To Archaeology 8 There

ra 1HE Publication of the Archaeological Society of British Columbia ISSN 0047-7222 Vol. 24, No.1 February ·March 1992

VANCOUVER ISLAND'S WEST COAST REVEALS SIGNIFICANT DISCOVERIES

9 I I J 4 S

DJSj 100, ..._.._ .. __..,_, ' .__ ' cbipped (L) and DJSj 100, ground slate (R) cobble cbopper projectile points.

DJSj 100, DJSj 100, labret (R), ground bone artifacts. slate fragment (L) , and ground stone object (M). I

• l ~ { • s ~~

'--r---.J---- I l 1 ' I THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Published five times a year by the Archaeological Society of British Columbia. OF BRITISH COLUMBIA The next issue will appear in April1992. is dedicated to EDITOR the protection of archaeological resources and Joyce Johnson the spread of archaeological knowledge. ASSISTANT EDITOR Marjorie Smith Meetings featuring illustrated lectures are held on the second Wednesday of each month (except July and August) ASSISTANT EDITOR (PUBLICATIONS) at 8:00p.m., in the Vancouver Museum Auditorium. Barbara Stopa Visitors and new members are welcome! CONTRIBUTORS THIS ISSUE PRESIDENT Steven Acheson, Richard Brolly, William Paull (980-5186) Denis St. Claire, Joanne Curtin, Phyllis Mason CREW VICE·PRESIDENT Vicki Fedemma, Margaret Holm, Kimberly Wooten Vacant DESIGN I PRODUCTION MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY Yvon Lantaigne Toni Crittenden (736-4708) ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEES Submissions and exchange publications should be directed to: Joyce Johnson, Editor, The Midden, do UBC Archaeology, Single $25 .00 · 3193 N.W. Marine Dr., Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Zl. Family $30.00 Contributions on subjects germane to B.C. archaeology are Seniors & Students $18.00 welcomed: maximum length 1500 words, no footnotes and only a brief bibliography (if required at all). Guidelines are available. Membership includes subscription to The Midden and the A.S.B.C. newletter, SocNotes. SUBSCRIPTIONS Make cheque or postal money order payable to the A.S.B.C. Helmi Braches Send to: A.S.B.C., Membership Secretary, Subscription is included with membership in the Archaeological P.O. Box 520, Station A, Vancouver, B.C. V6C 2N3 Society of British Columbia. Non-member rates are $14.50 per year. ($17.00 U.S.A. and overseas) payable in Canadian funds to the A.S.B.C. Send to: A.S.B.C., Midden Subscriptions, AFFILIATED CHAPTER P.O. Box 520, Station A, Vancouver, B.C. V6C 2N3 Fraser Valley Meetings featuring illustrated lectures are held Copyright. on the third Tuesday of each month, September to May, Contents of The Midden are copyrighted by the A.S.B.C. It is at 7:45p.m. at Fraser Valley College, Abbotsford. unlawful to reproduce all or any part, by any means whatsoever, without permission of the Society, which is usually gladly given. PRESIDENT P-ublication of The Midden is made possible in part by financial Thelma.Mclntyre (853-1495) assistance from the B.C. Heritage Trust and B.C. Lottery revenues.through the Ministry of Municipal Affairs, MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY Recreation and Culture. Andy Purdy (823-4920)

CALENDAR OF EVENTS A.S.B.C. DIARY. · AprilS: Dr. David Burley FRONT COVER: Recent work on Tonga Artifacts recovered during the 1991 excavation of the May13: TBA Little Beach Site, Ucluelet, B.C. June 10: Annual General Meeting Photo Credit: Karen Preckel. See article on page 2. NOTE FROM THE EDITOR . ..

OU WILL NOTICE A FRESH, NEW LOOK grams can be accommodated. Submis to the old, familiar Midden. The sions for June must be received by May Ypublication is now being produced 1st at the latest. Guidelines are available. TABLE OF CONTENTS directly on a Macintosh computer June will put an end to a hectic year (thanks to Yvon Lantaigne), bypassing of suddenly having to balance publication The Little Beach Site 2 the tedious typesetting and paste-up pro of four issues of The Midden with a busy cess which took so much of our time and schedule. After the summer, plans are to Publications 5 energies in the past. This should make follow B.C. archaeology through the Exhibitions 5 things easier for us, and get The Midden Gulf Islands, the lower mainland, the out to you on time. Fraser River valley and canyon, and the An Interface of Ethnography This issue of The Midden and the next Interior, returning to the coast as archae and Archaeology 6 (which should bring our "bi-monthly" ological investigations progress and publication back on schedule in April) reveal interesting developments in B.C. The Mystery Goes On 8 will focus on the west coast of Vancouver archaeology, and the Northwest Coast in Island and recent developments arising particular. We are hoping to receive Passports to Archaeology 8 there. Then, in our final, mid-June issue many submissions over the summer to before the summer hiatus, we will move help give direction to The Midden's BookReyiew 9 to the inner, east coast of the Island, itinerary next year. Submissions should including the Gulf Islands. be addressed to: Debitage 9 We invite- indeed, welcome articles pertaining to this area. Articles Joyce Johnson, Editor Annual Index 10 should not exceed 1500 words (i.e., 6-7 The Midden 12 pages, double-spaced). lllustrations are do UBC Archaeology Permits encouraged. We would prefer that arti 3193 N.W. Marine Drive Excavation Opportunities 13 cles accepted for publication be on disk, Vancouver, B.C. V6T lZl WordPerfect preferred, but other pro- Tel: 822-2567

CONSTRUCTION UNEARTHS RENEWED INTEREST IN NUU-CHAH-NULTH CULTURAL ORIGINS

OUTINE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONI The assemblages resemble Salishan ulations by Charles E. Borden and Philip toring of construction activities on Strait of Georgia cultural forms previ Drucker in the 1950s of an older, shared Rwhat was thought to be a severely ously reported by Alan McMillan and basal culture for the beginnings of the disturbed site on the outside coast of Denis St. Claire in 1982 for the Shoe Locarno Culture Type on the south coast. Ucluth Peninsula at Ucluelet has given maker Bay site at the head of Alberni In recognition of the site's impor rise to renewed interest concerning the Inlet. Specific elements include midden tance, the Archaeology Branch is work origins of Nuu-chah-nulth culture. burials, boulder cairn burials, and labrets, ing with the local native community in Archaeological investigations of the as well as bifacial chipped and ground seeking a long-term management strat Uclue.let Little Beach site by Areas slate industries dating to 4000 years B.P. egy for the Ucluelet Little Beach Site. Consulting Archaeologists encountered The question of a Salishan presence massive, intact, buried shell midden on Vancouver Island's west coast, or a STEVEN ACHESON deposits yielding both a burial complex shared ancestral cultural form to both the and artifact assemblage unlike those Salishan and Nuu-chah-nulth Tradi Steven Acheson 11 1 ProJect OUicer with the presently reported for the Nuu-chah tions, is once again being posed. The lat ArchaeaiDIY Braach, Goverament ol British Calumllla. nulth West Coast Culture Type. ter interpretation resurrects earlier spec- LITTLE BEACH SITE, UCLUELET, B.C. 1991 ARCHAEOWGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

By Richard P. Brolly eastern half of Trench Ill. Mechanized toward the modern elevation, with Figures by Karen Preckel and Rick Howard excavation was halted as soon as human another stillstand occurring about 2,200 remains were identified, but basal mate BP. The contact between the lowest URING SEPTEMBER OF 1991, rial was reached in the areas where no midden layers and the original beach ~ '~ Areas Consulting Archaeo- burials were found. Burials were too sediments at Little Beach was sixmetres ~,'.:.•,. logists Ltd (Areas Ltd) con- abundant in Trench IV for any of this above modern sea level, indicating that ~ ducted an archaeological trench to reach sterile strata. the midden was originally occupied after -'·· test excavation at the Littk Upon completion of the trenching, sea levels had begun to drop from the Beach site (DfSj 100) in the village of we had two cross-sections of the midden 7000-4000 BP stillstand. Only minor Ucluelet, RC. at the south and north patches of cultural materi During land clearing for construc ends of the site, perpen als were deposited on the tion of a new motel-resort complex in dicular to the beach and Numerous intact lower terrace which was 1990, shell midden deposits with scat one north-south length and well-preserved e·xposed after the 2,2 00 tered human remains were reported to wise section. The midden human burials ... BP stillstand, indicating the Archaeology Branch. The Branch was located on the higher abandonment of the mid- ordered an archaeological impact assess of two beach terraces at were among the most den by that time. ment by Diana French and Ann the head of the bay. A few significant discoveries Cultural deposits on McMurdo; later monitoring of engineer small patches of midden the second terrace were ing tests was carried out by Monty matrix discontinuously overlaid by 50 to 100cm of Mitchell for I.R. Wilson Consultants scattered around the ••••• non-cultural forest soil Ltd. lower terrace appeared to represent tran and humus, again suggesting that the These investigations determined that sitory use of Little Beach after abandon midden had been abandoned for a long a significant midden containing intact ment of the midden. time. Cultural deposits at the site were shell midden deposits and possible Profiles of the trench walls were used distinguished by interlayered beds of human interments existed at Little to prepare a geoarchaeological model of nearly pure shell, shell mixed with Beach. Areas Ltd was contracted by the , the midden and its relation to past sea humus, and nearly pure humus. An Archaeology Branch to conduct a limited levels. Sea levels on the coast of British unusual feature of the shelly layers was salvage excavation at the site to recover Columbia have fluctuated since the end that 90% or more of all the shell was the artifactual, environmental, and geologi of the Ice Age. Models developed by geo- giant mussel (Mytilus californianus) char cal information before destruc acteristic of the outermost, tion by the resort development. exposed rocky coast. The site considerably surpassed However, some of the shell expectations, and the proposed may not have been of cultural construction has been put "on origin, for in high-energy hold" by the Archaeology marine environments wave Branch pending a decision for action alone sometimes con future management of the site. centrates huge deposits of The excavation commenced dead shellfish in a "death on 13 September with a crew of assemblage" known as a 12, and continued through 28 thanatocoenose. September 1991. Four 2-metre Although only a prelimi wide trenches were machine nary analysis of the bony fau excavated to non-cultural beach nal remains from the site has sediments, then four judgemen been completed, whale bone tally selected, 1-metre square was a highly visible compo excavation unit.s were dug by natural morphologists for the west coast of nent of the vertebrate fauna in every stratigraphic layers, with the matrix Vancouver Island indicate that the sea stratigraphic layer investigated. Though water-screened to recover artifacts and was lower than present immediately after the bones have not yet been identified as faunal remains (see site plan on page 3). glacial retreat between 14,000 and to genus or species, they are from large Non-cultural, or "sterile", sediments 10,000 BP, then rose to a point about six specimens. were reached in most of the trench exca metres above present by 7,000 BP. After Numerous intact and well-preserved vations. Numerous human interments a period of stability (called a stillstand), human burials from the midden were were encountered in Trench IT and the sea levels began to drop around 4,000 BP among the most significant discoveries made at Little Beach in 1991. Nineteen slate point, a fragmentary argillite labret, Fraser Delta archaeological sequence, definite burials and six possible burial a ground slate knife fragment, and a cob our materials seem most similar to the features were observed in or adjacent to ble chopper (see front cover photos). 3300-2350 BP Locarno Beach Culture the trenches. No burials were encoun Despite this small assemblage, some Type, although the Little Beach midden tered in the excava tion units. At the interesting comparisons can be made dates earlier than a "typical" Locarno request of the Ucluelet Indian Band, with other sites on the west coast of assemblage. none of the exposed interments were Vancouver Island. The relative abun Two samples of charcoal from or excavated, but disturbed human remains dance of stone artifacts generally, and near the base of the culrural deposits were collected for future analysis and chipped stone specifically, is very were radiocarbon dated at 4000 :t 170 BP dating (also at the request of the Band). A unusual for sites on the outer coast. 9n1y and 4000 :t 90 BP. A human bone-colla preliminary review gen date of3310 :t 70 indicates that both ..-----IIIIII!! ... .----.,-IIIP.!! ... I(IIII'II!!!III•'!JIIIIIIIII!I!!IJII-1119.,.. .. 11P----• ~ BP was obtained sexes and all ages I from a boulder cairn from infants to old ~ burial very near the adults are repre o top of the midden sented. Several skele deposits, and a date of tal elements exhibit 2510 :t 60 BP was evidence of disease, obtained from organ including a possible ic sediment associ case of tuberculosis. ated with a transitory Although burials occupation of the site in shell middens on after the midden was the west coast of abandoned. The dates Vancouver Island are suggested by the unusual, more sur geoarchaeol ogical prising were several model very closely burials associated matched the four with cairns of round radiocarbon dates, ed boulders. Some confirming the use burials were associ Trench U fulness of sea level ated with concentra curves in relative dat tions of unmodified ing of archaeoiogical whale bone, while sites on Vancouver others contained both Island's west coast. boulders and whale W ith our small bone. Boulder cairn sample of artifacts burials were discov and incompletely ered at the Shoe analyzed human and maker Bay site in faunal collections, Port Alberni by Mc interpretation is sever Millan and St. Claire ely constrained with in the early 1970s, but respect to better burials as so cia ted with known sites on whale bone have not Vancouver Island. In been reported from terms of dating, the any other British Little Beach site is Columbia archaeo contemporary with logical sites as far as the Shoemaker Bay we can learn. site at Port Alberni, Only 68 artifacts and Yuquot at were recovered dur- Nootka Sound. The ing the 1991 excava- Site Plan, Little Beach (DJSj 100) numerous burials, tions. Forty-one were some with boulder collected in the excavation units, and the six chipped stone artifacts are reported cairns and/or whale bone, are unique for remaining 27 were salvaged during from the 18 sites investigated in excavated sites on the outer west coast trenching operations. Slightly over half Hesquiat Harbour by the Royal British (however, unexcavated midden burials of the artifacts were manufactured from Columbia Museum during the 1970s. are still present at Ittatsoo in Ucluelet stone, using grinding and/or pecking Very few chipped stone artifacts were Harbour and Opitsat on Meares Island in (25) and chipping (11). Bone artifacts reported from the excavations at Yuquot C layoquot Sound). T h e existence of (28), shell artifacts (3), and antler arti in Nootka Sound, Chesterman Beach chipped stone tools, labrets, and ground facts (1) complete the collection. near Tofino, or in Barkley Sound. slate knives and points may not be unique Outstanding tools in the assemblage However, chipped stone and ground to archaeological sites on the west coast, include a large leaf-shaped projectile slate points are quite characteristic of the Continued on page 4 point, .a fragmentary hexagonal ground Shoemaker Bay site. In terms of the ------LITTLE BEACH SITE Continued fl'om page 3

Ucluth Peninsula in 1981 (approx. 1:25,000).

but these artifacts are exceedingly rare in Many features of the Little Beach site research needs to be undertaken at Little excavations, except at Shoemaker Bay. are reminiscent of the coeval Shoemaker Beach, and other contemporaneous sites Salishan-speaking people are known Bay site. It may yet be established that on the West Coast: before such far to have inhabited the Alberni area before the Coast Salish - or people who shared reaching hypotheses can be supported by being forcibly assimilated into Nuu a technological and ideological ancestry empirical data. chah-nulth culture during the early 19th with the Coast Salish - once inhabited century. Midden burials and artifacts the outer coast of Vancouver Island. Richard Brolly (BA, S.F.U. 1977), uncharacteristic of traditional Nuu-chah Perhaps the ethnographic Nuu-chah Rick Howard (BA, S.F .U. 1987) and Karen Preckel (BA, S.F.U. 1988) are presently nulth archaeological assemblages (such nulth culture pattern was forced upon employed by Areas Consulting Archaeologists. as those from Yuquot or Hesquiat the native inhabitants of the Ucluelet Harbour) led McMillan and St. Claire to locality by Wakashan-speaking people postulate in the 1970s that the Shoemaker expanding southwards from the Nootka Bay site was representative of a Coast Sound area, similar to the postulated Salish occupation in what is currently Kwakiutl expansion onto the Central regarded as Nuu-chah-nulth territory. Coast of British Columbia. More

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The Archaeology Handbook: AField Manual and Resource Guide by BILL McMILLON John Wtley & Sons: New Yorlc, 1991 259 pp, illus, index, bibl. $21.95 (paper) An up-to-date, comprehensive "how-to" and "where-to" guide written for amateur archaeologists and archaeology volunteers. Includes archaeological technology, exca vation methods, site locations, tools, archaeology and the law; resource section lists field schools, sites, organizations, muselillls, government agencies, and-an extensive bibliography.

Prehistory of the Oregon Coast by R. LEE LYMAN Academic Press: San Diego, CA, 1991 391 pp, appendices, refs, index. US$ 49.95 Analyses the artifacts and faunal remains of three representative sites on the southern Northwest Coast. Presents and tests a model of the evolution of cultural adaptational strategies.

People of the Wetlands by BRYONY and JOHN COLES Northwest Coast People and Places series, 106 Thames & Hudson: New York, 1989

EXHIBITIONS U.B.C. MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY

February 5 to A Fish to Cure Humanity. May31 A demonstration of the traditions associated with the fishing of eulachon, and technology used to render its oil which was traded along vast routes known as the Grease Trail.

March 4 to Ancient Cloth ... Ancient Code? May24 Looks at cloth in ancient Peruvian societies as an abstract model for organizing and recording information. AN INTERFACE OF ETHNOGRAPHYAND ARCHAEOlDGY ONVANCOlNER ISLAND By Denis E. St. Claire {

URING TWO SEASONS OF EXCAVATIONS AT THE SHOEMAKER BAY SITE IN views were conducted with elders from I Port Alberni (1973-74) and a subsequent summer of archaeological sur the Tseshaht, Opetchesaht, Ohiaht, vey work in the Barkley Sound-Aiberni Inlet area (co-directed with Alan Uchucklesaht, Ucluelet, and Toquaht McMillan), I became aware Qf the rich potential of this area for further bands. The primary focus was to gather archaeological investigations. Close co-operation and frequent contact data that would present a regional Dwith the two Port Alberni bands, the Tseshaht and Opetchesaht, during the Shoemaker overview of place names, site use, group Bay Project laid the basis for a close and highly valued friendship with the late Tseshaht composition, territorial boundaries and hereditary chief Adam Shewish and his wife Margaret. Conversations with the changes that may have occurred through Shewishes and Adam's aunt, Mabel Taylor, hinted at the rich and varied oral traditions time. My intention was to provide an that continued to exist among the Native people of the area. ethnographic and ethnohistorical con text for the excavated materials from The extensive data recorded by early change through time due to environ Shoemaker Bay and the archaeological writers such as Sproat, Blenkinsop, Boas mental or cultural change, with individ resources observed during surveys. and Sapir stimulated my interest further. ual sites revealing only those portions of Without such contextual data verifiable Sapir's voluminous unpublished field a people's tool kit, diet, etc. that reflect research models and archaeological notes and conversations with the Shewish that specific site's use. Awareness of a reconstructions could not be adequately family made it quite clear that the recent site's role in the greater context of an an- formulated. history of the indigenous nual round of seasonal re- For a number of years this work was people of the Barkley source exploitation might done independently but in 1981-83 my Sound-Alberni Valley area ... at least five be beneficial to more thor involvement in the Pacific Rim Park involved far-reaching autonomous groups oughly understand a site. Project (directed by Jim Haggarty and changes of considerable had existed within the In 1971 the Hesquiat Richard Inglis) gave this work consider consequence. Archaeol Project, a co-operative able impetus. In 1984-85 the Ohiaht ogically, this posed some Broken Group Islands venture between the Ethno-Archaeology Project (directed by complex and important alone. Hesquiat people and the A. Mackie and L. Achison) provided the questions that needed to Royal British Columbia opportunity to interview a number of be resolved prior to any Provincial Museum, be additional informants . further excavations in the ••••• gan an inventory of sites area. Here was a golden opportunity to within Hesquiat traditional territory. collect ethnographic data that would com Test excavations of several midden and plement and enhance further archaeolog- burial cave sites were also made along ical investigations. , with a special effort to record the exten Often archaeological projects had sive knowledge of Hesquiat elders. The been site-specific with little reference to project allowed and explored an integra pertinent ethnographic data. However, tion of archaeological data, ethnographic any site is a single segment of a complex information, and the oral traditions of of sites that can accurately reflect a peo the Hesquiat people. Each of these data ple's material culture only when taken sets complemented the others and together as a whole. If one could collect increased the total worth. ( data pertaining to territorial limits, as With the challenge of the largely well as place names, site use and seasonal untapped potential of the Barkley t movements, then specific sites could be Sound-Alberni Valley area, I focused on placed in their proper context and more recording the traditional knowledge of effective research designs could be estab the elders living in the area before pursu lished before excavations began. ing further archaeological excavations. There are limits to such an areal No attempt was made to formulate a approach, since older sites can not be general ethnography of the area, rather, assumed to be part of the known ethno only information specifica lly useful to Bert Mack, hereditary chief of the Toquaht, dis graphic pattern for a specific area. Site archaeology was pursued. cusses an m-tifact found at tbe village of Mocoah use in successive complexes of sites may From 1976 to 1985 intensive inter- with Denis St. Claire. ______,.._.r------Initial work with Tseshaht elders exploitation data had been collected was, erable time lapse since the Kiix7in7ath allowed compilation of a detailed in reality, but a recent veneer over a had been an independent group, oral tra description of a seasonal round of move much longer standing tradition of many ditions lacked detailed information. ment adapted to exploiting the diverse more independent groups each with However, considerable data recorded resource-base of traditional Tseshaht their own small, more restricted territo from other elders about the Ohiaht in territory. The wide sweep of this terri ries. The Tseshaht, one of the original general added to the material obtained tory extended through a broad spectrum small groups had come to possess a much from Robert Sport and Sapir's earlier of ecological niches from the exposed larger territory through a rapid series of data. Previously unrecorded archaeologi outer islands of the Broken Group major events (including traumatic popu cal sites were located and mapped. archipelago to the sheltered and salmon lation decline as a result of deadly ex..otic Although the initial goals of the Ohiaht rich waters of the Somass river system at diseases and new, more lethal forms of Ethno-Archaeological Project were not the end of Alberni Inlet. The initial stage warfare), absorbing the remnants of entirely obtainable, valuable data was of the Pacific Rim Project consisted of a many formerly autonomous groups. nevertheless collected. systematic survey of the Broken Group Islands in order to produce a detailed inventory of the area's archaeogical resources. 10 km According to the data I had assem bled from informant interviews, this island group was used only during spring and summer. However, the survey recorded a surprising number of large midden sites. It is unlikely that only one tribal group could account for the con siderable depth of cultural deposits, or OC0JPY so many large village sites. The high frequency of these sites in a fairly small area with similar environments does not fit the generally accepted habi tation model for the Nuu-chah-nulth people: an annual cycle of movement between a major summer village on the coast, and a fall-winter village in shel tered areas- often at the head of inlets. Instead, this large number of village sites seems to indicate the former presence of a number of separate groups. Examination of the data collected by early ethnographers, particularly Blen kinsop and Sapir, and conversations with contemporary elders presented an over all picture more in tune with the archae ological evidence. Sapir's data collected at The study aren, showing place 11fl171eS mentiomd in the text and 19th Wlfli1J' Bnrkle)' Sound territ01·ies. the beginning of the century clearly indi cated that in late precontact times and The Ohiaht Ethno-Archaeology Although the territory of the the early years of the historic period, a Project was an attempt to bring together Toquaht Band along the western shore number of other au tono'mous groups a body of archaeological and ethno of Barkley Sound is outside of the Pacific occupied portions of the Tseshaht's graphic data pertaining to a discrete and Rim Park boundary, the Pacific Rim widespread territory. Sapir's information identifiable Nuu-chah-nulth group, the Park Project provided an opportunity to was echoed in the data I collected from Kiix7in7a th, which had ceased to exist as work with Toquaht elders. This project contemporary elders who confirmed an autonomous entity long ago, having presented the ideal opportunity to work important aspects of the earlier informa amalgamated witl1 several others to form in a well-defined tribal territory which tion, and added intriguing new details. what are known today as the Ohiaht. had changed very little for a considerable A new picture emerged of an earlier Sapir's field notes contained consider time. Unlike other tribal groups in the socio-political landscape quite different able references to them and described general area, little had been recorded by from that documented in the nineteenth their territory. Previously I had worked early ethnographers about this once century. It appeared that at least five with Ohiaht elder, Robert Sport, and powerful and dominant people. autonomous groups had existed within recorded numerous place names with The lack of numerous large midden the Broken Group islands alone. associated site use data. As the project sites as found in other areas of Barkley Evidence for several other nearby groups progressed, it became apparent that the Sound, as well as no mention of amalga was also apparent. Thus, the large Kiix7 in 7 a th territorial boundaries, as mation in their oral traditions, led to Tseshaht territory of the nineteenth cen recorded by Sapir, left a number of unan speculation that the last several centuries tury for wich such precise and detailed swered questions making their precise seasonal movement and resource limits uncertain. Because of the consid- Continued on page 8 ------~.a.~------ETHNOGRAPHY Cllntlnullll fltom Pill 7 of Toquaht history might be different THE MYSTERY GOES ON from that of their Barkley Sound neigh bours. These intriguing anomalies AST OCTOBER'S ISSUE OF THE 10 metres away exposed quite a different Midden described a burial found by resulted in the Toquaht Archaeological deposit. Seventy em down on top of I.R. Wilson Consultants at DfRu 74 bedrock, evidence of a possible Locarno Project which is presently underway L under the direction of this author and on Galiano Island with a clay-lined component was suggested by a T -girdled Alan McMillan, and in co-operation with depression containing vertical sandstone sinker stone as well as several other arti the Toquaht Band. slabs and a pattern of large and small facts representative of that period. No post-moulds suggesting a large structure. structural remains were evident here, As a result of the previously described Whereas the upper 30-40 ern of the only smaller postholes. projects a total of 547 place names were collected for the Barkley Sound - Alberni previous excavation had exposed such Skeletal analysis has since shown the Valley region. artifacts as ground slate knives, previously found burial to be a female, Triangular points, and numerous bone about 20-30 years of age with curious cut hi-points (a high percentage of which marks across the legs. NUMBER OF were burned). Seven units excavated only TRIBAL GROUP PLACE NAMES Ohiaht 176 Tseshaht 139 Toquaht 78 PASSPORTS .Uchucklesaht 38 Ucluelet 33 Offshore fishing banks 7 TO ARCHAEOLOGY Alberni Valley and Inlet* 96 HE U.S. NATIONAL FOREST SERVICE try of Culture and Recreation, and the is offering what sounds like an excit Ontario Archaeological Society (O.A.S.). "A geographic designatitm is used here since many ing volunteer programme called groups possessed varying portions ofthis area at T The programme provides an opportunity various times. "Passport in Time" (P.I.T.). First offer for both O.AS. members and non-mem ed in 1988 the programme was so suc bers to volunteer on archaeological pro Elders interviewed in the 1970's and cessful that it expanded to in'clude jects and to "build a complete record of 1980's were far more familiar with tribal projects in 18 different states. Gordon work done and experience gained"- the territories, place names, site use and sea Peters, who started P.I.T., terms the pro "passport". Workshops to improve sonal movements for the 19th century, gramme "cerebral recreation"- a hands archaeological skills (i.e. flintknapping, after significant and widespread changes on environmental education for those and artifact drawing) are part of the pro had occurred to traditional patterns. not wanting the same old summer travel gramme. This is not to imply, however, that they experience. P.I.T. provides the opportu For information on current projects did not have important knowledge of nity for the general public to become contact: earlier times. Precise and specific infor involved with heritage resource conser mation was collected to serve as a valu vation through volunteer work. The pro The Ontario Archaeological Society, Inc. able counterpoint to the incomplete gramme provides the projects, super "Passports to the Past" picture presented by the data collected visors and accommodation (from camp 126 Willowdale Ave. by early ethnographers. · sites to more solid lodging), while the Willowdale, Ont. M2N 4Y2 Ethnographic data particularly rele volunteers supply the labour and enthusi vant to archaeology is now available for asm. Projects include archaeological Jill Osborn, P.I.T. Coordinator the Barkley Sound region. This informa excavations, as )Veil as opportunities to USDA Forest Service tion, as well as that of the Hesquiat work on prehistoric and historic conser P.O. Box 96090 Project and more recent work in vation, such as historic building recon Washington, D,C. 20090-6090 Clayoquot Sound and the Nitinaht area, struction or the cataloguing of historic Tel: (202) 382-1643 provides an impressive corpus of data for photographs. the central west coast of Vancouver Canada also offers a similar, though Passport in Time Clearinghouse Island. Archaeologists will increasingly less geographically broad programme, P.O. Box 18364 draw upon these.data as opportunities for called "Passports to the Past", which was Washington, D .C. 20036 excavations present themselves. developed in partnership with the Minis- Tel: (202) 293-0922 Dania St. Claire (BA, u. of VIctoria) has been working In archaeology on the Northwest Coast lor 28 years. He currenUy teaches French, History and NaUve Studies at Eaqulman Secondary School, VIctoria, B.C.

------~---~------BOOK REVIEW "Lavishly Illustrated"

HIS HANDSOME, LAVISHLY ILLUS modifications. Applications of the princi trated volume is intended to serve as ples of osteological analysis are illus Human Osteology Ta textbook for an introductory level trated by means of three actual_ case by 11M WHITE, course in human osteology. It is based on studies: a hominid find at Olduvai Gorge; with illustrations White's own lecture notes, handouts, and Anasazi remains from the American experience garnered over 10 years of Southwest; and a modern forensic case. by Pieter F olkens. teaching introductory osteology at the The volume concludes with a discussion University of California, Berkeley. The of ethical concerns related to the excava 1991. Academic Press, San Diego. emphasis is on identification of bones tion and analysis of human remains. xix + 455 pp., ills., apdx., bib!., index. and bone fragments, but related topics The greatest strength of this publica $US 59.95 (hardcover). such as skeletal recovery, preparation, tion lies in the sections dealing with analysis, and cura tion are also discussed skeletal identification, particularly the in some detail. numerous, clear, detailed illustrations. The text is divided into 23 chapters, However, the utility of the illustrations is each of which concludes with a list of fur diminished somewhat by the author's ther suggested readings on the issues decision to use the skeleton of a single addressed. The introductory chapter individual fo r all photographs, instead of places the study of human bones in its selecting bones that best illustrate the scientific context, illustrating the impor form and structure of the features he ti.nce of osteology in such diverse fields wishes to identify. as archaeology, forensics, and palaeoan As is the case with most first editions, thropology. Chapters 2 and 3 deal several errors, omissions, and redundan respectively with the biology of bone, cies have escaped the editors' scrutiny. and with the anatomical terminology These and other minor problems will used to describe skeletal elements and certainly be corrected in subsequent edi their movements. The individual bones tions, and do not significantly detract of the skeleton are described in detail in from the value of the book as an interest chapters 4 through 13, and abundantly ing introductory text for the novice, and illustrated with full-scale, glossy pho a useful reference work for the experi tographs. enced osteologist. The remaining ten chapters are con cerned with aspects of skeletal recovery ]OANNE CURTIN and analysis, including specimen photog raphy; the assessment of age, sex, stature, Joanne Curtin has worked as an archaeologist and ancestry; nonmetric variation; skele In British Columbia for 14 years, and is tal pathology; and postmortem changes currently a doctoral candidate In Physical Anthropology at Ohio State University. that can mimic cultural or pathological

DEBITAGE

The bottom of Healy Lake recently it is still known as "The Branch" . . . at 2150 :t 65 (WSU 4341), about 300 drained to afford more space for garbage In keeping with the quincentenniel of years earlier than basketry from the disposal in Sooke, exposed muck-pre the "discovery" of America the subject at Water Hazard site in 1988 . . . served flora from 10,000 BP that will the Chacmool C on ference at the Finally, two members, Brian Thorn afford palaeobo tanists a look at the local University of Calgary (November 12- and Andrew Mason, have volunteered to palaeoenvironment at that time ... 15th) will be "Th e Archaeology of revive the dormant Projects Committee In another· wild shuffle of the deck, Contact: Processes and Consequences" .. . of the A.S.B.C. Be prepared to participate the provincial office of archaeology is Areas Asso ciates h as received a in upcoming proposals requesting now part of the Ministry of Tourism and radiocarbon date from South Delta A.S.B.C. members' active involvement in the Minister Responsible for Culture, but (DgRs 36) placing basketry from that site matters archaeological.

------ANNUAL INDEX 1b THE MIDDEN Publication of the Archaeological Society of British Columbia Volume 23, 1991 (published February, April, June, October, December) Compiled by Phyllis Mason (*Indicates illustrated article) AUTHOR ALBRIGHT, SYLVIA. Book Review. A Compelling Book. 23(4):3-4 0'91. GURNSEY, COLIN. Bqok Review. Rich in Detail. 23(1):9-10 F'91. APLAND, BRIAN. Lette'l'to the Editor. 23(3):8]'91. ]OHNSON, ]OYCE. Ren·ospective. 23(5):9 0 '91. BARTON, ANDREW. Fishingfo,· Ivory Worms: A Review of Dentalium KEDDIE, GRANT. Spil·it Divm and Spil·ited Diggers. 23(3):6-7* ]'91. Procurement Methods. 23(2):6-9* A'91. MASoN, PHYLLIS. Book Review. A Fine Refe~·ence Book. 23(3): 10 ]'91. BEDDOES, MIKE AND SANDRA ZACHARIAS. Book Review. Good Gene1·al -. Comp. Annual Index to The MUlden, J oU17lfll ofthe A rchaeological Guide. 23 (4):3 0 '91. Society ofB ritish Columbia. 22(1):12-13 F'90. BERNICK, KATHRYN. Farewell. 23(4):13 0'91. MASON, ANDREW. Rwavations at Hatzic Rock. 23(4):1-2* 0'91. -.Book Review. Current and Cohesive. 23(3):10-11 ]'91. PAULL, Wn.LIAM A. In Mmzoriam: Sheila Neville. 23(1):3 F'91. -.Book Revi~. Dual Fomzat Cl·eates P1·oblem. 23(1): 10-11 F'91 . -. Open Letter to Kathryn Bemick ... 23 (5):8 0 '91. - . Edit01·ial. Plans for Marpole Site Require an Infomzed Review. P OKOTYLO, OAVID. Add1·ess to the A.S.B. C. on its 25th Anniversary 23(1): I F'91. Celebration Novmzbe1·16, 1991. 23(5):4 0 '91. - .Review ofFederal and Provincial Bills. 23(2):10-12 A'91. RoussEAU, MIKE K Landels: An 8500 Yem·-Old Dee~· Hunting Camp. CARLSON, R OY. Backdrop to the 25 Years ofthe A.S.B.C. 23(5): 1-2* 0 '91. 23(4):6-9* 0'91. EASTON, NORM. Archaeology Unde~· the Wate~· at Montague Hm·bour. STEVENSON, ANN. Social Science on Trial in Gitksan-Wet'suwet'en Ruling. 23(3):1-4* ]'91. 23(2):1-2 A'91. ELDR!DGE, MORLEY. Kispiox Pictograph Tree. 23(1):6-8* F'91. ZACHARIAS, SANDRA. Book Review. Cohe1·ent and Thoughtful. GROVES, GLADYS. The Party: A .S.B.C. Celebrates 25 Years. 23(1):10 F'91. 23(5):5-8* 0 '91. TITLE A.S.B.C. Calendar. 23(5):13 0'91. Marpole Gains Time. 23(2):5 A'91. Address to the A.S.B.C. on its 25th Anniversmy Celebration November 16, Moneyfo,·Archaeology. 23(2):5 A'91. 1991. 23(5):4 0'91. New Dates P,·wz Hatzic. 23 (5):3 0 '91. Albe~·ta Places First. 23(3):5 ]'9 1. New Publications. 23(2):3 A'91. Annual Index to The Midden, Journal ofthe Archaeological Society of New Publications. 23(4):10 0 '91. British Columbia. 23(1): 12-13 F'91. New Publications. 22(5):12 0'91. Anthropologists Respond. 23(4):4 0 '91. New Sites May Be Very Old. 23(1):3 F'91. Archaeology Under the Water at Montague HarboU?·. 23(3):1-4* ]'91. News Bits. 23(1):4 F'91. Articles. 23(5): 12 0'91. Old Dates From Kamloops A1·ea. 23(5):4 0 '91. ASBC Digs Medical History. 23(3):9 ]'91. Open Letter to Kathryn Bemick. 23(5):8 0 '91. ASBC Raises Fees. 23(4):4 0'91. Pai1· B1·aves Bear Ten·it01y. 23(4):4 0'91. Backdrop to the 25 Years ofthe ASBC. 23(5):1 -2* 0'91. Pennits Issued by the B. C. Archaeology Bmnch Septembe1· Th1·ough Decmzber Cowichan Dig: Interi·m Results. 2 3 (2):4 A'91. 1990. 23(1):2 F'91. DatesforNWA.C. 23(5):3 0'91. Pemzits Issued by the B.C. ArchaeolOf!J' Bmnch January Through Manh Dates Prove Awkward. 23(2):5 A'91. 1991. 23(2): 13 A'91. Pemzits Issued the B. C. Archaeology Bmnch March Through May 1991. Dates to Remmzber. 23(5): 13 0'91: by 23(3): 12 ]'91. Debitage. 23(1):5 F'91. Pemzits Issued by the B. C. A1•chaeology Branch June Th1·ough Septmzber Debitage. 23(2):4 A'91. 1991. 23(4):12-13 0'91. Debitage. 23(3):5 ]'91. Plans Jo1· Ma1pole Site Require an Info17ned Review. 23(1): 1 F'91. Debitage. 23(4):9 0'91. Retrospective. 23 (5):9 0 '91. Debitage. 23(5):11 0 '91. Review ofFederal and Provincial Bills. 23(2):10-12 A'91. Excavations at Hatzic Rock. 23(4):1 -2* 0 '91. See the New Plaque. 2 3 (3): 13 ] '91. Farewell. 23(4):13 0'91. Social Science on T1·ial in Gitksan-Wet'suwet'en Ruling. 23(2): 1-2 A'91. Federal Bill Needs Work. 23(3):9 ]'91. Spirit Divers and Spirited Diggers. 23(3):6-7* ]'91. Fishingfor Ivory Worms: A Review ofDentalium Procurmzent Methods. The Party: A .S.B.C. Celebmtes 25 Years. 23(5):5-7* 0 '91. 23(2):6-9* A'91. . Th1·ee A1·chaeologists- Three Opinions. 23(2):3 A'91. Galiano Yields Mystel) Feature. 23(4):5 0'91. Trench Exposes Basketry. 23(4):5 0 '91. He~·itage Trust Grants. 23(1):4 F'91. Trust Reports. 23(1):3 F'91. In Mmz01·iam: Sheila Neville. 23(1):3 F'91. Valley Hosts Dig. 23(2):5 A'91. Kispiox Pictograph Tree. 23(1):6-8* F'91. Visit a Dig. 23(3): 13 ]'91. Landels: An 8500 Year-Old Hunting Camp. 23(4):6-9* 0'91. Volunteer Opportunities: Montague Hm·bour. 23(3):8 ]'91. Lectures. 23(4):5 0'91. West Coast Beckons. 23(2):4 A'91. Look For .. : 23(3): II ]'91. W01·kshops Attract Visito1·s. 23(3):5 ]'91. ------.m.~------SUBJECT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA IN MEMORIAM Archaeological Society ofBritish Columbia 1990-91 Executive PAULL, WILLIAM A. In Memoriam: Sheila Neville. 23(1(3 F'91. Crrmmittee. 23(4):13 0'91. INLAND MIDDENS ASBCDigs Medical History. 23(3):9 ]'91. New Sites May Be Very Old. 23(1):3 F'91. ASBC Raises Fees. 23(4):4 0'91. KHUTZEYMATEEN BAY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Pair Braves Bear Territory. 23(4):4 0'91. 25TH ANNIVERSARY LAND CLAIMS CARLsoN, RoY. Backdrop to the 25 Years oft he A.S.B. C. STEVENSON, ANN. Social Science on Trial in Gitksan-Wet'suwet'en 23(5):1-2" D'91. Ruling: 23(2):1-2 A'91. GROVES, GLADYS. The Party: A.S.B.C. Celebrates 25 Years. Three Archaeowgist.r - Three Opinions. 23(2):3 A'91. 23(5):5-8" D'91. LANDELS SITE ]OHNSON, ] OYCE. Retrospective. 23(9):9- 10 D '91. ROUSSEAU, MIKE K Landels: An 8500 Yem·-0/d Dear Hunting POKOTYLO, DAVID. Address to the A.S.B.C. on its 25th Anniversary Camp. 23(4):6-9" 0 '91. Celebration November 16, 1991. 23(5):4 D '91. LECTURES ARTIFACTS A.IA. Lecture. 23(1):11 F'91. ELDRIDGE, MORLEY. Kispiox Pictograph Tree. 23(1):6-8" F'91. Royal BC Museum. 23(4):5 0'91 Trench Exposes Basketry. 23(4):5 0 '91. UBC Museum ofAnthropolgy !Asian Centre Auditorium. 23(4):5 0'91. AWARDS LIDGATION Alberta Places First. 23(3):5 ]'91. Anthropowgist.r Respond. 23(4):4 0 '91. BARKLEY SOUND MARPOLE SITE West Coast Beckons. 23(2):4 A'91 BERNICK, KATHRYN. Plans for Marpole Site Requh·e an Informed BRITISH COLUMBIA HERITAGE TRUST Review. 23(1): 1 F'91. · Heritage Trusts Grants. 23(1):4 F'91. Marpole Gains Time. 23(2):5 A'91. Trust Reports. 23(1):3 F'91. MONTAGUE HARBOUR SITE CHARLES BORDEN EAsTON, NORM. Archaewwgy Under the Water at Montague Hm·bom·. See the New Plaque. 23(3): 13 ]'91. 23(3):1-4" ]'91. CONFERENCES Volunteer Opportunities: Montague Harbou1· Ewavations. 2 3(3 ):8 ] '91. DatesforN.WA.C. 23(5):3 D'91. MONTE CREEK Heritage Conference. 23(2):13 A'91. Dates Prove Awkward. 23(2):5 A'91. COWlCHAN INDIAN RESERVE Dig Finds Turtles. 23(1):4 F'91. Cowichan Dig: Interim Results. 23(2):4 A'91. Old Dates From &mwops Area. 23(5):3 D '91. CULTURALLY MODIFIED TREES MOUNT CURRIE BAND ELDRIDGE, MORLEY. Kispiox Pictograph Tree. 23(1):6-8" F'91. Three Archaeowgist.r- Three Opinions. 23(2):3 A'91. Archaeologists Value Trees. 23(1):4 F'91. PUBLIC ARCHAEOLOGY DENTALlUM SHELLS Workshops Attract Visitors. 23(3):5 ]'91. BARTON, ANDREW. Fishing for Ivory Worms: A Review ofDentalium RADIO CARBON DATING Procurement Methods. 23(2):6-9" A'91. New Dates Frrrm Hatzic. 23(5):3 D'91. EXHIBITIONS New Sites May Be Very Old. 23(1):3 F'91. Old Dates From &mwops Area. 23(5):4 D'91. Royal B.C. Museum, Victoria. Blood Frrrm Stone. 23(1):5 F'91. Dates ProveAwkward. 23(2):5 A'91. Vancouver Maritime Museum. Enlightened Voyages. 23(1):5 F'91. REVIEWS FEDERAL GRANTS BERGLAND, ERIC 0. AND jERRY MARR. Prehistoric Life on the Money for Archaeology. 23(2):5 A'91. Olympic Peninsula: The First Inhabitants ofa Great American GALIANO ISLAND Wilderness. Reviewed by Sandra Zacharias. 23(1):9 F'91. Galiano Yields Mystery Feature. 23(4):5 0'91. GLAVIN, TERRY. Death Feast in Dimlahamid. Reviewed by Sylvia Albright. 23(4):3-4 0'91. GITKSAN-WET'SUWET'EN MAcDONALD, GEORGE F. ](jtwanga Fort Report. Reviewed by Colin STEVENSON, ANN. Social Science on Trial in Gitksan-Wet'suwet'en W. Gurnsey. 23(1):9-10 F91. Ruling. 23(2):1-2 A'91. McGHEE, ROBERT. Ancient Canada. Reviewed by Kathryn Bernick. HATZIC SITE 23(1): 10 F'91. MAsON, ANDREW. Excavations at Hatzic Rock. 23(4):1-2" 0'91. SEASE, CATHERINE. A Conservation Manual for the FieldArchaeowgist. Reviewed by Mike Beddoes and Sandra Zacharias. 23(4):3 0'91. New Dates Frrrm Hatzic. 23(5):3 D '91. STEWART, Hn.ARY. Totem Poles. Reviewed by Phyllis Mason. Valley Hosts Dig. 23(2):5 A'91. 23(3):10 J'91. HERITAGE LEGISLATION SUTTLES, WAYNE, ED. Handbook ofNorth American Indians. Vol. 7: Federal Bill Needs Work. 23(3):9 ]'91. Northwest Coast. Reviewed by Kathryn Bernick. 23(3):10-11 ]'91. BERNICK, KATHRYN. Review ofFederal and Provincial Bills. ROYAL BC MUSEUM 23(2):10-12 A'91. Photo Archives Snap Shut. 23(1):4 F'91. HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY SITEC ASBC Digs Medical History. 23(3):9 ]'91. Hydro Pulls Plug. 23(1):4 F'91. HOUSEPITS SOUTH GORGE BRIDGE SITE MAsoN, ANDREW. Excavations at Hatzic Rock. 23(4):1-2" 0'91. KEDDIE, GRANT. Spirit Divers and Spirited Diggers. 23(3):6-7" ]'91. ------~--~------PERMITS Permits Issued by the B.C. Archaeology Branch, October through December 1991:

1991- 97 Ian Wilson: systematic data recovery, GeTn 2, Crow Lagoon, Khutzeymateen Inlet (north of Port Simpson). 1991- 98 Mike Rousseau: impact assessment, Molnar Gravel Pit, Slocan Valley. 1991- 99 Ian Wilson: impact assessment and inventory, DgRn 23, vicinity ofHatzic/Mission. 1991-100 Morley Eldridge: inventory of 17 Ditidaht Indian Reserves, vicinity of Nitinat River and Nitinat Lake, western Vancouver Island. 1991-101 Gordon Mohs: impact assessment and inventory, Ravenwood Golf Course, Hatzic/Mission. 1991-102 Sandra Zacharias: impact assessment, Ministry of Highways realignment, near Johnstone Creek, Similkameen District. 1991-103 Keary Walde: ·systematic data recovery, HdRd 3 and HdRd 6, Peace River District. 1991-104 Ian Wilson: overview and reconnaissance, Alder Creek, Skeena River. 1991-105 Ian Wilson: impact assessment and inventory, Atco Lumber logging road, Lasca Creek, Kootenay District. 1991-106 Leonard Ham: inventory, impact assessment and systematic data recovery, Reed Point Marina frontage road, municipalities of Burnaby and Port Moody. 1991-107 Ian Wilson: systematic data recovery, EdQx 43, near Monte Creek, Kamloops District. 1991-108 Richard Brolly: impact assessment, construction at DhRt 6 (Locarno Beach site). 1991-109 Ian Wilson: impact assessment, logging road, Grohman Creek, Kootenay District. 1991-110 Richard Brolly: impact assessment, Alouette Dam Spillway rehabilitation project. 1991-111 Keary Walde: impact assessment, Stoddart Creek, Peace River District. 1991-112 Richard Brolly: inventory, North-South Interconnector, Quesnel. 1991-113 Sandra Zacharias: impact assessment and inventory, DgRq 3 (Keenlyside site), Surrey. 1991-114 Ian Wilson: impact assessment, proposed gravel quarry, Lumberton, Kootenay District. 1991-115 Rod Heintzmann: impact assessment, Radium Visitor Reception Centre, Radium. 1991-116 Morley Eldridge: impact assessment and inventory, DgRr 2, Delta. 1991-117 Ian Wilson: impact assessment and inventory, proposed Northern Utilities hydro project, Mamquam River, New Westminster District. 1991-118 Diana French: impact assessment, proposed subdivision near Kelowna. 1991-119 Bjorn Simonsen: inventory, FbTb 5, Kynumpt Harbour, Coast District. 1991-120 Karen Preckel: monitoring of sea wall excavation, DhRr 6, Belcarra Park, New Westminster District. 1991-121 Morley Eldridge: impact assessment, proposed subdivision, Frost Ave./Lochside Drive, Sidney. 1991-122 Bjorn Simonsen: impact assessment, Fanny Bay Oyster Co. warehouse, Mud Bay, eastern Vancouver Island. 1991-123 Mike Rousseau: impact assessment, proposed subdivision near Anglemont, Kamloops District. 1991-124 Ian Wilson: impact assessment, forestry cut blocks and haul roads, Naden Harbour, Queen Charlotte District. 1991-125 Geordie Howe: impact assessment, Pearson Island, Pender Harbour. 1991-126 Geordie Howe: impact assessment, DjSa 22, west of Garden Bay, Pender Harbour. 1991-127 Keary Walde: impact assessment, University of Northern B.C., Prince George. 1991-128 Mike Rousseau: impact assessment, Sunview Properties subdivision, Westbank, Osoyoos District.

------~--~------EXCAVATION OPPORTUNITIES BECKON

Along with thoughts of warmer weather at this time of year, opportunities for "archaeological encounters" (as one brochure puts it) begin to appear. Further infor mation is available from:

FIELD SCHOOLS:

Field School Volunteer Program, Israel (Aprii26-June 4;June 14-August 2) Professor Lawrence E. Stager, Harvard University, Ashkelon Excavations, The Semitic Museum, 6 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138. Tel: (617) 495-9385 Santa Fe, New Mexico (May 24-July 3) Marianne L. Stoller, Chair, Department of Anthropology, The Colorado College, 14 East Cache La Poudre St., Colorado Springs, CO 80903. Tel: (719) 389-6362 Nuwpolis, Greece Oune 1-July 11, apply by April!) Boston University, Division of International Programs, 232 Bay State Rd., Boston, MA02215. Tel: (617) 353-9888 Koobi Fora, Kenya Oune 7 -July 18; July 23-Sept.2) Harvard Summer School, Attn: H.V. Merrick, 51 Brattle St., Cambridge, MA 02138 Oahu, Hawaii Oune 22-July 31) Department of Anthropology, Dr. Michael W . Graves, 2424 Maile Way, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HA 96822 The Broken Mammoth Site, Alaska Ouly 2-August 14, apply by May 1) Dr. David R Yesner, Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508. Tel: (907) 786-1630 "Lunt" Fort, England Ouly 27-August 21) Anthony A. Barrett, Department of Classics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. V6T IZI. Tel: 822-4064

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITIONS:

Beth Shean, Israel (May 25-June 8) Mina Cohn, Director, Archaeological Encounter, Intra Madison Travel, 56 Sparks St., suite 400, Ottawa, Ont. KIP 5A9 Tell Safut, Jordan Ouly 1-31, apply by April!) Wtlliam Glanzman, Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A IS6

------.a.~------T~MIDDEN P.O. Box 520 Station A Vancouver, B.C. V6C 2N3