REGIONAL DISTRICT OF CENTRAL OKANAGAN

Integrated Pest Management Program Nuisance and Vector Mosquito Control 2017 Summary Report

Looking across Okanagan Lake, July 2017.

Prepared for The Regional District of Central Okanagan Kelowna, British Columbia

Prepared by Duka Environmental Services Ltd. Langley, British Columbia

21 November 2017 File # 1017

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Regional District of Central Okanagan 2017 Nuisance and Vector Mosquito Control Program

The Regional District of Central Okanagan (RDCO) has provided residents, workers and visitors with mosquito surveillance and control services for over thirty five years. Program services are provided to the City of Kelowna, the District of Lake Country, District of Peachland and defined areas in the City of West Kelowna and Central Okanagan East Electoral Area. The program’s goal is to identify and suppress larval populations sufficiently to reduce annoyance and the potential for disease transmission by adult mosquitos for the benefit residents, workers and visitors within the service area.

Duka Environmental Services Ltd. (Duka Ltd.) an environmental services firm with thirty years of experience in integrated pest management, and a specialization in mosquito population surveillance and management were selected by the RDCO to manage the annual Nuisance and Vector Mosquito Control Program for the years 2016-2020.

The RDCO, centered in the community of Kelowna, has significant recreational and environmental value, providing residents and visitors with many outdoor summer activities and employment. Walking, cycling, camping, horseback riding, bird watching, biking, boating, golfing, wine tasting and tours are just a few of these. Adult mosquito annoyance can often conflict with these activities. Besides the negative impacts on the lifestyle of residents, there can be considerable economic impact from mosquito annoyance on workers, visitors and local businesses.

Larval development habitats within the RDCO program include sloughs, back channels and low-lying fields, forested areas and undeveloped areas located along Mission Creek. Snowmelt and precipitation run-off increases creek levels and subsequent seepage water accumulations in adjacent areas. Natural, permanent, temporary, seepage and spring-fed ponds and marshes are located throughout the control programs boundaries. Man-made display, landscape and settling ponds, drainage and roadside ditches, depressions in farm fields and in undeveloped, and rural properties, also provide potential larval mosquito development habitat. Some 230 development sites have been identified for routine surveillance and possible treatment. In addition, man-made containers including buckets, unused fountains and pools, livestock watering troughs, uncovered boats and equipment can all hold water to create a potential mosquito development habitat. The most widespread development habitat type within the RDCO is roadside catch basins, with over 10,000 located along public roadways and parking area, they provide a potential source for adult mosquito emergence in built-up and developing residential, commercial and industrial areas.

The annual nuisance mosquito control program provided by Duka Environmental Services Ltd. employs a comprehensive, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach to mosquito control which focuses on the timely detection, control and prevention of larval mosquito development. Where possible, and i

appropriate, physical or cultural controls were recommended that may reduce larval mosquito habitat and enhance, or conserve natural mosquito predators. Where required, larval mosquito populations were controlled using the bio-rational larvicide VectoBac 200G (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, PCP # 18158).

Public education initiatives included routine and regular radio, television and internet advertisements, social media postings, public information booths and a tire recycling collection day. At the start of the annual program in early April 2017, and throughout the season, program biologists maintained regular contact with property owners and facility operators having mosquito development habitat on site. In addition brochures, door knob message hangers, posters and informational ‘fliers’ were provided to interested members of the public, or left at residences to inform them of program services and where required to request follow-up contact. These items provided information on mosquito life cycles and how property owners could reduce mosquito habitat and adult mosquito populations around their property.

Weather conditions for late spring 2017, March-May, were “cool and wet”, and for the summer; June, July and August they could be summarized as “hot and dry”. These spring conditions resulted in the unusual occurrence of increasing snowpack accumulations into May and June. The change of weather and resultant melting of an above average snowpack caused extreme lake levels and flooding of shorelines along Okanagan, Wood and Kalamalka Lakes.

A total of twenty four different mosquito species were collected as either larvae or adults during 2017. Of these, some 46% (11species) have been identified by the BC Centres for Disease Control as potential vectors of West Nile virus, and seven of these; Aedes canadensis, Aedes dorsalis, Aedes sticticus, Aedes hendersonii, Aedes vexans, Culiseta inornata, and Culex tarsalis are listed as highly competent (++) to (++++) vectors.

As a result of extreme water levels in Okanagan, Wood and Kalamalka Lakes, low-lying areas in Lake Country, Kelowna and Peachland were inundated with rising lake waters for several weeks in May, June and July 2017. Many lakeshore properties and lawns were flooded. A total of some 1,240 kilograms of VectoBac 200G were applied to a total area of 165.31 hectares of active larval mosquito development habitat, an increase of some 65% above the total area requiring treatment in 2016. Some 175 sites were treated on a total of 546 separate occasions, an increase of 21% over the number of sites treated last season. Although many sites were only treated on 1 or 2 occasions during 2017, numerous sites were treated 3 or 4 times and a couple of sites were treated 12 or more times. A total of 17,966 catch basins were treated during two treatment campaigns in 2017.

All applications were completed under the auspices of the BC Ministry of Environment-accepted RDCO, Pest Management Plan # 148-0028-16/21 for Mosquito Control. Year-end program reporting; the Pesticide Use Follow-up Report and the Annual Report for Confirmation Holders required for the PMP will be completed by Duka Ltd. and provided to the BCMOE on behalf of the RDCO. ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 pages

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 PUBLIC EDUCATION AND INFORMATION 1

3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND MOSQUITO POPULATIONS 6 3.1 Mosquito Biology and Public Health 6 3.2 Winter Snowpack, Weather and Mission Creek Levels 9 3.3 Larval Mosquito Populations 13 3.4 Adult Mosquito Populations 17

4.0 MOSQUITO CONTROL AND POPULATION MANAGEMENT 1 9 4.1 Larval Mosquito Control and Prevention 20 4.2 Adult Mosquito Control and Nuisance 23

5.0 CONTROL PROGRAM EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 24 5.1 Public Relations and Education 25 5.2 Surveying, Monitoring and Control 25 5.3 Environmental 26 5.4 West Nile and Zika virus update 28

6.0 REFERENCES AND LITERATURE REVIEWED 32

LIST OF TABLES

1 - Larval Sampling and Identifications Summary; Regional District of Central Okanagan, 2017 Nuisance and Vector Mosquito Control Program

2 - Adult Mosquito Sampling and Identifications Summary; Regional District of Central Okanagan, 2017 Nuisance and Vector Mosquito Control Program

3 - VectoBac 200G Application Summary; Regional District of Central Okanagan, 2017 Nuisance and Vector Mosquito Control Program

APPENDIX

1 – Temperature and Precipitation Summary: UBCO Kelowna, April-August, 2013 -2017.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Duka Environmental Services Ltd., (Duka Ltd.), an environmental services firm specializing in mosquito and biting fly surveillance and population management are retained by the Regional District of Central Okanagan (RDCO) to coordinate the management and delivery of an effective, nuisance and vector mosquito control program. Mosquito surveillance and control services were provided to residential and rural property owners, farmers, businesses, parks, sports fields, campgrounds, golf courses and other outdoor recreational and tourist facilities. The goal of the annual larval mosquito control program is to limit the potential for widespread adult mosquito annoyance, and possibility of mosquito-borne diseases, for the benefit of residents, businesses, workers and visitors to the RDCO, Kelowna and area.

The methodologies and procedures employed for this nuisance mosquito control program are a hybrid of the most current approaches and techniques. Developed by Duka Ltd. over thirty operational seasons, and through collaboration with mosquito and vector control professionals worldwide, it has been carefully, and specifically, adapted for the unique conditions of the local program area. Predictive indices for larval mosquito development onset and distributions are being identified and developed using winter snowpack, local lake and creek or river levels, precipitation totals and monthly mean temperatures. These indices have enabled Duka Ltd. to develop an adaptive approach to effective, efficient and timely mosquito population surveillance, management and forecasting of larval development onset and distributions.

A public education and information strategy, program surveillance and control methods are described in the Regional District of Central Okanagan Mosquito Control Pest Management Plan, PMP # 148-0028- 16/21. The procedures employed for this program support the principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and include physical site reduction or modification, the conservation of natural predators and habitats, and the use of biological control products. This approach is a model of environmental compatibility and sustainable operations. All annual government regulatory agency conditions, notifications and reporting of operations are completed as required by this PMP, applicable regulations and legislation.

2.0 PUBLIC EDUCATION AND INFORMATION

Public input is invaluable to any community function and it is a key component of all successful, pro-active mosquito control programs. Residents, business operators and other stakeholders were encouraged to contact RDCO, or Duka Ltd. offices directly, to report potential mosquito development habitat and adult mosquito annoyance. All requests for service (telephone calls, emails) or for more program information are initially followed-up initially through telephone contact. Where indicated, Duka Ltd. field biologists completed on-site inspections, often with property residents, to locate and review potential larval mosquito habitats (waterbodies). In addition to providing residents with information on how they can reduce larval development and annoyance around their properties, education initiatives help residents

understand that the control program can only suppress mosquito populations, not eradicate them, and that some mosquito annoyance may be anticipated at certain locations, times of day and during some years. . Public Information Booths

Duka Ltd. program biologists staffed a public information booth set-up at two locations during the 2017 summer season. Two other events were cancelled because of the extreme Okanagan, Wood and Kalamalka Lake levels observed this season.

Informational banners, a light trap and larval collections were on display and details on mosquito biology, life cycle and habitat types were presented and discussed with interested members of the general public. Brochures, colouring pages, temporary tattoos and instructions on how to build a bird or bat house were available to interested members of the public, parents and children.

Date Event Location

01, July Celebrate Canada Day - Kelowna 2017 Waterfront Park, 1200 Water St 22, July 28th Annual Downtown Kelowna Block Party Bernard Avenue & Kerry Park

Public response at these events was very positive and hundreds of brochures, pamphlets and temporary “mosquito tattoos” were given out. Most visitors to the booth reported none, or a “normal” year for mosquito annoyance and when there were reports of “bad” mosquitos, often times they were from residents living in nearby communities which were without mosquito control services.

. Council, Committee Reports and Meetings

The RDCO Environmental Services Department, Engineering Technologist, the RDCO Communications and Intergovernmental Affairs Coordinator, and Supervisor of Utility Services were each provided with regular, monthly, written (email) control program updates throughout the 2017 season. Quarterly summaries of program operations were also provided.

In addition to written reports, program updates and contact was maintained with these individuals throughout the year with routine meetings and regular telephone, text message and e-mail contact. Field biologists also maintained regular contact with RDCO office reception personnel during the season to receive any service requests or reports of adult mosquito annoyance from the general public. 2

. Newspaper and Radio Interviews

The RDCO Communications and Intergovernmental Affairs Coordinator coordinated all print, radio, social media (facebook, twitter) and web-based public education outreach for the 2017 Mosquito Control Program. Advertisements were placed on Castanet.net, in several local newspapers and local radio stations. Media releases and Public Service Announcements were also routinely aired on SHAW Central Okanagan and cable TV channels.

News media articles and advertisements provided updates on the status of local mosquito populations and provided useful information on program operations, product safety and actions residents could undertake to reduce mosquito habitat and annoyance around their properties. Program access and contact information (telephone, email, website addresses) were also provided as part of every interview and article.

. Door knob message hangers

Recognizing that residents are not always available to answer their door during most work days, “Sorry We Missed You!” door knob message hangers were left at by Duka Ltd. biologists at homes during an initial site visit, or in response to a request for service. These cards contained a brief summary of the property inspection, field staff observations or actions, and contact information for the program biologist.

These hangers provided a “closed-loop communication” with residents about what was done, or what needed to be done, in response to a service request or as a result of field staff observations. These items resulted in some 10-15 return telephone calls by property residents to confirm their program participation and to provide property access procedures, including gate keys, codes or dog names, if required.

. Informational Brochures

Informational brochures provided by the RDCO were distributed by Duka Ltd. personnel to interested members of the public, residents and business or facility operators during property inspections and while staffing public education booths. These brochures summarized program operations, mosquito biology, tips for reducing mosquito habitat and annoyance. They also provided telephone, email, website, facebook and twitter contact information for the RDCO.

. Facebook and Twitter

Duka Ltd. manages a facebook (@DukaEnvironmentalServices) allowing us to engage more with the public by the posting of service announcements or observations, friendly reminders to empty containers of standing water, interesting news items and articles, and public health announcements as it relates to 3

mosquitos and disease (ie. West Nile virus, Zika). The RDCO also maintains a presence on social media and provides routine updates on mosquito control operations.

. Websites and email

Increasingly, e-mail contact between program participants, residents, program managers/biologists and website searches are becoming more common.

All public education materials provided interested individuals with email ([email protected]) and website contact addresses for Duka Ltd. (www.duka.consulting) and the RDCO (www.regionaldistrict.com). Detailed information on mosquito development and control, and links to other informative websites and contact information for Provincial, Federal and Environment, or Health offices were available through Duka Ltd.

The public can report adult mosquito annoyance and potential larval development sites (a waterbody) directly to Duka Ltd via the www.duka.consulting “Mosquito Reporting Form”. This downloadable form allows for residents and business owners to provide details on their properties, potential sites and any request a follow-up response or inspection. The form also allows for the attachment of pictures and/or maps.

. Public Communications and Telephone Contact

In addition to encouraging the public through items such as brochures, door hangers, newspaper articles, interviews and social media to access the program through RDCO offices, Duka Ltd. also maintains a toll free, 1-800-681-3472 twenty four hour phone line with voicemail. Property owners, residents and interested visitors can contact this number, staffed during routine office hours to discuss their concerns with office personnel and/or leave a message for the program biologist. Our policy is to respond to public inquiries as soon as possible, typically within hours, and unless it is a weekend, within 24-36 hours.

All Duka Ltd. personnel contacts with the general public, businesses and local facility operators this season were very positive. Property owners and managers were very helpful providing consent and unhindered access for the purposes of surveying, monitoring and control. Field biologists had regular interaction with pro-shop staff and managers at the various local golf courses throughout the season. Casual conversations with course patrons, residents and business operators provided opportunities for discussion of control program operations and practical suggestions to reduce mosquito populations on private and commercial properties. The high visibility of program biologists and a pro-active approach to initiating conversations with residents, property owners golf course operators, campground managers, patrons and visitors ensured that the local public and area visitors were very much aware of ongoing program 4

operations and control efforts. Residents and business owners were very appreciative of the services available to them through the annual control program.

All public education materials provided interested individuals with email ([email protected]) and website contact addresses for Duka Ltd. (www.duka.consulting) and appropriate Regional, Provincial and Federal and Health offices, for additional, detailed information on local mosquito development and control, and links to other informative websites.

A total of 64 service calls, requests for more information or “return” phone calls were received directly by Duka Ltd. offices, or forwarded by the RDCO for action between 01 April and 26 July 2017. This was a reduction from 105 requests received in 2016. A year when mosquito-vectored diseases such as Zika virus were top of mind with the public and media.

The great majority of service requests received during 2017 were to report standing water on theirs, or their neighbours property. In many instances, these swamps, marshes and ponds were already known to the program, and included in the development site database. For several other calls, on-site inspections resulted in the discovery of 8 new development sites. These sites were mapped, photographed and added to the database for future surveillance and control as necessary.

Chart 1: Service Requests Summary, by Kelowna/RDCO neighbourhood, 2016 and 2017.

A total of 22 service requests were to report adult mosquito observations or annoyance. Reports of adult mosquitos, when they were received during late May and June, were typically related to annoyance experienced by residents walking through public parks in the Mission Creek and Gallagher areas and from 5

Lake Country. Flooding and seepage water accumulations in low-lying areas, including several parks, were at their maximum during this period and coincided with the abnormally high Okanagan and Wood/Kalamalka Lake and Mission Creek levels. Hundreds of lakeshore properties, basements and crawl spaces were also inundated as a result of high lake levels.

Chart 2: Service requests, by month, 21 April – 27 July 2017.

Despite the widespread flooding, overall adult mosquito annoyance for the great majority of residents and visitors in Kelowna and the surrounding RDCO were minimal, to non-existent during the 2017 season and where it did occur, it was short-lived. Many residents, facility operators and visitors reported to Duka Ltd. field personnel the near absence of adult mosquito annoyance this season. Residents and business owners were very appreciative of the services available to them through the annual control program.

3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND MOSQUITO POPULATIONS

3.1 Mosquito Biology and Public Health

All mosquitoes require water for larval development. Larvae must go through four stages or instars, (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th), each bigger than the previous, before developing into pupae. Pupae undergo complete metamorphosis and emerge as winged, terrestrial adults. This process can occur in as little as 5-7 days, although typically requires 7-14 days, depending on temperatures.

Adult mosquitos feed on plant juices and it is only the female that requires a blood meal to complete the development of her eggs. Adult, female mosquitoes will typically fly less than 1 – 2km in search 6

of a blood meal although distances of +5 km are not uncommon. They have even been found 30km from their origin and at heights of 10,000 meters. While these are the extreme, and rare distances, the impact of winds on mosquito dispersal can be significant.

The key to successful mosquito control (population management) and a reduction in adult mosquito nuisance populations is through the early detection and timely control of larval development. Regular surveying and monitoring of potential mosquito development sites (water bodies), typically beginning in mid to late April of each season, ensures that the onset of larval development is identified and treated. Larval densities as low as one larvae per 500ml dip sample in a roadside ditch or pond the size of backyard swimming pool (4m x 10m) has the potential to produce thousands of larvae. Left untreated, the resultant adult mosquito populations is capable of causing noticeable annoyance for local area residents.

Mosquito development within in the Kelowna and surrounding RDCO areas, occurs in a wide range of habitats ranging from lake and river/creek level-influenced flood and seepage water accumulations, to permanent freshwater and alkaline ponds, marshes, ditches and low-lying, water-holding depressions in farm fields and rural properties. In addition, any container, or depression, either natural or manmade, which is capable of holding water for several days to weeks can provide development habitat for larval mosquitos. Bird baths, plugged rain gutters, livestock watering troughs, stored equipment, tires and other man-made containers are just a few examples of other, possible larval mosquito habitats. Roadside catch basins exist throughout the built-up areas of the City of Kelowna, Peachland and in several residential subdivisions and industrial/commercial development areas of the RDCO. These sites provide ideal larval mosquito habitat as they typically contain water, organic matter (leaves, grass clippings etc.) and are usually absent of mosquito predators.

Mosquitos are best known as vectors of 'tropical' diseases such as malaria and yellow fever. Although these exotic afflictions are extremely rare in British Columbia, mosquitos can still pose a serious health concern. In addition to causing nuisance, many of the species collected locally also have a potential to impact public health and well-being. Extreme allergic reactions or secondary infections from mosquito bites can occasionally require hospitalization. Diseases such as canine heartworm, Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) and West Nile virus (WNv) are transmitted between birds and mosquitos to family pets, humans, and livestock. Recently, the mosquito-associated flaviviral virus disease caused by Zika virus (ZIKV) has become a prominent health concern in several areas of the world, including the southern USA.

The ability of a particular species to vector disease such as WNv was established through the assignment of a competency rating by the BC Centres for Disease Control (BCCDC), based on a number of factors including mosquito life-cycle, distribution and occurrence, preferred, and potential blood meal hosts. 7

Species were ranked from ( 0 ), or no potential to transmit disease, to (++++), or the ability to readily, and effectively transmit the disease. Species with a competency ranking of (+++) and (++++) are the object of most vector-focused mosquito control programs. Since mosquitos capable of vectoring diseases to man are often the source of annoyance (human-biting), the control of mosquito populations known to cause nuisance also provides the benefit of protecting public health through the control of mosquito species having the potential to vector disease.

Larval and adult mosquito surveys and sample collections completed since 2016 has identified +25 different species of mosquitos occurring within the boundaries of the RDCO mosquito control service. The diverse complex of mosquitos collected locally reflects the great variety of habitats and the impacts of local lake and river/creek levels, snowpack and annual weather conditions on mosquito species, occurrence and distribution.

Aedes mosquitos lay their eggs on the soil where they overwinter and can remain viable, and able to hatch, for upwards of twenty years. Egg hatching is dependent on flooding, and is typically synchronous, with larval development occurring within hours of inundation. Larval population densities of 50-100 larvae/dip are not uncommon.

Anopheles, Culex and Culiseta mosquitos require a different set of cues to initiate the onset of larval development, including increasing day length and temperatures. They prefer permanent and slow-draining, or frequently-refilled sites including natural and man-made irrigation and display ponds, ditches, tire and tractor ruts, and containers such as stored tires, boats and buckets or livestock watering troughs. Species such as Culex tarsalis (++++) are able to withstand a high degree of pollution and can inhabit areas with high organic content, including septic field seepage, sewage lagoons and livestock hoof prints around Aedes mosquitos @ ~ 200 larvae/dip barns, feed lots and along creeks. Other species like Culex pipiens (+++), Synchronous hatch, second instar and Culiseta incidens (++) are common mosquitos of freshwater habitats utilizing ponds, ditches, marshes and temporary sites including tire ruts, excavations, catch basins and containers.

The most common species of Aedes collected locally include Aedes dorsalis (+++), Aedes vexans (++) and Aedes sticticus (+). These mosquitos are aggressive biting pests and prefer habitats such as the fluctuating ditches and marshes (Ae. dorsalis), and temporary habitats (Ae. vexans, Ae. sticticus) including surface water run-off, river seepage, floodwater and precipitation accumulations in low-lying fields and deciduous forest areas. Aedes mosquitos are common throughout the season, developing in response to fluctuating river levels and floodwater accumulations in farm fields, old oxbows, sloughs and various ponds, depressions and ditches. Since flooding, snowmelt or rainfall may immerse eggs several times in one season, each initiating a further hatch, regular surveillance and control of Aedes mosquitos is required. 8

Culex and Culiseta are at their most numerous and widely distributed during late summer when drier conditions and warmer conditions typically exist. Although populations and individual development sites are not usually as large, and hatching is not as synchronous as Aedes mosquitos, Culex, Culiseta and Anopheles mosquitos are capable of producing several generations in a typical season. They are often the source of recurring adult mosquito annoyance throughout the season, and several species of Culex and Culiseta mosquitos also have the capacity to vector disease including WNv and Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE), also known as sleeping sickness in horses. They can be a source of reportable annoyance by residents and visitors since many of their preferred habitats are permanent, natural and man-made waterbodies located on residential, commercial, recreational and agricultural properties.

The current status of West Nile virus in British Columbia, Canada and elsewhere in North America, and a review of local mosquito species identified as competent vectors of WNv is discussed in Section 5.4; West Nile and Zika virus Update, and as relevant, throughout the report.

3.2 Weather, Winter Snowpack and Mission Creek Levels

The amount of winter snowfall accumulations in local mountains and their subsequent melt in late spring and early summer have a direct impact on water levels and the extent of flooding observed in low-lying fields, forests and undeveloped areas adjacent to local lakes, rivers and creeks.

Temperature and precipitation (weather) impacts on mosquito development and survival can vary depending on mosquito species and habitat. Weather conditions during April, May and June can either amplify, or reduce, the extent of flood and seepage water accumulations and resultant river levels from snow pack melt. Later in the season, during July and August, temperatures and precipitation can impact development site size, persistence and larval distributions. Adult mosquito activity and survival are affected by temperatures and humidity.

During March, April and May, Duka Ltd. personnel regularly reviewed (websites) local snow pack conditions and long-range weather forecasts. Local lake and Mission Creek levels (websites) were monitored on a near-daily basis beginning in late April and extending throughout July. Ongoing habitat surveillance during the 2017 season confirmed creek and lake level impacts, development site status and allowed new or previously unidentified mosquito development habitat to be identified. New, or changing larval habitats were photographed, mapped, catalogued and added to the development site database for future monitoring and treatment, as required.

. Weather

Overall weather conditions for Kelowna area during the 2017 spring and summer, April through August, were “slightly cooler and drier” than the recent average for 2013-2016. Mean monthly temperatures, for the months March through June 2017 were all below average. July and August temperatures were above average, measured at UBCO Kelowna weather station, (Appendix, Table 1, Chart 3 below). 9

March and April 2017 were “cool and wet”, with monthly mean temperatures averaging 1.6oC below the 2013-2016 average, and twice as much precipitation (76.5mm vs. 37.2mm) as normal, (Appendix Table 1, Chart 1 below). Temperatures for May 2017 were slightly below normal, and precipitation totals slightly above. These overall cooler temperatures and above average precipitation in the late spring caused an increase in mountain snowpack accumulations.

Chart 3: Monthly mean temperature and precipitation totals for March – August 2017 compared with the 2013-2016 averages. Measured at Kelowna UBCO, ID # 1123996

If late spring 2017 was “cool and wet”, the summer; June, July and August were “hot and dry”. Weather conditions during June 2017 fluctuated weekly, with several days of daily high temperatures in excess of 28oC alternating with several days having daily high temperatures in the 22-25oC range. Daily high temperatures during July 2017 were significantly warmer than in 2016. A total of 23 days had daytime maximum temperatures recorded in excess of 30oC during July 2017. To contrast, in July 2016, it was 10 days. Daily maximum temperatures for August 2017 were also warmer than in August 2016, with 18 days having temperatures measured in excess of 30oC. For August 2016, 14 days were measured in excess of 30oC, (http://climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/climateData).

Monthly precipitation totals for June, July and August 2017 (total 7.3mm) were all well below the average, and totaled just 10% of the 2013-2016 average of 77.4mm, (Appendix Table 1, Chart 3 above).

Although the mean monthly temperatures during summer March through August 2017 were below average overall, 15.1oC versus 15.3oC (Appendix, Table 1), there were regular alternations between 10

“cool spells” and “hot spells” throughout May and June. These conditions, following several months of above average precipitation and snowpack accumulations had a profound effect on the melting of this snowpack and resultant extreme water levels for several lakes and rivers in BC.

. Winter Snowpack

Okanagan snowpack levels during the period 01 January to 01 April 2017 were below average, ranging from 79-105% of normal. Increased precipitation during the months of March, April and May caused an increase in snowpack. Measurements on 01 May 2017 were 147% of normal, and by 15 May they had increased to 151% of normal, (Appendix, Chart 4 below). Snow survey data for the Okanagan snow basin was measured at 228% of normal on 01 June 2017, (www.bcrfc.gov.bc.ca).

Chart 4: Snow Surveys: Percent of normal (100%) Snow Pack for 01 January – 01 June, 2015-2017, Okanagan Snow Basin. (www.bcrfc.gov.bc.ca)

Increasing temperatures during the month of May saw 8 of the last 10 days of the month with daily high temperatures in excess of 25oC, and several of those days exceeded 30oC. Melting of low elevation snowpack was underway by late May. Following several days of cooler temperatures in early June, temperatures increased and with it the onset of high elevation snowpack melting. The result was unprecedented water levels in Okanagan, Wood and Kalamalka Lakes and Mission Creek.

. Mission Creek Levels

Increasing Mission Creek levels and the related seepage water accumulations flood adjacent low-lying fields, deciduous forests and also may impact water levels in old channels, sloughs and adjacent Typha 11

marshes. Flooding of this type, depending on its duration, can be sufficient to cause widespread larval eclosion (egg hatching) and development. A review of larval sampling and treatment data from the past two seasons suggests that a Mission Creek level of 1.4m, measured at East Kelowna STN # 08NM116, is sufficient to cause widespread flooding and depending on the duration of high creek levels, recurrent larval development. This ‘larval development threshold’ is useful for forecasting widespread, synchronous larval development and the need for accelerated surveillance of low-lying farm fields, rural properties, forested and undeveloped lands adjacent the Creek.

Table: Mission Creek levels measured near East Kelowna, (STN ID # 08NM116) 2012-2017.

Year Freshet Duration +1.4m +1.8m Peak River Level Date

2017 04 May - 10 June 38 8 2.08 05-May 2016 18 April - 24 May 30 2 2.0 23-May 2015 02 June - 03 June 2 0 1.44 02-Jun 2014 No Data No Data No Data No Data No Data 2013 05 May - 26 June 29 1 1.89 19-Jun 2012 26 April - 04 July 41 6 1.95 10-Jun 2012-2016 Avg. N/A 26 3 1.82 N/A

Mission Creek River Levels 2012-2017 2.2

2

1.8 2012 1.6 2013 1.4 2015 1.2 2016 Threshold

Water Level (m) 1 2017 0.8

0.6

0.4 1-Apr 16-Apr 1-May 16-May 31-May 15-Jun 30-Jun 15-Jul

Figure 1: Mission Creek Levels, measured at East Kelowna (STN # 08NM116), 2012-2017. 12

3.2 Larval Mosquito Populations

Larval mosquito development habitats occurring within the boundaries of the RDCO include permanent, and temporary marshes, ponds and sloughs, ditches and depressions. Both permanent and temporary habitats are affected by the impacts of flood, seepage and precipitation. Variable in size, often occurring in areas with dense underbrush and forest growth, particularly along the Mission Creek areas through the Gallagher and Mission areas. Beginning as early as mid-April, these sites are filled with snowmelt and precipitation, and with increasing creek levels from mountain snowpack melt, flood and seepage water accumulations. Elevated and fluctuating river levels during May and June can cause prolonged flooding in low lying areas.

Duka Ltd. field biologists completed initial surveys the week of 10 - 14 April to verify the size, location and access to previously identified larval mosquito habitat. As part of these initial surveys landowners and business or recreational facility operators and manages were contacted to confirm program participation and any access procedures. With over 250 accessible development site locations, 260-300 individual sites, and a potential +500 hectares of habitat, much of it located on private, rural and agricultural properties, these contacts also provided an opportunity for field personnel to discuss control program operations, strategies and expected results with residents. Where practical, suggestions for reducing mosquito populations and annoyance on private and commercial properties were provided.

Regular surveys and sampling of accessible mosquito development habitat within Kelowna and adjacent areas of the RDCO ensured that larvae were identified and controlled in a timely manner. Okanagan, Wood and Kalamaka lake levels were “extreme”. Flood and seepage water accumulations along Mission Creek were noted by Duka Ltd. personnel as more extensive than last season and several areas of lake shoreline provided additional habitat. Slow draining of the Okanagan Lake system kept lake levels high throughout June and July 2017. With the absence of precipitation and increasingly warm temperatures, lake levels declined and recreational boaters were once again allowed to use the lakes by late July and early August.

. Open water development sites

Larval populations in the permanent, but fluctuating ponds or the Glenmore Landfill were again active on a weekly basis throughout the 2017 summer. Larval populations typically ranged from 5-50 larvae/dip sample, and occasionally over 100 larvae/dip. Several ponds at local golf courses in the Lake Country and Kelowna Airport areas, and others in the Mission/Gallagher areas were frequently active with larval mosquito development during the season, larval populations ranged from 5-30 larvae/dip. Flood and seepage water accumulations all along the Mission Creek area, and in particular in the Hall Road area off KLO Road in Mission/Gallagher, were extensive and recurrent larval development was observed through into July before the sites dried up and disappeared.

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Other larval mosquito development habitats included ponds, pools and depressions located on residential and commercial properties. Unused swimming pools, stagnant display ponds and water-filled containers provided ready sources for larval mosquito development near residents, workers and visitors. Containers were emptied by Duka Ltd. personnel where they were encountered and property owners were encouraged to remove these where possible, to drain unused ponds or pools, and to install fountains or pumps to circulate standing waters.

During March, April and May, DGRA personnel regularly reviewed (websites) local snow pack conditions and long range weather forecasts. Mission Creek levels were monitored (websites) on a near-daily basis beginning in mid-April and through to July. Ongoing site surveillance during the 2017 season confirmed water levels, site permanence and size, development site status and allowed new or previously unidentified mosquito development habitat to be identified. New, or changing larval habitats were catalogued and added to the development site database for future monitoring and treatment, as required.

Larval samples were collected for identification from active larval development sites during the season using a standard 350-500ml dipper. Larval development and samples were first collected on 10 April, and thereafter on a regular basis until 18 August 2017. All samples were preserved and forwarded for taxonomic identification.

The frequent sampling protocols employed for this program ensured timely larval detection and control, but also resulted in the collection of first instar larvae as a proportion of samples. Because of their small size and immaturity, not all 1st instar specimens could be identified to species. In these situations, larval specimens were identified to genus. A total of 279 larval samples were collected and 2762 specimens identified.

Sixteen species of larval mosquitos were collected during 2017 sampling; ten Aedes, two Culex, two Culiseta and two Anopheles, (Table 1, Chart 3 below). All of these mosquitos are capable, under the right conditions, of developing multiple generations during the season and causing reportable, and occasionally extreme annoyance, especially Aedes, which are noted as aggressive biters of man and animals (Belton 1983). Culex and Culiseta mosquitos are also noted pests of man and animals and several species are highly competent vectors of disease such as West Nile virus

The most common mosquito species collected as larvae during 2017 were from the genus Culex, accounting for 53% of all larvae collected between 10 April and 18 August 2017. Collected from flood and seepage water-influenced sites, marshes and permanent ponds with fluctuating water levels, Aedes mosquitos accounted for some 20% of all larval samples identified, Culiseta for 22%, and Anopheles 5% of larval specimens identified, (Table 1, Chart 5 below). Laid on the soil, Aedes mosquito eggs hatch in response to flood and seepage water accumulations occurring early in the season. In 2017, 96% of all Aedes larvae were collected in April and May.

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Culex tarsalis was the most common mosquito larvae collected during 2017, accounting for 29% of larvae collected and identified. Culiseta inornata accounted for 9% of all larvae identified, and of the ten Aedes species collected, Aedes campestris was the most numerous, and accounted for just 5% of all larvae collected during 2017 sampling. The other nine Aedes species collected in 2017 comprised a total of 15% of larvae collected in 2017.

Chart 5: Larval mosquito identifications. Species composition based 2762 specimens collected from various development site types, 10 April to 18 August 2017.

A comparison of larval species distributions over the course of the 2017 summer indicated that there was a change in the diversity, populations and larval species occurrence over the course of the season. While Aedes, Culex, Culiseta and Anopheles were all collected during the first half of the season, April and May 2017, Culex and Culiseta larvae were the predominant larvae in later, June-August, summer collections (Chart 6, below). Aedes mosquitos were the most numerous during the first half of the season, accounting for 67% of larvae collected before the end of May.

The predominant Aedes species collected early in the season were Aedes campestris, accounting for 16% of all larvae collected in April and May. Aedes dorsalis accounted for 11%, and Ae. sticticus accounted for 10% of larvae collected in April and May. A further 12% of Aedes larvae could only be identified to genus because of their immaturity and small size. Six other species of Aedes accounted for 18% of all larvae collected before May 2017. Culex tarsalis accounted for 12% of larvae collected early in the 2017 season.

As the summer progressed, flood and seepage water habitats drained or dried, and the diversity of Aedes mosquito species and their proportion of the local mosquito complex, similarly decreased. Accounting for 67% of all larvae collected during April and May 2017, Aedes mosquitos comprised less than 1% of larvae collected during June, July and August 2017, (Table 1, Chart 6 below). 15

Chart 6: Larval mosquito identifications. Separated into early season, 10 April - 31 May 2017, and later season, 01 June – 18 August 2017, populations.

Larval collections from June, July and into mid-August 2017 were predominantly Culex (73%) and Culiseta (23%) mosquitos. Culex tarsalis accounted for 42% of all larval specimens collected later in the season and another 31% of Culex larvae could only be identified to genus. Culiseta inornata larvae accounted for 13% of larvae collected in June, July and August. Aedes campestris and Aedes dorsalis comprised <1% of larvae identified from late season collections, (Table 1, Chart 6 above).

The predominance of Culex and Culiseta larvae later in the season is was not unexpected. Aedes mosquitos prefer temporary, flood, seepage and snowmelt habitats which typically exist during the first half of a season. Culiseta and Culex on the other hand, make use of permanent and slow-draining development sites such as natural and man-made ponds, marshes and ditches and temporary, slow draining, flood or seepage water accumulations. Responding to a more complex set of parameters including temperatures and day length, they are most common later in a typical season.

. Catch basins

The most widespread development habitat within the RDCO are roadside catch basins (CBs). With over 10,000 CBs located along public roadways and parking lots, they provide a potential source of adult mosquitos in built-up and developing residential, commercial and industrial areas.

Given the intent of catch basins is to collect water run-off to moderate flow rates and inputs into ravine and stream systems, and to also allow organic and other material to settle out, these sites often contain 16

water for extended periods of time. Precipitation and surface water run-off from human activities including lawn watering, car and equipment washing, pool or hot tub cleaning or drainage etc. can increase the number, and extend the amount of time these sites retain water. Several years of catch basin sampling has confirmed they can produce large populations of larvae, typically Culex pipiens (++), an aggressive nuisance pest and very competent vector of West Nile virus (BCCDC, 2005).

Sampling for the presence of water and mosquito larvae was completed for 27 catch basin “clusters”, comprising a total of 110 catch basins. These clusters, consisting of 3-4 catch basins each, were distributed throughout the control program to provide a representative sampling of larval activity onset.

Roadside catch basin clusters were sampled on a weekly basis, beginning the first week of June, and through to mid-August. Routine monitoring of catch basins during the 2017 season noted that larval mosquito development initially increased gradually during the month of June. By the third week of June larval development within catch basins was widespread and treatments were completed. Sampling during July, post treatment, noted larval populations to gradually increase, such that development was again widespread by late July.

3.3 Adult Mosquito Populations

Although larval population surveys and treatment activities are ongoing throughout the summer, adult mosquito annoyance may arise from untreated sites located within control program boundaries, or with wind-blown mosquitos emerging from areas outside the control program. To objectively measure the success and effectiveness of larviciding efforts for residents, adult mosquito population distributions and annoyance were monitored during the season.

Program personnel routinely assessed adult mosquito populations by measuring annoyance through biting or landing counts, observation and input from residents and property owners. A “Standard Bite/Landing Count” involves exposing the forearm for a one minute period and counting the mosquitos which land to bite, or attempt to bite, in that time period. Using an aspirator and pill bottles, this method allows for adult mosquito specimens to be collected while they are actively attempting to, or landing to, bite field personnel. These biting/landing counts were typically completed while sampling larval development habitats and during the setting up and retrieval of light trap sampling equipment.

The second method of adult mosquito population assessment employed standard CDC (Atlanta) light traps. These use 6-Volt batteries to operate a small black light bulb (ultraviolet) and fan. The ultraviolet light acts as an attractant for female mosquitos and the fan forces them into a collection jar. Light traps were typically set up late in the afternoon or early evening and left to run over night or for several days. Light traps, and their samples, were retrieved the following 17

morning, or on the next site visit with any captured specimens forwarded to the laboratory for enumeration and identification. Benefits associated with these traps include an objective, reproducible sampling method and the collection of undamaged specimens.

A total of four locations were selected for routine, and repeated, sampling using light trap equipment. Light traps were set up on 25 separate occasions to collect adult mosquito samples between 21 June and 16 August 2017. Mosquitos landing to bite were collected by Duka Ltd. field biologists on 26 occasions between 13 April and 16 August 2017.

Table: Light trap sampling locations, duration and number of samples collected.

Sampling Location Sampling Date # of Sampling Nights

Gordon Drive 29 June - 16 August 5 Hall Road 29 June - 16 August 4 North Glenmore Road 21 June - 14 August 8 Greenlaw Court 21 June - 14 August 8

Light trap and bite count sampling was effective in collecting a variety of adult mosquitos. A total of 32 adult mosquito specimens were collected while they were landing to bite, and 28 adult mosquitos were collected by light trap sampling activities.

Chart 7: Adult mosquito collections. A total of 60 specimens collected by field biologists while they were landing to bite and using CDC (Atlanta) light traps, 13 April – 16 August 2017.

A total of thirteen different mosquito species were collected as adults during 2017, (Table 2, Chart 7 below). The great majority of adult specimens collected this summer were Aedes. Twelve species of 18

Aedes mosquitos accounted for 90% of all specimens identified from 2017 collections. Culex tarsalis accounted for 10% of adult mosquitos collected and identified in 2017. A little less than half of these species, six, have been identified as vectors for west Nile virus.

Mosquito bite count sampling and anecdotal comments from residents, business operators, visitors, campers and golfers corroborated field staff observations of minimal adult mosquitos for most areas of the control program. Despite the widespread flooding of shoreline properties along area lakes, the great majority of these properties are regularly maintained landscapes, (lawns, gardens and flower beds), and although they were flooded, the great majority were not suitable habitat for larval mosquitos.

Adult mosquito annoyance, where it was reported, or observed by Duka Ltd. personnel this season, was in areas of extreme, or prolonged flooding where water depths, brush and terrain limited access for comprehensive controls to be applied. The Gallagher area along Mission Creek, with large rural properties and natural ponds, marshes and sloughs located throughout the area, contained several hectares of slow- draining and difficult to access habitat. Flooding of low-lying areas adjacent Wood and Kalamalka Lake also created areas which were difficult to access for effective sampling and control.

Given the extreme nature of lake shore flooding of this season, and the warm and dry conditions of July and August, adult mosquito annoyance could be summarized as minimal, isolated or short-lived. Local golf course operators and patrons, recreational facility operators, businesses, property owners and residents were all very appreciative of the services available to them and were always helpful to program personnel.

4.0 MOSQUITO CONTROL AND POPULATION MANAGEMENT

The Regional District of Central Okanagan (RDCO) Nuisance and Vector Mosquito Control Program employs a pro-active, IPM approach to control which maximizes the environmental compatibility and sustainability of the annual program. The mosquito control program reduces the potential for adult mosquito annoyance by focusing efforts on the identification and control, or prevention, of larval mosquito development. The program employs public education, physical site modifications (roadside grading, ditch maintenance, removal of containers, used tire collection) and larval control using the biological (bacterial) mosquito larvicide VectoBac 200G. Factors limiting program success are extreme, or prolonged Mission Creek levels, above average snowpack and/or rate of melt, weather conditions, larvicide treatment scope (total area treated) and frequency of surveillance and application.

A major emphasis for effective management of mosquito populations in the program area involves the timely surveillance and control of the widespread and synchronous hatching of predominantly Aedes mosquitos early in the season. With recurrent, or extended flooding of Mission Creek or frequent precipitation during April and May, Aedes could have multiple hatches of larval development. Routine 19

sampling of flood and seepage water habitats and correlation with melting snowpack, fluctuating pond or marsh levels and precipitation ensures accurate treatment timing and scope within available program resources. Given that Aedes mosquitos are the predominant species of the early season (Table 1, Chart 5 above), and are aggressive pests of man, the timing and identification of active larval habitats is particularly important for initial program operations, both for the purposes of program efficacy, and efficiency. As these sites slowly drain, or are further influenced by irrigation run-off or precipitation, they can become ideal habitat for Culex and Culiseta mosquito development and require routine sampling and treatment throughout the summer.

Routine sampling of flood and seepage water habitats and correlation with melting snowpack, fluctuating river levels and precipitation ensures accurate treatment timing and scope within available program resources. In addition to being notable pests of man, several species of Aedes collected locally over the past few seasons; Ae. doralis, Ae. sticticus and Ae. vexans, and others such as Culex tarsalis and Culiseta inornata have been identified by the BCCDC as potential vectors of West Nile virus.

4.1 Larval Mosquito Control and Prevention

Program biologists continue to identify larval mosquito habitats which can be eliminated, reduced in size, or altered to limit their use by mosquitos. Restoring the flow through man-made ditches or ponds can reduce their suitability as mosquito development sites. The removal or regular drainage of containers such as barrels, uncovered or unused pools, toys, boats or canoes and regular changes of water in livestock watering troughs and bird baths is easily done and eliminates their potential to produce mosquitoes. When encountered by program personnel, containers are typically emptied or drained. Where appropriate, property owners, facility managers and public works personnel are provided with site specific recommendations for reducing larval development habitat and adult mosquito annoyance.

The RDCO provides residents and property owners with the opportunity each fall to drop off their unused, old or stored tires (cars, trucks, tractors, bikes) as part of its annual Used Tire Roundup delivered with the support and assistance of the Tire Stewardship BC. Held this year on Saturday, 23 September, a total of over 1100 tires were collected for recycling.

Removal or alteration of mosquito producing habitat does not necessarily mean drainage resulting in habitat destruction for other organisms and natural predators. Increasing the depths of ponds to over 30 cm or encouraging water movement

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reduces larval mosquito use. It is best accomplished with smaller, temporary, or defined development sites and containers located on private and commercial properties.

Several private properties and golf courses have installed new, or additional fountains, and/or water pumps, in the last two seasons with a resultant exclusion of larval development in these ponds. Public works personnel maintenance of flow in ditches, grading of tire ruts and depressions along roadsides and in vacant areas, removes potential larval development habitats.

The preservation or enhancement of balanced wetland habitats has the best opportunity for a meaningful long-term contribution to overall mosquito control program success through reduction of mosquito populations and enhancement of natural controls including insect, fish and birds.

Large-scale, physical alterations of the low-lying areas adjacent Mission Creek and the filling, drainage or alteration of most natural and man-made marshes, ponds and ditch systems is impractical, undesirable or fiscally prohibitive. The nature, purpose and intent of many of these permanent ponds and marshes requires that they not be eliminated, and as such, routine surveillance and treatment of developing larval populations is required. For these sites, the only practical solution for reducing mosquito populations is through the use of the granular, biological mosquito larvicides such as VectoBac 200G (PCP # 18158) or VectoLex CG (28008). Catch basins can provide season-long larval development habitat and best treated with VectoLex WSP (PCP # 28009). Alternative larval control products such as juvenile growth hormone mimics can have negative impacts on other aquatic insects, arthropods and amphibians and are not used in the program developed for the RDCO by Duka Ltd.

VectoBac 200G contains bacterial spores of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, (Bti), and its mode of action is on the larval mosquito stomach. It is very specific, producing rapid lethal effects in larval mosquitoes within hours. It has no residual activity, does not bio-accumulate and has no impact on beneficial organisms found in mosquito development habitats. The timing of all VectoBac 200G applications ensured they were directed at the most susceptible larval instar stages.

VectoBac 200G is recommended by the manufacturer for use in standing water habitats including temporary and permanent pools in pastures and forested areas, irrigation or roadside ditches, natural marshes or estuarine areas, waters contiguous to fish- bearing waters, catch basins and sewage lagoons. Similar to VectoBac 200G, VectoLex CG also contains a 21

naturally occurring, spore-forming soil bacterium. VectoLex CG contains spores and crystals produced by Bacillus sphaericus. It also is classed as a bio-rational, rather than conventional, pesticide. Like VectoBac, VectoLex acts on the larval mosquito stomach and must be eaten to be effective. VectoLex is very specific and produces lethal effects in a narrow range of mosquito species, including Aedes vexans and most Culex mosquito species. It does not have any effects on man or animals, fish and other insects which may use these aquatic habitats.

Operationally, the important differences between VectoLex and VectoBac are speed of action and persistence in the larval habitat. Larval mortality can take several days for VectoLex versus several hours with VectoBac 200G. This occurs because B. sphaericus is more stable, has a slower settling rate in the water column and the unique ability for its spores to germinate, grow and reproduce in dead mosquito larvae. This is known as recycling and is the mechanism which allows VectoLex to provide long-term, extended control (in excess of 28 days in the Fraser Valley, Lower Mainland) of recurring larval mosquito development. VectoLex CG is recommended by the manufacturer for use in standing water habitats including temporary and permanent pools in pastures and woodlots, irrigation or roadside ditches, natural marshes or estuarine areas, waters contiguous to fish-bearing waters, catch basins and sewage lagoons.

A total of 1239.80 kilograms of VectoBac 200G were applied to a total area of 165.31 hectares of active larval mosquito development habitat during 2017, (Table 3). These treatments totalled some 65% more than in 2016 and reflect the additional area flooded by rising lake and Mission Creek levels this year. A total of some 175 sites were treated a total of 546 separate occasions. Although a number of sites were only treated on one or two occasions during 2017, many sites were treated 3 or 4 times and some sites were treated upwards of 10 times.

The Glenmore Landfill, comprised of several ponds, (Sites GM 19a-f) was one of the largest and most prolific habitats requiring treatment on a near weekly basis, with each pond requiring treatment between 6 and 14 times during 2017. Comprised of numerous, shallow ponds, this area required 21% of all VectoBac 200G applied during 2017. A cattail and grassy marsh at the edge of Kalmalka Lake (Site # WO23, was extensively flooded during June, July and early August before drying up. It was treated on eight occasions. A large, shallow pond in Glenmore (Tutt Ranch/UBCO), Site # GM07, was repeatedly active during 2017 and was treated on seven occasions. Seepage waters from Mission Creek caused extensive and persistent flooding of low-lying forested areas and rural properties in Gallagher, Sites # GG01, GG09, GG10 were each treated on six occasions during 2017.

Duka Ltd. personnel surveyed some 110 catch basins, divided into 27 “clusters” of 3-4 catch basins, distributed throughout the control program, on a regular, weekly basis beginning the first week of June 2017. With the identification of widespread larval development underway, Duka Ltd. personnel surveyed over 10,000 roadside catch basins for the presence, or absence of water, during each sampling and treatment campaign of 2017. A total of 8837 catch basins were treated between 03-05 July 2017 and a further 8382 catch basins were treated 31 July – 02 August 2017. All catch basins holding water 22

at the time of treatment inspection were treated with Vectolex WSP. A total of 306 catch basins located in Peachland, and 58 catchbasins located in West Kelowna, were treated on 03 July 2017. A further 326 catch basins in Peachland, and 57 in West Kelowna were treated on 31 July 2017. Ongoing surveillance of sampling clusters through the third week of August confirmed that effective, extended control of developing larvae was achieved.

Post-application monitoring of all VectoBac 200G and VectoLex WSP applications indicated excellent results had been achieved, with observed mortalities typically greater than 95%. Adult mosquito monitoring and anecdotal reports from residents, businesses, golf course operators and visitors confirmed that adult mosquito annoyance for the great majority of RDCO residents, workers and visitors was minimal or non-existent during 2017. Adult mosquito annoyance where it occurred, was in areas of excessive flood and seepage water accumulations and near development sites with difficult access.

4.2 Adult Mosquito Control and Nuisance Reduction

Adulticiding provides temporary relief from adult mosquito annoyance and repeated applications, along an approved route, are required to provide extended relief. The application method, a mist applied to the air, and the non-target specificity of control products, are such that the potential for impacts on insects other than mosquitos makes this the least desired method for routine mosquito population management.

Adulticiding is not a component of the RDCO nuisance and vector mosquito control program.

. Devices, pesticides and repellants

Adult mosquito collection devices such as Mosquito MagnetsTM, which use propane to generate CO2 will collect adult mosquitos and are marketed by several companies for use by property owners. Although they do collect adult mosquitos, with a collection range of about ½ hectare (one acre), their ability to reduce mosquito populations sufficiently to provide relief from annoyance on a community level is unlikely without the deployment of numerous units. Their use at a single property/residence though, can have a noticeable impact by collecting adult mosquitos and reducing annoyance.

Citronella candles, mosquito coils, KonkTM Automatic Aerosal Sprayers and other such products are marketed as mosquito repellants, or for adult mosquito or biting insect control. These are readily available to residents, campers and property owners.

. Natural predators

Although flying insects can form a large component of the diet for flying insectivores (eg. bats, swallows, Purple Martins), there is no scientific evidence which suggests that birds or bats provide a detectable 23

level of mosquito control. Both birds and bats are opportunistic feeders and adult mosquitos have been identified as a very small component (<2%) of their diet, (Fang 2010, Gonsalves et al, 2013). They are not however, scientifically recognized as able to provide any real impact on mosquito populations when used solely as a mosquito population control option. Interested residents are, however, still encouraged to install bird nesting boxes or bat houses if they wish. It allows individuals to contribute to a comprehensive, integrated mosquito control program, to enhance the natural control of mosquito populations and it may provide residents with a sense of reduced adult mosquito annoyance. Additional predators for adult mosquitos include insects such as wasps, deer flies, dragonflies, damsel flies, etc. and spiders.

The key to successful mosquito control (population management) and a reduction in adult mosquito nuisance populations is through the early detection and timely control, or prevention, of larval development. Preserving and enhancing natural predator populations, including aquatic larval predators (diving beetles, dragon flies, fish etc.), and reducing, or eliminating larval mosquito habitats contributes to sustainable control operations and suppression of local adult mosquito populations.

5.0 CONTROL PROGRAM EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Larval development site identification, sampling and targeted, timely treatments with analysis of results, are primary components of successful, ongoing IPM-focused mosquito control programs. A review of winter snow pack, water levels and local weather conditions, in conjunction with a sound knowledge of mosquito biology, local species and development sites, are required to ensure timely surveying and monitoring. Left untreated, larval mosquitos would complete their development to become a possible source of adult mosquito annoyance. Factors limiting program success are larvicide treatment scope and frequency of surveillance and application. Increasing the scope (total area) and frequency of larval monitoring and applications reduces overall mosquito populations and improves program effectiveness.

Once underway, larval development in Kelowna and adjacent RDCO areas has been observed to occur on a near-continuous, or recurrent basis in many permanent and slow draining sites. Larval development has been observed as early as the first week of April and as late as the third week of August. The forested area, farm fields and large rural properties adjacent Mission Creek, and the numerous permanent ponds scattered throughout area at golf courses, public and private lands provide ideal larval mosquito development habitat. Flood and seepage water-influenced sites typically produce larval mosquitos for as long as they contain water and permanent ponds can produce mosquitos 24

throughout the season. Rigorous and extensive sampling of these often expansive sites, allows for individual sites, or portions of sites, to be identified for timely treatments.

Mosquito control programs should be evaluated annually and the results achieved this year, one with exceptional flooding and resultant, increased mosquito development and control, confirms that it continues to meet the needs of residents. A total of just 22 service requests, 1/3 of the 64 received in 2017, were to report adult mosquito annoyance. For the great majority of Kelowna, Peachland and adjacent RDCO area residents, adult mosquito annoyance was non-existent, minimal, or short-lived. The many positive reports and discussions Duka Ltd. field personnel had with area residents confirmed the overall success of the 2017 Nuisance Mosquito Control Program. There is strong, positive support for the continuation of this safe, effective annual mosquito control program.

5.1 Public Relations and Education

Regular and routine interactions with residential and rural property owners, golf course managers, farmers, orchardists and their staff, brochures and ‘door knob hangers’ provided residents and area visitors with practical, useful information and updates on control program operations. Regular newspaper and radio articles and advertisements, social media posts and public information booths set-up at a number of farmers and crafters markets and community events provided additional and current information about ongoing program operations.

Responding to resident requests for service allows program personnel to locate new or previously undetected development habitat and provides an opportunity to discuss mosquito control program operations and goals. These contacts have been demonstrated to provide valuable information about sources of adult mosquito annoyance and larval development sites.

All private property owners, golf course, campground, landfill and outdoor facility managers were very helpful to Duka Ltd. field personnel providing ready access to their lands and businesses for larval mosquito surveillance and control. All field and management staff contacts with the general public, business operators, visitors and residents were very positive. There is strong support for the annual control program.

5.2 Surveying, Monitoring and Control

Program data collected over the past few years confirms that extended periods of Mission Creek levels measured in excess 1.4m will give rise to recurring larval mosquito development in flood and seepage water habitats located adjacent to creek. This information allows the onset of larval mosquito development to be forecast and surveillance focused on larval mosquito occurrence and distributions.

Identification and development site surveillance are essential to this successful, ongoing mosquito control program. Surveying and monitoring of larval habitats (water bodies) and adult harbourage (treed, woodland) areas for the presence of mosquitos determines the need for control and informs additional 25

treatment decisions. A review of winter snow pack, precipitation and temperatures, in conjunction with a sound knowledge of mosquito biology, species complex, local development habitats and their interactions are necessary to ensure effective control of widespread mosquito development. Left unchecked, larval mosquitos would complete their development to become a potential source of adult mosquito annoyance.

Twenty four different species of mosquitos were collected during the 2017 season, including Aedes dorsalis, Aedes vexans and Aedes sticticus. Collected from flood and seepage water-influenced sites, marshes and permanent ponds with fluctuating water levels, Aedes mosquitos accounted for some 20% of all larval samples identified. Culex mosquitos were the most common mosquito species collected during 2017, accounting for 53% of all larvae collected and identified. Culiseta mosquitos accounted for 22% of all larvae collected, and Anopheles, for 5%. Capable of vectoring diseases such as West Nile virus (WNv), control of Aedes vexans (++), Ae. dorsalis (+++), and the highly competent vectors, Culex tarsalis (++++), Culex pipiens (+++) and Culiseta inornata (+++) as part of the annual Nuisance Mosquito Control Program not only suppresses adult mosquito populations to reduce potential annoyance, but also reduces the potential public health risks from WNv.

Ground-based treatment to accessible habitats controlled recurrent larval mosquito development in areas located adjacent to numerous private residences, commercial and recreational operations, RV campgrounds and golf course areas. The annual scope of ground-based treatments required in “average” season has yet to be determined. The magnitude of these treatments is determined by a variety of factors, not limited to, but including, property owner permission, site type and access (water depths, vegetation, animals, fencing) weather, river or lake levels and will likely vary from season to season.

A review of 2016 and 2017 program successes suggests that an average annual larvicide treatment scope for open water habitats of approximately 75–125 hectares, and some 500+ applications is necessary during seasons with snowpack accumulations on 01 May measured at 90-110% of normal, and precipitation totals for May through August averaging 150mm or less. Mission Creek levels with an average, to below average, number of days exceeding the threshold of 1.4m provides for a moderate amount of flood and seepage water accumulations. In seasons with above average (+150%) snowpack on 01 May, or increasing snow packs into May and June, treatment of an additional 50+/- hectares may be required. Several seasons of larval surveillance, treatment and correlations with meteorological and hydrological conditions will further define the appropriate scope of operations.

Regular surveys and sampling of accessible mosquito development habitat within Kelowna and adjacent areas of the RDCO ensured that larvae were identified and controlled in a timely manner. Okanagan, Wood and Kalamaka Lake levels were “extreme”. Flood and seepage water accumulations along Mission Creek were noted by Duka Ltd. personnel as more extensive than last season and several lake shoreline areas were also active with larval development.

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Catch basins provide the most widespread type of larval mosquito development habitat within the defined areas of the RDCO and potential source of adult mosquitos. Providing habitat for almost only Culex pipiens (BCCDC) mosquitos their control is essential to limit localized annoyance and the possibility for disease transmission within “built-up” residential and commercial areas of the Regional District, City of Kelowna and Peachland. Culex pipiens mosquitos can have multiple generations in a season and adult females will enter buildings in search of blood meal. They have a WNv ranking for competency of ( +++ ).

5.3 Environmental

An important element for smaller scale control of mosquito populations nearest residential, commercial and recreational areas is the reduction or elimination of larval mosquito habitats. Locally, this practice should include physical mosquito control through source reduction (filling, ditching, and draining) or the re-establishment of flows as a preferred method of control. Once completed it requires either no further attention or minimal maintenance to exclude further larval development. For sloughs or pond sites on golf courses and private properties where site elimination is not desirable for aesthetic or practical reasons, measures could include installing fountains or water baffles to increase water movement and reduce their suitability for larval mosquito development while conserving, and enhancing, habitat for aquatic (insect, fish, amphibian) mosquito predators.

Removal or alteration of mosquito producing habitat does not necessarily mean drainage resulting in habitat destruction for other organisms and natural predators. Property owners were encouraged as part of all public education initiatives to manage stagnant and non-flowing waters to minimize their use as sources for mosquito development. Physical control of mosquito development sites includes screening of containers, rain gutters or barrels, and the maintenance of water levels in livestock watering troughs, bird baths and display or fish ponds. The elimination or routine draining of water holding containers such as tires, buckets or containers permanently eliminates them as a source of mosquito development.

Given that physical elimination of most natural, open water mosquito development habitats occurring within the area is impractical or undesirable, widespread mosquito populations occurring in the RDCO are best controlled using bio-rational larvicides containing Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (AquaBac or VectoBac) or Bacillus sphaericus (VectoLex).

All field personnel and aerial application pilots are certified as Pesticide Applicators in the category of ‘Mosquito and Biting Fly Abatement’ by the BC Ministry of Environment. Prior to any pesticide application field personnel review and confirm all the information contained within the development site database and through regular and ongoing contacts with property owners.

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The procedures, methodologies, and control products employed in this annual program are described in detail in the Regional District of Central Okanagan Mosquito Control Pest Management Plan (PMP) # 148- 0028-16/21. It supports the principles of an environmentally sustainable Integrated Pest Management approach to mosquito surveillance and control. The PMP expires on 03 May 2021.

All government regulatory agency conditions and notifications were completed as required for program start-up and operation by Duka Ltd, as appropriate. BCMOE requisite reporting, the “Pesticide Use Follow- up Report” (due 31 December) and the “Annual Report on Pesticide Use for Confirmation Holders” (January 2018) will be completed by Duka Ltd. and submitted to the BCMOE on behalf of the RDCO.

5.4 West Nile virus and Zika virus Update

. West Nile virus

The BC Centre for Disease Control (www.BCCDC.ca) coordinates the Province of BC’s West Nile virus (WNv) surveillance and response programs. Surveillance is performed in BC by testing humans, horses, mosquitos and birds for WNv. The BCCDC developed (2003) the Arbovirus Surveillance and Response Guidelines for British Columbia and coordinated the Provinces response through community and Regional District operated West Nile virus (WNv) Mosquito Surveillance and Pre-emptive Larval Control Programs during the period 2004-2010.

West Nile Virus in British Columbia (2009-2017)

*Includes confirmed, locally acquired cases only **Virus detected in horses, birds, or mosquitoes Data up to September 15, 2017 † Data from 2009 to 2017, sources: http://www.doh.wa.gov/, https://public.health.oregon.gov/,

28

Human testing occurs via blood and organ donations, and through physician requested tests. Horses that present with symptoms are seen by veterinarians and tested by private labs or the Animal Health Centre. Mosquitos are trapped in some regions, and sent to the BCCDC for identification and testing. Only Culex species are tested because they are the primary mosquito vector. In certain situations, clusters of dead birds belonging to the corvid family (ravens, crows, magpies and jays) may be tested at the Animal Health Centre because they may die from the virus.

Due to the low and stable incidence of WNv it was decided by the BCCDC in the fall of 2014 that it was no longer necessary to conduct active surveillance of mosquitos or other indicators. The provincial decision to eliminate this surveillance was reached at the BC Communicable Disease Policy Advisory Committee meeting in February 2015. Human clinical testing will continue.

In 2017 one human case (southern Okanagan) and two horses (Central Kootenays and East Kootenays) were reported. In 2016, one travel-related human case was reported in Kelowna. That year, ten horses (2 travelled) and 2 crows tested positive within BC. The first indication of WNv presence in the Central and east Kootenays was recorded in 2016.

This annual RDCO Nuisance and Vector Mosquito Control Program monitors mosquito populations and provides pro-active control of developing larval populations. This approach allows for both nuisance and disease causing mosquitos to be readily identified, their larvae treated in a timely fashion, and before they can emerge as adults. This suppresses local mosquito populations, reduces mosquito nuisance and contributes to the protection of public health.

Chart 8: Mosquito species identified from 2017 larval collections and their West Nile virus competency/species and proportion of the total mosquito complex. 29

Of the twenty four different species of mosquitos collected locally in RDCO since 2016, 11 species, seven larvae and four adults, have been identified by the BCCDC (2005) as competent vectors of West Nile virus. Four of these, Aedes dorsalis, Aedes hendersonii, Culiseta inornata and Culex pipiens have the second highest (+++) competency ranking. Culex tarsalis, the mosquito with the highest competency of (++++), was the most collected from throughout program area in 2016, and in 2017 it was the most common larvae collected.

. Zika (ZIKV) virus

Zika virus disease is a mosquito-associated flaviviral disease caused by Zika virus (ZIKV). It is related to other Flaviviridae, including Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, Yellow Fever, St. Louis Encephalitis and Dengue viruses.

The virus was first identified in humans in the 1950s. From 1951-1981 the virus was reported from African countries and parts of Asia. In 2007 the first major outbreak occurred in Micronesia in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. Between 2013-2015 significant outbreaks were noted on islands and archipelagos of the Pacific Region and included a large outbreak in French Polynesia. In early 2015, Zika virus emerged in South America with outbreaks in Brazil and Colombia.

Health Canada (www.Hc-sc.gc.ca) is closely monitoring the occurrence and distribution of Zika (ZIKV) virus within Canada and around the world. Changes in scientific information are continually monitored and updates provided to the Canadian public on an as needed basis. The National Microbiology Laboratory is able to detect the virus and offers testing support to provinces and territories. The World Health Organization monitors Zika case reports from around the world. To date, a number of countries, territories and area shave reported cases of microcephaly and/or central nervous system malformation potentially associated with Zika infection. Monitoring of pregnant women in other countries experiencing Zika virus outbreaks is ongoing.

As of 07 September 2017, 523 travel related cases and 4 sexually transmitted cases, including 37 pregnant women and 2 with Zika-related anomalies reported in newborns in Canada. For most individuals, as with West Nile virus, ZIKV will have little to no serious health impact. However, infection with ZIKV can cause rare but severe outcomes such as Guillain Barre Syndrome (possible paralysis), congenital abnormalities (microcephaly) in the fetus and some ZIKV-associated deaths in adults.

The primary vector of ZIKV (as well as Dengue and Yellow fever virus) is Aedes aegypti, a tropical to subtropical mosquito which develops in containers. Aedes albopictus has been implicated as a vector, though its role in the current outbreak is unknown.

Local transmission in Canada would require the presence of a species of mosquito that can be infected with, and transmit, ZIKV to human hosts. The likelihood that Ae. aegypti will become established in an 30

area of Canada under current climatic conditions is estimated as Very Low. A potential secondary vector, Ae. albopictus, occurs throughout the United States, including the southern parts of some Eastern States and upper Midwest states that border Canada. The likelihood that this species will become established in any area of Canada under current climatic condition is considered Low. This species is widely distributed outside the tropics but is not known to be established in Canada.

Aedes japonicus has been identified in the Lower Mainland, Fraser Valley (2014) and the Niagra Region of Ontario (2004). It is now the fifth most common mosquito in Ontario, Ae. japonicus is “high on the list” as a potential ZIKV vector and subject of study (Fiona Hunter, 2016). About dozen other species (Culex and Culiseta) already in Canada can transmit other flavaviral diseases and could also be potential vectors of Zika virus (Fiona Hunter, 2016).

As part of West Nile virus surveillance programs, several provinces and territories continue to conduct routine mosquito surveillance activities. Provinces, Regional Districts and Municipalities are responsible for the control of mosquito populations. Health Canada advises that in the future, consideration could be given to enhancing mosquito surveillance to detect new or invasive mosquito species in Canada. This would include those species responsible for Zika virus transmission.

31

6.0 REFERENCES AND LITERATURE REVIEWED

BC Centre for Disease Control, 2004. Arbovirus Surveillance and Response Guidelines for British Columbia. www.BCCDC.org

BC Centre for Disease Control, 2008. BC WNv Mosquito Control Working Group. excerpt: BC provincial Mosquito Pest Management Plan, July 03, 2008.

BC Centre for Disease Control, 29 May 2015. Email from Marsha Taylor, Epidemiologist, BCCDC to DGRA Ltd. Status update.

BC Centre for Disease Control, 2016. West Nile virus reports, updates etc. (www.BCCDC.ca)

B.C. Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Mosquito Control Guide. Queens Printer, Victoria, 1984.

BC Ministry of Environment, Winter snowpack (snow pillow) accumulations, (River Forecast Centre, www.env.gov.bc.ca/rfc/)

Belton, Peter. The Mosquitoes of British Columbia. Victoria: Handbook (British Columbia Provincial Museum) No 41, 1983, 189 pages.. www.sfu.ca/~belton/. Various and ongoing updates, 2005 -2008.

BWP Consulting Inc. Final Report of the Regional District of Central Okanagan Nuisance Mosquito Control Program and West Nile Virus Prevention Program 2015. November 2015.

Darsie, R. and Ward, R., 1981. Identification and Geographical Distribution of the Mosquitoes of North America, North Mexico, American Mosquito Control Association, 313pp.

DG Regan and Associates Ltd. Regional District of Central Okanagan Integrated Pest Management Plan PMP # 142-0028-16/21, Mosquito Control Program. Expiry 03 May 2021

DG Regan and Associates Ltd. 2016 Regional District of Central Okanagan Nuisance and Vector Mosquito Control Program Summary Report. November 2016, 24 pages.

Ellis, Roy., Municipal Mosquito Control Guidelines, Health Canada Bureau of Infectious Diseases, 54 pages, 2005.

Environment Canada, http://climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata

Fang, Janet. 2010. Ecology. A World without Mosquitos. Nature 466: 432-434

32

Gonsalves, Leroy., Brian Bicknell, Brad Law, Cameron Webb & Vaughn Monamy. 2013. Mosquito Consumption by insectivorous bats. Does Size Matter. PloS one 8 (10) 00; e77183

Health Canada, 2016. West Nile and Zika (ZIKV) reports, status updates, travel advisories, etc. (www.Hc-sc.gc.ca)

M. Jackson, P. Belton, S.McMahon, et. al. The First Record of Aedes japonicas and its Establishment in Western Canada. Journal of Medical Entomology, November 2015.

Lacey, L.A., M.S. Mulla. Safety of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus to Nontarget Organisms in the Aquatic Environment. 1988, 19 pp.

Toronto Star, 19 February 2016. News story. Ms. Fiona Hunter, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario.

Wood, D.M., Dang, P.T., Ellis, R.A., 1979. The Insects and Arachnids of Canada; Part 6, Diptera; Culicidae. Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Ottawa, 390pp.

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TABLES

Table 1: Larval Sampling and Identifications Summary; Regional District of Central Okanagan; 2017 Nuisance and Vector Mosquito Control Program

WNV Species Competency April May June July August Total

Aedes campestris 36 99 15 150 Aedes dorsalis +++ 77 18 1 96 Aedes eudes 17 17 Aedes excrucians 7 7 Aedes fitchii 0? 6 6 Aedes implicatus 39 39 Aedes mercurator 5 18 23 Aedes punctor 46 46 Aedes spp 60 41 3 104 Aedes stiticus +? 29 55 84 Aedes vexans ++ 2 2 Anopheles freeborni 6 6 Anopheles punctipennis +? 6 44 28 1 79 Anopheles spp 18 5 19 4 46 Culex spp 9 58 482 42 591 Culex tarsalis ++++ 100 128 467 112 807 Culex territans 2 10 4 60 76 Culiseta impatiens 0? 6 29 3 5 43 Culiseta inornata +++ 47 84 102 9 242 Culiseta spp 87 73 137 1 298

246 584 456 1242 234 2762

West Nile virus (WNV) competency rankings are from low, to no disease vector capacity (0), to (++++), or the ability to effectively transmit the disease.

Table 2: Adult Mosquito Sampling and Identifications Summary; Regional District of Central Okanagan;

2017 Nuisance and Vector Mosquito Control Program

WNV Light Trap Collections LTB Captures Total

Species Competency June July August April - August Collected

Aedes aloponotum 5 4 9 Aedes canadensis ++ 2 2 Aedes dorsalis +++ 4 4

Aedes flavescens 1 1 Aedes hendersoni +++? 1 1

Aedes implicatus 1 2 3 6 Aedes provocans 0? 1 1

Aedes pullatus 1 1

Aedes riparius 4 4 4 12

Aedes spencerii 3 3

Aedes spp 1 1 2 Aedes sticticus +? 2 2 5 9 Aedes vexans ++ 3 3 Culex tarsalis ++++ 3 1 2 6

2017 Totals 10 8 10 32 60

Note: - LTB (Landing to Bite) captures. Adult mosquitoes collected while they wer landing to bite. - West Nile virus (WNV) competency rankings are from low, to no disease vector capacity (0), to (++++), or the ability to effectively transmit the disease.

Table 3: VectoBac 200G Application Summary; Regional District of Central Okanagan, 2017 Nuisance and Vector Mosquito Control Program

Site Number of Area Amount Number Location Treatments # Treated ha Applied kg

AP02 Unit 1 - 395 Hereron Rd 4 3.600 27.00 AP03 Hereron Rd 3 1.293 9.70 AP05 3510 Bulman Rd 3 0.880 6.60 AP06 1137 Alumni Ave 3 0.240 1.80 AP07 3740 Bulman Rd 2 0.800 6.00 AP08 3685 Bulman Rd 2 0.093 0.70 AP10 5690 Upperbooth Rd North 3 1.733 13.00 AP11 4425 Twin Creek Place 1 0.027 0.20 AP13 500m past 5816 Farmers Dr 1 0.053 0.40 AP14 5835 Sierra Dr 3 0.173 1.30 AP21 2210 Quail Ridge Blvd 1 0.320 2.40 AP22 2210 Quail Ridge Blvd 2 0.320 2.40 AP23 3200 Via Centrale 4 1.640 12.30 AP24 3200 Via Centrale 4 1.587 11.90 AP25 Access at end of Quail Cres 7 1.467 11.00 AP27 Cementary Rd to Dry Valley Rd 1 0.373 2.80 AP30 Adams Rd & Carnie Rd 2 0.520 3.90 AP31 3330 Old Vernon Rd 1 0.040 0.30 AP33 5575 Deadpine Drive 2 1.093 8.20 AP34 Bulman Road Next to pullout by bikepath 1 0.027 0.20 Airport Kelowna Total 50 16.280 122.10

DK02 Sunset Dr 1 0.040 0.30 DK04 Knox Mountain Dr 3 1.707 12.80 DK05 Knox Mountain Rd 5 2.093 15.70 DK06 Rio Dr 1 0.053 0.40 DK10 Knox Mountain Dr 1 0.093 0.70 DK11 408 Rio Dr 1 0.027 0.20 DK12 178 Mathison 1 0.027 0.20 DK13 Clement Ave and Spall Rd 1 0.400 3.00 Downtown Kelowna Total 14 4.440 33.30

GG01 4320 Gallaghers Dr West 6 1.133 8.50 GG02 4320 Gallaghers Dr West 3 0.627 4.70

Table 3: VectoBac 200G Application Summary; Regional District of Central Okanagan, 2017 Nuisance and Vector Mosquito Control Program

Site Number of Area Amount Number Location Treatments # Treated ha Applied kg

GG04 3858 Summerside Dr 3 0.187 1.40 GG05 4075 Jean Rd 4 1.080 8.10 GG07 4284 Jaud Rd 5 0.880 6.60 GG08 4205 Wallace Hill Rd 3 0.360 2.70 GG09 4215 Wallace Hill Rd 6 1.467 11.00 GG10 2950 Balldock Rd 6 1.253 9.40 GG11 4485 Sallows Rd 3 0.320 2.40 GG12 4592 Sallows Rd 5 0.373 2.80 GG13 3079/3081 Hall Rd 4 0.640 4.80 GG15 2555 Johnson Rd 2 0.080 0.60 GG16 Across from 3129 Hall Rd 1 0.600 4.50 GG17 3145 Hall Rd, 2570 Maquinna Rd, 2550 Maquinna Rd 4 1.360 10.20 GG20B 3130 Hall Rd 3 0.467 3.50 GG21 2455 Maquinna Rd & 2475 Maquinna Rd 1 0.840 6.30 GG22A 3150 Hall Rd 2 0.160 1.20 GG22B 3150 Hall Rd 3 0.613 4.60 GG22C 3150 Hall Rd 1 0.053 0.40 GG23 3190 Hall Rd 3 0.653 4.90 GG24 3215 Hall Rd 5 0.467 3.50 GG25A 3236 Hall Rd 5 0.880 6.60 GG25B 3236 Hall Rd 2 0.867 6.50 GG26 2415 Dunsmuir Rd 2 0.133 1.00 GG27 3205 Wildwood Rd 3 0.133 1.00 GG28 3210 Wildwood Rd 2 0.107 0.80 GG29A 2130 K.L.O. Rd 4 1.013 7.60 GG29B 2130 K.L.O. Rd 3 1.827 13.70 GG30 1979 K.L.O. Rd 4 1.320 9.90 GG31 3195 Hall Road 3 0.120 0.90 GG32 3270 Wildwood Dr 4 2.427 18.20 GG33 3280 Wildwood Dr 5 2.267 17.00 GG36 3236 Hall Rd 1 0.040 0.30 GG37A 3040 Hall Rd 4 0.773 5.80 GG37B 3040 Hall Rd 3 0.120 0.90 GG38 3314 Wildwood Rd. 4 0.907 6.80 GG39 1959 KLO Road 3 1.387 10.40 Gallagher Total 125 27.933 209.50

Table 3: VectoBac 200G Application Summary; Regional District of Central Okanagan, 2017 Nuisance and Vector Mosquito Control Program

Site Number of Area Amount Number Location Treatments # Treated ha Applied kg

GM01 4055 North Glenmore Rd 3 0.293 2.20 GM02 3550 North Glenmore Rd 5 1.507 11.30 GM03 3550 North Glenmore Rd 3 0.400 3.00 GM04 2248 McKinley Rd 2 0.160 1.20 GM06 2245 McKinley Rd 2 0.173 1.30 GM07 2105 North Glenmore Rd 7 5.880 44.10 GM08 Millard Ct West 4 0.227 1.70 GM09 745 Rifle Rd 1 0.267 2.00 GM13 Ditches on West side of Glenmore, South of Begbie 2 0.293 2.20 GM14 750 Glenmore Rd 1 0.027 0.20 GM19A 2105 North Glenmore Rd 14 10.213 76.60 GM19B 2105 North Glenmore Rd 9 7.613 57.10 GM19C 2105 North Glenmore Rd 7 3.147 23.60 GM19D 2105 North Glenmore Rd 7 3.413 25.60 GM19E 2105 North Glenmore Rd 12 11.387 85.40 GM22 Curtis Rd 1 1.133 8.50 Glenmore Total 80 46.133 346.00

GMHL01 Upper Canyon Dr and Union Rd 2 0.240 1.80 GMHL03 Longridge Dr and Hidden Lake Pl 2 0.320 2.40 GMHL07 Wilden Subdivision 2 0.600 4.50 GMHL09 Wilden Subdivision 1 0.400 3.00 Glenmore Highlands Total 7 1.560 11.70

MIS01 3330 Wildwood Rd 2 0.053 0.40 MIS03 3687 Benvoulin 5 2.280 17.10 MIS06 5167 Lakeshore Rd 4 1.453 10.90 MIS07 3805 Lakeshore Rd 5 1.587 11.90 MIS08 4105 Gordon Dr 3 0.560 4.20 MIS10 1085 Lexington Ave 2 0.707 5.30 MIS11 3854 Gordon Dr 3 0.387 2.90 MIS12 4444 Belmont Rd 5 0.947 7.10 MIS13A 3885 Gordon Dr 3 0.627 4.70 MIS13B 3885 Gordon Dr 1 0.120 0.90

Table 3: VectoBac 200G Application Summary; Regional District of Central Okanagan, 2017 Nuisance and Vector Mosquito Control Program

Site Number of Area Amount Number Location Treatments # Treated ha Applied kg

MIS14 Munson Rd off Benvoulin Rd 1 0.133 1.00 MIS15 1429 K.L.O. Rd 3 0.453 3.40 MIS16 1370 K.L.O. Rd 5 0.387 2.90 MIS17 K.L.O. Rd. bridge-southside 1 0.013 0.10 MIS18A Access from Casorso Rd (Mission creek bridge) 3 1.160 8.70 MIS18B Access from Casorso Rd (Mission creek bridge) 4 1.453 10.90 MIS18C Access from Casorso Rd (Mission creek bridge) 3 1.267 9.50 MIS18D Access from Casorso Rd (Mission creek bridge) 1 0.827 6.20 MIS19 2077 Fisher Rd 2 0.187 1.40 MIS21 Ditches on Swamp Rd 3 0.747 5.60 MIS23 3685 Benvoulin Rd 2 0.480 3.60 MIS26 Cavell Pl 2 1.080 8.10 MIS31 Steele Rd & Twinflower Cres 4 1.347 10.10 MIS32 South Ridge Park 2 0.053 0.40 MIS34 2500 Enterprise Way 2 0.160 1.20 MIS35 Access Greenway from Mayer Rd 4 0.440 3.30 MIS36 1750 Munson Road 2 0.107 0.80 MIS37 3551 Benvoulin Road 4 2.480 18.60 MIS38 Rockview Park 5 1.267 9.50 MIS39 3155 Gordon Drive 3 0.560 4.20 MIS40 347 Quilchena Road 1 0.533 4.00 MIS41 1460 KLO Road 1 0.427 3.20 MIS42 630 Thorneloe Road 1 0.013 0.10 MIS44 1986 Bowes Street 2 0.120 0.90 MIS45 3154 Walnut Street (3164 & 3178 too) 4 1.400 10.50 MIS46 3164 & 3175 Walnut Street 1 0.293 2.20 MIS48 1986 Bowes Street 1 0.093 0.70 Mission Total 100 26.200 196.50

RT03 Corner of Hwy 33 & Black Mountain Dr 1 0.427 3.20 RT04 Off Highway 33 and Joe Rich Rd 4 0.560 4.20 RT05 1755 Gallaghers Rd 4 0.627 4.70 RT06 Loseth Rd 2 0.573 4.30 RT07 1759 Hwy 33 East 5 2.040 15.30 RT08 2100 Garner Rd 3 0.200 1.50

Table 3: VectoBac 200G Application Summary; Regional District of Central Okanagan, 2017 Nuisance and Vector Mosquito Control Program

Site Number of Area Amount Number Location Treatments # Treated ha Applied kg

RT10 Swainson Rd & Treetop Rd 5 0.800 6.00 RT11 2550 Old Vernon Rd 5 1.253 9.40 RT14 245 Cornish Rd 1 0.067 0.50 RT16 1164 Morrison Rd 4 0.173 1.30 RT17 350 Moyer Rd 4 0.893 6.70 RT19 250 Sumac Rd West 4 1.080 8.10 RT21 Off Hollywood Rd South 2 0.387 2.90 RT22A Leckie Rd & Springfield 1 0.147 1.10 RT22C Leckie Rd & Springfield 2 0.133 1.00 RT23 2725 Acland Rd 2 0.667 5.00 RT25 Fenwick Rd 4 0.973 7.30 RT27 1855 Tower Ranch Boulevard 2 0.493 3.70 RT28 1225 Mackenzie Road 3 0.627 4.70 RT29 1220 McKenzie Road 5 0.653 4.90 RT30 1342 Shaunna Road 1 0.387 2.90 RT31 510 Taylor Road 1 0.040 0.30 RT32 175 Rains Road 3 0.627 4.70 Rutland Total 68 13.827 103.70

WO01 2611 Stillwater Way 3 0.227 1.70 WO03 8824 Hwy 97 1 0.053 0.40 WO04 10639 Bottom Wood Lake Rd 3 0.533 4.00 WO07 13397 Lodge Rd 4 0.307 2.30 WO08 Lodge Rd 2 0.560 4.20 WO09 10508 Sherman Road 5 0.880 6.60 WO11 Russel Rd 2 0.093 0.70 WO12 Lodge & Woodsdale Rd 7 3.293 24.70 WO13 3687 Woodsdale Road 4 0.773 5.80

WO18 12250 Oyama Rd 3 0.387 2.90 WO20 5574 Hayton Rd 3 0.813 6.10 WO23 16011 Greenhaw Ct 9 6.653 49.90 WO26 16012 Oyama Rd 4 1.080 8.10 WO27 3271 Berry Rd 2 0.600 4.50 WO30 6011 Oyama Lake Rd 1 0.213 1.60

Table 3: VectoBac 200G Application Summary; Regional District of Central Okanagan, 2017 Nuisance and Vector Mosquito Control Program

Site Number of Area Amount Number Location Treatments # Treated ha Applied kg

WO31 16821 Owls Nest Rd and 1408 Evans Rd 5 1.067 8.00 WO34 1851 Davidson Rd 7 0.107 0.80 WO35 1960 Camp Rd 4 1.320 9.90 WO36 1960 Camp Rd 6 1.920 14.40 WO37 Long Rd Pond 3 1.387 10.40 WO39 2975 Woodsdale Rd at corner of Woodsdale Ct 2 0.160 1.20 WO42 2061 & 2064 Nygren Rd 4 2.053 15.40 WO45 1727 Saldin Ct 3 0.080 0.60 WO46 10563 Okanagan Center Dr West 1 0.707 5.30 WO47 2085 Nygren Rd 4 1.440 10.80 WO48 7182 Mccoubrey rd 5 1.227 9.20 WO49 11121 cemetery road 3 0.573 4.30 WO50 3226 Clement Rd 1 0.400 3.00 WO51 9750 Seaton Rd 1 0.027 0.20 Winfield-Oyama (Lake Country) Total 102 28.933 217.00

2017 Total 546 165.307 ha 1239.80 kg

APPENDIX

Temperature and Precipitation Summary: UBCO Kelowna, April-August, 2013 -2017.

APPENDIX, Table 1: Comparison of Monthly Mean Temperatures for the Period April – August, 2013 – 2017; at Kelowna, BC1

Mean Temperatures (°C) Year March April May June July August Average

2017 3.8 8.4 14.4 18.3 23.3 22.2 15.1 2016 6.5 13.0 15.1 18.5 20.3 21.5 15.8 2015 7.4 9.4 15.7 20.8 23.0 21.3 16.3 2014 4.1 8.9 14.4 17.6 23.8 21.8 15.1 2013 4.8 7.3 13.6 16.5 20.6 20.3 13.9

Avg. 2013-16 5.7 9.7 14.7 18.4 21.9 21.2 15.3

Source: http://climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html Notes: 1. Station; KELOWNA UBCO, Climate ID # 1123996, elevation 609m. 2. In some instances the data summarized above is based on incomplete information.

APPENDIX, Table 1: Comparison of Monthly Total Precipitation for the Period April – August, 2013 – 2017; at Kelowna, BC1

Precipitation Totals (mm) Year March April May June July August Total

2017 38.3 38.2 45.2 7.1 0.0 0.2 129.0 2016 19.5 4.9 30.4 37.7 24.0 28.8 145.3 2015 18.6 4.3 37.3 29.1 15.3 13.9 118.5 2014 16.9 27.4 32.5 28.7 30.0 5.2 140.7 2013 20.2 36.8 57.8 71.6 4.9 20.1 211.4

Avg. 2013-16 18.8 18.4 39.5 41.8 18.6 17.0 154.0

Source: http://climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html Notes: 1. Station; KELOWNA UBCO, Climate ID # 1123996, elevation 609m. 2. In some instances the data summarized above is based on incomplete information.