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Natural and Human History Interpretive NATURAL AND HUMAN HISTORY INTERPRETIVE THEME DOCUMENT for MANNING PROVINCIAL PARK Prepared for: , South Coast Region BC Ministry of Parks Prepared by: , David F. Fraser, Daniel Ro Farr, LOR.. Ramsay. and Nancy J. Turner Arenaria Reserach and Interpretation 58'36 Old West Saanich Rd. RR #7 victoria, B..C. V8X 3x3 March 30, 1989 PREFACE This'publication is one of a series of documents and reports which outline the natural history, cultural history and recreational themes for the major Provincial Parks located in the southwestern portion of British Columbia. The "Lower Mainland Areaw of B.C. is one of vast geographical and biological diversity ranging fro g1acie.r-covered mountains to the bottom of the world's largest ocean,. and B.C.'s Provincial Parks reflect that incredible spectrum. with such a wealth of resources available to interpret, it is necessary to ensure the major attributes of each specific park are presented to ,the'public in an organized-, non-repetitive fashion throughout the region. TQ achieve this objective an interpretation and information plan was developed for the parks in the region and the major themes/stories of regional significant to be told in each park were identified. A visitor travelling through the provincial parks in the regions should, through our interpretation efforts, appreciate the significant of each one, and collectively'build.onhis or her knowledge of the value and importance overall. This docpnent therefore achieves several important objectives: 1. It outlines the most important natural and cultural history themes Manning'Provincial Park to guide interpretive programs offered to the public. 2. It provides site-specific locations of the park's most important features for use by interpretive planners and master planners. 3. It brings together additional park-specific natural and cultural history information gleaned from a review of past records, files, projects and reports. 4. It identifies information gaps requiring further research, By reviewing the information contained in the 'following pages, the reader should be able to grasp the essence of Manning Park's natural and cultural history which is an important step in appreciating what makes British ~olumbia's Provincial Park System so special. Jim Cuthbert, R.P.Bio. Visitor Programs Officer South Coast Region ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Chris Kissinger, Bill Merilees, Rik Simmons and Wayne Stetski from the Parks Branch provided much assistance and access to their files. Faye Mogensen and Rhonda Korol reviewed portions of the manuscript. Katherine Farr typed part of the manuscript including inputting some of the species lists. Del Meidenger provided the vernacular name species list for British Columbia in disc form, saving hours of typing time. Chris Guppy of the Royal B.C. Museum provided some additional references on insects. Dave Suttill provided much of the information on the Cascades Wilderness Area. We are indebted to the legions of interpreters that' bothered to put some of their observations down on paper - and those that thought to save them. Gail Ross left a specially well organised paper trail. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ...: ...................... ii Acknowledgements ..........................iii : Table of Contents .................. ; ... iv List of Tables ... ..................... viii Listof Figures .........................x List of Appendices . ............ xi Introduction ............................xii NATURAL HISTORY OF MANNING PROVINCIAL PARK I. LANDFORMS AND PROCESSES A . Geology ........................ 1 1. Bedrock Significance ................ 1 2 . Paleontology ......................8' 'B. Geomorphology: ..................... 12 1. Glaciation ..................... 12 2 . Vulcanism ...................... 13' 3 .. Fluvial/Lacustrine Feature .............:13 Fluvial .................... 13 Lacustrine ................... 14 4 . Shoreline ..................' ........ 14 C . Important Locations for Interpretation of Landforms and Processes ....:.................. '14 1. Highway 3 ........................14 2 . Lookout Road ..................... 15 4 . Others .........................17 I1. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS A . Communities ..................:..* 19 1'. Coastal Western Hemlock Zone (CWH) ........ 19 The Skagit & Sumallc! Rivers Junction . 22 .Rhododendron Flats ............... 24 Big Burn Area ....................26 2 . Mountain Hemlock Zone (MH) .............26 3 . Engelmann Spruce.-Subalpine Fir Zone (ESSF) . 26 3a . The ESSF Upper Subalpine Parklands . 27 Suba1pin.e Meadows of Blackwall Peak Area . 28 DryRidgeTrail ..............30 3b . The ESSF Lower Subalpine Forest ...31 Rein Orchid Trail' ............... 31 Strawberry Flats ............... 32 4 Interior Douglas-fir Zone-(IDF) 37 . .......... : McDiarmid Meadows ...............37 5. Alpine Tundra Zone (AT) ............. 38 Alpine Tundra of Mt. Frosty and First Brother 39 6.' Montane Spruce Zone (MS) ............40 B. Energy Transfer. Cycles and Processes ' ..........41 1. Climate .......................41 The east-west transition ........... 41 Altitudinaltransition ..............44 Aspect andslope ............... 45 Avalanches .................. 47 Physical. Chemical and Biological Cycles .. Water Cycles ............... Nutrient Cycles ............. Nitrogen ................ Phosphorous .............. Other .................. Energy .................... Plants. Animals and Ecological Food Webs C . Succession ......................... 52 1. post-g~acia~.succession.............. 52 2. Forest succession .....:.............. 54 3 . Fire Succession ................... 54 4 Mountain Pine Beetle Infestations .......... 56 . D . Adaptations ....................... 60 1. Plant Adaptations ... -. .............. 60 Adaptations to Fire ............. 60 Adaptations to Acidic Soils ......... 61 Adaptations for Alpine Environments . 63 2 .. Animal Adaptations ..............' . 65 Adaptations to Seasonal Environments ..'.65 Coevolut'ion: Clark's . Nutcracker and Whitebark Pine . 70 Animal and Rockslides ............. 71, 3 . The Cascades and Speciation . a Barrier and a Highway? :..71 . I11 FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS A . Communities 1. Lakes ......................... 75 Low Elevation Lakes ............. 75 ~ighElevation Lakes ............. 77. 2. Pond ........................ 78 The Beaver Pond ..................78 3. Rivers andstreams ................. 78 B . Energy Transfer. Cycles and Processes ............80 1. Watercycles ..................... 80 2 . Nutrients ..................... 80 Nitrogen .....................80 Phosphorous ................. 81 : other .......................83 . 3 . Energy ....................... 85 Plants. Animals and ~cological. Food Webs ... 85 . C . Successioq ....................... 87 1 . post-glacial Succession. ............... 87 2 . Beaver Pond succession ............... 87 Adaptations .......................88 1 . Plant Adaptations. ..............:..I . 88 2. Animal Adaptations ................ 89 I HUMAN HISTORY OF MANNING PROVINCIAL PARK A . Original Inhabitants ..., ................. 92 1 . Brigade Trails .... .I............. 106 2. ' GoldRush~ra'ils ..................110 'I D . Human Impact ........................112 1 . Indians ......... .I .............112 I 2. Early Explorers and Trail Builders ........112 I 3 . Mining ........~.................113 4 . Trapping ...J ............... 116 . 5. Homesteading ...................117 6 . Logging ........, .............117 7 . Recreation ...... 1 ..:......... 11.8 8 . Fire ......... I ..............120 I 9 . ~odern'~ransportation............... 122 10 . Introduced species .. C ..............123 11. Colonization of an-madei Habitats .........124 I E. ~dministration ......................124 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......... I- ............128 TABLES able 1 Geologic Time Scale .................... 2 Table 2 Typica1,bandingsequences and relative thicknesses of bedrock .groups in Manning Provincial Park . 7 Table 3 Summary of Characteristics of Biogeoclimatic Zones . of Manning provincial Park ............. 21 Table 4 ' The differentiating combinations of species for . - the Coastal Western Hemlock Biogeoclimatic Zone . 22 Table 5 A partial checklist to the birds of the Skagit-, Sumallo Rivers junction Area, Manning Provincial Park .....................'....2.3 ~abie6 Some of the ~onspic~ousplants of Rhododendron Flats, Manning Provincial Park .......... '25 Table 7 The differentiating combination of species for . Mountain Hemlock Biogeoclimatic Zone ....... 26 Table 8 The diff rentiating combination of species for : the Engelmann.Spruce-Subalpine Fir Zone ..........27 Table 9 .Alist of some of the conspicuous plants of.the Blackwall Mountain Area, Manning Provincial.Park . 29, Table 10 ,A list of some of the conspicuous Rlants of the Dry Ridge Trail, Manning Provincial Park ..... 31 Table 11 Some plants of the Strawberry Flats Area Manning Provincial Park .............. ,34 Table 12 A partial checklist to the birds of Strawberry Flats, Manning Provincial Park .......... 36 Table 13 The 'differentiating combination of species for the Interior Douglas-fir Zone ............. 37 a able 14 The differentiating combination of species for theAlpineTundra Zone ........'...... 38 Table 15 The differentiating combination of species for the Montane Spruce Zone ................40 Table 16 Temperature and precipitation statistics for Vancouver..................... 42 Table 17 Temperature and precipitation statistics for Hope . 42 Table 18 Temperaturee and precipitation statistics for Allison .Pass +...................:43
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