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Uvic Thesis Template Ts’a7inwa (gooseneck barnacles) as a proxy for archaeological efforts to understand shellfish as food in Nuu-chah-nulth territories by Meaghan Efford Bachelor of Arts (Honours), University of Victoria, 2016 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Anthropology © Meaghan Efford, 2019 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. We acknowledge with respect the Lekwungen peoples on whose traditional territory the university stands and the Songhees, Esquimalt and WSÁNEĆ peoples whose historical relationships with the land continue to this day. ii Supervisory Committee Ts’a7inwa (gooseneck barnacles) as a proxy for archaeological efforts to understand shellfish as food in Nuu-chah-nulth territories by Meaghan Efford Bachelor of Arts (Honours), University of Victoria, 2016 Supervisory Committee Dr. Iain McKechnie, Supervisor Department of Anthropology Dr. Quentin Mackie, Departmental Member Department of Anthropology iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Iain McKechnie, Supervisor Department of Anthropology Dr. Quentin Mackie, Departmental Member Department of Anthropology This thesis examines the comparative abundance of shellfish from archaeological assemblages on the west coast of Vancouver Island in Nuu- chah-nulth territories. Eighteen sites spanning the Nuu-chah-nulth region emphasize the diversity in invertebrate foods that have been consumed 5000-150 years ago: Yaksis Cave, Loon Cave, and Hesquiat Village at Hesquiat Harbour; Chesterman Beach; Spring Cove; Ts’ishaa, Ch’ituukwachisht (North and South), Tl’ihuuw’a, Shiwitis, Huumuuwaa, Maktl7ii, Huts’atswilh, Kakmakimilh, Kiix7iin, and Huu7ii. Invertebrate zooarchaeology is an understudied field that has the potential to impact ecological restoration and conservation efforts. Ubiquity, or frequency of occurrence, provides a measure of abundance for a target taxa or species through a percent presence/absence approach. Regionally conventional methods of invertebrate analysis, including weight-based quantification, primarily favour heavy and robust bivalves, such as clams and mussels, and diminish the presence of other frequently occurring invertebrates. Ubiquity-based quantification shows how frequently ‘other’ shellfish have been utilized over time and across archaeological deposits. Gooseneck barnacles (Pollicipes polymerus) are often considered rare, an unimportant intertidal resource, but ubiquity-based analyses show that they are far more abundant than previously appreciated. A methodological combination of these two approaches shows vastly different perspectives on shellfish abundance, and this has implications for how the dietary role of shellfish is understood and discussed in archaeological discourse. iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ...................................................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgments............................................................................................................ viii Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 Research Questions ......................................................................................................... 3 Significance..................................................................................................................... 3 Gooseneck Barnacles .................................................................................................. 4 Contribution of This Project ....................................................................................... 6 Taxonomic Specificity and Uncertainty ..................................................................... 7 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 12 A Note About Terminology ...................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2: Shellfish archaeology and Nuu-chah-nulth shellfish management ................. 14 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 14 Literature Review.......................................................................................................... 15 Theoretical Context: Historical Ecology .................................................................. 16 Nuu-chah-nulth Territories and Histories ................................................................. 19 Early Contact Narratives ........................................................................................... 23 Pacific Northwest and Nuu-chah-nulth Archaeology ............................................... 26 Description of Methods Across All 18 Sites................................................................. 30 Shellfish Recorded at Project Sites ........................................................................... 40 Methodological Context................................................................................................ 42 Conventional Methods .............................................................................................. 42 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 46 Discussion of archaeological efforts to date ............................................................. 46 Chapter Three: Towards a new archaeological framework for measuring the relative abundance of shellfish through a methodological comparison ......................................... 49 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 49 Study Region and Site ............................................................................................... 56 Methods......................................................................................................................... 57 Recovery methods ..................................................................................................... 57 Quantification methods ............................................................................................. 58 Fraction Size and Abundance ................................................................................... 62 Results ........................................................................................................................... 65 2mm Fraction Size Test ............................................................................................ 65 Proportionately Most Abundant Shellfish by Weight ............................................... 66 Most Ubiquitous Taxa by Number of Examined Contexts (ubiquity) ...................... 77 Patterns of Community Use ...................................................................................... 85 Sample Size and Presence of Shellfish ..................................................................... 86 Taphonomy and Factors of Preservation .................................................................. 90 Comparisons between Weight and Ubiquity Results................................................ 90 Change over Time ......................................................................................................... 92 v Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 97 Species, genus, and family level identifications ....................................................... 98 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 98 Question 2 ................................................................................................................. 99 Question 3 ............................................................................................................... 101 Chapter 4: Conclusions ................................................................................................... 103 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 103 Question 1: What does archaeological analysis of shell middens on the West Coast of Vancouver Island reveal about the harvesting and management of shellfish resources in Nuu-chah-nulth traditional territory? .................................................. 104 Question 2: Will applying ubiquity calculations to the existing weight measures of shellfish provide a different perspective of comparison? What differences, if any, are there
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