Moradih village to Bhola More and connected to Sahibganj road via Pakaria. which further connects metalled road towards NH-2 in SW direction. 5. Details of year wise action plan for plantation Progressive Afforestation Schedule Year Plantation during the year (No. of samplings) 1st Year 2,000 2nd Year 2,000 3rd Year 2,000 4th Year 2,000 5th Year 2,000 Total 10,000 6. Local species recommended for plantation S NO BOTANICAL NAME LOCAL NAME 1 Magnifera indica Aam 2 Acacia catethu Kher 3 Syzygium cumini Jamun 4 Azadirachta indica Neem 5 Terminalia chebula Harra 6 Tamarindus indica Imli/Jojo 7 Madhuca indica Mahua 8 Aegle marmelos Bel 9 Albizzia lebbeck Siris Beside this, some soil binding gransses like Vetiver Grass, cynodon Dactylon (Indian Doab), Hyparrhenia Hirta (Tambookie grass) will be planted to prevent soil erosion. ********* Form-1 of Proposed Sand Mining Project at Moradih, Loyadih & Polkera Balu Ghat, Barakar River at District- Dhanbad of State- Jharkhand of Area 20.39 Ha.
    [Show full text]
  • CHALLENGES in EFFICIENT WATER MANAGEMENT in DAMODAR RIVER VALLEY - ROLE of DVC 1 2 Dipankar Chaudhuri ; Satyabrata Banerjee
    CHALLENGES IN EFFICIENT WATER MANAGEMENT IN DAMODAR RIVER VALLEY - ROLE OF DVC 1 2 Dipankar Chaudhuri ; Satyabrata Banerjee Abstract The Damodar River Valley has an extensive history of developmental and planning activities since 1863. DVC was formed in the year 1948 by the act of Parliament to carry out the responsibilities for monitoring and developing this large watershed in an integrated manner. It is well aware that all the projects, planned originally could not be implemented till date by the DVC and the participatory states. Again, silt depositions in the existing reservoirs and channels due to erosions at the upper valley have reduced their respective storage and flowing capacities remarkably. On the other hand, demand of water has been increased many folds within the valley due to growth of industries, population etc. With passing of time, socio- economic and political condition of the valley has also changed a lot. So, considering the different constraints, DVC is trying to manage all its statutory obligations with its limitations. Performances of the operations in the different fields of activities like flood moderation, irrigation, municipal and irrigation water supply, Hydropower etc. have been studied elaborately in this article. Lots of new commendable initiatives to restore the lost-capacities and to increase the storage facilities have also been discussed. A Master Plan of the ecofriendly sustainable developmental activities of the valley in the different projected scenarios has already been prepared by DVC which has also been described in brief. Some scopes have been identified to take up a few new small Hydro schemes at different locations in the upper valley.
    [Show full text]