Comprehensive Disaster Management Plan (Updated Strategic Plan for Disaster Management)

DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES

COMPREHENSIVE DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN (UPDATED STRATEGIC PLAN FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT)

MAHANADI- BURHABALANGA- PHAILIN-LEHAR-HELEN MAY’2018 BRAHAMANI-BAITARANI SUBARNAREKHA

SOMETIMESDISASTERS AREINEVITABLE, BUTTIMELYTAKENPRECAUTIONARY MEASURES AND POST DISASTER RESCUE AND REHABILITATION ACTIVITIES MINIMISES THE LOSS TO A GREATER EXTENT. THE REPORT DESCRIBES THE STRATEGICPLANSFOR DISASTERMANAGEMENT BYSTATEWATERRESOURCES DEPARTMENT.

DEPARTMENT O F WATER RESOURCES GOVERNMENT O F ODISHA

DEPARTMENT OFWATER RESOURCES, GOVERNMENT OFODISHA

COMPREHENSIVE DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

MAY’2018

Sl.No. Description of Items Page No.

Chapter – 1: Introduction 1.1 Objective 1 1.2 Scope of the Plan 1 1.3 Overview of the Department 3 1.4 Acts, Rules and Policies governing the business of the department. 4 1.5 Institutional Arrangement for disaster management 4

1.5.1 Junior Engineer/Assistant Engineer 5

1.5.1.1 Pre-flood measures 5

1.5.1.2 Measures during flood 6

1.5.1.3 Post-flood measures 6

1.5.1.4 General 7

1.5.2 Assistant Executive Engineer (AEE) 7

1.5.2.1 Pre-flood measures 7

1.5.2.2 Measures during flood 8

1.5.2.3 Post-flood measures 8

1.5.2.4 General 9

1.5.3 Executive Engineer 9

1.5.3.1 Pre-flood measures 9

1.5.3.2 Measures during floods 9

1.5.3.3 Post-flood measures 10

1.5.3.4 General 10

1.5.4 Superintending Engineer 10

1.5.5 Chief Engineer / Chief Engineer & Basin Manager (CE & BM): 11

1.6 Preparation and implementation of departmental disaster management plan 12

Chapter – 2: Hazard, Risk and Vulnerability Analysis

2.1 Historical/past disaster/losses in the department 14 2.2 Emerging Concerns 22

Chapter-3: Capacity – Building Measures

3.1 Trainings and Capacity Building 23

3.2 Community Awareness and Community Preparedness Planning 23

3.3 Capacity Building of Community Task forces 24

3.4 Sustainable Management 25

3.5 Mitigation 25

3.6 DRR Master Planning for the Future 25

3.6.1 Community Engagement 26 3.6.2 Organizing Teams 26 3.7 Mitigation Capacity Building Needs & Workshop Planning 26

3.8 Workshop Planning. 26

3.9 Capacity Building 26

Chapter – 4: Prevention & Mitigation Measures 4.1 General 30 4.2 Flood control in Mahanadi Basin 30 4.3 Flood Control in Baitarani Basin 32 4.4 Flood Control in Brahmani Basin 34 4.5 MEASURES 36

4.5.1 Structural Measure 36

4.5.2 Non-structural Measures 36

4.5.3 Institution and Community 37

4.5.4 Launching of Flood Forecasting Model for Department 38

of Water Resources, Odisha 4.5.5 Structural Measures for Flood Control 39

4.6 Risk Analysis 42

4.6.1 Assessing Flood Probabilities 42 4.6.2 Flood Modelling of Rivers 42 4.6.3 Storm-surge Modelling for Hurricanes and Cyclones 42 Chapter – 5: Historical Events and Basin Wise Flood Management 5.1 Flood Damage Statistics 43 5.2 Flood Fighting 43 5.2.1 Measures taken during Phailin (2013) 44

5.2.2 Vulnerable Locations for 2013 50

5.2.3 Vulnerable Locations for 2014 50

5.2.4 Vulnerable Locations for 2015 51

5.2.5 Vulnerable Locations for 2016 52

5.2.6 Vulnerable Locations for 2017 53

5.3 Rainfall Distribution 54 Chapter – 6: Preparedness (For the current year) 6.1 General 60 6.2 Activities 60 6.3 Flood Preparedness-2018 64 6.4 Budget provision-2018 64 6.5 Physical Action to be taken by Officials 66 6.6 Long Term Actions and Responsibility 70 6.7 Dams and their Emergency Action Plan 71 6.7.1 Why Dam Fails? 71

6.7.2 How to keep a watch on Dam Condition? 72

6.7.2.1 Brief history of the dam and salient features 72

6.7.2.2 Assessment of Health Status 72 6.7.2.3 Reservoir operation 72 6.7.2.4 Instrumentation 73 6.7.2.5 Emergency Situations, Signs of Failure and Classification 73

6.7.3 How to get prepared before a Dam Failure 75

6.7.3.1 Preparedness 75

6.7.3.2 Warning System 76

6.7.3.3 Communication System 77

6.7.3.4 Availability of machines, materials & labour 78

6.7.3.5 Dam Security Arrangement 78

6.7.3.6 Review, Update and Validation 78

6.7.4 What to do during a flood? 78

6.7.4.1 Local Evacuation Plan 78

6.7.5 Implementation 79

6.8 Scientific Assessment of Flood Prone Areas Pilot Project 79 at Burhabalanga Basin 6.9 Knowledge Management 80

6.10 Points for Open Discussions 81

6.10.1 Embankment Free Flood Plain 81

6.10.2 De-commissioning of Older Dams 81

FIGURE

SL. NO. FIGURE NO DESCRIPTION OF ITEMS PAGE NO.

1 2.1 Tracks of Phailin in different days 17 2 2.2 Flood Inund ation M ap of 18th O ct.2013 20

3 2.3 Tracks of Hud Hud in different days 21

4 4.1 Mahanadi Basin 30 5 4.2 Rule curve of Hirakud 31 6 4.3 Baitarani Basin Map 32 7 4.4 Brahmani Basin Map 34 8 5.1 Flood A ffec ted Dis tri cts 2008 43 9 5.2 Flood Inund ation M ap of 14th Sept.2011 44

10 5.3 Trac ks of Phail in in d ifferent d ays 46 11 5.4 Flood Inund ation M ap of 18th O ct.2013 49

12 5.5 Position Vulne rable Loca tion of 2013 50

13 5.6 Position Vulne rable Loca tion of 2014 51 14 5.7 Position Vulne rable Loca tion of 2015 52

15 5.8 Position Vulne rable Loca tion of 2016 53

16 5.9 Vulne rable Loca tion of 2017 54 17 6.1 Position of Vulnerable Locations in 2018 61

TABLE

SL. NO. TABLE NO DESCRIPTION OF ITEMS PAGE NO. 1 . 2.1 Major Flood Events of Odisha 15

2 2.2 Basin D etails of Odisha 15 3 2.3 Gauge Posi tions during Phailin 16

4 2.4 Reservoir pre and post Depletion Levels 17

5 2.5 Damage details during Phailin 21 6 4.1 Travel time of Flood water in Mahanadi Basin 31

7 4.2 1 and 2 -Day rain fall maxima as a fun ction of area 34

8 4.3 Travel Times of Flood Water in Baitarani Basin 34

8 5.1 Flood D amage Statis tics 43 9 5.2 Critical Vulnerable points from 2014 to 2018 54

10 6.1 Division wise weak & Vulnerable points 62

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVE Objective of this plan is to define the actions and roles necessary to prepare for and respond to any disaster situation in a coordinated manner. The Departmental Disaster Management Plan helps the Department to assess its own capacity in terms of available resources and get ready to mitigate any unexpected disaster effectively and to prevent the loss of human lives and property through preparedness, prevention & mitigation of disasters. It helps to know the standard operating procedures of the department at the time of disaster. The role and responsibility of each and every officer can be detected at the time of disaster. It also helpful to develop immediate and long-term support plans for vulnerable people in/during disasters. 1.2 SCOPE OF THE PLAN Odisha had faced number of natural disasters like flood, cyclone, drought, lightening, coastal erosion etc. Any disaster will cause innumerable miseries, loss of life and appreciable economic loss to the state. The Disaster Management Plan is intended to guide the concerned officers in identifying, monitoring, responding to and mitigating the emergency situations. It is also useful to assist the officials to take immediate action in a critical situation, before getting a formal approval from higher authorities. Scope of the plan is to protect and preserve human life, health and well-being. Minimize damage to the natural environment. Minimize loss, damage or disruption to the facilities, resources and operations. Manage immediate communications and information regarding emergency response operations and campus safety. Provide essential services and operations. Provide and analyze information to support decision-making and action plans

Plan Objectives:

The objectives of this plan are to:

Organisation a. Provide clear and easy-to-follow checklist based guidelines for the most critical functions and liaisons during an emergency response.

b. Provide an easy to follow plan design in which users can quickly determine their role, responsibilities and primary tasks. c. Link and coordinate processes, actions and the exchange of critical information into an efficient and real-time overall response so that stakeholders are informed of the emergency response process and have access to information about what is occurring.

1 d. Provide clear and easy-to-follow checklist based guidelines.

Communications and Information Management a. Serve as the central point of communications both for receipt and transmission of urgent information and messages. b. Serve as the official point of contact during emergencies when normal communication channels are interrupted.

c. Provide 24-hour communication services for voice, data and operational systems. d. Collect and collate all disaster related information for notification, public information, documentation and post-incident analysis. e. Provide a basis for training staff and organizations in emergency response management. f. Decision Making - Determine, through a clear decision-making process, the level of response and the extent of emergency control and coordination that should be activated when incidents occur.

Response Operations a. Utilize the resources to implement a comprehensive and efficient emergency management response team. b. Be prepared with a pro-active emergency response management action plan that provides the possibilities and eventualities of emerging incidents.

Recovery Operations a. Transition response operations to normal management and operational processes, as able. b. Support business resumption plans and processes, as needed, during restoration phases. c. Types and Levels of Crisis - Limited Crisis. A limited crisis, within the scope of this plan, is any incident,

• Identify vital records and create a backup for storage in a safe place.

• Train employees on what to do in the event of a disaster.

• Compile and make employees aware of a list of emergency telephone Res. numbers.

• Inventory and repair all disaster response equipment.

2 • Identify emergency power requirements, and purchase a generator, if necessary.

• Determine computer requirements for employees who must maintain operations during a disaster.

• Verify that communications equipment is operational.

• Collect, label, and store emergency supplies.

• Ensure that your facility is in compliance with any legal or regulatory requirement

1.3 OVERVIEW OF THE DEPARTMENT

The state Odisha is vulnerable to multiple disasters. Due to its topography, river networks, sub- tropical littoral location, the State is prone to heavy floods, tropical cyclone forced rainfall and storm surges. The state has 11 river basins and the basin details are given in Table below. Its densely populated coastal plains are the alluvial deposits of its river systems. Each basin is managed by a CE and Basin Manager under whom numbers of SEs ,EEs,DEEs and AEEs are posted. The structure of engineers under a basin is pyramidal. Water has always played a major role in human societies. It is literally a source of life and prosperity and a cause of death and devastation. Because of this close relationship between water and man, water resources management has been viewed as a crucial vehicle for socio-economic development. Water resources development in the state was taken up in the late 19 th century to curb the destructive effects of water, particularly the devastating floods of river Mahanadi. Though some noticeable works were done during the nineteenth and early twentieth century, concerted efforts were not attempted to remove regional disparity. Large parts of the state continued to remain in the grip of flood and famine in the pre-independence period. After independence, water resources development was given top priority in national agenda. Water being a State subject, State Governments were encouraged to invest heavily in hydraulic infrastructure in order to promote growth, mitigate risk and alleviate poverty. At the initial stages, in Odisha, major & medium irrigation project works were under Public Works Department & minor (flow) irrigation works under the control of Revenue Department. In the year 1962, a separate Department called Irrigation and Power was set up to expedite the construction work of major and medium irrigation projects. Minor irrigation works were transferred to Rural Engineering Organization (REO) formed under Planning & Co-ordination Department. In 1980, the R.E.O was abolished and Minor Irrigation activities were transferred to the Irrigation and Power Department. The year 1990 witnessed major changes in Secretariat Administration, resulting in the reorganization of departments and creation of several new departments. A new

3 department called Rural Development Department was created and Irrigation & Power Department was split into Department of Irrigation and Department of Energy. Major and Medium Irrigation remained with the Department of Irrigation, power generation went to the Department of Energy; Minor irrigation works were transferred to R.D. Department. In the meantime, other sectoral demands of water such as domestic and urban agglomeration, industrial have been increased considerably, which warranted an integrated water resources development and management approach. To face the challenge, first National Water Policy was framed in 1987. Following the principles of National Water Policy, the State Water Policy was framed in 1994, which underscores the need of a coordinated approach to the state’s water resources development. Administrative initiatives were taken to bring all water-related subjects under one umbrella, and in the year 1994,Irrigation Department was restructured as Water Resources Department, which became the nodal department with regard to all matters concerning the State’s water resources. 1.4 ACTS, RULES AND POLICIES GOVERNING THE BUSINESS OF THE DEPARTMENT. Generally OPWD code is followed for construction and maintenance works. For world bank aided project world bank guide line is followed for works consultancy and goods procurement. E procurement method of bidding is followed in state for maintaining transparency. State disastrous Mitigation Guide line is followed for management of Flood disasters and other critical events. Disaster Score Cards will be used to assess the resilience of states to disasters. 1.5 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT

DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF OFFICERS IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT Pre-flood maintenance of flood infrastructure and flood preparedness before the onset of monsoon plays a vital role in the smooth management of high flood situations. When the river is in spate, the embankment requires close and constant watch and unremitting day and night supervision by adequate trained staff and officers. Efficient and constant patrolling with timely warning and timely action alone can avert a situation leading to disaster. During this period inspection by the senior officials will have to be carried out systematically and all the officers concerned and staff will have to remain alert to meet any emergent situation. The establishment required for this purpose will vary depending upon importance of the embankment and behavior of the river. The temporary headquarters of the Junior Engineer, Assistant Engineer, Assistant Executive Engineer and Executive Engineer are to be located near the vulnerable and important reaches of the embankment under his/her charge.

The duties and responsibilities of the officers for smooth management of the flood are as under.

4 1.5.1 Junior Engineer/Assistant Engineer. A Junior Engineer/Assistant Engineer is responsible for efficient flood management within his/her jurisdiction. A high level of alertness and resourcefulness are expected from the Junior Engineer/Assistant Engineer for the above purpose. He should essentially be faithful to the Government and get thoroughly involved in all activities and discharge his duties sincerely.

He is entrusted with the following responsibilities. 1.5.1.1 Pre-flood measures

• Identification of vulnerable points, weak embankments and other problematic areas.

• Survey, investigation and preparation of estimates for raising and strengthening of embankments to design section, treatment of all piping points noticed during previous floods as per records maintained in the register, all flood protection works, procurement of flood fighting materials required for the embankments in his charge by 20 th April.

• He/She will see that all departmental vehicles, boats, lunches are in working condition. He will also arrange all tools and equipment like torch, hurricane lamps, spades, etc. by 15 th May.

• His/Her duty comprises timely and efficient execution and completion of temporary / permanent flood protection works, repair of embankments to design section, breach closing works, treatment of gauge posts by painting, greasing etc. and collection of flood fighting materials at site by 1 st week of June.

• The gates of all major, medium and minor dams, drainage sluice and canals are to be checked, repaired if necessary by 1 st week of June.

• The Junior Engineer has to certify in the log book of gates maintained by his section office that the maintenance and repair have already been done and all the gates are operational.

• Measurement of all the permanent / temporary flood protection works must be recorded before the monsoon flow starts in the river or by 15 th June whichever is earlier with due acceptance of the executing agency.

• A Junior Engineer/Assistant Engineer has to carefully record the level and slope of all the front and loop embankments after the year’s maintenance raising is completed and keep the record in his custody.

• He/She is responsible for the proper custody of the monsoon period materials stacked at strategic locations. Accordingly he is to arrange necessary watch and ward for the purpose till their utilization during flood watching.

5 • He/She has to display the notice boards containing the nature of vulnerability at all the strategic locations like previous breach points, piping points, scouring points etc. for public awareness.

1.5.1.2 Measures during flood

• Junior Engineer/Assistant Engineer concerned with his/her field staff will keep a round the clock vigil on the embankments during flood.

• He/She will prepare a duty chart for each embankment under his jurisdiction.

• He/She is required to see that all leaks, wave-wash action and wetting of embankments are properly attended to and that the entire establishment is doing the work allotted to them.

• He/She will observe the gauge readings, velocity of river flow by current meter or floats at critical and important points along the embankment and will also note the direction of flow during flood.

• He/She will always remain in touch with the Assistant Executive Engineer during flood watching and apprise him of the situation.

• In case of any emergent situation like piping, overtopping, scour of embankment or any other threat, he has to take appropriate steps to attend to the need in the absence of higher authorities with intimation to the Assistant Executive Engineer.

• The JE/AE is to keep contact with the local bodies and NGOs for flood management in their respective jurisdictions.

• He/She has to keep his mobile phone in operative mode during high flood for instant communication.

• He/She has to record all the piping points in the register for permanent repair before the monsoon of the next year.

• He/She has to mark the high flood level of the year and keep record of it’s for reference.

1.5.1.3 Post-flood measures

• As soon as the flood approaches, the Junior/Assistant Engineer concerned has to open the sluice gates for release of drain water.

• He/She has to assess the damages due to flood immediately through personnel verification, prepare the flood damage report and submit the same to the Assistant Executive Engineer as promptly as possible, not later than one week in any case.

6 1.5.1.4 General

The Junior/Assistant Engineer concerned has to take the levels of river bed at every three years interval or if any change is noticed in order to find out any change in river bed or in its course, measure the scour lines of the river bank and incorporate the same in the scour line map maintained at his section and report to his next higher authority.

1.5.2 Assistant Executive Engineer (AEE)

An Assistant Executive Engineer will remain in charge of the embankments and will be responsible for everything that occurs in his jurisdiction. The duties and responsibilities of the Assistant Executive Engineer in flood management are as follows:

1.5.2.1 Pre-flood measures

• The Assistant Executive Engineer concerned will inspect the embankments in his jurisdiction to suggest to the Junior/Assistant Engineer, the nature and type of flood protection or flood fighting works to be taken up before monsoon and check at least 50% levels or measurements taken by the Junior/Assistant Engineer for preparation of all the flood preparatory estimates. He/She shall ensure that the above estimates are prepared and submitted to the Executive Engineer by 30 th April.

• His/Her responsibility is to see that all the river embankments are repaired to designed section, breaches are closed, gauge posts are painted before 1 st week of June.

• He/She will see that all the ongoing temporary / permanent flood protection works are completed by 1 st week of June.

• He/She will check measure all the ongoing or completed flood protection works positively before arrival of monsoon flow in the river or latest by 15 th June.

• He/She will ensure that the required flood fighting materials are collected and stacked at strategic locations by 15 th June and check at least 50% of materials. He will make arrangement for procurement of more materials in case of exigency.

• He will ensure that all the gates are made functional and the drains are cleared of silt and vegetation by 1 st week of June.

• The Assistant Executive Engineer will certify in the log book of gates maintained by the JE/AE that the maintenance and repair have already been done all the gates are operational and submit the copy to the Executive Engineer.

7 • He will check at least 50% of the free board statement prepared by the Junior/Assistant Engineer and give a certificate that he has satisfied himself with regard to the correctness of the level of the top and of all flood embankments and submit the copy to the Executive Engineer.

1.5.2.2 Measures during flood • The Assistant Executive Engineer concerned will remain in touch with the local bodies, N.G.Os for community participation during flood fighting.

• His/Her establishment during flood watching consists of Junior/Assistant Engineers, Work Mistries, Work Sarkars, Mates and Khalais.

• He/She will arrange proper distribution of patrol establishment for due discharge of duties keeping in view to various needs at different points.

• He/She will remain in contact with his Junior/Assistant Engineers and keep himself in touch with up-to-date conditions of the embankments and river in his charge.

• During high floods the Assistant Executive Engineer will visit the embankments continuously so that he can keep watch on the patrolling staff and find out the problems for taking immediate measures.

• Apart from engaging of patrols, he/she will keep one or two teams reserved at convenient place for deployment when emergency arises.

• It is the duty of the Assistant Executive Engineer to inform about the situation to the Executive Engineer everyday and to make suggestions for the efficient management of flood.

• The Assistant Executive Engineer will encourage the participation of N.G.Os and local bodies for watch and ward and flood fighting during flood.

• In case of occurrence of any breach or overtopping, the Assistant Engineer will at once inform the Executive Engineer, Superintending Engineer, Chief Engineer and local/district administration for taking immediate precautionary measure for the safety of the lives and property of the local people.

• During the entire flood period, the Assistant Engineer will have to keep his mobile phone in operative mode for direct communication.

1.5.2.3 Post-flood measures The Asst. Executive Engineer has to verify and consolidate the flood damage reports submitted by the JEs/AEs and submit the same to the Executive Engineer immediately.

8 1.5.2.4 General

The Assistant Executive Engineer will check the levels and measurement of river bed and the scour lines of the river bank after the flood situation is over and incorporate the same in the scour line map and report to the Executive Engineer.

1.5.3 Executive Engineer

An Executive Engineer is the officer, fully responsible for smooth flood management of his jurisdiction. The duties and responsibilities of the Executive Engineer during flood are as follows.

1.5.3.1 Pre-flood measures

• The Executive Engineer concerned will inspect all embankments, sluices, gauge stations, flood protection works and cross check the flood fighting materials kept in readiness by the end of 15 th June. He will satisfy himself about the arrangement and report to the Superintending Engineer.

• He will check some of the gates at random and countersign on the certificate of the log book and submit copies of the same to the Superintending Engineer before 1 st week of June.

• He will countersign the certificate of free board statement of all embankments with a minimum check of 10% and submit the copy of the Superintending Engineer for record.

• He should be vigilant and keep track of flood situation at all the vulnerable points under his jurisdiction.

• During high floods the Executive Engineer has to make contact with S.E./C.E. and District Administration and inform them about the flood situation at different locations at regular intervals. The interval is to be reduced depending on the seriousness of the situation.

• The Executive Engineer concerned will have to take immediate steps for flood fighting measures, when he suspects that an abnormal condition may occur and intimate the District Administration and Superintending Engineer.

• For anticipated inundation of the low-lying area, the Executive Engineer has to inform the local/district administration for immediate evacuation of the people to safe places in advance.

1.5.3.2 Measures during floods • In case of occurrence of any breach or overtopping, the Executive Engineer will immediately inform the District Collector to provide immediate relief and undertake rescue operation for the affected population with intimation to the Superintending Engineer and Chief Engineer. If possible, the Executive Engineer will take steps for temporary closing of the breach.

9 • He will always be available for ready communication through his mobile phone.

1.5.3.3 Post-flood measures • Damage reports will be consolidated and communicated to S.E. and Collector concerned for necessary action.

1.5.3.4 General

After the flood season, the Executive Engineer will submit a detailed report to the Superintending Engineer about the change of river course, if any, and the village map marked with scour line with his counter signature for record.

1.5.4 Superintending Engineer

The Superintending Engineer concerned is the controlling officer for repair and maintenance of the flood embankments. He will monitor the watch and ward of the entire length of embankments of his circle and will remain responsible for all occurrences.

• He will inspect some of the flood protection works, all vulnerable points, all breach closing and repair works of embankments at random positively by end of 15 th June and will issue instructions to the field staff for any remedial measures required and furnish a report to the Chief Engineer mentioning the overall flood preparedness relating to his circle.

• He will keep record of free board statement of all embankments under his control. A graph would be drawn to compare the actual top level and the ground level with the highest flood level of the previous year and the other flood years at an interval of one kilometer.

• He will make additional arrangement for flood watching wherever needed by deputing technical staff from other places within his circle.

• He may place requisition for additional technical staff to the Chief Engineer for smooth flood management if he feels serious shortage of staff.

• He will not leave the head quarters during high flood. In such a situation if he wants to leave the head quarters due to any unavoidable reason, he will take prior permission of the Chief Engineer before leaving the head quarters.

• The Superintending Engineer concerned will be in touch with the Chief Engineer at hourly intervals and apprise him of the latest developments after receiving message from the Executive Engineers.

10 • After receiving message of any abnormal incident, which has occurred or about to occur from the Executive Engineer, he has to rush to the site and suggest appropriate measures to manage it efficiently with intimation to the Chief Engineer.

• He will always make himself available during the high flood through his mobile phone.

• Immediately after recession of each flood, the Superintending Engineer will submit a detailed report to the Chief Engineer about the extent of damage and the approximate cost of their restoration after consultation with the Executive Engineers concerned.

1.5.5 Chief Engineer / Chief Engineer & Basin Manager (CE & BM):

The Chief Engineer Flood Controller & Basin Manager, Lower Mahanadi Basin is the reporting officer in the flood situation for the entire state and is directly responsible to the Government. The field Chief Engineers / CE & BMs are the reporting officers for the area under their jurisdiction.

• The Chief Engineer will make random visit to vulnerable points in order of importance basing on the report of the Superintending Engineers and furnish a brief report on flood preparedness to the D.O.W.R /EIC,WR/ S.R.C/ CE, FC&BM, LMB.

• He may depute some Executive Engineers, Assistant Engineers or Junior Engineers working in the unaffected areas with no flood duty to the divisions having important and dangerous vulnerable points to serve as additional hand during high flood after getting requisition from the Superintending Engineers.

• The Chief Engineer will always be in touch with Government during flood watching and intimate the developments to the Government.

• During flood in any river, the Chief Engineer will be in constant touch with the CWC, IMD and directly monitor the situation.

• He will keep in constant touch with the field officers on flood duty and control the system from the control room.

• He will collect information on the status of reservoirs within the State and those of other States for interstate rivers.

• In case of any abnormal incident, which has either occurred or is about to occur, the Chief Engineer will jointly inspect the site with the concerned S.E. and suggest immediate measures to manage it efficiently.

11 • Immediately after receipt of message about occurrence of any breach or submergence of the embankment, the Chief Engineer will intimate to the D.O.W.R. / EIC,WR/ S.R.C with details of the location, the time of occurrence, nature of damage for relief and rescue operation.

After each flood, the Chief Engineer will submit a detailed report to the Govt. mentioning the cause of the flood, the extent of damage and the approximate cost of their restoration as early as possible.

1.6 PREPARATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF DEPARTMENTAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

The flood problem in the state generally aggravated due to some or all of the reasons as below:

‹ Erratic monsoon, heavy monsoon rainfall accompanied by low pressures, depressions, deep depressions and cyclones. ‹ Dam releases due to heavy inflows, thus causing massive outflows in the river. ‹ Inadequate channel carrying capacity due to low height embankment & sand deposition at bed. ‹ Low rate of discharge of floodwater into the sea due to congestion of river mouths. ‹ Tidal surge during the flood thereby heading up of floodwater. This may occur during monsoon or non-monsoon. ‹ Changing land use conditions leading to the erosion of soils, thus reducing the channel carrying and reservoir capacity. ‹ Thick clay layer mostly over deltaic area (paddy grown area) which form an impervious bed. ‹ Free flow flood plains are gradually being closed due to public utility/demand causing excess floodwater in the rivers, which ultimately threats to the capital embankments. Hence preparation and implementation of departmental disaster management plan becomes imperative where ‹ A close monitoring of the reservoirs in the worst affected basins. ‹ Announcements are made over loud speakers by the CE, FC & BM, in the river basins for warning the people on the both sides of the river up to a distance of 20km to move to the higher and safer places as a precautionary measure against storm surge inundation. ‹ Flood fighting materials like sand, sand bags, bamboo, bullahare pre-positioned before the flood. All field engineers are asked to do round the clock patrolling of the embankments in collaboration in collaboration with PaniPanchayats and local communities. ‹ Throughout the cyclone and flood, the river gauge and reservoir water level data on

12 hourly basis are collected through SMS. The vital reading were monitored and exchanged between the field functionaries of the department up to Principal Secretary level. ‹ The Principal Secretary to Govt. in DoWR issues order for cancellation of holidays during Durga Puja for round the clock operation of the control rooms at different levels as a measure for fighting the calamity. ‹ The time to time updated IMD bulletins are sent to field officials for taking latest precautionary measures. ‹ Round the clock operation of emergency centers and control room at circle and division levels of the Water Resource Department. ° Requisition of the machineries and equipment like JCB, Excavator etc. to be in readiness for rescue and mitigation operation. ° Ensure uninterrupted power supply to the control rooms by providing DG sets ° To safe guard the saline embankments against the anticipated surge caused due to cyclonic storm. ° To be in close contact with flood cell/ control room of EIC, WR and SRC to get transmit the updated information on the anticipated cyclone.

2. HAZARD, RISK AND VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS

2.1 HISTORICAL/PAST DISASTERS/LOSSES IN THE DEPARTMENT:

A) FLOOD DISASTER

The state has five major river basins namely Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani,

Subarnarekha and Rushikulya out of eleven, which cause high floods in their respective deltas.

The rivers like Vamshadhara and Burhabalang also cause flash floods due to instant runoff from

their hilly catchment.

Mahanadi system after commissioning of Hirakud dam during 1958, the flood miseries have been reduced considerably in its delta.

However still it continues either due to dam releases from Hirakud reservoir or due to flow contributions from intercepted catchments of over 50,000 sq. km. down below Hirakud dam project and upto delta. In Mahanadi system, mostly the rivers Kathjori, Devi, Kuakhai,

Kushabhadra, Daya, Bhargabi, Birupa, Chitroptala, Paika drains most of the floodwater in to the sea. Other storage projects like Rengali, Kolab, Indravati, Salandi are also controlling the floods in the respective rivers to a greater extent.

14 However the flood hazard is still not under control and generally every two to three year a heavy flood is experienced in the deltaic area. Due to excess of water than carrying capacity, major breaches occurred on these rivers and almost inundate the deltaic area.

Some of the major flood events that occurred in recent past are shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Major Flood Events of Odisha Sl. Year Month of River Area No. Occurrence affected Lakh (ha) 1 1980 September Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani 3.19 &Vamsadhara July - 2 1982 Mahanadi, Rushikulya 12.0 August July- Mahanadi, Brahmani,Baitarani, 3 2001 7.99 October Subarnarekha, Burhabalang, Vamsadhara, Rushikulya&Indravati July- Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani 4 2003 5.03 October Subarnarekha, Burhabalang, Vamsadhara, Rushikulya&Indravati July - Baitarani, Mahanadi, Rushikulya, 5 2006 3.04 August Vamsadhara, Burhabalang&Indravati

6 2008 September Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani 4.59

7 2011 September Mahanadi

Source: Flood Management Manual (2008) DOWR up to Sl. No. 5

Table 2.2 Basin Details of Odisha

Total Catchment Catchment Catchme Area Area Name of the nt area within Outside Major Tributaries Basin (In sq. Odisha Odisha km.) (in sq.km.) (in sq.km.)

Mahanadi 141134 65628 75506 Ib, Jeera, Ong, Tel, Brutang, Manjore Karandijore, Hariharjore, Surubalijore

Brahmani 39269 22516 16753 Sankh, Koel, Gohira, Tikira, Samakoi, Ramiala

Baitarani 14218 13482 736 Deo, Kanjhari, Kusei, Salandi

Burhabalanga 4838 4838 0 Sunei, Kalo, Katra, Sana N.

Subernarekha 19277 2983 16294 Kharkhai R.

15 Rushikulya 8963 8963 0 Badanadi, Dhanei, Ghodahado, Padma, Baghua

Vansadhara 11377 8960 2417 Badanalla, Harbhangi Mahendratanaya, Sananadi.

Nagavali 9275 4500 4775 Jhanjabati, Sananadi, Barha Nadi Situguda N.

Indravati 41700 7400 34300 Kapur, Muran, Telengiri, Joura, Turi, Bhaskel

Kolab 20427 10300 10127 Karandi N., Potteru R., Sileru R.,Machhkund R.

Bahuda 1118 890 228 Poichandia, Boginadi, BatrudaNalla

B) CYCLONE DISASTER: Phailin(2013): The scenario was different during Phailin. When it starts approaching in 7-8th October the reservoirs were in full capacity. But the right kind of forecast and immediate steps taken by the authority shows how a proper management of the situation could minimize the losses to a greater extent.The very severe cyclonic storm “Phailin” that struck the Gopalpur coast on evening of 12th October followed by flood out of torrential rains severely affecting Rushikulya, Vamshadhara, Baitarani, Subarnarekha, Burhabalanga basins. A brief statement of river gauges of different river basins showing observed river gauges, danger levels, highest gauge recorded and the duration of time river flows over danger level during the cyclone period is given in Table. 2.3. Table 2.3Gauge positions during Phailin

River Gauge Date Existing Highest gauge Hoursflo DL recordedduringcucl wingabov oneassociatedwithflo eDL od

Burhabalanga Astia(Baripada) 13.10.2013 30.9m 34.82m 23

NH -5 13.10.2013 8.13m 9.24m 40 Govindapur

Subarnarekha Rajghat 15.10.2013 10.36m 12.42m 59

Baitarani Anandapur 14.10.2013 38.36m 40.74m 34

Akhuapada 14.10.2013 17.83m 19.84m 66

Rushikulya Purushottampur 13.10.2013 16.84m 18.20m 32

Vamshadhara Kashinagar 13.10.2013 54.60m 56.30m 10

16 As per the Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) published by IMD for different time period, the probable reservoir carrying and discharge capacity are to be predetermined. Accordingly the possible release of reservoir is to be calculated keeping in the view the probable inflow to it.

The similar exemplary situation has been occurred during last PHAILIN, strong precautionary measures have been taken in order to create space for cyclone forced rain as the reservoir and its catchment was falling on the track and influence zone of the cyclone.

The probable tracks, influence zone, basins, rivers and reservoirs lying in this zone are considered as sensitive and these were monitored regularly (Fig.2.1).

Fig.2.1 Tracks ofPhailin indifferent days

The reservoir positions during pre and post depletions are given in Table. 2.4

Table 2.4Reservoir pre and post depletion levels

Sl. Reservoir Date Pre- Date Post- No. name depletion depletion level level

17 1 Hirakud 07-10-13 629.89ft 12-10-13 621.21

2 Rengali 07-10-13 123.65m 12-10-13 121.73

3 Indravati 11-10-13 641.5m 13-10-13 640.23

4 Jalaput 09-10-13 2748.5ft 15-10-13 2748.0

5 Salandi 09-10-13 77.57m 12-10-13 77.38

- The depletion decision is carried out basing on many factors and it varies from dam to dam. It is a decision that has to balance saving the dams from danger of collapsing due to rise of water above FRL, staggered release of water to avoid downstream flooding and at the same time conserving the water for Rabi irrigation and drinking water purpose for post-monsoon periods.

A close monitoring of the reservoirs in the worst affected Rushikulya, Vamshadhara and Bahuda basins for four consecutive days from 9th to 12th Oct. in respect of Bhanjanagara, Sorada, Daha, Ghodahada, Dhanei, Baghua, Badanalla, Harbhangi, Baghalati dams.

Due to depletion of the reservoirs even though there was extremely heavy rainfall in Rushikulya, Vamshadhara and Mahanadi, Brahmani and Salandi catchments as the gates were closed major flood in the downstream areas could be avoided during and after the cyclone. However, flood in Subarnarekha, Burhabalanga and Baitarani basins could not be controlled as there are hardly any storage reservoirs in these basins.

Announcements were made over loud speakers by the CE & BM, RVN basin in the river basins of Rushikulya and Bahuda warning the people on the both sides of the river up to a distance of 20km to move to the higher and safer places as a precautionary measure against storm surge inundation.

Flood fighting materials like sand, sand bags, bamboo, bullah were pre-positioned before the flood. All field engineers were asked to do round the clock patrolling of the embankments in collaboration in collaboration with PaniPanchayats and local communities.

Throughout the cyclone and flood, the Principal Secretary to Govt. in DoWR was regularly collecting the river gauge and reservoir water level data on hourly basis through SMS. The vital reading were monitored and exchanged between the field functionaries of the department up to Principal Secretary level.

18 The Principal Secretary to Govt. in DoWR issued order for cancellation of holidays during Durga Puja for round the clock operation of the control rooms at different levels as a measure for fighting the calamity.

The time to time updated IMD bulletins were sent to field officials for taking latest precautionary measures.

As per the review meeting conducted under the Chairmanship of Hon’ble minister Revenue and Disaster Management, Odisha on the anticipated cyclonic storm, the field officials were intimated as follows:

Round the clock operation of emergency centres and control room at circle and division levels of the Water Resource Department.

Requisition of the machineries and equipments like JCB, Excavator etc. to be in readiness for rescue and mitigation operation.

Ensure uninterrupted power supply to the control rooms by providing DG sets

To safe guard the saline embankments against the anticipated surge caused due to cyclonic storm.

To be in close contact with flood cell/ control room of EIC WR and SRC to get transmit the updated information on the anticipated cyclone.

The system performs very well in dissemination of important decisions, which needs to be continued in this year.

The inundation map of post Phailin period is also given in Fig.2.2 where a major part of Burhabalanga basin was inundated.

Area District Block (Sq.Kms) Baleswar,Baliapal,Basta,Bhograi, Baleswar Jaleswar,Simulia,Soro 8.87 Basudevpur,Chandabali, Bhadrak Dhamnagar,Tihidi 68.69 Cuttack Mahanga 1.38 Badchana,Bari,Binjharpur,Da nagadi,Dasrathpur,Dharmasa Jajpur la,Jajpur,Rasulpur 64.30 Kendrapad Aul,Derabisi,Pattamundai, a Rajkanika 51.60 ODISHA 194.84

Fig. 2.2 Flood Inundation Map of 18th Oct. 2013

The cyclone struck at Gopalpur coast on the evening of 12th Oct 2013. The cyclonic track was generating the wind speed of 50 to 250 km per hour followed by torrential rain ranging from 100 to 305 mm severely affecting 17 districts. The river basins Baitarani, Burhabalanga, Subarnarekha were worst affected by the cyclonic storm and flood resulting out of the heavy rainfall whereas timely depletion of the reservoir, major flood could be avoided in Rushikulya, Vamshadhara, Mahanadi, Brahmani and Salandi basins. Severe storm with sea surge up to 4m affected the coastal districts of Odisha with sea erosion alongwith saline inundation to low lying areas in Kendrapara, Jagatsinghpur, Puri and Ganjam districts. The damage details are given in Table 2.5.

20 Table 2.5 DamageDetails during Phailin

Sector Damage Details Amount (in CE &BM, Breachesandpartialdamagestotheriverembankments,saline Rs.27583.41 LMB embankments andbuildings. CE, Minor Damages to minor irrigation projects. Rs.8158.20 Irrigation OLIC Damagestoliftirrigationprojects,deepbore welldamagedand Rs.6294.78 buildings. CE, Damages to drains Rs.1050.0 Drainage Total Rs.43086.9

HudHud(2014):

Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm HudHud was a strong tropical cyclone that caused extensive damage and loss of life in eastern India during October 2014. HudHud originated from a low pressure system that formed under the influence of an upper-air cyclonic circulation in the Andaman Sea on October 6. HudHud intensified into a cyclonic storm on October 8 and as a Severe Cyclonic Storm on October 9.

Fig. 2.3Tracks of HudHud in different days

HudHud underwent rapid deepening in the following days and was classified as a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm by the IMD. Shortly before landfall near Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh,

21 on October 12, Hudhud reached its peak strength with three-minute wind speeds of 175 km/h (109 mph) and a minimum central pressure of 960 mbar (28.35 inHg). The system then drifted northwards towards Uttar Pradesh and Nepal, causing widespread rains in both areas and heavy snowfall in the latter.The Odisha government had placed 16 districts under high alert: Balasore, Kendrapara, Bhadrak, Jagatsinghpur, Puri,Ganjam, Mayurbhanj, Jajpur, Cuttack, K hurdha, Nayagarh, Gajapati, Dhenkanal, Keonjhar, Malkangiri and Koraput.

At the time of the storm's landfall, strong winds and heavy rainfall commenced in southern Odisha districts, leading to disruption in power supply. Wind speeds reaching 90 km/h (56 mph) were predicted in the region.

2.2 EMERGING CONCERNS

It is imperative that the total flood control is not practicable from economic considerations and therefore flood management is essential. Flood management rationally refers to the provision of reasonable degree of protection against floods by structural / non-structural measures to mitigate the recurring havoc caused by floods. During the last five decades, a number of structural and non-structural measures have been taken to minimize flood.

‹ As a part of structural measures, reservoirs namely Hirakud on the Mahanadi river, Rengali on the Brahmani river, Upper Kolab in Kolab river and Upper Indravati in Indravati river have been constructed. Similarly, Kanupur Dam is under construction in Keonjhar will also moderate flood to some extent in Baitarani delta. Chanduli and Icha dam (under construction) in Jharkhand will control flood to some extent in Subernarekha system.

‹ Rivers namely Rushikulya, Vamshadhara, Nagavali, Bahuda and Budhabalanga do not have flood control reservoirs.

‹ Besides, in the deltaic area, floods are being controlled by flood protection embankments constructed on both sides of the rivers. A total 7138 kms of protective embankments, 1952 spurs and 253 kms of stone packing have been constructed in different basins particularly in the deltaic areas to control the flood and saline ingress.

22 3. CAPACITY – BUILDING MEASURES

3.1 Trainings and Capacity Building To enhance organizational and capability skills to deal with emergency situations requires trainings and capacity building exercises of the various linked government and non-government officers. Since disaster management is a multi-organizations effort, it emphasizes on trainings in execution and coordination as well. Therefore, wide ranges of trainings related to management skills are highly required for potential officers in order to equip them for specialized disaster- related tasks. They require orientation of various aspects of crises management such as; Skill Training, Planning, Trainings on Emergency Response Functions such as first-aid, search and rescue, emergency operation centre, emergency feeding and welfare, communication and damage assessment etc.

Trainings for coordinated disaster management activities and response operations are highly required especially for the persons engaged in emergency services, government–line departments, non-government organizations and important private sector groups

Training requirements are likely to comprise of core activities of emergency management such as Incident Response System, Emergency Response Functions and basic management skills. Persons to be trained shall be:

· Government Officers at par with the rank requirement under Incident Response System

· Team leaders and members under Emergency Support functions

· Quick Response Teams at headquarter and field level

· Community level taskforces including Volunteers, NGOs and Home Guard volunteers, school and college students, NCC and NSS scouts and NYKS etc

District Administration can organize seminars and workshops with the help of State Disaster Management Authority, Civil Defence and Home Guard, Fire Fighting Department, Health departments etc. A record of trained manpower shall be maintained by each department and their representation shall be noticed during mock-drill.

3.2 Community Awareness and Community Preparedness Planning

The hazard analysis of the district indicates that there is a high need of community awareness through public awareness programmes on the following themes of disaster:

23 ‹ Types of disasters and basic Do’s and Don’ts related to those disasters ‹ Post disaster epidemic problems ‹ Construction and retrofitting techniques for disaster resistant buildings ‹ Communication of possible risk based on vulnerable areas in the District ‹ Evacuation related schemes and community preparedness problems

Volunteers and social organizations also play a vital role in spreading mass scale community awareness. Media can also play an important role in raising awareness and educating people.

Community Disaster Management Planning is one of the vital components of community preparedness. It involves all important parameters related to hazard awareness, evacuation planning, resource inventory, community level taskforces and committees etc. which helps community members in organizing themselves to combat disaster in a pre-planned manner. Preparation of community plans encourages promoting preparedness planning at community level. District administration is also imparting trainings on regular basis to the volunteers of Civil Defence and Home Guards, Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangthan, Residential Welfare Associations, Market Trade Associations, Self Help Group, GRCs and NGOs etc to involve them to into community planning.

3.3 Capacity Building of Community Task forces

Community taskforces and community committees has been constituted and trained in all types of communities by government and non-government agencies. District administration, Medical officers, Trained volunteers, Delhi fire Services, Civil Defence and Home Guard volunteers, NYKS etc. are playing important role in building capacities of community task forces in building their capacities in search and rescue work, fire-fighting, warning dissemination, first- aid and damage assessment etc.

Conducting a participatory capacity and vulnerability on DRR will develop the lesson plans where everyone in the community can better understand how disasters can impact their village

Leading a participatory capacity and vulnerability analysis workshop. a hazard mapping exercise , a timeline exercise, and a summary of hazard impacts on lives and assets. After completing the assessment you will work with the community to prioritize the most important hazards, to pinpoint specific solutions—and to determine community capacity for im plementing the solutions.

24 3.4 Sustainable Management DRR Overview: set up a community based project management committeeand a Community Based DRR subcommittee. This subcommittee will be able to work with NGO to create long- term associations with government agencies that can support long-term DRR activities. The subcommittee will be in charge of developing a DRR plan, and for c oordinating disaster teams. Setting up a subcommittee is a much more rapid process than setting up a full committee. We will also explore an overview of common DRR activities.

Survey of Activities for use Before Disasters Strike

Preparedness for Disaster: Early warning systems. Traditionally, community members have not had warning of when they need to evacuate—and frequently they have left it too late. Meteorological office may have the capability of, for example, in a potential flood situation, evaluating when water has reached a critical height and can announce that a flood is imminent. Communities should form partnerships with these offices and ensure that they have clear access to early warning information in case of disaster.

3.5 Mitigation

Survey of Activities for use During Disasters

Evacuation training. If people need to evacuate, they need to know when to evacuate, they need to know what to do with their valuable possessions and assets, they need to know where to go where it's safe, they ne ed to know what to take with them, and they need to know what to do when they get to shelter. Capacity building workshops led by the evacuation team can train community members in each of these—and most importantly—can lead them in practice drills

Search and rescue training. Search and rescue team members learn specific techniques that are safe, and are given simple tools such as lifejackets, safe boats, inner tubes, and flashlights which give them the confidence and the capability to look for a missing pe rson or of rescue a trapped elderly or disabled person.

3.6 DRR Master Planning for the Future

Developing a DRR plan. Developing a DRR plan may include each of the activities in the surveys above—and maintaining them in perpetuity. This will involve a plan for consciousness- raising among community members about DRR challenges, connecting with an ea rly warning system, organizing teams, training teams in evacuation and search and rescue, and prioritizing

25 mitigation strategies. The plan can include an advocacy campaign for obtaining government support.

3.6.1 Community Engagement. Frequently community members don't have a clear picture of how and why disasters happen. They also may not know how to react when a disaster is building or is already in progress. Workshops and simple posters or how-to cards need to be developed to help them understa nd these concepts and to learn that there are things that they can do to reduce the risk caused by disasters, and to mitigate the severity of the disasters.

3.6.2 Organizing Teams. Based upon the results of community’s participatory capacity and vulnerability assessment, one should now have a prioritized list of hazards and disasters. As part of the DRR plan the committee will prioritize preparedness activities, risk reduction activities and mitigation activities. Teams should be organized for each of the major priorities. If, for example, the type of disaster your community faces necessitates evacuation, an evacuation team should be established that develops a plan to lead an evacuation at the appropriate time—and then lead an actual evacuation if necessary.

3.7 Mitigation Capacity Building Needs & Workshop Planning

Evaluate the results of participatory mapping of disaster risks and hazards—and then select an appropriate disaster risk mitigation technique specifically for community members to learn to implement. Develop an overview for committee members of disaster risk mitigation techniques that could include reforestation of watersheds, gully plugging, secure food storage and a savings plan. Make an appointment to propose appropriate techniques to the DRR Management Committee for feedback.

3.8 Workshop Planning.

Prioritize which DRR technique should be introduced in the first workshop. Contact a DRR expert of feedback and input. Develop a workshop lesson plan. Draw a how-to card. Arrange the date and location for the workshop with your community contact person. Arrange for supplies and tools for the workshop with your community contact person.

3.9 Capacity Building

Capacity building for disaster risk reduction and mitigation activities for community members. There are many activities that can be done to mitigate potential disasters. Some, like mangrove plantings along river banks can reduce erosion during a flood season. The reforestation of a watershed can reduce danger from flash floods. B oth are activities that communities can do

26 over the span of time. Capacity building workshops give community members the skill sets that they need to do these activities. Other activities like relocating houses to higher ground may be outside of their purc hasing power, but committee members can be trained to develop advocacy campaigns for approaching governments for support in more major investments.

Training Proposal for Water resources Department officers for different types of disasters are as follows.

29 4. PREVENTION & MITIGATION MEASURES 4.1 GENERAL:

In flood management structural measures are given the most priority. These are in the form of reservoirs, weirs, embankments and other structures. There are seven multipurpose major reservoir projects have been constructed in our state with basic objectives of irrigation, flood control and power. The operation of the reservoirs is regulated by a standard Rule Curve meant for satisfying all the demand.

4.2 FLOOD CONTROL IN MAHANADI BASIN

Mahanadi is an interstate basin and the most of the catchments lies within Chhatisgarh and Odisha. The inflow to the major reservoir Hirakud is mostly depends on the catchment of rainfall and dam release of Chhatisgarh. The average annual flow from the upstream catchment of Hirakud is of the order of 20-25 Million Acre ft (M.Ac.ft) with volume during the flood events ranging from 1.0 to 4.0 M.Ac.ft per day. Low storage capacity (Live storage capacity 3.91 M.Ac.ft) of Hirakud dam is a major concern for moderating the flow from its upstream Chhatishgarh catchment. For Mahanadi system, different major schemes have been evaluated for their feasibility without detailed survey and investigation downstream of existing Hirakud dam over time with an objective of better flood management. One of the suitable sites for the construction of a storage scheme in the form of a barrage is at Manibhadra.

Fig. 4.1: Mahanadi Basin

30 The operation of Hirakud reservoir is done with a well balanced judgment of the upstream rainfall, upstream inflow, downstream carrying capacity of the channel and above all condition of the deltaic embankments in a particular year. A rule curve for Hirakud reservoir has been framed which is a standard operating principle for the dam. For all other major dams similar types of exercises have also been done and also practised. The rule curve in operation for Hirakud multipurpose project is given in Fig.4.2.

Fig. 4.2 Rule Curve of Hirakud

The standard travel time of flood, those have been observed between different points of the Mahanadi system basin is given in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Travel Times of Flood Water in Mahanadi Basin

Station to Station Travel time (hr.) Distance (km)

Ghorari to Seorinarayan 14 102

Nandaghat to Seorinarayan 8 104

Seorinarayan to Saradihi 8 56

Hasdeo to Saradihi 10 80

Saradihi to Hirakud dam 12 97

Tarapur to Hirakud dam 14 103

31 Station to Station Travel time (hr.) Distance (km)

Deogaon to Hirakud dam 9 90

Hirakud dam to Khairmal 12-18 115

Khairmal to Barmul 12-16 109

Barmul to Mundali 12-16 125

Mundali to Naraj 0.45(Avg.) 3

Source: Flood Management Plan 2008, DOWR

4.3 FLOOD CONTROL IN BAITARANI BASIN:

In case of Baitarani system, the frequency of formation of the depressions/cyclonic storms formed in the North Bay of Bengal during the Southwest monsoon months from June to September increases as the monsoon progresses. On an average one/two depressions forms in the months of June and July and two/three in the month of August and September. These systems may take 2 to 3 days to form over the Bay of Bengal and intensify into a depression or cyclonic storm and then move inland in a north-westerly direction across the coast of Odisha. Once the system crosses the coast, it starts weakening and dissipates in a 2 to 3 days of time. These systems cause widespread rains all along the track with the central region receiving very heavy rainfall. The catchments of river Brahmani and Baitarani generally remain under the influence of these moving Fig. 4.3: Baitarani Basin depressions/cyclonic storms for 1 to 2 days depending upon their speed and direction of movement. A widespread system generally covers an area of 50,000 sq. km or more and may yield 150 to 200 mm rainfall in one day over this extensive area. Initially the river Baitarani flows in a northern direction for about 80 km and then takes an abrupt right turn near Champua and flows in a south easterly direction and

32 finally discharges into Bay of Bengal through the deltaic area of river Brahmani. The river travels a total distance of 360 km and drains an area of over 14,000 sq. km. The annual normal rainfall varies from 1250 mm to 1500 mm over the Baitarani basin.

In the context of Baitarani river system, some of the major causes can be summarized as follows. The drainage pattern of Baitarani river basin (central plateau) is dendrite type and flash flood is a natural character of such type of drainage pattern. Again since the upper catchment of Baitarani is full of hillocks and occurrence of a large number of drainage lines allow the run off generating over there to gush into the main river with greater force in very short span of time. The lower part of Baitarani is a part of greater Mahanadi & Brahmani delta.

1. Baitarani is a highly meandering river. In meandering channels the flow is highly turbulent and forms eddy currents, which very often leads to sudden overflow of the embankments causing inundation of surrounding areas. 2. Due to heavy mining activities and practices of shifting cultivation in the upper catchment a large quantity of sediments are added to the river during monsoon seasons. This lowers the carrying capacity of the river and thus even a medium size rainfall can cause high flood in Baitarani. 3. The shallow aquifer conditions, water table nearer to the ground level, spread of water logging areas, swamps, and estuarine etc. do not allow precipitation & thus compound the impact of flood. 4. There is no major diversion channel to control flood in Baitarani river Basin 5. The upper catchment i.e. the central plateau comprises of meta-sediment & controlled by severe fault and shear zones, which contributes more sediment into the basin. 6. Encroachment of flood plains due to growth of population is also causing heavy damage though the flood is not so high. Sufficient area should be left in order to allow the floodwater flow into the sea safely. This particular cause is an important human factor. Such that there is no flood zone planning for the coastal area of eastern ghat region. 7. The flow of Brahmani River is also adding to the flood in Baitarani River in the downstream and both the rivers forms a combined delta. 8. The most flood affected blocks in Baitarani system are Anandapur, Dasarathpur, Korei, Bari, Jajpur, Binjharpur and Rajkanika. All the severe storms that have occurred since 1901 over the catchment areas of Brahmani and Baitarani and other neighboring basins have been studied by IMD. Enveloping curves for 1-day and 2-day rainfall amounts have been drawn. The rainfall depths corresponding to different standard areas were picked up as given in Table 4.2.

33 Table 4.2: 1 and 2-day rainfall maxima as a function of area Area (km 2) Rainfall Depths (mm) 1 – day 2 – day 1000 521 737 5000 434 653 10000 366 574 20000 292 465 50000 198 366 100000 142 279 (Period 1901-1950) (Source: Hydrology Project Report)

Table 4.3 Travel Times of Flood Water in Baitarani Basin

Station to Station Travel time (hr.) Distance (km)

Champua to Swampatana 10 65

Swampatana to Anandpur 7 52

Anandpur to Akhuapada 7-9 hrs 40

Source: Flood Management Plan 2008, DOWR

4.4 FLOOD CONTROL IN BRAHMANI BASIN

Another flood causing basin in the state is the Brahmani system. The annual normal rainfall in this system varies from 1250 mm to 1750 mm. From different hydrological studies, it has been

revealed that the floods in the Brahmani delta are governed by:

1. Inflow from Brahmani river system as well as flow from Rengali dam. The total intercepted catchment at Brahmani delta at Jenapur is 35,700 sq.km, of which 25,100 sq.km.is controlled by Rengali dam, Fig. 4.4: Brahmani Basin

34 leaving 10,600 sq.km fully uncontrolled. 2. Baitarani river system which drains a catchment 14,200 sq.km joins to Bra hmani and thus they combine to form a delta. 3. Mahanadi river through Birupa branch sometimes substantially contribute to Brahmani flow (Sept. 2011 flood in Brahmani is an example). 4. Rainfall in the total deltaic catchment over 2000 Sq.km. of the combined Mahanadi, Brahmani and Baitarani.

5. Tidal water level in the river mouths at the Bay of Bengal.

Table 4.4 Travel Times of Flood Water in Brahmani Basin

Station to Station Travel time (hr.) Distance (km)

Rengali Dam to Talcher 6-7 40

Talcher to Jenapur 18-20 100

Source: Flood Management Plan 2008, DOWR

Most often the river Brahmani brings flood calamity in its lower reaches . In 29th of July, 2017 a breach of 75 mt. at Brahmani left embankment near village Bankasahi, Block - Bari, Dist Jajpur had inundated vast stretches of area .

35 4.5 MEASURES:

At the current scenario, with the existing flood management directives following measures may be proposed.

4.5.1 Structural Measure

Managing flood through structural measure is one of the effective ways, but it requires large investment, huge manpower and long time. Structural measure like construction of storage reservoir, detention tank, raising leaves, digging of silted channels and dredging of sea mouth, slope protection etc. are generally executed for flood protection. So far seven numbers of major dams, forty medium projects and 2196 minor dams have been constructed and rest 22 major and medium projects are in the ongoing stage. These structures, especially major projects are minimizing the flood havocs to a greater extent as well as serving the multipurpose activities. River systems namely Baitarani, Rushikulya, Vamsadhara, Nagabali, Bahuda and Burhabalanga do not have major flood control reservoirs.

The raising of the embankments, slope protection, channels excavation, mouth clearance to sea etc. works are also being carried out every year and before starting of the monsoon season. These factors are well checked and appropriate safety measures also been carried out at indentified vulnerable locations. Further the river falling to lake Chilika are also being treated periodically for release of flood water during high tides while protecting the existing saline flora and fauna of the lake. The organisations like World Bank, Asian Development Bank, JICA and other infrastructural funding agency are supporting these developmental activities.

4.5.2 Non-structural Measures

It has been realized that, there are difficulties to go in for structural measures in the form of major dams, barrages, raising and strengthening of embankments due to various constraints like time, money, as well as resettlement, rehabilitation and environmental factors. Non-structural measures like flood forecasting, early warning, flood plain zoning and flood risk mapping and others needs to be adopted as tools for a better flood management.

For flood forecasting, a well-distributed hydrological information system network is highly essential. So far the department has established 56 standard rain gauge stations under Hydrology Project (HP) and 34 non-HP stations. There are 12 Automated Rain Gauges, 44 Gauge Discharge sites, 12 water level recorder and 9 full climate stations also have been established in ten river basins of the state. Beside that 20 sedimentations laboratories, 11 water quality and sedimentation laboratories are also established on the basins. On effective operation of full climate station, these will be established at Subarnarekha, Brahmani, Nagavali and Kolab basin

36 very soon. It is also planned to develop the ARG & SRRG network over all the basins. Presently rainfall and gauging information are being received from IMD, CWC and Revenue Department and satellite imageries being received from NRSC for interpretation analyses.

Flood formulation also taken up with prime support of CWC. For modeling now physical based model like HEC-HMS, MIKE Model and IFAS model are also being exercised for better flood forecasting.

Round the clock (24x7) running flood cell is disseminating the flood information to all the recipient bodies. The Revenue Department, Agriculture Department, Water Resource Department, Health Department and Police Department co-operate each other and run side by side in order to avert the unprecedented flood havoc if arise. The flood information is updated in the site http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in every day during a period from 1st June to 31st October.

The Department of Water Resources is now planning to prepare the following works in order to properly model and manage total flood related scenarios.

• Digital terrain models for catchment delineation.

• Digital terrain models of floodplains.

• Catchment land use and soil data (derived from satellite imagery).

• Hydrological rainfall-runoff modeling to produce flood hydrograph at a range of return periods.

• River crosses sections for the length of river that creates significant flood, and survey of bridge/culvert opening and other feature that may resist flow.

• Computational hydrologic modeling to produce flood inundation or flood hazard maps at a range of return periods.

• Detailed flood plain land use mapping using satellite imagery (road, embankments, commercial and industrial properties, public utility, (eg. water treatment, electricity sub- station etc) residential properties and properties classifications)

• Survey of levels of roads and typical floor level of properties in the flood plain.

• Flood risk mapping (combination of flood hazard map with land-use).

4.5.3 Institution and Community

• Development of coordination with IMD, CWC, NRSC, OSDMA, SEOC, SRC.

• Development of coordination for data sharing and dam release information among states in case of interstate basin. 37 • Developing awareness among community on flood preparedness.

• Awareness with school and college students regarding hydro-meteorological information and flood related activities.

4.5.4 LAUNCHING OF FLOOD FORECASTING MODEL FOR DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOSURCES, ODISHA.

• The Water Resource Department, Government of Odisha embarked upon developing an early flood warning system as one of the most effective flood management strategies to reduce risk to life and property. The existing flood forecasting systems rely only on past precipitation inputs, which come from observation networks of rain gauges and radar. Thus presently, maximum forewarning given is of 8 hours, which in many situations is too less for any meaningful action. The desirable lead time of such forecasts is between 48 to 72 hours. However, for such medium term forecasts (48 to 72 hours ahead), it is required to use quantitative precipitation forecasts from numerical weather prediction (NWP) products.

• The Water Resource Department, Government of Odisha, aided by technical assistance from DFID funded “Climate Change Innovation Programme”( through engagement of INRM Consultants, an IIT, Delhi incubate company )have developed a basin wide hydrological model which will increase the flood warning and reaction time to 36-72 hours. The department has been working on this hydrological model based decision support system since April 2015. The model is based on the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) hydrological model, developed by the United States Department of Agriculture. The model has gained a wide global acceptability. There are more than 90 countries using the model for practical applications. SWAT is a public domain model actively supported by the Blackland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory (Temple, TX, USA) of the USDA Agricultural Research Service. • The model was launched by Shri Naveen Patnaik, Honourable Chief inister of Odisha, Shri Aditya Prasad Padhi, Chief Secretary, Govt. of Odisha Shri R Balakrishnan, Development Commissioner cum Additional Chief Secretary, Planning and Convergence Shri P. K. Jena, Principal Secretary, Water Resources Dr Cristina Rumbaitis Del Rio, Regional Programme Manager – CPGD – DFID on 28th June 2017. • The models were installed and running at FF & FRM Cell, Secha Sadan and another at office of Chief Engineer, Burla.

• The model uses multiple weather forecasts available from different sources including IMD to provide flood warnings up to 72 hours in advance.

38 • The flood forecasting model is an innovative approach of the Department of Water Resources (DoWR) towards better forecast and management of floods in the undivided Mahanadi basin. Development of a Flood Forecasting Model was one of the identified activities under State Climate Change Innovative program. The model has been developed basing on internationally acknowledged hydrology models and considers the physical characteristics of the basin.

• In addition to formulating flood forecasts, the model could also help in Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) as a planning and management framework that considers a range of supply-side and demand-side water resources processes and actions, and incorporates stakeholder participation in decision-making. The same hydrological model can be further used in assessing the impacts of climate change on water resources and implement suitable adaptation strategy. The model is based on water balance equation and other hydrological processes; hence water utilization and its impact over a period of time in upper catchment can also be worked out in the long run.

• The Hirakud Dam, with a major objective of flood moderation, intercepts a catchment area of only 83,000 sq km, leaving almost 62,000 sq. km uncontrolled. Holistic reservoir operation is of prime importance so far as release of water to and from the reservoir both during monsoon and non-monsoon period is concerned. The Climate change is exacerbating the situation due to changes in seasonality and variability of runoff. In the changed scenario of rainfall and water utilization pattern in upstream, special attention for flood management of reservoir and downstream catchment area of Hirakud with special reference to the increasing interventions at upper catchment by neighboring state has been considered as prime importance by the Department of Water Resources, Government of Odisha. Development of the hydrological model “SWAT” will give a new dimension in analyzing the above interventions.

• Primary testing of the model has yielded better results than those forecasted by the CWC. Thus, the model will increase the flood warning and reaction time to 36-72 hours and will enable the department towards more proactive flood management planning.

4.5.5 STRUCTURAL MEASURES FOR FLOOD CONTROL :

- Geographical Area of the State - 15.57 Mha. - Flood affected Area - 3.34 Mha (21.45 % geographical area) - 7 out of 11 river basins of Odisha are flood prone. - Different categories of Flood protective embankments have been constructed to mitigate flood as one of the structural measures. - Status of embankments.

Sl. No. Category of embankments Length in Km

1. Capital Embankment 1659.67 Km

2. Other Agricultural Embankment 2224.42 Km

3. Test Relief Embankment 1765.89 Km

4. Saline Embankment 1685.50 Km

11 Remarks

10 lakh)

Amount required (Rs. In

work required for Brief Brief Description of immediate restoration

8 in mtr.

Length of Breach/ Damage

7 Location

Asset and Name of the

y 6 the Name of Constituenc

FORMAT FOR FLOOD DAMAGE REPORT REPORT DAMAGE FLOOD FOR FORMAT Name of the Block

4 the District Name of

Name of the River

2 Period of Occurrence

1 Sl. No.

41 4.6 RISK ANALYSIS: An integrated risk analysis looks into both the probabilities and impacts of flooding. Modeling of river floods and storm surges forms an important part of the risk analysis. Flood Management Information System cell is functioning in the Water Resources Department, the cell is engaging in the data management, information sharing, research, flood modeling. The risk assessments are: 4.6.1 Assessing Flood Probabilities The challenge is to extrapolate from a limited set of observations to determine the probability of an extreme rainfall or discharge event. Various statistical techniques are available to perform such extrapolations. MIKE and HEC software along with GIS provides easy use of all the main distribution functions, expertise to provide advice on sound extrapolations to assess flood probabilities.

4.6.2 Flood Modeling of Rivers To translate an extreme event into a hydraulic load (a high water level) at the flood defense requires modeling of the runoff and of the river flow. For major rivers need simulates the hydrodynamics of both the one-dimensional river/channel network and the two-dimensional overland flow. The model is suited to simulate the dynamic behavior of overland flow over an initially dry land. It deals with every kind of geometry, including flat land or hilly terrain. The 1- Dimensional channel network and the 2-Dimensional rectangular grid hydrodynamics are solved simultaneously using the HEC which is able to tackle steep fronts as well as sub critical and supercritical flow. 4.6.3 Storm-surge Modeling for Hurricanes and Cyclones The IMD is computing surface winds and pressure around the specified location of the moving eye of a cyclone taking into account the path or track of the storm. The information provided by Meteorological Department used for the Strom surge modeling which required trained manpower and investment. There is always a risk of flooding from rivers or the sea, no matter how high and strong we make our embankments. What happens if a dike does fail? Simulations MIKE/HEC model assist in determining the extent and impacts of possible flood scenarios. The impacts include casualties as well as economic and environmental damage. MIKE/HEC with GIS performs casualty risk assessments using methods that combine the flood characteristics, such as water depth and flow velocity, with evacuation efficiency and vulnerability of inhabitants. A similar approach is adopted for economic damage, making use of damage functions for different types of land use.

5. HISTORICAL EVENTS AND BASIN WISE FLOOD MANAGEMENT

While the state has different measures for flood control still floods occur in different basins. The proper and timely management of floods, people has really reduced the damages to a greater extent. The most recent floods in the state occurred during Sept. 2008, 2011 and during cyclone Phailin of 2013. The flood of 2008 in Mahanadi basin was due to lower catchment contribution and the flood of 2011 was due to the heavy rainfall in the upstream catchment. The post-Phailin rainfall in Subarnarekha and Burhabalanga basin brought a devastating flood in northenOdisha cities.

5.1 FLOOD DAMAGE STATISTICS:

There are huge damages in terms of life and property due to breaches in the river. The flood damage statistics of past five major floods are as given in the Table 5.1.

Table 5.1 Flood Damage Statistics Flood damage during 1982 2001 2006 2008 2011 Peak flood at Mundali (Lakh cusecs) 15.84 14.09 12.83 15.81 13.67 Breaches (Nos.) 379 120 78 234 Damages (Rs. Crores) 559 429 745 922.61

5.2 FLOOD FIGHTING:

The devastation is more prominent in delta. The inundation maps during those periods narrate the flood flurry. A heavy discharge from the Tel catchment was the main reason behind 2008 flood. The Hirakud reservoir was managed properly at that time and the discharge was around 3.9 lakh cusecs, Fig.5.1 Flood Affected Districts 2008 but the discharge from uncontrollable catchment was around 11.91 lakh cusecs, which produced a peak of 15.81 lakh cusecs at delta head. A major part of Odisha was affected during Sept.2008 as

43 flood was occurring in Mahanadi, Brahmani, Baitarani as well as in Nagabali, Vamshadhara basin. The flood affected area map of that period is annexed in Fig. 5.1

In 2011 the dam released around 9.73 lakh cusecs of water due to a heavy rainfall (one day rainfall was around 458mm) near Bango dam at upstream. At that time the reservoir level was nearly 629 feet and 59 gates was opened. The downstream catchment only contributed 3.94 lakh cusecs in order to have a peak at delta of 13.67 lakh cusecs.

The inundation map of 14 Sept. 2011 (Fig.5.2) is as shown below. All the coastal districts are affected during these floods. Agricultural fields, roads and railway networks are completely disrupted along with lives of human and domestic animals are jeopardized.

Fig 5.2 Flood Inundation Map of 14 th Sep. 2011

5.2.1 Measures taken during Phailin (2013):

The scenario was different during Phailin. When it starts approaching in 7-8th October the reservoirs were in full capacity. But the right kind of forecast and immediate steps taken by the authority shows how a proper management of the situation could minimize the losses to a greater extent.

The very severe cyclonic storm “Phailin” that struck the Gopalpur coast on evening of 12 th October followed by flood out of torrential rains severely affecting Rushikulya, Vamshadhara, Baitarani, Subarnarekha, Burhabalanga basins. A brief statement of river gauges of different river

44 basins showing observed river gauges, danger levels, highest gauge recorded and the duration of time river flows over danger level during the cyclone.

As per the Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) published by IMD for different time period, the probable reservoir carrying and discharge capacity are to be predetermined. Accordingly the possible release of reservoir is to be calculated keeping in the view the probable inflow to it.

As a measure of preparedness for the anticipated VSCS on the coast of Odisha, a meeting as well as video conferencing were held under the chairmanship of Hon’ble Chief Minister of Odisha on the 9 th Oct 2013.

- The Principal Secretary to Govt. in DoWR issued alert to the EIC, WR for the emergency situation due to cyclonic storm. The same was transmitted to field functionaries. - The telephone numbers/fax/e-mailaddresses of flood control rooms in respect of different districts, circles, divisions, were kept ready for regular contact during emergency. Control rooms were opened in the Major and Medium Irrigation, Minor Irrigation, OLIC head quarters and field officials. - The IMD forecast regarding the anticipated cyclonic wind speed / category of storms were intimated to the field officers. - The probable tracks, influence zone, basins, rivers and reservoirs lying in this zone are considered as sensitive and these were monitored regularly (Fig.5.3).

45 PHAILIN’2013 Track. ! 14/1130 (56) STORM EVENT 08 - 14 OCT 2013 14/0530 (56) " TRACK OF PHAILIN

13/2330 (56) Ï SUBARNAREKHA Minimata Bango Dam JK KJ TalasaraUPPER BRAHMANI BASIN Nesa KharungTankJK ManiyariTank ¥ ¥ Sarafgarh BankabahalKhadkei ¥ ¥ Pitamahal Jambira ¥ Kansabahal ¥¥ Haladia 13/18Z ¥ # 13/1730 (93) UPPER MAHANADI " BURHABALANGA BASIN Jonk Diversion Kanjhari Hirakud Kalo KJ KJ ¥ BAITARANI BASIN ¥ Sunei ¥ Gohira ¥ Kodar Dam Salandi JK Ï 13/1130 (120) JK JK Remal MAHANADI (HIRAKUD - KHAIRMAL) Rengali Ramial Jharbandh Ong Dadaraghati ¥ ¥ ¥ 13/1130¥ (140) ¥ Sikaser Dam Dumarbahal ¥ ! LOWER BRAHMANI BASIN JK Saipala Upper Jonk¥¥ ¥ Derjang Ravi Shankar Dam ¥ JK Moorumsili Dam MAHANADI (KHAIRMAL - BARMUL) KJ ¥ Sundar Pilasalki Dudhawa Dam ¥ JK Sondur Dam MAHANADI ( BARMUL-NARAJ) JK 13/0530 (160) ¥ TEL BASIN Uttei ¥ " MAHANADI DELTA Legend Daha Dhanei INDRABATI BASIN ¥ Bhanjanagar Budhabudhiani Major ¥ ¥ KJ Sorada (Balancing Re ¥ ¥ Baghua Stage-II ¥ ¥ Medium ¥ Ï Ï RUSHIKULYA BASIN12/1330 (185) Approach Date (13 Oct) ¥ Bhaskel ! Indravati Badanalla 12/2330 (205) Approach Date (12 Oct) ¥ # " JK ¥ ¥ Ghodahado Approach Date (11 Oct) INDRABATI BASIN ! 12/18Z Baghalati Stage-I # Approach Date (10 Oct) ¥ Track (13 Oct) Upper Kolab VANSHADHARA JK Track (12 Oct) 12/1730 (225) KOLAB BASIN NAGAVALI BASIN " Track (11 Oct) Jalaput Track (10 Oct) JK River Basin ¥ Satiguda 12/1130 (260) Area of Influence (13 Oct) Balimela KJ ! Area of Influence (12 Oct) " Area of Influence (11 Oct)

Area of Influence (10 Oct) 5/28/2014 GP Roy,DoWR. 101 "

Fig.5.3 Tracks of Phailin in different days - EIC,WR called for a Special Committee meeting on 9 th Oct to review the cyclone situation in the state. This was attended by Special Committee members comprising Ex- EIC and Ex-CEs. Instructions were issued for the field for pre-depletion of major and medium projectsto minimize the post cyclonic flood effects in different river basins. The reservoir positions during pre and post depletions . - The depletion decision is carried out basing on many factors and it varies from dam to dam. It is a decision that has to balance saving the dams from danger of collapsing due to rise of water above FRL, staggered release of water to avoid downstream flooding and at the same time conserving the water for Rabi irrigation and drinking water purpose for post-monsoon periods. - A close monitoring of the reservoirs in the worst affected Rushikulya, Vamshadhara and Bahuda basins for four consecutive days from 9th to 12 th Oct. in respect of Bhanjanagar, Sorada, Daha, Ghodahada, Dhanei, Baghua, Badanalla, Harbhangi, Baghalati dams. - Due to depletion of the reservoirs even though there was extremely heavy rainfall in Rushikulya, Vamshadhara and Mahanadi, Brahmani and Salandi catchments as the gates were closed major flood in the downstream areas could be avoided during and after the cyclone. However, flood in Subarnarekha, Burhabalanga and Baitarani basins could not be controlled as there are hardly any storage reservoirs in these basins. - Announcements were made over loud speakers by the CE &BM, RVN basin in the river basins of Rushikulya and Bahuda warning the people on the both sides of the river up to a

46 distance of 20km to move to the higher and safer places as a precautionary measure against storm surge inundation. - Flood fighting materials like sand, sand bags, bamboo bullah were pre-positioned before the flood. All field engineers were asked to do round the clock patrolling of the embankments in collaboration in collaboration with PaniPanchayats and local communities. - Throughout the cyclone and flood, the Principal Secretary to Govt. in DoWR was regularly collecting the river gauge and reservoir water level data on hourly basis through SMS. The vital reading were monitored and exchanged between the field functionaries of the department up to Principal Secretary level. - The Principal Secretary to Govt. in DoWR issued order for cancellation of holidays during Durga Puja for round the clock operation of the control rooms at different levels as a measure for fighting the calamity. - The time to time updated IMD bulletins were sent to field officials for taking latest precautionary measures. - As per the review meeting conducted under the Chairmanship of Hon’ble minister Revenue and Disaster Management, Odisha on the anticipated cyclonic storm, the field officials were intimated as follows: ° Round the clock operation of emergency centres and control room at circle and division levels of the Water Resource Department. ° Requisition of the machineries and equipments like JCB, Excavator etc. to be in readiness for rescue and mitigation operation. ° Ensure uninterrupted power supply to the control rooms by providing DG sets ° To safe guard the saline embankments against the anticipated surge caused due to cyclonic storm. ° To be in close contact with flood cell/ control room of EIC WR and SRC to get transmit the updated information on the anticipated cyclone.

During Oct’2013 the disaster related information has been delivered through SMS to all concerned the authorities as shown below. The system performs very well in dissemination of important decisions, which needs to be continued in this year.

A sample of IMD data transmission during Oct.’2013 is as follows:

The inundation map of post Phailin period is also given in Fig.5.4 where a major part of Burhabalanga basin was inundated.

48 Area District Block (Sq. Kms) Baleswar, Baliapal, Basta, Baleswar Bhograi, Jaleswar, Simulia, Soro 8.87 Basudevpur, Chandabali, Bhadrak Dhamnagar, Tihidi 68.69 Cuttack Mahanga 1.38 Badchana, Bari, Binjharpur, Danagadi , Dasrathpur, Jajpur Dharmasala, Jajpur, Rasulpur 64.30 Kendrapad Aul, Derabisi, Pattamundai, a Rajkanika 51.60 ODISHA 194.84

Fig. 5.4 Flood Inundation Map of 18 th Oct. 2013

A sample of documentation during Oct’2013 is as shown below:

A complete documentation of the day. http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in

11 5/28/2014 11

49 Subarnarekha were worst affected by the cyclonic storm and flood resulting out of the heavy rainfall whereas timely depletion of the reservoir, major flood could be avoided in Rushikulya, Vamshadhara, Mahanadi, Brahmani and Salandi basins. Severe storm with sea surge up to 4m affected the coastal districts of Odisha with sea erosion alongwith saline inundation to low lying areas in Kendrapara, Jagatsinghpur, Puri and Ganjam districts.

5.2.2 Vulnerable Locations for 2013:

Considering the annual flood havocs, the basin wise vulnerable points have been identified and necessary precautionary measures have been taken. A list of vulnerable points (Table 5.5) as assessed during 2013 has given along with the map (Fig5.5) of the basin.

Fig.5.5 Position of Vulnerable Locations in 2013 5.2.3 Vulnerable Locations for 2014:

Considering the annual flood havocs, the basin wise vulnerable points have been identified and necessary precautionary measures have been taken. The vulnerable points as assessed during 2014 has given along with the map (Fig5.6) of the basin.

Fig.5.6 Position of Vulnerable Locations in 2014 5.2.4 Vulnerable Locations for 2015:

Considering the annual flood havocs, the basin wise vulnerable points have been identified and necessary precautionary measures have been taken. The vulnerable points as assessed during 2015 has given along with the map (Fig5.7) of the basin.

Fig.5.7 Position of Vulnerable Locations in 2015

5.2.5 Vulnerable Locations for 2016:

Considering the annual flood havocs, the basin wise vulnerable points have been identified and necessary precautionary measures have been taken. The vulnerable points as assessed during 2016 has given along with the map (Fig5.8) of the basin.

52 85°0'0"E 86°0'0"E 87°0'0"E

B u rh ab a l an ga R SUBARNAREKHA CRITICAL VULNERABLE LOCATIONS-2016 . ² UPPER BRAHMANI BASIN Parikhi ")

BURHABALANGA BASIN L

Kansb

BAITARANI BASIN ahs N. A 21 °0'0"N 21°0'0"N

R. LOWER BRAHMANI BASIN rani

Baita Arjunpur

") i

a M

N Legend K e lu R . B Hadua Madhuban " ra Kharsua R Vulnerable Points hm a ") )" ni Bankasahi") R River

E Basin Boundary R pa G ru o Bi ba ri N

Sl. No. Name of the Division River Location Prachi irrigation B 1 Devi Parimala Guali Nuna N Division )" )" Mandana Sasan ") Pandara Maili Prachi irrigation tpala R 2 Sirua Khalarda Chitro )" )" Haridaspur Division K adi R. a Mahan t h Paika R Kua a Kodakana Gherry 3 Jajpur Irrigation Division Baitarani Arjunpur nria N j . )" o r MAHANADI ( BARMUL - NARAJ) i ")

Khalarda R .

B 4 Jaraka Irrigation Division Brahmani Matiapada a r R a n a D li e a v l i a fu K R A n u K . l i s k N 5 Jaraka Irrigation Division Brahmani Bankasahi a D h a a h a n . K a b N n h d . u a a a d l R ra N Aul Embankment . . F 6 Radhia Kansar Sasan Division Dahuka MAHANADI DELTA Aul Embankment Jambu- Pandara i Parimala 7 m a a y Division Baulakani Maili s a )" u D K Aul Embankment Kharasuan Hadua 8 Division Right Madhuban O r dakini R. o Man jh Kendrapada Irrigation Chitrotpala g a N . 9 Haridaspur R

nt i Division right ua v D a g r Kendrapada Irrigation Kodakana 20°0'0"N a r h 10 Mahanadi left 20°0'0"N a B ak Division Gherry M P rac hi Mahanadi North N. 11 Nuna right Mandana . r R Division hi RUSHIKULYA BASIN ac Y tn Mahanadi North Chitrotpala Ra 12 Guali Division right A 105 0 10 20 30 40 50 CHILIKA Balasore irrigation 13 Budhabalanga Parikhi RUSHIKULYA BASIN B Kilometers Division 85°0'0"E 86°0'0"E 87°0'0"E Fig.5.8 Position of Vulnerable Locations in 2016

5.2.6 Vulnerable Locations for 2017:

Considering the annual flood havocs, the basin wise vulnerable points have been identified and necessary precautionary measures have been taken. The vulnerable points as assessed during 2017 has given along with the map (Fig5.9) of the basin.

Fig.5.9 Position of Vulnerable Locations in 2017

Table 5.2 No. of Critical Vulnerable points from 2014 to 2018

Sl. No Year No. of Critical vulnerable Location 1 2014 15 2 2015 14 3 2016 13 4 2017 12

5 2018 3

5.3 RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION: On the context of climate change it is also viewed there is a change and shift of the monsoon from the normal. The rainy days are gradually reducing while the peak rainfalls are increasing. It has been observed over the years that the rainfall pattern as well as the rainfall distribution in the state has been changed resulting more deviations from the normal rainfall. The monsoon rain has gradually shrunk to 60-70 rainy days, with the annual average still over 1400mm resulting unusual spikes in short term rainfall. The torrential rainfall spells of over 200-250 mm in a day are more frequent during monsoon. The variation in monsoon rainfall resulting short-term high intensity in various catchments results in frequent floods in different river systems. These have also been experienced in flood and cyclone years of 2008, 2011 as well as in 2013. As a measure of flood management, the various

54 Major and Medium storage schemes in the states already exists have been evaluated for their live storage capacities to conserve water. But still it is felt; the storage quantum is inadequate against the flow volumes of the floods.

55 Deviation of Rainfall from normal 2016

57 Deviat ion of Rainfall from normal 2017

6. PREPAREDNESS (For the current year)

6.1 GENERAL: Field officers of Water Resources Department will remain alert for watch and ward of the embankments constantly at vulnerable locations and patrolling will be done at other places once the danger level is touched. Special attention is required to be given to new embankments and also to old embankments where breaches occurred in the past. The flood contingent materials like sand, empty cement bags, bamboos, bullahs etc. should be kept ready at all strategic locations for meeting eventuality like breach/ overtopping of embankments. 6.2 ACTIVITIES: The details of activities to be under taken for flood watching, before and during floods are listed below. • Repair of rain cuts are to be made. • Scoured points are to be covered with sand bags with bullah piling, if necessary, before flood situation arises to avoid further damage. Geo-textile or simple polythene sheets may be spread below sand bags if the soil is of less rigidity in order to arrest further scour. • Round the clock watch and ward arrangement at vulnerable points will be made once floodwater touches the embankment and the water level shows a rising trend. Patrolling for this purpose will continue till water finally recedes from the embankment. • The rivers are to be carefully watched for scouring and erosion of banks for taking necessary precautionary measures. • Special vigilance is necessary in the countryside to detect any formation of boils due to seepage. This is to be immediately attended to by providing loading berm to counter balance exit gradient. A suitable filter material may be placed around boiling point below the loading berm to arrest fines in seepage water. • Seepage under embankment through the sand stratum may be seen emerging on the countryside in the form of bubbling springs. As a protective measure embankment of sand filled sacks may be built around them for ponding the water and thus a head on the countryside is created sufficient to stop the flow of silt by minimizing the effective head of water. • Overtopping and washing out of a portion of embankment will have to be 60

prevented by providing dowels at the riverside top of the embankment with sand / earth filled bags. The bags are to be filled to half only so that they remain in position closely against each other. • In case of emergency, earth may be taken from the back slope of levee much above the hydraulic gradient line with respect to maximum flood level. • If scouring is noticed, the point of scour would be immediately attended to reduce the rate of scouring during flood. Bamboo grids may be lowered at the scouring point attached with mats and tightened rigidly to remain undisturbed. The place in between bamboo grid and the eroded embankment surface may be filled up with brushwood. This point would be immediately restored before next flood in the same season. • The breaches, if occurred, will also be temporarily closed keeping in view possible further flood attack. • Community participation will be encouraged for flood watching and flood fighting activities / measures. • Co-operation of NGOs will be sought. • The canals running parallel to the river embankments should be charged with full supply during high flood situation in order to counter the riverside water pressure on the embankment.

Fig.6.1 Position of Vulnerable Locations in 2018

It has been assessed to keep vigil over 108 numbers of weak and vulnerable points over the state during monsoon out of which 3 are critically vulnerable having total length 1200 mt.

Table 6.1 DIVISION WISE WEAK & VULNERABLE POINTS IDENTIFIED FOR THE ENSUING FLOOD - 2018

Total No. of Weak & Sl.No Name of Division Vulnerable Points - 2018 1 Khurda Irrigation Division 1 2 Nimapara Irrigation Division 9 3 Puri Irrigation Division 9 4 Prachi Division 7 5 Nayagarh Irrigation Division 4 6 Mahanadi North Division 2 7 Aul Embankment Division 9 8 Jagatsinghpur Irrigation Division 4 9 KendraparaIrrigation Division 4 10 Jajpur Irrigation Division 8 11 Jaraka Irrigation Division 6 12 Angul Irrigation Division 3 13 Balasore Irrigation Division 10 14 Mayurbhanj Irrigation Division 6 15 Baitarani Division 2 16 Salandi Canal Division 5 17 Berhampur Irrigation Division 1 18 Bhanjanagar Irrigation Division 2 19 Paralakhemundi Irrigation Division 6 20 Boud Irrigation Division 4 21 Tel Irrigation Division 6 Total: 108

DIVISION WISE LIST OF CRITICAL VULNERABLE POINTS - 2018 Affected Name of the Name of the List of Villages to be Sl.No Location Length in District Block Division River affected Mtr 1 Prachi Devi KSDR Embankment 750.00 Cuttack Niali Kantisal,Parimal Division Near Kantisal from Kapasi,Badheisahi, RD 61.750km to Galagari RD 62.500km. 2 Puri Bhargavi right At RD 28.330km 300.00 Puri Pipili Rathapurusottampur, Irrigation embankment near Khairikund,Berhampur, Division village Anipur,Saraswatipur, Rathapurusottampur Tarajanga,Dakhinasahi, Banamalipur,Balapur, Sarangajodi 3 Aul Keradagada Diapari,Rajnagar 150.00 Kendrapara Rajnagar Diapari,Rajnagar Embankment Altanga saline 6.200km to Township Division Embankment on 6.350km. Hansua Right at Diapari G.Total 1200.00

Following points will be checked / discussed in this meeting.

- The identification of weak and vulnerable points on the embankment. - Strategic locations of riverbanks for guarding and watch and ward. - Ensuring clearance of river mouths to either Bay of Bengal or Chilkalake. - Strengthening of data collection network and transmission system. - The operational policy of major reservoirs. - The possible preparatory steps for the anticipated disasters. - The availability and engagement of human resources at right places. - Sufficient storage of relief items like sand bags, bullah, generator, candles, tarpaulins etc. - Instruction for completion of pending structural works related to disasters well before onset of monsoon. - Other Government departments, Public are also made aware regarding the outcomes of this meeting. - Govt. in DoWR has communicated to Member, Central Water Commission for transmission of flow forecast, level forecast during the monsoon. - Under the chairmanship of Chief Secretary, Odisha a pre-cyclone exercise meeting IS conducted on first week of May. As a follow up of the same, Engineer-in-Chief, Water Resources instructs the concerned Chief Engineers of the interstate basins to deploy officers not below the rank of Asst. Executive Engineers to remain present in strategic locations inside Jharkhand and Chhatishgarh for real time transmission of flow data and upstream dam releases. Besides this, specific meetings during June’2017 will be conducted with Chhatishgarh, Jharkhand counterparts by Dam safety organization of the state for smooth flow of flood and upper catchment rainfall information.

- Special committee meeting on operation of Hirakud reservoir will be conducted during mid June’2017. This year is so far being predicted as a less rainfall year. Appropriate decisions will be taken regarding conservation and release from the reservoir. - As a normal practice, observed rainfall data, Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) will be obtained from Indian Meteorological Department on daily basis from 1st June to 31 st Oct2017. These data after analyses will be hoisted on the department web site of daily basis.

In the event of depression or deep depression the impact point (land fall), eye of the cyclone and its zone of influence are also to be marked on the catchment map so as to identify the dams and embankments expected to be vulnerable. The strategic locations like weak embankments, reservoirs under the influence area of the cyclone are to be identified. - The status of availability of flood fighting materials at different locations division wise have been hoisted in the DoWR website www.dowrorissa.gov.in for awareness of the public. 6.3 FLOOD PREPAREDNESS 2018 : - Pre-flood preparedness meeting with the EEs, SEs/CCEs have been conducted. - State Flood Control Cell in the O/o the EIC, WR started functioning from 01.06.2018 and will continue up to 31.10.2018. ‹ Flood related messages like rainfall, river gauge & discharge, Major/medium reservoir position are being collected daily. ‹ Flood messages from CWC & Weather report from IMD are being collected and transmitted the same to the field level. ‹ Keep close contact with Revenue Dept., IMD, Hirakud and Rengali Control Room. ‹ Daily Flood bulletin is being prepared incorporating Rainfall, river gauge & discharge, reservoir position and weather forecast and communicated to 74 officials. The same is hoisted daily in the website of DOWR. - Flood Control Cell started functioning from 01.06.2018 in Division as well as Circle offices. - Field Functionaries have been instructed to collect the required flood fighting materials like sand bags, bamboos, bullah etc to be stored at strategic location. ‹ Empty cement bags - 33,35,080 nos. ‹ Sand - 67,627 Cum. ‹ Bullah - 19,430 nos. ‹ Bamboo - 10320 nos. ‹ Bamboo Mat - 15,125 Sqm

6.4 Budget provision-2018 Budget provision for Flood fighting arrangement for 2018 is Rs 10 crs .The tentative list of flood fight fighting materils required for 2018 is attached here with.

6.5 PHYSICAL ACTION TO BE TAKEN BY OFFICIALS Sl. Designated Responsibility Stipulated No. Officer date 1 Junior/Assistant Engineer

Responsible for efficient flood management, alert, resourceful, faithful to Govt, and needs to thoroughly involve in all activities.

Pre- flood measure Identification of vulnerable points 10 th April

Survey, Investigation, Estimates of all raising 20 th April of embankments

Checking the working condition of vehicles, 15 th May boats, launches. Arranging torchlight, petro-max, lanterns, candles, rain coats/umbrella, spades.

Completion of execution of all temporary/ 1st week of Permanent flood protection works, June Repair of embankments, breach closing, Treatment of gauging sites, Collection of flood fighting materials at site.

Repair of gates of all major, medium, minor 1st week of dams, drainage sluices, canals. June JE to certify the logbooks of all gates as operational.

Measurement of all flood protection works 15 th June temporary or permanent with acceptance of executants.

Certifying all level books before monsoon Proper custody of monsoon materials Displaying and maintaining notice boards at strategic locations.

During flood JE/AE and his field staff watch embankment

JE/AE to prepare duty chart

Check leakage, wave wash, embankment related, keep record of all piping points

Apprise to the Asst Executive Engineer about As and the situation when Keep coordination with local bodies. required.

Sl. Designated Responsibility Stipulated No. Officer date Mobile phone on operative mode

Record FRL

Post flood Opening sluices for draining flood water

Prepare Flood Damage Report and submit to 1 week AEE. after flood.

General duty River bed level measurement Once in every THREE years

Mark scour line

2 Assistant Executive Engineer

In-charge of embankments and responsible for happenings under his jurisdiction.

Pre- flood measure Inspect the embankment and suggest JE/AE 30 th April about the type of flood protection needed Verify all breaching closed, gauge posts 1st week of painted June Ensure functioning of all gates and certify the log books to next higher authority (EE)

Check measurement complete of all flood 15 th June protection works Ensure collection of all flood fighting materials

Check measure 50% of all flood embankments

During flood Remain in touch with local bodies, NGOs as and and other bodies. when required

Arrange and distribute patrol establishments and reserve team for any exigencies.

Contact with JE/AE and other staffs.

Updating higher officer

Mobile phone on alert mode

Sl. Designated Responsibility Stipulated No. Officer date Post flood Verify Flood Damage Report and submit to EE

General duty Check levels of river bed, scour line, top bank

3 Executive Engineer

Fully responsible for smooth management of flood

Pre- flood measure Inspect embankments, breaches, all flood 15 th June protection works, gauges and report to SE.

Randomly checking gates and signing log 1st week of book June

Countersign all free board statements of embankments (check measure 10%) and report to SE.

Remain vigilant and report to next higher authority.

Capable of taking immediate steps

For anticipating inundated area inform to local or district administration

During flood In case of breaching inform district administration for relief and rescue Can take step for breach closing immediately.

In touch with all top and bottom officers and mobile on active mode.

Post flood Flood Damage Report to be sent to SE and Collector

General duty Submit a detailed report after flood to SE

4 Superintending Engineer

Controlling officer for repair and maintenance of flood embankments.

Pre- flood measure Inspect embankments and vulnerable points 15 th June Instructing to field and reporting to Chief Engineer.

Sl. Designated Responsibility Stipulated No. Officer date Keep record of free board statement Keep additional arrangement of flood watching May arrange additional technical staff.

During flood Not to leave HQ without permission of CE.

Inform CE on hourly basis latest updates after receiving the same from EE,

Available on mobile phone

Post flood Submit a detailed flood report to CE.

5 Chief Engineer

Reporting officer on flood situation, responsible to state.

Pre- flood measure Inspect at random vulnerable points and report to DOWR/SRC/CE&BM, LMB.

May depute Engineers of other to flooding areas.

During flood Updating flood situation to Govt. Constant touch with CWC, IMD, field officer, control rooms. Collect information on status of reservoir and that of other states, For any abnormal happenings joint verification with SE and suggest for immediate measure. Immediately informing breach details DOWR/ SRC during a breach.

Post flood Submit a detailed flood report to Govt. mentioning cause, damage, breaching.

6.6 LONG TERM ACTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITY Sl. Risk Infrastructure Proposed Strategic Outlay Responsibility No Expected 1 Dam • Dam • Mathematical dam break model Director, Break; will be prepared; Hydrometry, • Excess • Corresponding risk map for dam EIC Water Resources in Inflow; break along with evacuation route co-ordination • Reduction and safe shelter location will be with CWC in Storage finalized; Space. • Pre-depletion of the reservoir in conformity to rule curve and downstream conditions; • Dredging of the reservoir, silt clearance through excluder; • Raising dam and embankment heights; • Catchment treatment. 2 Embankment • Over • Dredging the river bed; CE&BM, Topping; • Raising embankment heights; LMB,EIC Water • Seepage; • Consolidation of the embankment; Resources along • Breach & • Identification of weaker location with Concern Cutting; and necessary measure (slope division along • Erosion. protection, toe wall, spur, stone with Local pitching and vegetative coverage; community • Awareness among people for protection of embankment. 3 Canal • Breach & • Awareness among farmers and EIC Water Cutting; Water User Association for the Resources along • Blockage protection and maintenance of with Water User Association. of canal Canal. passage.

6.7 DAMS &THEIR EMERGENCY ACTION PLAN

A Dam is an artificial barrier that has capacity to store or impound water to provide irrigation, power supply, human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture and navigability. On the other hand; Dams are considered ‘’Installations containing dangerous forces’’ under International Humanitarian Law as it induces massive destruction of live, property and environment on failure. There are 204 nos. of large dams in Odisha which have been categorized in to Major, Medium & Minor based on its culturable command area. As natural or induced floods are of increasing concern due to adverse hydro-meteorological conditions. Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) and Emergency Action Plan (EAP) are ought to be present for existing dams to prevent or minimize the damages to life and property.EAP is a formal plan that depicts the identification of emergency conditions at the dam site and prescribes the pre-planned actions to be followed by the different agencies so as to mitigate the loss to a manageable extent. The sudden release of huge quantity of water or dam break creates such emergency conditions at dam as well as the downstream areas, which requires warning, evacuation, rescue and relief operations within minimum response time. The purpose of an EAP is to protect lives and reduce property damage. EAP therefore prescribes the duties and responsibilities of the Emergency Planning Manager and operating personnel and provides procedures designed to identify unusual and unlikely condition which endangers Dam. Apart from that, this Plan is designed to notify the appropriate public officials and downstream residents, impending or actual dam failure, so that the area can be evacuated in a timely manner. EAP also contains inundation maps to show the emergency management authorities the critical areas along the river for action in case of an emergency.

6.7.1 Why Dam Fails?

Dams can fail for one or a combination f the following reasons: • Overtopping caused by floods that exceed the capacity of the dam. • Deliberate acts of sabotage • Structural failure of materials used in the dam construction 71

• Piping and internal erosion of soil in the embankment • Inadequate maintenance and upkeep

6.7.2 How to keep a watch on Dam Condition?

Followings are the steps to keep a watch on Dam condition

6.7.2.1 Brief history of the dam and salient features: This will be dam specific.

6.7.2.2 Assessment of Health Status: - It is pertinent on every dam authority to complete pre- and post-monsoon inspection reports in prescribed time and take appropriate preventive measures as per the assessment of State Dam Safety Organization (SDSO). The expert and professional opinion may be sought in case of critical distress conditions

6.7.2.3 Reservoir operation: The reservoir operation comprises of gate operation, mock drill, reservoir regulation and flood forecasting.

i)Gate Operation: • The working of spillway gates, under sluices and outlets / Head Regulators from Reservoir shall be checked before the onset of monsoon every year. • The gate operation schedule preferably based on site condition should clearly indicate the complete sequence and stages of operation of various gates corresponding to various reservoir levels and flood situations. • All mechanical and electrical equipments shall be maintained properly and inspected at regular intervals to be specified by Dam authorities. • Operating instructions shall be displayed near equipments for important structures. ii) Mock Drill: The dam authorities shall regularly organize mock drill specifically with respect to the operation of gates and hydro-mechanical equipments of all dams prior to onset of monsoon and deficiency of gates should be kept in mind. In

case of any serious deficiency in any gate, a prominent tag depicting 'NOT TO BE OPERATED' should be hanged. iii) Reservoir Regulation: • Reservoir operation schedule shall be regularly reviewed and. if necessary, modified. • Reservoir silt survey should be done at regular intervals and area capacity curve of the reservoir should be accordingly revised. • Flood carrying capacity of the river channels downstream of the dam shall be reviewed at regular intervals. • The adequacy of spillway and free board need to be reviewed periodically with the help of continuous short term data, built up during the course of operation. • There should be exchange of operation schedule, inflow, outflow and SOP on regular basis during monsoon /emergent situation among the inter-state dams so as to moderate flood inflow. iv) Flood forecasting: • An efficient flood forecasting system should be established to formulate forecasts of inflow and volume of floods and regulation of gates for efficient flood disposal. . • Actions may be initiated to install Automatic as well as manual Water Level Recorder in the reservoir that will facilitate the user to calibrate on the spot and transmit data anywhere as per the need and requirement. 6.7.2.4 Instrumentation: • The dam authorities will ensure the installation of basic instruments like V- notch, piezometers at strategic locations and also need through analysis prior to the onset monsoon • The dam authority needs to check whether the piezometric observations are within the limits of phreatic line as per the design. • The water quality test of seepage must be conducted at regular interval to assess the presence of turbidly and other minerals.

6.7.2.5 Emergency Situations, Signs of Failure and Classification i. Situations Many dam conditions can lead to emergency situations, not all of which will necessitate the implementation of the EAP. However, if any of them occur, the appropriate actions must be taken. • Severe Storms/ Inclement Weather: Although generally not in themselves a 73

threat to the dam, severe storms and other inclement weather conditions can contribute to an existing problem and hinder any remediation efforts. Severe storms also cause the uncontrolled release of floodwater, and increase flow in already rain -swollen areas. • Tropical cyclones: Tropical cyclones do occur in the area, with the potential for structural damage to the dam, possibly resulting in its failure. If a tropical cyclone has struck in the area, an inspection of the dam for any signs of damage will be appropriate. • Earthquakes: Appropriate post-earthquake inspections should be performed based on dam is located on which earthquake zone. • Sabotage: A threat to damage the dam has been made. Appropriate actions must be taken to protect the dam. ii. Signs of Failure The early identification of potentially dangerous conditions can allow time for the implementation of EAPs. It is important to understand how distress can develop into failure. With appropriate action, distress need not lead to a catastrophic failure of the dam. The following sections describe some o f the different types of failure which could lead to a dam failure.

• Seepage Failure: Although all earthen embankments allow some minor seepage through the dam or the foundation, excessive, uncontrolled seepage can result in piping(the movement of embankment material in the seepage flow)and lead to failure. Piping can occur for years at a slow rate. If the piping has progressed to a dangerous level, it will be evident by increased flow or the discharge of muddy water (or both).At that stage, immediate action to stop the piping is needed. Fully developed piping is difficult to control and is very likely to result in failure. A whirl pool in the reservoir is a sign of uncontrollable piping and necessitates immediate emergency action. • Embankment or Foundation Sliding: Sliding is usually first apparent when cracks or bulges in the embankment appear. Slides with progressive movement can cause failure of the embankment. • Structural Failure: The structural failure or collapse of any non-overflow portion of the dam, spillway or spillway gates could result in loss of the reservoir. A structural failure of a portion of the spillway could cause piping and possibly embankment failure. 74

• Overtopping Failure: Overtopping of the embankment results in erosion of the dam crest. Once erosion begins, it is very difficult to stop.

iii.Emergency classification: A) Internal Alert Condition BLUE A BLUE emergency level is created by an unusual, slowly developing event that poses no threat to the structural stability of the dam or to its operational elements, and which does not make unviable the dam observation system. The condition will not have an off-site impact. However, the situation is one that needs to be monitored closely to make sure the condition does not worsen. If the condition does become more severe or unfavourable, the emergency status will be elevated to the next level. B) External Alert Condition ORANGE An ORANGE emergency level occurs when a rapidly developing situation is taking place that will probably cause the dam to fail and produce a devastating flood. However, enough time is available for analysis before deciding whether or not to evacuate residents. Emergency responders in affected areas will be alerted that an unsafe situation is developing and dam failure is possible. Authorities responsible for rescue and relief shall gear up for evacuation of residents in potential inundation areas. When it is determined that there is no longer time available to implement corrective measures to prevent dam failure, the emergency status will be elevated to the highest (Red) level

C) External Alert Conditions RED– These are “failure” conditions. Either the dam is in immediate danger of failing or has already failed. No time remains to implement measures to prevent failure. Evacuate immediately. Evacuation efforts will continue until the situation is stabilized. A RED emergency level is triggered when dam failure is about to occur or is already in progress. Once a decision is made that there is no possibility of preventing failure, an order for evacuation of residents in potential inundation areas will be issued immediately by the incident commander or emergency responder.

6.7.3 How to get prepared before a Dam Failure 6.7.3.1 Preparedness

• The inundation maps may be prepared for three conditions of flooding- i) Overtopping, ii) Piping and iii) Large controlled-release which will depict the flooded areas from a dam failure. The dam Authority should mark the list of towns, villages and important public buildings, road connectivity which comes under the flood line to reduce the effects of a dam failure. Surveillance, Response on forecast of excessive inflow, Response during weekends and holidays, Response during periods of darkness and adverse weather, Access to the site could prevent or delay failure after an emergency is first discovered. • Records that may be required for proper inspection and maintenance shall be available at dam site office & regularly updated. • Where no record is available, efforts shall be made to generate them. • Data in respect of upstream gauge stations, flood warning system, communication channels and additional data such as rainfall, wave height, wind velocity, temperature, humidity etc. shall be collected

6.7.3.2 Warning System: • The dam authorities shall identify the vulnerable areas, tourist spots by using inundation maps& mark the danger levels at appropriate places. The time of arrival of wave front, maximum depth of inundation, and maximum velocity of flow may also be estimated for areas of high impact. • There should be permanent warning posts, which should be visible with naked eyes from reasonable distance within a distance of 15 km downstream from Dam in case of Major Projects, 5 km from Medium Projects & 2 km for Minor Projects. • The district administration i.e. Collector, SP, BDO, Tahasildar & other important officers along with Press & Media. T.V & News channels .Radio may be generally intimated regarding first release of the water during monsoon prior to 48hrs for all major dams and 24hrs for all gated medium dams However this time line for intimation may be fixed for each gated Dam separately by the Project authorities depending on Project specific issues. District administration will be intimated at least 3 hrs before each subsequent releases during monsoon periods & all releases during non-monsoon period. The district administration & important officers shall be intimated through Fax & e-mail by the project authority within timeline,

• It is essential to install sirens to alert the nearby locality in the downstream areas before release of water from gated reservoirs. Powerful sirens to be installed at audible locations so that they can be heard up to 5 km downstream for all Major Dams & 2 km downstream for all gated medium dams • Steps shall be taken within a time frame for providing successive Sirens which will be audible up to 15 km downstream for all major dams and 5 km downstream for all gated medium dams. • The sirens shall be blown 2hrs prior to the opening of gates in 15 minutes interval for 3 times and shall be continuous 15 minutes prior to and during the entire gate operation of all Major & gated Medium Dams. This process shall be repeated after all the gates are closed & again gates are required to be opened afresh this is applicable for monsoon & non-monsoon fresh releases. • In addition to that a mobile van equipped with public address system to give prior warning along 10 km downstream in habitations in case of Major projects & 3kms downstream in case of gated medium irrigation projects. 6.7.3.3 Communication System: • The dam authorities for all Major & Medium Dams shall establish a Control Room to maintain inflow & outflow of reservoir & other hydrological information during monsoon period Steps shall be taken by Project authorities of Hirakud Dam for operation of control room round the clock throughout the year. • The dam authorities should ensure effective transmission of hydro- metrological and stream flow data through different means which include Short Message Service (SMS), telephone and wireless to the Flood Cell of the State. • The dam authorities, may take steps to install a remote surveillance" system through telemetry facilities at the dam site so as to facilitate the continuous flow of data to FLOOD CELL of the state from the remote and inaccessible locations. • The concerned project authorities shall develop appropriate mechanism to keep local administration informed about extreme inflows, sudden release of water and other exigency conditions.

• Directory of contact numbers of key persons of Govt. & Senior Engineers, civil administration, police, ambulance, fire station etc. shall be available in control room. Regular revision / updating of the Directory shall be carried out. • Further, dam authorities may identify the auxiliary communication system available, if the primary system fails at any stage. • It is essential to have constant liaison with State Data Centre & State Flood Cell during emergency period 6.7.3.4 Availability of machines, materials & labour: • The dam authorities should make necessary arrangements during monsoon to stockpile the ample construction materials, keep necessary spares for gates & machineries near the dam site for emergency repair. • Sufficient numbers life jackets should be kept in readiness for departmental use to face any eventuality 6.7.3.5 Dam Security Arrangement: The dam authorities shall assess the need for proper security arrangements of the dam & the equipments installed within Dam premises .They will take all steps for early implementations of such security arrangements.

6.7.3.6 Review, Update and Validation • This guide line shall be followed for preparation of Dam specific EAP for all Major, Medium and Minor Dams of the State. • Periodic review and updating is an essential feature of a strong and vibrant EAP. • During the review, an evaluation of any amendments to guidelines or changes in downstream human habitation or in the reservoir should be taken into account to determine whether any revisions to the current plan are necessary in order to improve the workability of the plan.

6.7.4 What to do during a flood?

6.7.4.1 Local Evacuation Plan

The immediate impact will be to areas along [Stream] downstream of the dam. For sunny-day and design flood breaches, the following actions should be taken: 78

• Barricadingallbridgesthatcouldpossiblybefloodedtopreventaccesstotheaffect ed area. • The DistrictDisasterManagementofficecanassistwiththenotificationofallpersons and agencies involved, with the possibility of additional support including contacting others not accessible by radio or telephone. • District officials are generally familiar with developed areas in their jurisdiction. Such knowledge, coupled with the requirements of state law that they respond to disasters, make them the logical officials to be notified and to spread the warning message to all areas subject to flooding. • Nearby Police, Fire and Army team should evacuate affected people to a safer place or nearby evacuation center. 6.7.5 Implementation Copies of the EAP should be provided to the appropriate persons and the EAP has been approved and signed by the owner and the person(s) in charge of emergency response. This plan will be reviewed and updated annually by Dam Owner’s Emergency Planning Manager and personnel from local disaster management agencies in conjunction with Dam Owner’s Emergency Planning Manager’s annual maintenance inspection of the dam. The Dam Owner’s Emergency Planning Manager will review and complete all items on the Annual EAP Evaluation Checklist. After the annual update is complete, a new Approval and Implementation sheet will be attached and the annual update will be documented on the Plan Review and Update sheet. 6.8 SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD PRONE AREAS PILOT

PROJECT AT BURHABALANGA BASIN: High intense rainfall was occurred during Phailin (Oct. 12-14) and post Phailin period (Oct.24-26) and the rivers Subarnarekha, Burhabalanga, Jalaka were spate to full, flooding many areas in Balasore, Budhabalang during Oct. 26-27-28 th Oct, has also inundated 10 blocks in neighbouringMayurbhanja district. The district head quarter Baripada town and Betanati and Badasahi blocks have been severely hit in the floods.

ó Flood water gushed into Baripada town and about 50 villages in the tribal dominated district are suffered.

ó Also nearly 57,000 people in 164 Fig. 6.2: Burhabalanga Basin villages under 38 Panchayats in the district had been affected besides ward numbers 3, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 20 in Baripada town.

Before this event the Burhabalanga basin has suffered flood devastation many a time. The reasons for this recurrence flood are being associated with following reasons as:

ó Reduction in carrying capacity and operational failure of 3 internal streams namely Jirali, Sarali and Sorhajoda before its outfall to Burhabalanga.

ó Reduction in carrying capacity of flood water of Burhabalangariver.

ó Back water effect in release of water to sea and at confluence points of small streams.

Now with technical assistance of CWC and NRSC scientific assessment work of flood prone area are being taken up in collaboration with state water resources department. As a pilot project Burhabalanga basin is taken up and initial works are already been started.

As per the action plan a Regional Committee is constituted for our state with Principal Secretary of the Water Resources Department as its Chairman and Regional Chief Engineer of CWC as Member Secretary of the Committee. The programme is going on with close association of NRSC, Hyderabad. This committee is now engaged in identifying, demarcating and classifying the flood prone area based on scientific methodology, classification, criteria as suggested by higher technical authorities like NIH, Roorkee within stipulated period. The final report is under preparation at NRSE Level.

6.9 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT:

This department as the premier institute in the water resources has its own training institute named WALMI (Water & Land Management Institute) at Pratapnagari, Cuttack. It provides the orientation course to new Junior and Assistant Engineers. Specialized courses are being organized in this institute on the topics like Design of the Structures, Flood Control and Management, Quality Control and Assurance in Construction, Water Distribution in Canal System along with the role of PaniPanchayat and on many more subjects.

The department is closely associated with Central Water Commission (CWC) for reservoir, discharge and flood related activities, Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) for getting the information on rainfall, cyclones and its forecasting and other details, and

Integrated Coastal Zone Management Project (ICZMP) for availing the information on sea and coast.

The Department also organizes training programs at various national institutes of repute like Central Water Power Research Station (CWPRS)-Pune, National Water Academy (NWA)-Pune, National Institute of Hydrology (NIH)-Roorkee, CWC-NewDelhi, Engineering Staff College of India (ESCI)-Hyderabad, National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC)-Hyderabad, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)-Dehradun.

For the sake of research and higher education department is also sending its employees to Indian Institute Technology (IIT) Roorkee for doing M.Tech courses on Water Resources Development & Management and in Hydrology. After completing the courses they are also positioned at some of the decisive post thus strengthening the technicality of the department. Few employees also completed the doctoral degrees on reservoir operation and in flood control and reinforcing graciously the technical processes.

6.10 POINTS FOR OPEN DISCUSSIONS

6.10.1 Embankment Free Flood Plain :

From the period prior to construction of dams/reservoirs when uncontrolled flow was available at delta, there was no embankment to confine the flood within a channel. Again it is seen due to continuous siltation river beds are getting up day by day (aggradations of bed levels) and the country sides remains at comparatively down level. At this condition any occurrence of breaches may cause a huge loss in the country side. So in order to maintain the regime condition (balanced channel bed and flood plain) the embankments should be made open at strategic locations allowing unobstructed free flow thereby reducing the flood furry.

Encroachment in the flood plain has become a regular phenomenon over the year. It needs to implement the law to make the flood plain free for safe disposal of flood water.

6.10.2 De-commissioning of Older Dams:

The management of flood in the major flood causing basins like Mahanadi and Brahmani still relies on the dams of over 61years (Hirakud) and 34 years (Rengali) . After a decade or so, debate may come towards the decommissioning of such dams. The next alternative may to go in for such storage projects or to live with flood.

Annexure -1