THE• Publication of the Archaeological Society of British Columbia ISSN 0,047-7222 Vol. 24, No.2 April 1992

AN EMERGING PICTURE OF THE NUU-CHAH-NULTH PAST

See article on page 3. ------~·~------THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Published five times a year by the Archaeological Society of British Columbia. OF BRITISH COLUMBIA The next issue will appear in June 1992. is dedicated to EDITOR the protection of archaeological resources and Joyce Johnson the spread of archaeological knowledge. ASSIST ANT EDITOR Marjorie Smith Meetings featuring illustrated lectures are held on the second Wednesday of each month (except July and August) ASSIST ANT EDITOR (PUBLICA liONS) at 8:00pm, in the Vancouver Museum Auditorium. Barbara Stopa Visitors and new members are welcome! CONTRIBUTORS THIS ISSUE PRESIDENT Yvonne Marshall, Alan D. McMillan, William Paull (980-5186) Ann Stevenson, Brian Thorn VICE-PRESIDENT CREW Vacant Vicki Feddenuna MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY DESIGN I PRODUCTION Toni Crittenden (736-4708) Yvon Lantaigne ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEES Submissions and exchange publications should be directed to: Single $25.00 Joyce Johnson, Editor, The Midden, c/o UBC Archaeology, Family $30.00 6303 N.W. Marine Dr., Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Zl. Contributions on subjects germane to B.C. archaeology are Seniors & Students $18.00 welcomed: maximum length 15 00 words, no footnotes and only a brief bibliography (if required at all). Guidelines are available. Membership includes subscription to The Midden and the A.S.B.C. newsletter, SocNotes. SUBSCRIPTIONS Make cheque or postal money order payable to the A.S.B .C. Helmi Braches Send to: A.S.B.C., Membership Secretary, Subscription is included with membership in the Archaeological P.O. Box 520, Station A, Vancouver, B.C. V6C 2N3 Society of British Columbia. Non-member rates are $14.50 per year. ($17.00 U.SA. and overseas) payable in Canadian funds AFFILIATED CHAPTER to the A.S.B.C. Send to: A.S.B.C., Midden Subscriptions, Fraser Valley P.O. Box 520, Station A, Vancouver, B'.C. V6C 2N3 Meetings featuring illustrated lectures are held Copyright. on the third Tuesday of each month, September to May, Contents of The Midden are copyrighted by the A.S.B.C. It is at 7:45pm at Fraser Valley College, Abbotsford. unlawful to reproduce all or any part, by any means whatsoever, without pernilssion of the Society, which is usually gladly given. PRESIDENT Publication of The Midden is made possible in part by financial Thelma Mcintyre (853-1495) assistance from the B.C. Heritage Trust and B.C. Lottery revenues through the Ministry of Municipal Affairs, MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY Recreation and Culture. Andy Purdy (823-4920) A.S.B.C. DIARY All meetings are held at 8 pm in the Vancouver Museum Auditorium, unless otherwise indicated. April 8: Dr. David Burley The Archaeology of a Polynesian Chiefdom: Recent Research in the Ha'apai Islands, Kingdom of Tonga. May 13: Dr. Louise Jackson I Work in the Northern Pacific-Alaska and Russia May 16: Open Meeting: Projects Committee FRONT COVER: Brian Thorn, location T.B.A. Excavation at the bottom of a unit in the village portion June 10: Annual General Meeting of the T'ukw'aa site. A sample is being collected for Andrew Mason (tentative) radiocarbon dating. On the Hatzic Site excavations. See article on page 3.

- SUMMER FIEI 40 RESEARCH WITH THEAS.B.C.

N RECENT YEARS, TilE ARCHAEOLOGICAL record new ones filled out by survey With so many ideas on the table, the Society of British Columbia has been workers as the project progresses. This Projects Committee is calling a meeting I faced with a lack of oppornmities to scheme allows for the involvement of a of everyone interested in participating. take part in ongoing archaeological field­ wide variety of members. The meeting will be held on Saturday work and research. This spring, a group Many ideas for survey areas have May 16th (specific time and place to be of young A.S.B.C. members agreed to been suggested. The current list includes announced in Soc Notes). During this form a Projects Committee, whose goal Stanley Park, Pacific Spirit Park meeting, these ideas will be worked out, is to organize a continuing project in (U.E.L.), or the Fraser River Estuary and new ones considered. We hope to which volunteer members could take region. Site record forms at the have a solid plan of action for the sum­ part in. The sort of research that could Archaeology Branch for Stanley Park mer months by the end of May. be done by the A.S.B.C. would be mod­ and Pacific Spirit Park indicate that these Everyone's input is welcome at the meet­ est, but would contribute some new areas have not been reviewed to a large ing. If you can't attend but want to get knowledge to B.C. Archaeology. degree since 1986, and many of the sites involved, write your ideas down and send The Projects Committee feels that a even less recently than that. Updating them to the Projects Committee do the site survey project in the Greater these records and possibly adding to A.S.B.C. Vancouver area would be both achiev­ them would aid future impact assessment Clearly, the central aim of Projects able and useful. The close proximity of evaluations. Committee is to get the A.S.B.C. active the survey area to the majority of the The intertidal areas of the Fraser River in research and fieldwork which will members, and the flexibility of time pos­ Estuary have not been surveyed to a large increase the knowledge of the history of sible in doing such work would make it degree. This is partially due to the high our province and introduce new interest feasible for many to participate. Less water levels existing in the summer, which into the Society. mobile members could do archival would cover up many possible deposits. research to determine the current status However, this region could be studied in BRIANTHOM of existing site records, and to properly the fall, when the water levels are lower. ASBC Projects Chairperson

LETTER TO THE EDITOR . .. As a contributor and subscriber to profession as a whole had not been The Midden I want to congratulate you served. Where is Wilson Duff in the and your many supporters on your issue? Where are the University of twenty-fifth anniversary of publication, Victoria, the Royal British Columbia TABLE OF CONTENTS and especially William Paull's open let­ Museum, the Archaeology Branch of the ter to Kitty Bernick. Kitty's editorial provincial government, the many insti­ News Items 2 excellence, personal integrity, and high tutions and individuals around the professional standards will be missed. province who have contributed to B.C. At the same time I want to register archaeology and to The Midden? TheToquaht my disappointment at the narrowness of Finally, where are the Native people Archaeology Project 3 the issue. Surely the twenty-fifth of the province? anniversary of The Midden would have Debitage 6 been the occasion to celebr~te the RICHARD MAcKIE achievements of B.C. archaeology and Victoria, B.C. Nootka Sound Stories 7 archaeologists over the last quarter cen­ tury and over the whole province. The Well, where are they? We're waiting! Book Review 11 issue left me with the feeling that the THE EDITOR Permits 12

ERRATA Lectures 13 In the February-March issue, the address for the Editor should have read: do UBC Archaeology Exhibitions 13 6303 N.W. Marine Drive Vancouver, B.C. V6T 3R4 Conferences 13 Apologies for the mispelling of Vicki FEDDEMA's name. NEWS ITEMS

CANADIAN ARCHAEOLOGISTS MONTE CREEK TO MEET ANOTHER HATZIC? REVISITED

HE 25TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE N SEARCH OF A SITE FOR UB.Cs FIELD URTHER RADIOCARBON DATING FROM Canadian Archaeological Association school this summer, archaeology fac­ the salvage excavations exposing Twill be held this year in London, I ulty were wandering around a Fthree dwellings at Monte Creek Ontario from Tuesday, May 5th through farmer's cornfield just outside Chilliwack. (EdQx 4 3) near Kamloops last fall reveals Sunday, May 1Oth. The owner of the field had displayed a consistently an age of over 4000 years. General sessions and symposia cover collection of artifacts plowed up over the Cones from a smudge pit outside the a wide scope of Canadian archaeology · years, and stated that the deposit was at structures dated 4260 ± 90; two samples including areal studies, subsistence, his­ least half a metre deep. The field exhib­ from the roof layer of structure 2 came in torical aspects, artifacts and technology, ited lithics thickly scattered over the at 4350 ± 100, and 4450 ± 120; and two scientific techniques, ethnicity, and plowed surface. from floor deposits provided dates of "Canadian archaeologists beyond their A bit of stone the size of an apple 4200 ± 90 and 4250 ± 90. borders?' protruding from the surface did not A drilled olivella shell, 12 keyhole The agenda includes full and half-day move when nudged. Closer examination limpet beads (8 in direct association with wo~kshops scheduled throughout the revealed a large zoomorphic stone bowl a drilled and polished elk canine pen­ conference, with tours on the weekend. about a foot long by 8 inches wide and 6 dant), and an abundance of red ochre A public session and panel discussion on inches deep, representing a frog-lipped were recovered in addition to the 93 ,000 Saturday will look at "Direct Partici­ figure. Though zoomorphic stone bowls pieces oflithic debitage and 17,500 tools, pation: First Nations and Archaeology." exist in public collections, few, if any, including about 100 of bone. The report Saturday evening's banquet features Dr. have been obtained directly from a by I.R. Wilson Consultants Ltd. is tenta­ Alison Wylie speaking on "Fact or Fiction: known site. tively due at the end of April. Gender Studies in Archaeology." The bowl held soil containing car­ Air Canada has been named official bonized material. This material iscur­ airline for the conference with savings up rently being examined at U.B.C. to 65% on fares. Advance registration The obvious patterning of artifacts before April 20th will be $40 ($30 for on the surface suggests that this might be students); after April 20th, $50. a village site. The apparent number of For further information contact: artifacts and silty matrix indicate a fac­ tory site with the raw material imported. CAA Organization Committee, In comparison with the depth of deposit 55 Centre Street, at Hatzic last summer, this is likely a late London, Ontario N6J 1T4 prehistoric site, but definite answers will Tel.(519)433-8401 have to wait until the site is excavated. FAX (519)439-1696 The site has been registered with the B.C. Archaeology Branch.

,. RECENT RESEARCH IN BARKLEY SOUND THE1bQUAHT ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECf

By Alan D. McMillan

HE TRADITIONAL TERRITORY were markedly different from those Barkley Sound is the location oflarge vil­ of the Toquaht people, one recorded in the ethnographic literature. lage sites immediately adjacent to steep­ of the bands of the Nuu­ Extensive warfare and other disrup­ sided, rocky bluffs which could be used as chah-nulth (formerly known tions in the early historic period resulted defensive or refuge areas. Ethnographic as the Nootka) ofVancouver in greatly reduced populations and traditions of early historic warfare in TIsland's west coast, encompassed all of forced amalgamations of independent Barkley Sound recount the use of large western Barkley Sound, near modern local groups into larger political units. logs placed at the top of these defensive Ucluelet. Today a small group, the The expanded territories sites, ready to be rolled Toquaht were once a large and powerful held by these large social down the slopes to crush polity in Barkley Sound before being groups were exploited by ... of interest is the attackers. Our excava­ greatly reduced by warfare and disease adopting a pattern of sea­ importance of warfare. tions at T'ukw'aa, a early in the historic period. sonal movement between large village site with an A project was initiated with the coop­ sites, rather th an by in Nuu-chah-nulth associated defensive eration and participation of the Toquaht extracting resources from culture history ... area, were the ·first ba.nd to investigate their culture history a year-round base through­ extensive research on and document the archaeological re­ out a smaller territory as is such sites in Nuu-chah- sources. This was carried out through a suggested for the earlier ••••• nulth territory. combination of archaeological survey, period. Our excavations at both the sum­ A major part of the 1991 fieldwork excavation, and informant research. mer and winter villages of the Toquaht involved a comprehensive inventory of Eight weeks of fieldwork, co-directed should cast light on this issue. The large archaeological resources through aut by the author and Denis St. Claire, was quantity of faunal remains recovered Toquaht traditional territory. This undertaken in the summer of 1991 as the from these sites will play a vital role in included all shoreline plus the offshore first phase of the project. Greg Monks, of assessing site seasonality. islands and lower reaches of the major the University of rivers. Survey was Manitoba, joined conducted by boat the project with with crews of two responsibility for or three persons. analysis of all fau­ All accessible areas nal remains. The were searched by capable field crew walking, and soil consisted of stu­ probes were used dents from Simon to detect buried Fraser University deposits. Rocky and Douglas Col­ areas were investi­ lege, and members gated for burials, of several native rock art, and de­ bands from the fensive sites. Inter­ local area. Primary tidal areas were financial support checked for fish­ was generously traps and other provided by the features. Forty-one British Columbia new sites were re­ Heritage Trust. corded. In addition, One of the re­ the eight previ­ search issues beip.g ously known sites investigated in­ for this area were Tukw'aa, sh=ing the western end of the village and the rocky pr(ffllontory with the defensive area. valves the antiquity revisited and new of the ethnographic pattern of seasonal Another area of interest is the impor- site forms prepared [See table on page 4}. movement between sites. Recent studies tance of warfare in Nuu-chah-nulth cui- The survey results provided a greatly of the Barkley Sound Nuu-chah-nulth ture history, as seen through different picture than did previous groups suggest that the late prehistoric ethnographic information and the use of records. Not only were more sites socio-political and subsistence systems defensive sites. A common pattern in recorded, but they were different types. assess the disturbance of the site and RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES record artifact collections held by reserve residents. Historic glass beads were most IN TOQUAHT TERRITORY common, but the band's collection also SITE TYPE PREVIOUSLY RECORDED RECORDED IN 1991 TOTAL included a whale bone image of the thun­ derbird carved in typical Nuu-chah-nulth Village or camp site 4 7 11 style and almost certainly the broken Defensive or lookout site 1 3 4 handle of a whale bone club of the type collected by such early explorers as 't Burial site 3 7 10 Captain Cook. Fish trap 19 20 Five 1 x 2 metre units were excavated I Historic site 2 2 during our stay at Macoah, yielding a total of 4 7 catalogued artifacts, plus a Pictograph 1 considerable number of recent historic Isolated find 2 2 items and a large quantity of faunal 9 41 50 remains. The stratigraphy is somewhat disturbed, but one radiocarbon date from the base of the site suggests that initial NB. Only 49 sites have actually been recurded; Tukw'aa (DJSj 23) is listed here as both a village occupation occurred over 500 years ago. and defensive site. The second half of the summer was Large villages and a few burial caves had spent at T'ukw'aa (DfSj 23), on the outer attracted earlier attention, while this sur­ coast near the entrance to Ucluelet Inlet. vey added smaller camp sites, lookout Although ethnographic traditions state sites, and other less obvious remains. that this was only a summer fishing loca­ Most common (comprising almost half tion, extensive archaeological remains the site total) were rock-wall fish traps suggest that this was once the site of a and similar features in the intertidal zone. large village. One unique find, located high up a The village extends along the beach prominent rock bluff at the head of the for about 250 metres, and has two distinct sound, was a red ochre pictograph of a terraces at its western end. At one end of human face (DgSh 7), the first pictograph the site, midden deposits extend up to the recorded in all of Barkley Sound. The top of a high rocky bluff which would intensive survey techniques mean that the have served as a defensive area for the vil­ results are now comparable to those lage. House platforms are still visible on obtained in other recent fieldwork, such the surface in both areas of the site. In as the Pacific Rim Project in the islands addition to the size of this village, the fact of central Barkley Sound, and the Ohiaht that the Toquaht (literally "people of Ethnoarchaeology Project on the eastern T'ukw'aa") take their name from this site shores of the sound. indicates its former importance. Lack of Our excavations began at the site of any historic debris on the surface and the Macoah (DfSi 5) on upper Barkley near-absence of historic artifacts from Sound. This was the major winter village the excavated sample, as well as the lack of the Toquaht in historic times, and fea­ tured prominently in ethnographic myths and traditions. After a long period of abandonment, Macoah is once again becoming the major Toquaht village. An active program of house construc­ tion is providing opportunities for band members to return to their ancestral home, but is causing considerable ' destruction of the archaeological remains. One of our first tasks was to '

Red ochre pictograph ofa human face (DgSh 7).

------~---r------of references to this site in the extensive ethnographic traditions, suggest that its decline in importance had begun by early historic times. Excavation units were laid out on both terraces of the village and on the defensive area. In the latter, shell midden had built up over highly irregular bedrock, with a maximum depth of deposit of just over one metre. In the vil­ lage area, concentrated shell deposits continued down for nearly three metres. Faunal remains were abundant in all areas of the site. Bones of large whale and i sea lion were strewn across the site sur­ face and occurred in abundance in the excavated deposits. The extremely / numerous fish bones ranged from large . / halibut and tuna to whole layers of tiny t> herring. Bird and land mammal bones 0 / were less numerous but still common. / The artifact sample of nearly 400 Barkley / Sound items is overwhelmingly dominated by 0 small bone points of various types, which / appear to have served as gorge fishhooks, barbs on composite fishhooks, and as arming points on composite harpoon heads. The great depth of deposit in the village site appears to have accumulated rapidly. Our oldest radiocarbon sample ~o so far, taken from the base of one upper q&b terrace unit, is 870 ±50 years. 1 ?,.u .. ~: Fieldwork will continue in the sum­ I h .... mer of 1992, when we will concentrate Survey area (Toquaht Traditonal Territmy), showing location of two excavated village sites.

our efforts at T'ukw'aa. A three-month field season will be spent on extensive excavation across all portions of the site, including both the village and the defen­ sive areas. In addition, we will continue to monitor the site disturbance at Macoah as new houses are built. The excavated data from these two sites, plus the infor­ mation from our archaeological survey throughout Toquaht territory, will be integrated with the results of ethno­ graphic and oral history research. This emerging picture of the Toquaht past will greatly increase our knowledge of a people who were nearly destroyed by the catastrophic events of the early historic period.

Alan McMillan Is an Instructor or Anthropology at Douglas College and an adJunct professor In Archaeology at Simon Fraser University.

o,_,--'-----'~om

Whale bone club handle depicting the thunder­ bird found at Macoah. ------DEBITAGE

More than 200 papers are scheduled ological Study of Household Styles in Further afield, the SFU field school to be presented at the Northwest Northern Cameroon." Congratulations departs on May 15 for Tonga with stops Anthropology Conference at SFU dur­ Dr. Lyons! ... at Hawaii and Fiji. David Burley and ing Easter weekend. Papers specific to Stan Copp, just back from conduct­ Richard Shuder will direct twelve stu­ l archaeology will be presented at all ses­ ing an extended tour of Africa, will pre­ dents and lab assistants in archaeological sions with the highest concentration on Fri­ pare to direct a field school at Fort investigations of this island kingdom in day morning, April 17. A group of native Langley during May and June. The field the southwest Pacific .. . dancers from Prince Rupert will perform school will be comprised of students from Meanwhile, in the Lower Mainland, at the banquet on Friday evening .. . Kwantlen, Douglas, Capilano, and Andrew Mason was just out at Beach Then, on Sunday, April 19, there will Vancouver Community College Grove monitoring removal of over two be a "self-drive" field trip to the excava­ (Langara) .. . truckloads of rubbish and construction tion of B.C.'s largest pit house at Keatly Also in the Fraser Valley this summer materials that had "mysteriously" been Creek near Lillooet. Maps and directions the UBC Field School will be taught by accumulating there since the widening of will be available from the conference reg­ Michael Blake somewhere in the the nearby road . :. istration desk on Friday or Saturday of Hatzic/Mission/Chilliwack area from And, back in town, Kitty Bernick is the Conference .. . mid-May through June ... preparing a report on basketry fro·m Brian Hayden of SFU will continue For three months this summer Alan Masada which she examined and pho­ his quest for status with further investiga­ McMillan will be continuing his investi­ tographed while in Israel recently ... tions of the Keatly Creek site this sum­ gations of the Toquaht on Vancouver Finally, dates recently received from mer . . . Island. Besides native band members, the clay-lined burial cairn (DfRu 74) on Achieving her own status, on March assisting him will be a crew of approxi­ Galiano Island, place the basal compo­ 12th, Diane Lyons successfully de­ mately a dozen students from SFU and nent at 2510 BP, and the upper compo­ fended her PhD thesis entitled "Men's Langara . .. nent at 850 BP... Houses, Women's Spaces: Ethnoarchae-

ARCHAEOLOGY ADVENTURE DAY

Saturday, June 6th, Family Drop-in 12 noon-4:30pm Dress as your favourite archaeologist and be prepared to uncover layers and layers of Langley's past. J Meet at the Langley Centennial Museum or the Fort Langley National Historic Site J in Langley, British Columbia...... _ Call 888-3922 for further details. '" T] -··------~- .. Ntll .... ~ I

------·r------SURVEYING IN NOOTKA SOUND THE MAN IN THE SUN AND OlHER STORIES By Yvonne Marshall

N 1989, THE MOWACHAHT/MUCHALAT ARCHAEOLOGY PROJECT BEGAN AN ber of new, entirely historic settlements intensive coastline survey of the Nootka Sound area on the west coast of were established, and where many large Vancouver Island. The results of the first year's survey, conducted in 1989, midden sites have no ethnographic or appeared in The Midden in December 1989. Two further seasons of fieldwork other record of historic occupation. The conducted in 1990 and 1991 completed all fieldwork planned as part of the pro­ archaeological data therefore suggest that K communities in Nootka Sound were sub­ ject. Detailed mapping of sites, and limited surface collecting restricted to the intertidal beach zone, was conducted in addition to the intensive site survey. ject to less disruption, and were able to The objective of the survey was to obtain detailed settlement pattern data which could maintain greater continuity during the be analyzed in conjunction with the results of earlier excavations, oral histories and his­ historic period than many communities toric records to produce an account of changing political organization in Nootka in other parts of the west coast. Sound. However, as always happens with fieldwork, some interesting discoveries occured which were not directly relevant to the central objectives of the research but Sites of Unique Interest are nevertheless important, besides being of general interest. This article discusses Nine rock paintings, all executed in red some of these particular discoveries from Nootka Sound. ochre, were recorded. No clear image is distinguishable for five of the drawings. pletely abandoned until well into the Of the other four, the only example General Survey Results twentieth century. with an historic subject A total of 171 sites related to native occu­ Shifts in settlement Umiq's rather is (DjSm 1) is in Matchlee pation, and an additional 6 sites related pattern during the historic ...visited by a chi'ha, Bay and depicts a person to non-native occupation were recorded period in Nootka Sound on a horse. Another site [See table p. 8}. The intensive survey appear to have been a supernatural spirit, (DjSo 1) pictures a bird, methods aimed for comprehensive iden­ restricted to the nature of who gives him possibly a thunderbird. In tification of coastal habitation, fish trap occupation at already ceremonial names ... Hisnet Inlet is a classic and pictograph sites. Because few inland established settlements. Nuu-chah-nulth thun­ areas were examined, the number of This is in contrast to derbird (DkSp 8). burial caves and tree resource areas iden­ other parts of the west ••••• A second Hisnet Inlet tified probably represents only a small coast, particularly Hesquiat Harbour and pictograph, located close to DkSp 8, proportion of the total of these sites pre­ the Broken Island Group where anum- depicts what appear to be two sun fig­ sent in Nootka ures. They may Sound. illustrate events Two features from the story of of the archaeologi­ Umiq, the heroic cal survey results founding ancestor stand out. First, of the Umiqta­ and most striking kamlath, the peo­ is the density of ple ofHisnit Inlet. occupation. Vir­ Umiq's story tually any reason­ is recorded in an ably flat, inhab­ oral history in itable location, and 1916 by Edward others of less invit­ Curtis published ing aspect, have in the appendix of evidence of occu­ The North Amer­ pation. The overall ican Indian, Volume impression is of a 11. In the early "full " landscape. part of the story Second, very few Umiq's father is new habitation sites supernaturally were established impregnated with during the historic a child. He is then period, and no visited by a chi'ha, large habitation The thunderbird pictograph, DkSp 8,from Hisnit Inlet being recorded by Mowachaht/Muchalat Band a supernatural spir­ sites were com- member, Sharon Williams. it, who gives him ceremonial names for his child. Curtis unexpectedly encountered during a ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES records, break as the crew scouted for a good "coffee shop" location. The tools con­ IN NOOTKA SOUND The chi'ha had given four names for sisted of several wedges or axes, a broken the child, two for girls and two for boys. SITE TYPE NUMBER piece of a cross-cut saw and a sledge The boys' names were H upahlutha hammer wrapped in burlap sacking. Habitation Sites ["originating from the sun''] and -general activity site 82 Uppihltsu ["in the centre ofsomething -rock shelter 5 round," again referring to the sun}; the Surface-collected Stone -defensive site 5 girls' names were Hupahlainnaka and Artifacts Fish Trap 18 Hupahlaksa. The child was a boy, and. In the course of surveying, crew mem­ they named him Uppihltsu. · His face Burial Place 24 bers noticed stone artifacts in the inter­ was ofdazzling brilliance. Pictograph 9 tidal beach areas at sites located within Tree Resource Area 21 These names describe the pictograph Nootka Sound and along the inlets, but Whaling Shrine so well it is difficult to believe it was not not in those along the outside coast. Rock Cairn 1 drawn to depict Umiq's story. Samples collected from all sites at which Trail 5 A unique rock cairn consisting of a lithic artifacts were noted resulted in a European 6 circular pile of rocks about one metre in total of 242 stone artifacts from 21 sites: diameter and piled two-high, resembled a 178 flakes and cores, 13 flaked pebbles, 6 TOTAL 177 giant doughnut. Well-established lichens bifaces or biface preforms, 2 7 adzes or on the outer surfaces of the rocks suggest chisels, and 18 miscellaneous pecked or ground stone artifacts. Most, if not all, were made from local raw materials available as cCJbbles from numerous beaches throughout the sound. Flaked artifacts were collected from 15 of the 21 sites. Considering the exten­ sive distribution of the flaked stone material it seems surprising that almost no flaked stone was recovered in the large excavations by John Dewhirst and William Folan at Yuquot (DjSp 1) where occupation dates back to at least 4300 BP; or in the smaller excavations by Alan McMillan at Kupti (DkSp 1) where occu­ pation dates back to at least 3000 BP. Flaked stone was, however, surface-col­ lected from the beach at Kupti. It is probable that the flaked stone recovered in Nootka Sound is evidence for an early occupation by people who used a pebble tool technology similar to that found in other southern parts of British Columbia, and ancestral to the later Vancouver Island West Coast Culture. Recent excavations by Areas Pictograph in Hisnit Inlet appears to depict the ceremonial names of Umiq. Consulting Archaeologists Ltd. at the Little Beach Site in Ucluelet also sug­ it was constructed quite some time ago. gests people using this type of lithic tech­ The cairn's placement on the southwest nology once occupied the west coast of side of a small off-shore island, where it Vancouver Island. At Little Beach sev­ commands an excellent view of the west­ eral stone artifacts recovered had affini­ ern side of Nootka Sound and the ties to the Alberni Inlet site of entrance to Tlupana Inlet, appears to be a Shoemaker Bay and other sites in the strategic choice. T he cairn, not especially Gulf of Georgia region. visible from the water, was unlikely to have been used as a landmark to aid navi­ Surface-collected Ceramics gation. It may, however, have served as a A total of 14 35 sherds of European and territorial boundary marker. Asian ceramics were collected from the At a very small habitation site in intertidal wne in front of 18 village sites. Zuricarte Channel, a third unusual find The purpose of collecting these artifacts was a neatly bundled set of logger's tools was to gather archaeological information

------~.m.-r------A logger's tool kit, abandoned at a tiny camp site in Zuricarte Channel, was tidily bundled in burlap sacking. on the date and nature of occupation at ceramics. The surface collections are village sites during the historic period. dominated by cups and saucers, and small With rare exceptions all the ceramics bowls. A small number of sherds from postdate A.D. 1880, with the vast major­ old-fashioned English soup plates occur ity from the twentieth century. This indi­ at some sites. These numbers are curi­ cates that the use of ceramics by the ously at odds with the historic records of Fine grained, grey-brown basalt point from the native people of Nootka Sound did not ceramic purchases. beach at DkSo 6 near the entrance to Muchaiat become popular until nearly one hundred Walter Dawley, who established a Inlet. years after direct contact with European shop at Yuquot in 1896, found his stock traders. of cups moved slowly off his shelves while The Mowachaht and Muchalat peo­ English soup plates were a quite different ple were selective in their adoption of matter. In her journal of early settlement

MATOil.EE BAY

NOOTKA SOUND

5 10 15 1ao i .....-===- - a

The Nootka Sound study area. This suggests that cups and bowls were everyday ware and therefore fre­ quently broken and discarded, whereas the soup plates were special and curated. In the 1960's large collections of these soup plates were still in theposses­ sion of older women at Nootka Sound, and were reserved for use a~ potlatches both for serving food and as gifts. During the closing decades of the nineteenth century when these ceramics began to form a dynamic new element in potlatch material culture in Nootka Sound and on the west coast ofVancouver Island, pot­ latches were already illegal. The banning of the potlatch does not appear to have inhibited its vitality on the west coast.

Research for this prf!iect has been supported by grants from the British Columbia Heritage Trust, The Mowachaht/ Muchalat Band and by the Collapsed slab hearth at a village site at Ercalante, on the Hesquiat Peninsula is mapped by Department of M(JlJ)achaht!Muchalat Band member, Jamie Jack. A flaked obsidian cobble, unique to sites on the west coast of Vancouver Island, lies just to the right ofthe tape measure. Archaeology, Simon Fraser University.

Six plates originally part of a large collection ofpotlat ch plates from Nootka Sound are now in the pri­ vate collection ofMason Davis, Victoria.

on the west coast of Vancouver Island, Yvonne Marshall Is Ph.D. student In Lone Cone (1961), Dorothy Abraham Archaeology at Simon Fraser University. recalls, Her doctorate will report the results of her The late W T. Dawley, who was one of research In Nootka Sound. She expects to the pioneer merchants on the coast, told complete her degree and return home to New Zealand later this year. Yvonne has worked me the Indians would sometimes buy In Polynesia and on the Northwest Coast. hundreds ofEnglish soup plates, which they have a passion for. He used to order them by the dozens ofcrates.

------~.ma~------BOOK REVIEW Only in Britain you say?

USAN PEARCE'S ARCHAEOLOGICAL are interested in the philosophical issues Curatorship is not a "how to" book that are central to contemporary museum Archaeological Soutlining the methods of collections practice. The value of this book for management and interpretation for archaeological curatorship is in the wide Curatorship archaeologists. It is principally concerned range of topical issues discussed.Dr. with the contemporary issues facing Pearce's emphasis on the archaeological museum archaeologists and how these archive, which she defines as the "whole by SUSAN PEARCE. issues reflect on professional practice. product of excavation organized in an This book looks at the ways in which accessible form, which renders it capable 1990. Smithsonian Institution Press, archaeological theories and philosophies of critical re-examination; is a strong Washington, D.C. may influence the curation and use of theme throughout the book. This defini­ 22 3 pp., illus., bibl., archaeological collections, and in turn, tion emphasizes the importance of curat­ how these developments affect relations ing all aspects of the archaeological US$ 35 .00 (cloth). between curators and other professionals, record, and the book outlines common­ as well as direct relations with the public. sense strategies for achieving practical This slim volume is divided into thir­ collections management systems. teen chapters under three major head­ Another important contribution is outlin­ ings. Part I: "Contemporary context" ing the curator's role as active and discusses the historical development of responsive to the changing goals of museum collections and the evolution of archaeology, and to the increasing legal, political and ethical issues facing demand that cultural agencies themselves museum archaeologists. Part II: "Curating justify in the market-place. the archive" outlines the scope of con­ The concepts and techniques of temporary professional practice, includ­ archaeological exhibitions are neatly ing a definition of what constitutes the defined in this book and recent trends in archaeological archive, principles of col­ exhibition development are well covered. lections management, and guidelines for However, there is a paucity of evaluative developing storage and information man­ studies done on archaeological exhibi­ agement systems that optimize both pre­ tions. Case studies would be a useful fol­ servation and access. Part III: "Museums, low-up to the theoretical approach the public and the past" is concerned with outlined here. The discussion of open-air interpretation and education. archaeological presentations is, again, of The most serious drawback to limited applicability beyond the British Archaeological Curatorship is its exclusive context. reliance on British archaeology and Even though this book is concerned museum experience. Although the devel­ mainly with archaeological curatorship in opment of archaeological collections and Britain, there is considerable thought­ curatorship in Canada parallels Britain's, provoking discussion that illuminates the there are significant di(ferences. For nature of current museum practice and its example, while British museums face relationship to the contemporary con­ repatriation requests from foreign gov­ cerns of archaeology in general. ernments, Canadian museum archaeolo­ gists must address First Nations' ANN STEVENSON concerns. Whereas, questions of past class relations fuel critical examination of Ann Stevenson Is Collections Manager at the archaeology in Britain, the history of eth­ UBC Museum of Anthropology. She bas a BA In nic relations is more significant for archaeology from SFU, and 11 MA In anthro­ pology from UBC. · archaeology in Canada. · However, this book deserves to be read by all museum archaeologists who

------~--~------NEW PuBLICATIONS Dictionary or Evolutionary Fish Osteology by ALFONSO L. ROJO CRC Press Inc: Boca Raton, Fla. 1991. c. 280 pp, illus, glossary, index, bibl. US$ 74.95/ Outside US $95.00 This dictionary presents fish skeleton nomenclature, synonyms and preferred terms used in fish osteology, emphasizing the evolution and variability of each bone in modem fishes; includes methodologies for preparation of fish skeletons for study, over 200 illustrations of bones, more than 300 references.

Protecting the Past GEORGES. SMITH and JOHN E. EHRENHARD, editors CRC Press Inc: Boca Raton, Fla. 1991. c.420 pp. US$ 49.95/ Outside US $59.95 (50% discount to students, professors) Presents some of the current thinking and ongoing work in the United States regarding archaeological resource protection; contributions from 48 authors organized into six chapters address archaeology and the law, archaeological site destruction, protecting archaeological sites through education, archaeological site protection programs, and the future of protecting the past.

Text-Aided Archaeology by BARBARA J. LITTLE CRC Press Inc: Boca Raton, Fla. 1991. US$ 59.95/ Outside US $59.95 (50% discount to students, professors) Explores the relationships among documents, oral testimonies, and ethnographic description; addresses how various types of historical documentation are used in archaeology.

PERMITS Permits issued by the B.C. Archaeology Branch, January-February, 1992

1992-1 Lindsay Oliver: recovery of human skeletal material and associated artifacts. 1992-2 H. Krentz: recovery of human skeletal material and associated artifacts. 1992-3 Jean Bussey: impact assessment, proposed wellsites and associated developments (Esso Resources Canada) in northeastern B.C. 1992-4 Jean Bussey: impact assessment, lease locations (Canadian Hunter Exploration Ltd.) in northeastern B.C. 1992-5 Morley Eldridge: impact asssessment, Nanoose Bay, Vancouver Island. 1992-6 Ian Wilson: impact assessment, proposed logging operations, Tzartus Island, Barkley Sound. 1992-7 Ian Wilson: impact assessment and inventory, highway passing lanes near Kennedy Lake, Vancouver Island. 1992-8 Richard Brolly: impact assessment and inventory, Chilliwack. 1992-9 James Baker: sys,tematic data recovery, EfQu 17, near Scotch Creek, Shuswap Lake. 1992-10 Jean Bussey: inventory, Royal Vancouver Yacht Club parking lot, Hastings Mill Park, Vancouver. 1992-11 Morley Eldridge: impact assessment, proposed developments at DfRu 44, Long Harbour, Saltspring Island. 1992-12 Ian Wilson: impact assessment, proposed natural gas pipeline right-of-way, Coast District. 1992-13 Sandra Zacharias: impact assessment, proposed parking lot expansion, Langdale Ferry Terminal. 1992-14 Jean Bussey: impact assessment, proposed highway reconstruction, near Ladysmith. 1992-15 John Dewhirst: impact assessment, proposed subdivision, Bowser, Vancouver Island. 1992-16 Morley Eldridge: data recovery, DeRu 1, North Saanich, Vancouver Island. 1992-17 Ian Wilson: impact assessment, DjSf 19, Comox District. 1992-18 Keary Walde: impact assessment, minor petrochemical developments in northeastern B.C. 1992-19 Ian Wilson: impact assessment, proposed loops of existing Westcoast Energy Pipeline between Fort St.John and Vancouver. 1992-20 Jean Bussey: impact assessment, Savona Bridge replacement (Ministry of Transportation and Highways). 1992-21 Brian Hayden: continued excavations at Keatley Creek (EeRI 7), near Lillooet. 1992-22 Ian Wilson: impact assessment, Balmer Westar Mine expansion, near Elkford. 1992-23 Ian Wilson: impact assessment, DkSf29, Comox District. 1992-24 Geordie Howe: impact assessment, proposed sanitary sewer forcemain (B.C. Ferry Corporation), Tsawassen. 1992-25 Richard Brolly: impact assessment, Pitt Meadows.

------.m.------DATES 1D REMEMBER:

LECTURES U.B.C. MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY

Free Tuesday Evening Programs, 7:30-9:30 pm

April21 Hatzic Rock: Rallying Point for Collaboration. Panel: Gordon Mohs, David Pokotylo, Chief Frank Halloway; moderated by Michael Kew.

EXHIBITIONS U.B.C. MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY

To May 31 A Fish to Cure Humanity. A demonstration of the traditions associated with the fishing of eulachon, and technology used to render its oil which was traded along vast routes known as the Grease Trail.

ToMay 24 Ancient Cloth ... Ancient Code? Looks at cloth in ancient Peruvian societies as an abstract model for organizing and recording information.

CONFERENCES April 16-19 N.W.A.C. Northwest Anthropological Conference Dept. of Archaeology Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6 Tel.(604) 291-3135

May 5-10 C.A.A. Canadian Archaeological Association 55 Centre Street London, Ontario N6J 1T4 Tel.(519) 433-8401 FAX(519) 439-1696

------,.m.~------T~MIDDEN P.O. Box 520 Station A Vancouver, B.C. V6C 2N3

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