DOCSLIB.ORG

NW-22 Birupa Badi Genguti Brahmani Final

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
NW-22 Birupa Badi Genguti Brahmani Final Final Feasibility Report of Cluster 4 – Birupa / Badi Genguti / Brahmani River Feedback Infra (P) Limited i Final Feasibility Report of Cluster 4 – Birupa / Badi Genguti / Brahmani River Table of Content 1 Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... 1 2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Inland Waterways in India ...................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Project overview ..................................................................................................................... 7 2.3 Objective of the study ............................................................................................................. 7 2.4 Scope ....................................................................................................................................... 8 2.4.1 Scope of Work in Stage 1 .................................................................................................... 8 2.4.2 Scope of Work in Stage 2 .................................................................................................... 8 3 Approach & Methodology ............................................................................................................. 11 3.1 Stage-1 .................................................................................................................................. 11 4 Study area profile .......................................................................................................................... 15 4.1 Physiography ......................................................................................................................... 15 4.2 Rivers ..................................................................................................................................... 15 4.2.1 River System of Odisha ..................................................................................................... 15 4.2.2 Rivers under Study ............................................................................................................ 16 4.2.3 Birupa/Badi Genguti/Brahmani river system .................................................................... 16 4.3 Basin information of Birupa/Badi Genguti and Brahmani rivers .......................................... 17 4.3.1 Birupa/ Badi Genguti Basin ............................................................................................... 17 4.3.2 Brahmani River Basin ........................................................................................................ 18 4.4 Climate .................................................................................................................................. 20 4.4.1 Rainfall .............................................................................................................................. 20 5 Data Collection and Survey Methodology ..................................................................................... 23 5.1 Details of primary and secondary surveys for stage 1 .......................................................... 23 5.2 Secondary data collection ..................................................................................................... 23 5.3 Primary data collection (Reconnaissance survey) ................................................................ 23 5.4 Equipment details for reconnaissance survey ...................................................................... 24 5.4.1 Bathymetric survey ........................................................................................................... 24 5.4.2 Topographic survey ........................................................................................................... 27 6 Technical Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 31 6.1 Analysis of present state of affairs ........................................................................................ 31 6.1.1 Birupa River ....................................................................................................................... 31 6.1.2 Badi Genguti ...................................................................................................................... 39 6.1.3 Brahmani River .................................................................................................................. 44 6.2 Reconnaissance Survey ......................................................................................................... 47 6.2.1 Establishment of CD .......................................................................................................... 47 6.2.2 Hydrographic Surveys ....................................................................................................... 48 6.3 River Details .......................................................................................................................... 49 6.3.1 Birupa River: ...................................................................................................................... 49 6.3.2 Badi Genguti River:............................................................................................................ 55 6.3.3 Brahmani River .................................................................................................................. 57 6.4 Bed Profile of Proposed Waterway ....................................................................................... 59 6.4.1 Birupa ................................................................................................................................ 59 6.4.2 Badi Genguti ...................................................................................................................... 60 Feedback Infra (P) Limited ii Final Feasibility Report of Cluster 4 – Birupa / Badi Genguti / Brahmani River 6.4.3 Brahmani ........................................................................................................................... 61 6.5 Available Navigable Stretch .................................................................................................. 61 6.5.1 Birupa ................................................................................................................................ 62 6.5.2 Badi Genguti ...................................................................................................................... 62 6.5.3 Brahmani ........................................................................................................................... 62 6.6 Classification of Waterways .................................................................................................. 62 6.7 Dredging ................................................................................................................................ 64 7 Market Analysis and Traffic Potential ............................................................................................ 67 7.1 Market Overview .................................................................................................................. 67 7.1.1 Industrial setup of Odisha ................................................................................................. 67 7.1.2 Existing Tourism Scenario in Odisha ................................................................................. 68 7.2 Market setup along the Waterway ....................................................................................... 69 7.2.1 Industries along the study stretch .................................................................................... 69 7.2.2 Mineral reserves along the study stretch ......................................................................... 70 7.2.3 Agricultural scenario along the study stretch ................................................................... 70 7.2.4 Tourist places along the study stretch .............................................................................. 71 7.3 Rail/Road Connectivity .......................................................................................................... 71 7.4 Traffic Potential ..................................................................................................................... 72 7.4.1 Approach & Methodology................................................................................................. 72 7.4.2 Cargo Potential .................................................................................................................. 73 7.4.3 Passenger traffic potential ................................................................................................ 75 7.5 Summary ............................................................................................................................... 76 8 SWOT analysis of proposed waterway .......................................................................................... 79 8.1 Birupa/Badi Genguti/Brahmani River system ....................................................................... 79 9 Observations and Suggestions ....................................................................................................... 83 9.1 Observations ........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (IJTSRD) Hydrogeochemical Analysis and Quality Evaluatio
    International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) International Open Access Journal ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 1 | Issue – 6 Hydrogeochemical Analysis and Quality Evaluation of Groundwater for Irrigation Purposes in Puri District, Odisha Swarna Manjari Behera Dr. Falguni Baliarsingh Student, Civil Engineering Department, Associate Professor, Civil Engineering College Of Engineering and Technology Department, College Of Engineering and Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India ABSTRACT The present study is carried out in the Puri district, feldspars), as well as Fluorides, hydroxides, Odisha, India to ascertain the suitability of chlorides, carbonates and silicates and many others,. groundwater for irrigation purposes. The parameters Apart from natural processes, other controlling used to ascertain the suitability of groundwater for factors on the GW quality include heavy metals, irrigation purposes are synthesized. The physico pollution and contamination resulting from some chemical observations used for the purpose were ; uncontrolled effluent discharges from industries, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, liquid wastes of urbans, harmful agricultural calcium, magnesium, potassium, carbonate, practices (e.g., excessive application of pesticides bicarbonate and the irrigation indexing parameters and fertilizers). The quality required of a calculated were, sodium adsorption ratio, residual groundwater supply depends on its purpose of use sodium carbonate,
    [Show full text]
  • Multi- Hazard District Disaster Management Plan
    MULTI –HAZARD DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN, BIRBHUM 2018-2019 MULTI – HAZARD DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN BIRBHUM - DISTRICT 2018 – 2019 Prepared By District Disaster Management Section Birbhum 1 MULTI –HAZARD DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN, BIRBHUM 2018-2019 2 MULTI –HAZARD DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN, BIRBHUM 2018-2019 INDEX INFORMATION 1 District Profile (As per Census data) 8 2 District Overview 9 3 Some Urgent/Importat Contact No. of the District 13 4 Important Name and Telephone Numbers of Disaster 14 Management Deptt. 5 List of Hon'ble M.L.A.s under District District 15 6 BDO's Important Contact No. 16 7 Contact Number of D.D.M.O./S.D.M.O./B.D.M.O. 17 8 Staff of District Magistrate & Collector (DMD Sec.) 18 9 List of the Helipads in District Birbhum 18 10 Air Dropping Sites of Birbhum District 18 11 Irrigation & Waterways Department 21 12 Food & Supply Department 29 13 Health & Family Welfare Department 34 14 Animal Resources Development Deptt. 42 15 P.H.E. Deptt. Birbhum Division 44 16 Electricity Department, Suri, Birbhum 46 17 Fire & Emergency Services, Suri, Birbhum 48 18 Police Department, Suri, Birbhum 49 19 Civil Defence Department, Birbhum 51 20 Divers requirement, Barrckpur (Asansol) 52 21 National Disaster Response Force, Haringahata, Nadia 52 22 Army Requirement, Barrackpur, 52 23 Department of Agriculture 53 24 Horticulture 55 25 Sericulture 56 26 Fisheries 57 27 P.W. Directorate (Roads) 1 59 28 P.W. Directorate (Roads) 2 61 3 MULTI –HAZARD DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN, BIRBHUM 2018-2019 29 Labpur
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern India Pramila Nandi
    P: ISSN NO.: 2321-290X RNI : UPBIL/2013/55327 VOL-5* ISSUE-6* February- 2018 E: ISSN NO.: 2349-980X Shrinkhla Ek Shodhparak Vaicharik Patrika Dimension of Water Released for Irrigation from Mayurakshi Irrigation Project (1985-2013), Eastern India Abstract Independent India has experienced emergence of many irrigation projects to control the river water with regulatory measures i.e. dam, barrage, embankment, canal etc. These irrigation projects were regarded as tools of development and it was thought that they will take the economy of the respective region to a higher level. Against this backdrop, the Mayurakshi Irrigation Project was initiated in 1948 with Mayurakshi as principal river and its four main tributaries namely Brahmani, Dwarka, Bakreswar and Kopai. This project aimed to supply water for irrigation to the agricultural field of the command area at the time of requirement and assured irrigation was the main agenda of this project’s commencement. In this paper the author has tried to find out the current status of the timely irrigation water supply which was the main purpose of initiation of this project. Keywords: Irrigation Projects, Regulatory Measures, Command Area, Assured Irrigation. Introduction In the post-independence period, India has shown accelerating trend in growth of irrigation projects. Following USA and other advanced economies of the time, independent India encouraged irrigation projects to ensure assured irrigation, flood control, generation of hydroelectricity. Then Prime Minister Jawhar Lal Neheru entitled the dams as temples of modern India. Mayurakshi Irrigation Project (MIP) was one of them and was Pramila Nandi launched in 1948 to serve water to the thirsty agricultural lands of one of Research Scholar, the driest district of West Bengal i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Thursday, July 11, 2019 / Ashadha 20, 1941 (Saka) ______
    LOK SABHA ___ SYNOPSIS OF DEBATES* (Proceedings other than Questions & Answers) ______ Thursday, July 11, 2019 / Ashadha 20, 1941 (Saka) ______ SUBMISSION BY MEMBERS Re: Farmers facing severe distress in Kerala. THE MINISTER OF DEFENCE (SHRI RAJ NATH SINGH) responding to the issue raised by several hon. Members, said: It is not that the farmers have been pushed to the pitiable condition over the past four to five years alone. The miserable condition of the farmers is largely attributed to those who have been in power for long. I, however, want to place on record that our Government has been making every effort to double the farmers' income. We have enhanced the Minimum Support Price and did take a decision to provide an amount of Rs.6000/- to each and every farmer under Kisan Maan Dhan Yojana irrespective of the parcel of land under his possession and have brought it into force. This * Hon. Members may kindly let us know immediately the choice of language (Hindi or English) for obtaining Synopsis of Lok Sabha Debates. initiative has led to increase in farmers' income by 20 to 25 per cent. The incidence of farmers' suicide has come down during the last five years. _____ *MATTERS UNDER RULE 377 1. SHRI JUGAL KISHORE SHARMA laid a statement regarding need to establish Kendriya Vidyalayas in Jammu parliamentary constituency, J&K. 2. DR. SANJAY JAISWAL laid a statement regarding need to set up extension centre of Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari (Bihar) at Bettiah in West Champaran district of the State. 3. SHRI JAGDAMBIKA PAL laid a statement regarding need to include Bhojpuri language in Eighth Schedule to the Constitution.
    [Show full text]
  • The National Waterways Bill, 2016
    Bill No. 122-F of 2015 THE NATIONAL WATERWAYS BILL, 2016 (AS PASSED BY THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT— LOK SABHA ON 21 DECEMBER, 2015 RAJYA SABHA ON 9 MARCH, 2016) AMENDMENTS MADE BY RAJYA SABHA AGREED TO BY LOK SABHA ON 15 MARCH, 2016 ASSENTED TO ON 21 MARCH, 2016 ACT NO. 17 OF 2016 1 Bill No. 122-F of 2015 THE NATIONAL WATERWAYS BILL, 2016 (AS PASSED BY THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT) A BILL to make provisions for existing national waterways and to provide for the declaration of certain inland waterways to be national waterways and also to provide for the regulation and development of the said waterways for the purposes of shipping and navigation and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. BE it enacted by Parliament in the Sixty-seventh Year of the Republic of India as follows:— 1. (1) This Act may be called the National Waterways Act, 2016. Short title and commence- (2) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by notification ment. in the Official Gazette, appoint. 2 Existing 2. (1) The existing national waterways specified at serial numbers 1 to 5 in the Schedule national along with their limits given in column (3) thereof, which have been declared as such under waterways and declara- the Acts referred to in sub-section (1) of section 5, shall, subject to the modifications made under this tion of certain Act, continue to be national waterways for the purposes of shipping and navigation under this Act. inland waterways as (2) The regulation and development of the waterways referred to in sub-section (1) national which have been under the control of the Central Government shall continue, as if the said waterways.
    [Show full text]
  • Notice Inviting E-Auction for Grant of Mining Lease of Sand
    Government of West Bengal Office of the District Land & Land Reforms Officer Murshidabad Memo. No. 7189 /X-34/C/17 Dated, Berhampore, the 17th August, 2017 Notice inviting e-Auction for grant of Mining Lease of Sand Notices are hereby invited for e-Auction from bona fide individuals, firms and companies for grant of mining lease of sand (minor minerals) only through online mode of bidding in the Government e-Auction System (http:// eauction.gov.in) for 11 (eleven) nos. Sand Blocks situated in District- Murshidabad and Block-M-J, Raghu-II & Nabagram in the riverbed of Dwarka, Bhairav, Bhagirathi / Padma & Brahmani river as per provisions of the West Bengal Minor Minerals (Concession) Rules, 2016 and West Bengal Minor Minerals (Auction) Rules, 2016, whose land schedules and maps are annexed with this notice. The terms and conditions are given in the Bid document annexed with this notice and also in the Government e-Auction System Portal. It is also available at the offices of the: 1) District Magistrate & Collector, Murshidabad. 2) District Land & Land Reforms Office, Murshidabad. 3) Sub-Divisional Land & Land Reforms Office (all), Murshidabad. 4) Block Land & Land Reforms Office (all), Murshidabad Intending bidders must have Digital Signature Certificate for e-submission of their bids online through e- Procurement Portal & to participate in the competitive bidding online. Relevant papers / documents (listed below) should be submitted in any working day between 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. on and from 21/08/2017 to 23/08/2017 at the sealed tender box kept in the Office of the Additional District Magistrate (LR) & District Land & Land Reforms Officer, Murshidabad.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analytical Study of Assessment of Class of Water Quality on River Brahmani, Odisha
    IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) www.iosrjen.org ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719 Vol. 09, Issue 11, November. 2019, Series -III, PP 23-31 An Analytical Study of Assessment of Class of Water Quality on River Brahmani, Odisha Abhijeet Das1, Dr.Bhagirathi Tripathy2 1Assistant Professor (Consolidated), Civil Engineering Department, IGIT, Sarang, Odisha. 2Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, IGIT, Sarang, Odisha. Corresponding Author: Abhijeet Das Received 08 November 2019; Accepted 25 November 2019 ABSTRACT: The present investigation is aimed at assessing the current water quality standard along the stretch of Brahmani River in terms of physico-chemical parameters. In the selected study area the River Brahmani is receiving a considerable amount of industrial wastes and witnessing a considerable amount of human and agricultural activities. Twelve samples were collected along the entire stretches of the river basin during the period from January-2000 to December-2015 on the first working day of every month. In the selected research area, the Brahmani River is receiving the domestic, industrial, and municipal waste waters/effluents all along its course. Various physico-chemical parameters like pH, Nitrate (NO₃), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Boron, Alkalinity, Calcium, Magnesium, Turbidity, Chloride Clˉ) , Sulphate (SO₄²ˉ), Fluoride(Fˉ) and Iron(Fe) etc. were analysed. The present study indicates that the water quality of Brahmani River is well within tolerance limit taking the physico-chemical parameters into considerations. Keywords: Brahmani River, Physico-chemical parameters, pH, TDS, Alkalinity, Tolerance limit. I. INTRODUCTION Water, a prime natural resource, is a basic need for sustenance of human civilization. Sustainable management of water resources is an essential requirement for the growth of the state’s economy and well being of the population.
    [Show full text]
  • C O N T E N T S
    16.12.2015 1 C O N T E N T S Sixteenth Series, Vol.XIV, Sixth Session, 2015/1937 (Saka) No. 15, Wednesday, December 16, 2015/Agrahayana 25, 1937 (Saka) S U B J E C T P A G E S ORAL ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Starred Question Nos.241 to 246 12-66 WRITTEN ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Starred Question Nos. 247 to 260 67-113 Unstarred Question Nos.2761 to 2990 114-534 The sign + marked above the name of a Member indicates that the Question was actually asked on the floor of the House by that Member. 16.12.2015 2 PAPERS LAID ON THE TABLE 535-544, 552-555, 558 COMMITTEE ON PRIVATE MEMBERS BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS 17th Report 545 PUBLIC ACCOUNTS COMMITTEE 27th to 29th Reports 546 STANDING COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE 17th to 21st Reports 547 STANDING COMMITTEE ON DEFENCE 12th and 13th Reports 548 STANDING COMMITTEE ON PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS 8th and 9th Reports 549 STANDING COMMITTEE ON COAL AND STEEL 15th and 16th Reports 550 STANDING COMMITTEE ON SOCIAL JUSTICE AND EMPOWERMENT Statements 551 STATEMENTS BY MINISTERS (i) Status of implementation of the recommendations contained in the 7th Report of the Standing Committee on Information Technology on Demands for Grants (2015-16), pertaining to the Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. Shri Ravi Shankar Prasad 556 16.12.2015 3 (ii) Status of implementation of the recommendations contained in the 44th Report of the Standing Committee on Social Justice and Empowerment on `Working of Ashram Schools in Tribal Areas‟, pertaining to the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Quality Assessment of Brahmani River at Talcher City, Odisha (A Case Study)
    IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 15, Issue 5 Ver. IV (Sep. - Oct. 2018), PP 25-33 www.iosrjournals.org Water Quality Assessment of Brahmani River At Talcher City, Odisha (A Case Study) Chanchal Kumar Mukherjee1, Dr.Bhagirathi Tripathy2, Dr. P K Pani3, Abhijeet Das4 1 Research Scholar, Utkal University, 2Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, IGIT, Sarang, Odisha. 3 Professor, Civil Engineering Department, IGIT, Sarang, Odisha. 4 Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, IGIT, Sarang, Odisha. Corresponding Author: Chanchal Kumar Mukherjee Abstract: Water, food, energy and the environment have got intertwined in a spiral of decline and degradation .The challenge is to slow the spin and reverse the direction. The world’s thirst for water is likely to become one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century. Rapid pace of industrialization, concurrent growth of urbanization, need and change of life style of ever expanding population have the potential to damage the environment and degrade the available surface water sources. Since there has been growing concern about pollution in Talcher area due to industrial, mining and other anthropogenic activities, Central Pollution Control Board and Ministry of Environment & Forests have identified this zone as one of the hot spots in respect of pollution hazards. The present investigation deals with a comparative study of physico-chemical characteristics of water samples taken from four different sampling locations situated near the industrial zone of Talcher near Brahmani basin. The parameters were constantly monitored like pH, conductivity, hardness, DO, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, Phosphate, Sulphate, Nitrate, Chloride etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymns to Jagannatha JAYADEVA
    Orissa Review * May - 2005 Hymns to Jagannatha JAYADEVA Translations by Dr. Subas Pani Jayadeva lived in the twelfth century and is the literature. The ten avataras are also presented in well-known author of the musical epic Sri sculptures on the outer walls of the sanctum of Geetagovinda. He hailed from the Kenduli village the Srimandira. These have been revealed to us in the Prachi valley between Bhubaneswar and only recently after the de-plastering of the temple Puri. He spent most of his life at Puri and surface. The monastery established by Jayadeva composed the songs of Sri Geetagovinda as is also known as the Dasavatara Matha and is musical offerings to Lord Jagannatha. Padmavati, situated near the Gundicha temple to the east of his beloved wife, danced to the songs sung and the Saradhabali, the open grounds in front of the choreographed by Jayadeva. The composition former. Many of the avatara sculptures can still was probably performed first on the twin be found in this temple today. occasions of the dedication of the Srimandira and The main dramatic theme of Sri the coronation of Kamaamava as the crown Geetagovinda relates to the dalliance of Radha prince in 1142 AD during the reign of and Madhava on the banks of Yamuna and their Chodagangadeva, the founder of the great Ganga secret love play. Yet throughout the twenty-four Empire in the east coast of India. Jayadeva, a songs and seventy-two slokas, the thread of deep great scholar and composer was a devotee first devotion runs like a subterranean stream.
    [Show full text]
  • Dams, Rivers & People
    Dams, Rivers & People SANDRP VOL 2-ISSUE 5-6 Rs 15/- JUNE-JULY 2004 INDEX ADB money for Bisalpur project, but not to DAM! 30 Another dam, displacement without rehabiliation 2 Flood News: Is it the worst flood 31 Civil Society Position Paper on WB CAS 3 PM’s task force on floods 32 Garland of Hype: Response to Suresh Prabhu Mockery of flood assistance in Bihar Dunu Roy 4 Dinesh Kumar Mishra 33 River Link News: SC Orders Violated 5 How fishing ban helps Fish conservation in HP Bhakra at risk: Silt Delta at Gobind Sagar 6 Kuldip Kumar Sharma 34 Case for decommissioning of Dumbur Dam 7 And yet fish habitats deplete in HP: 35 Gosikhurd Dam Oustees Protest 8 Soils of India 36 Villages under threat due to Parbati HEP in HP 9 Rajasthan to legislate FOR contract farming 37 NHPC faces protests over Middle Siang HEP 10 Virtual Water Trade: India among top exporters 38 NHPC violations in TEESTA V 11 Power news 39 Kerala PH Rejects Silent Valley Project 12 Power Finance News 40 SC directs MP to provide land based R&R 13 Power Options: Renewables in India 41 Costly Narmada Bonds 14 AP HC Bats for Renewables 42 Polluted Rivers: Sutlej 15 No State is Power Surplus: Assocham 43 No HEPs in Banjar Valley? 16 CAG indicts Delhi, Maharashtra: Who cares? 44 W Bengal’s bill to imperil water bodies 17 2.88% in Nepal have renewable energy 45 Climate to cause water scarcity in India? 18 Pakistan: GMof HEP sentenced to RI 46 Water Privatisation is not the answer says UN 19 BD: UN urged to review water convention 47 New Krishna Tribunal challenged by Karnataka 20
    [Show full text]
  • Geography of World and India
    MPPSCADDA 1 GEOGRAPHY OF WORLD AND INDIA CONTENT WORLD GEOGRAPHY ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ INDIAN GEOGRAPHY ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ 2 MPPSCADDA 3 GEOGRAPHY WORLD 1. UNIVERSE INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY • The word ‘Geography’ is a combination of two Greek words "geo" means Earth and "graphy" means write about. • Geography as a subject not only deals with the features and patterns of surface of Earth, it also tries to scientifically explain the inter-relationship between man and nature. • In the second century, Greek scholar Eratosthenes (Father of Geography) adopted the term 'Geography'. BRANCHES OF GEOGRAPHY Physical Geography Human Geography Bio - Geography Cultural Geography Climatology Economic Geography Geomorphology Historical Geography Glaciology Political Geography Oceanography Population Geography Biogeography Social Geography Pedology Settlement Geography PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY It deals with the physical environment and various processes that bring about changes in the physical environment on the Earth's surface. It includes: 1. Bio-Geography: The study of the geographic distribution of organisms. 2. Climatology: The study of climate or weather conditions averaged over a period of time. 3. Geomorphology or Physiographic: The scientific study of landforms and processes that shape them. 4. Glaciology: The study of glaciers and ice sheets. 5. Oceanography: The study of all aspects of the ocean including temperature, ocean current, salinity, fauna and flora, etc. 6. Pedology: The study of various types of Soils. 4 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Human geography deals with the perspective of human and its functions as well as its interaction with the environment. It studies people, communities and cultures with an emphasis on relations of land across space. It includes: 1. Cultural Geography: The study of the spatial variations among cultural groups and spatial functioning of the society.
    [Show full text]