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INDIVIDUAL LAYOUT FoR INSTITUTIONAL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS PLEASE ISSN PUBLISHED PRODUCTION PuBLIcATIoNS THIS The support of further provided BRITIsH CoLuMBIA Volume 33, No. Winter 1999/2000 HIsToRIc $5.00 NEWS ISSN 1195-8294 Journal of the British Columbia Historical Federation

2 Steamboating on the Peace River [_JISToRIANS rely on written and by Edward L.Affleck 1. 1. spoken words. The collection and preservation ofprimary documents 8 Three Tough Men: Surviving the 1969 Balmer concerns everyone interested in history. Archival records are not South Flood and Cave-in simply “arti facts,” or “heritage items.” They are by Michael Saad above all messengers from the past. BC Historical News intends to present 13 Strait ofAnian: In Search of the Northwest Passage under the direction of FRAN GuNDRY in British Columbia a regular feature called “Archives &Ar by Paul G. Chamberlain chivists,” providing insight in the “ar chival” world, the first ofwhich appears 16 The Road to Tofino in this issue. by Walter Guppy MELvA DwYER prepared, with her usual tenacity and skill, the index for 1998, which is included in this issue. 19 Bowen Island’s Howe Sound Hotel Read RoN GrtENE’s first contribu by Robertj Cathro tion of a series of histories about to kens from his collection. 22 Nelly Tilt’s Journey to New Westrn.inster Articles published in this issue called for an unusual number of maps. A 25 Glanville’s Dairy of Grand Forks, BC chance(?) encounter with her husband, by Ronald Greene PATRIcK, introduced us to CATHY CHAPIN of the Geography Department 26 Book Reviews ofLakehead University inThunder Bay and we are very fortunate that she vol unteered to do maps for us. Readers 31 Archives & Archivists — Gary A. Mitchell, CRM will recognize her name from maps published in The Beaver. 32 Historians of Discovery Visit Nootka Manuscripts keep coming in and we by Michael Layland look forward to more. Don’t be shy and share your slice ofBC history with us, 33 Malaspina Research Centre opening in Nanaimo as the contributors to this issue did. by Nick Doe With this issue I have completed my first year as editor. Many volunteers— 34 Anderson’s Brigade Trail named or not named—have contrib by Charles Hou uted to the success of our journal. A warm “thank you” to all. 35 News and Notes the editor

37 Federation News Any country worthy of a future 38 Index Vol. 31 should be interested in its past. W. Kaye Lamb, ‘937

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - WINTER 1999/2000

2 No.i NEWS BC -VOL.33 HISTORJCAI.

the long, naviga— but are stretches the navigable drain of waters The the eastward, flowing Peace,

system. to River the Coast. Pacific from its Mackenzie into drain north The the far waters mighty

way it the its as Alberta in to the continental discharge meanders northeastern west divide from

miles the 1,000 Coast. over then the As well extends McMurray, Peace said, Pacific pierces River

Fort water at to way a its not calmer on from have northeast invasion permitted sternwheeler

of a rapids river to the Finlay series over tumbles the monton River Peace and would Parsnip the

Ed north 90 of a miles About of any Landing. Athabasca rush gold event, triggered had discoveries

at begins which system to a area. to enticing River Athabasca—Slave In the rush major prompt

the of vast forms part but for were Chutes, below no Vermilion gold, Peace, sufficiently findings

stretch, lower east to of and inAlberta.The Parsnip, scoured the the the Finlay north and headwaters

far to BC Fort and out Vermilion, Hope, from from Hudson’s the diggings, Omineca Cariboo

600 miles In almost extends and stretch upper 1870s the navigable fanning 1860s prospectors,

The rivers. other area navigable Columbia’s for Company. the Bay Hudson’s British

of most of the typical to compared in reach Dunvegan the when outpost the became western

in their length boggling four River for both and trade mind stretches; Fort decades. one-half

navigable has two thus River the the food The area, in resources Peace Peace Upper ended

River. fur a in with and of Slave depletion combined 1823,

the Great with to east its by confluence and HBC of at natives men north five St.Johns massacre

on serenely River flows the Below the Chutes, Bay the The Company. Hudson’s and Company

Chutes. the Vermilion over it flirther tumbles east the also North of West between rivalry intense

miles several swift, until more River and fur and trading the low active scene of the area River was

shal more decidedly becomes trough scoured Peace the 1823 Upper and 1794 Between

the Here near FortVermilion. formations to basaltic system Arctic. the drainage Slave—Mackenzie

approaches River the of far Alberta, north the the to vast join divide the continental pierces

in miles downstream, five hundred than More the Peace which River, all at for not true however,

plateau. surrounding of the level the feet below is It Columbia. and the Fraser, the the Skeena,

hundred lie several the river of reaches navigable as Stikine, the such Ocean the Pacific of waters

the part of the upper that so trough, a huge out the and into discharge of divide the continental

scoured Peace the of waters the mighty of force rise west which of is true watercourses river.This

Alaska. Yukon and

erosive relentless the the centuries, near or Throughout the on camps the

mining mushrooming

the Pacific Northwest,

province. the of prairie

plateau

vast

northern the to service water cargo up white heavy to work the in Paddlewheelers

through arc wide a describe to east again then and proceeded major rivers of the mouth enter of A Century

sweep north, broad a takes the River Alberta, ern Coast to Pacific up the steamed titled: steamers, sternwheeler,

North into 100 miles a Over about of navigation. thousand permit to the craft, invasion inimitable the white man’s

the names containing sufficiently slackened water of huge volume the foot. Then on in followed adventurers of hordes

of book a

pubtication

of velocity the Hope, Hudson’s at canyon, the of and and rivers creeks of uncharted hitherto

the

on working

east miles few Mountains.A Rocky the through the banks on gold discovered Prospectors century

is He

Columbia.

gouged wild canyon a through poured formerly

the

nineteenth of

half second the dating from

waters of

British

which water,

turbulent

the

masks today ment history a similar have stretches these Many of

inland on

the steamers

T

develop power River Peace by the up backed water. of stretches 20 different least at

on research

the sive

now water body of huge The Columbia. ish on

navigation involves Columbia British his for known exten

Brit of

corner

northeast vast the of part southern in steamboating freshwater of history HE is well- Affleck Ted

boat. theYork of that as removed far as seems steamboats meandering of era the centres,

Columbia British other and George Prince link with speedy a providing country, River Peace the in

plateau the over sweeping highways industrial magnificent of days these In the on riverside. nestling

communities little neat of chain a of development the against militated country River Peace the of

topography War l.The World and during to prior took place which development and railway ment

settle frenetic by the overtaken soon was River and Peace Upper the on late arrived Steamboating

Affleck by L. Edward

River Peace the on Steamboating tion seasons short in the vast subarctic plateau of Northern Alberta. Steamboatmg around Peace River Crossing, a settlement on the Peace River almost midway between Hudson’s Hope and Vermilion Chutes, was essentially a May—to-September operation. To avoid being crushed by the massive move ment of ice during spring breakup, vessels had to be pulled out of the water over the winter, then the winter-dried wooden hulls made watertight each spring before being launched for the com ing season.This annual start—up procedure, com mon to steamboating in all freshwater areas of Canada experiencing long and rigorous winters, added greatly to the cost. During the 1860s and 1870s, when the sternwheeler was invading the navigable reaches of the Fraser, the Columbia, the Skeena and the Stikine river systems, the Peace River remained serene. First Nations people in the Peace had long- developed trails, which skirted the southern shore ofLesser Slave Lake south to the Edmonton area. Traditionally the Hudson’s Bay Company dur ing the short navigation season worked vessels propelled by large sweep oars,York boats, to ship goods to its forts located throughout the Athabasca, Slave, Peace, and Mackenzie river sys tem and to bring out furs. Over the winter of 1882-1883, however, the Bay took a giant navi gation stride by constructing at Fort Chipewyan, the foot of Lake Athabasca, a small stout brothers built a fleet of small primitive steamers, near Above: Peace River extending 1903 waters Peace sternwheeler called the Grahame. In succeeding by to the of the country navigation seasons the Graharne, stuffed with cargo, above theVermilion Chutes. In that year the pint— steamed hundreds of miles up and down the sized sternwheeler St. Charles began to work the Athabasca and Great Slave systems, including the 526 mile stretch from Fort Vermilion to Hud 200-mile run up the Peace from its mouth to son’s Hope, carrying lumber and supplies for the the foot of the Vermilion Chutes Above the por Mission at Fort St. John in British Columbia, as SOURCES: tage around the Chutes,York boats and canoes well as goods for the Northwest Mounted Po Affleck, Edward L. Affleckc list of continued to move goods up the Peace as far as lice. One trip per season usually sufficed for the Sternwheelers Plying the the eyes of the white man, 60-mile stretch between Fort St.John and Hud Hudson’s Hope. To Inland Waters of British such trip the Charles the Upper Peace River area was gradually awak son’s Hope, but on one St. Columbia 1858-1980. ening again after decades of fur trade inactivity could match the efforts of a whole fleet ofYork (Vancouver: 1994) In the 1880s, the early years of settlement in boats. The brothers worked the St. Charles until Government of Canada. what was then the Athabasca District of the 1910, selling her to other interests in the face of List ofVessels on the Northwest Territories, the Grahame gave the increasing competition on the river. Shipping Registry Hudson’s Bay Company a relatively free hand in In 1905, government took steps to open the Books. setting transportation rates and conditions. By the Peace River area to settlement. The prospect of Hannaford, Nigel. “The D.A. Thomas,” Canada 1890s, however, the black-robed missionaries of expanded settlement plus the competition of the West Magazine, Vol. 6, the Oblate Order of Mary Immaculate were en Grouard fleet spurred the Hudson’s Bay Com No 2, Spring 1976. Catholic bishop, Ernile pany to expand its fleet on the vast Athabasca couraged by the doughty Hansen, Evelyn. Where Great Slave system. In 1905, the Company car Grouard, to establish a rival steamer service to Go The Boats. Peace afford themselves and some struggling settlers ried out an act of faith by calling up shipbuilder River Centenmal some defence against the HBC monopoly. The Alexander Watson, Jr. from Victoria to superin— Museum.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 1999/2000 3 Right: The substantial 162_foot steamer D.A. Thomas, launched by David A’fred Thomass Peace River Development Company in 1916.

tend the construction of a 1 10—foot sternwheeler, ever quickening. Alberta, in company with its the Peace River at Fort Vermilion. Pint—sized by neighbouring Prairie provinces, was now in the comparison with vessels in the Skeena River fleet grip of the mad pre-Worid War I frenzy of rail of the HBC, the Peace River nonetheless was way building which was to criss-cross the ex stoutly constructed of spruce lumber and pos pansive lands of the prairies. Mackenzie & Mann sessed top class interior fittings which included built a railway between Edmonton and Athabasca linen sheets for stateroom bunks, and linen table Landing in 1911. In the following year cloths and sterling silverware for the elegant lit McLennan’s Edmonton, Dunvegan & British tle dining room. Freight and passengers destined Columbia line began to finger its way north-west for Fort St. John would now set out from Ed from Edmonton towards the south shore of Lesser monton on the wagon road to Athabasca Land Slave Lake and the Peace River Country beyond. ing. Freight would likely continue on by water Early in 1915 this line was completed to down the rapids of the Athabasca River to Fort McLennan, less than 50 miles by wagon road McMurray, then embark on the meandering south of Peace River Crossing. In 1916, the last Athabasca-Great Slave waterway, and would even wartime year in which railway building was car tually end up at the foot of theVermiion Chutes. ried on, the rail reached Peace River Crossing. A portage of some twenty miles would permit The establishment of a railhead at Peace River transfer of cargo to the main deck of the steamer Crossing, now dignified by the streamlined name Peace River. Passengers, however, electing a shorter of “Peace River,” altered radically the route involving a series of wagon road portages steamboating situation on the Upper Peace River. and short steamboat hauls, would make their way The long steaming stretch down to FortVermil up the Athabasca into the Lesser Slave Lake and ion, the portage down the Chutes and the even Slave River system, thence into the Peace River longer steaming stretch up to Fort McMurray area. At Peace River Crossing the traveller would was no longer involved. Steamboating on the thankfully abandon wagonroad travel for the Upper Peace during the navigation season was comforts of the steamer Peace River for a run of now a matter of making shorter, more frequent about 150 miles upstream to Fort St. John. runs upstream from the railhead at Peace River The little Peace River reigned supreme for a to Hudson’s Hope and downstream from Peace few years, but the pace of immigration to the River to FortVermilion. It was the upstream run rich plateau lands west of Lesser Slave Lake was from Peace River which belongs in British Co

BC HISTOkICAL NEWS -Vot. 33 No. i Left:Hudson’sBay • I Companyc steamer Peace River at Hudson Hope, July 1912. Source: Peace River Chronicles, Gordon E. Bowles ed., Prescott Publishing Company, J/ancouve 1964.

lumbia’s steamboating annals. had the pint-sized 80—foot sternwheeler, the On the freighting front steamboat competi Northland Call, constructed at West Peace River. tion really began to nibble at the Hudson’s Bay The Northland Call, however, proved to be ajinxed Company’s trade in 1912.The Peace River Trad— vessel, causing her owners a variety of griefs. ing & Land Co., one of a series of lofty promo The really formidable rival to the HBC, David tions organized to develop the wealth ofthe Peace AlfredThomas,Lord Rhondda,aWelsh coal mil River country, launched the spunky little lionaire, made his hand felt in 1916.Thomas was sternwheeler Grenfell at West Peace River. The a man of sound vision, but his early death and Grerfell possessed few of the amenities ofthe Peace the post—World War I recession frustrated his ef River but she proved a ruthless rival on the freight forts. Thomas envisioned a railway from Prince ing front until, in September 1914, she grounded Albert, SK through the heart of the Peace River on a sandbar 15 miles above Fort St.John, caught Country and Pine Pass to the waters of the Pa fire, and burned to the waterline. In the winter cific Ocean on Kitimat Arm. Such a railway would of 1914—1915, the HBC, losing ground to the open up oil exploration in the Peace River and railways in other parts of the Athabasca—Great tap immense coal deposits in the SukunkaValley. Slave system, retired the Peace River The HBC Thomas’s company, the Peace River Develop winched its larger sternwheeler Athabasca River ment Company Ltd.,launched two vessels at West up over the ice-covered Vermilion Chutes. The Peace River in 1916: the substantial 162-foot steamer was built in 1912 for the Upper sternwheeler D.A.Thomas which approached the Athabasca trade between Mirror Landing and Canadian Pacific Railway’s Okanagan and Grand Rapids.The Peace River maintained HBC Kootenay District sternwheelers in class, and the standards of service on the Peace, but even in 60-foot tunnel-screw--propelled motor vessel Lady that area, she was shortly to be outclassed. In the Macworth, named after Thomas’s daughter meantime, in 1915, she had to fight competition Margaret, built on the lines of vessels beginning on the freighting front from two screw-propelled to work on the Stikine River. At the time of the diesel-powered vessels, the Peace River Boy and building of the D.A. Thomas the powerful en the Pine Pass. Potentially more irksome to the gines and fittings of the retired Kootenay Lake HBC was the action ofJ. K. Cornwall, a rival on sternwheeler Kaslo were seeking a market, but the Athabasca River front, who organized the for some reason similarly powerful engines were Peace River Navigation Company in 1915 and ordered from Polson Iron Works ofToronto for

BC HISTORICAL NEWS —WINTER 1999/2000

6

No. BC -VOL.33 i NEWS HISTORICAL

all and the trimmings. Railway development had service. ‘‘‘

linen sheets, linen table sterling cloths, silverware of in costs, such offering rising persisted

to ceeded on work the her replete river, with in and face the later, service, steamer high-class

ards of service, the pro refitted D.A. and a Thomas outset to the from took which pains operate

restore elegant to yearning War pre—World stand I the and Bay Hudson’s to secondly Company

in Bay Company HBC, 1924. The up to apparently Upper Peace the open efforts steamboating

its shares sold in the the to company Hudson’s for the Oblate Brothers their pioneering

tation Company something a of to we white can elephant, of few a first gratitude words muster

Hubbard, & finding the Arctic Alberta In Transpor century the this of last 20th year perhaps

the on Athabasca Waterways Lamson River. the work and on Mackenzie.

hulled to to put Chutes, vessel screw-propelled and over ran Lake Watson Vermilion the down

ture until Oil, 1925, to out shipped when Imperial sold was Flats. steel- its it later She Taylor

in remained HBC at the Peace bridge the Peace over the tion pic shipping of River highway

assist 1940 Alcan, barges. the to of vessels freight construc in class, appeared this smaller Utilizing in

propelled vessel motor the the vessel, One trade. pushing capable Wèenusk, last of sternwheeler,

shipping the down for cut screw- a freight in order picture with was short so 32-foot modest

a hog, to by Lake. fuel She proved be oil the the the strike, Fort Buffalo sel, re—entered Norman

ves motor twin-screw double deck up 90-foot tive stirred trade to the HBC, year prospects alert

attrac an by commissioning Peace the River same In Upper and the Lady Macworth. D.A. Thomas

the business on the foray passenger into brief last the acquired in 1921 and Company portation

a made Company Bay the In Hudson’s 1930 Trans & the company, subsidiary Arctic Alberta

I War era. World a organized in Company 1920, Trading River

post— the in sternwheelers District Peace Kootenay the posts of the had over pany, taken which

lifeboats of number a out to meted that matches ble Com end Canadian The Lamson and Hubbard

style her in in left sengers Her igno firewood. for went upper-works her season. at 1920 end up laid the of the her and

to

pas shore her although and mill a to lumber went engines Her no with tegrate. her had success but the Hope, Hudsonc

cattle to

swim forced

was

to disin left her hull and were fittings removed her as rebuilt Call, rival acquired the Northland

of main cargo deck.A her

and boiler, engines Her mud. the in and stranded Company River Development Peace River. The

to was

up submerged she

an eddy in caught she was

Fitzgerald, ing Peace by at Fort fire destroyed been had Pine the Pass

rest to

came time she the

Approach distant. miles 300 Fitzgerald, for Fort while 1916, in wrecked had been Boy River Peace

By from 50 shore. the feet

bound downstream, on steamed she repairs, rary the barge, a into River the /lthabasca

converted

only deep water in sank

tempo some After only.

damage

minor

1919 suffering in had HBC The shipping. Peace River she and time in beach her

Chutes, Vermilion the down run epic made an on a Upper monopoly practically default by had to Myers was unable

Thomas D.A. the water, high during June, 1930, Co. Development a hole Peace tarpaulin, with River the 1920, By

In vessels. motor modest to very the crew with plug gaping outfits small BC the Government. from agement

the by of ous frantic efforts of care was taken service freight by HBC the encour much to receive but failed father’s plans,

the

asleep. strenu Despite

handled be couldn’t cargo river What decision. her to support willing apparently River Country,

was

channel

while Myers

this on spurred 1929, and in strandings, Peace the visited she 1919 In Macworth. Margaret

19271

in on rocks mid- the

her

Two service. from her to withdraw elected Lady

child, to

only

his estate his leaving mistice,

put pilot her son’s

Hope

HBC that so high, were

sternwheeler

intensive ar 1918 the before months four died Thomas

from

Hud

downstream

labour- a operating costs for but 1920s, the in costs. labour I War post-World with

sync of out

way On her trip.

one

season a navigation brief over trade joyed fair a decidedly

and

conditions wartime Spartan with even to complete failed

en Peace, the on

navigation easy

water for much sync of out somewhat but at look to impressive she Captain Myers, of

too far drawing Thomas, D.A. The waters. gable being in Sicamous sternwheeler the Lake command under Okanagan year,

navi

near located settlements by welcomed be vintage following The I War World CPR’s of the fate the shared

to

continued service mishap: steamboat the that gumbo and operate to costly was Thomas D.A. pointed

1927 of

vessel’s tion

of the

miles

through slogging of perils the were ap superbly the hand other the On to operate.

descrip lowing graphic

Such

sleigh. and horse or wagon, and horse on economical and manoeuvre to easy was She der.

fol the

1976, provides

dependent

largely were rail by served not ments bor the of side

Columbia

British on the settlers

Spring, 2, No. Vol.6,

settle

transport duty heavy for that

so

primitive River Peace to boon be considerable a to ing

Magazine, West Canada

still

were

Alberta

and Columbia British strapped prov success, instant an was Macworth Lady The

in

published Thomas”

cash— in roads

but existing [Crossing], River

outlay. on to skimp man a not D.A. “The article entitled

Peace from upstream

trade

the of

much reduced was apparently Rhondda Lord Thomas. D.A. the his in ‘Nigel Hannaford, ______wood

List of steam-powered sternwheelers and other vessels worked on the Peace River above Vermilion Chutes

ATHABASCA RIVER #130277 wood[en hulled] Engine Works, St. Paul, Minn. 7.34 N.H.P Sold sternwheel [propelled, built in] 1912 [in] Athabasca Mar 21, 1921 to Alberta & Arctic Transportation Landing, Alta. by and for Hudson’s Bay Company. Co. Ltd. ofEdmonton. Dismantled and broken up, [Length of hull in feet exclusive of sternwheel] August, 1930. 136.0 x [breadth of hull in feet] 28.0 x [depth of hull in feet] 3.6. 341.21 Gr[oss tonnage]. 230.29. NORTHLAND CALL #138024 wood sternwheel Reg[istered tonnage] Engines: [built in] 1901 [by] 1915 West Peace River for Peace River Naviga Albion Iron Works two hor. h.p. cyl. [horizontal tion Co.99.5 x 18.0 x 4. 192.04 Gr. 111 Reg.En high pressure cylinders each] 12” [diameter by] x gines: 3 NHP Engines, boiler and fittings from re 48” [length] 9.6 NHP [Nominal Horsepower] from tired Athabaska River steamer Northland Call Skeena River sternwheeler Hazelton #107834. #134312, Sold 1919—1920 to Peace River Devel Winched up Vermilion Rapids 19 14—15 and opment Corporation, who substantially rebuilt and worked on Peace River run up to Hudson’s Hope reengined her and renamed her Hudson S Hope. until 1919. She was then beached at Peace River Crossing and used as a warehouse. PEACE RIVER #121777 wood sternwheel 1905 Fort Vermilion, Alta. by Alex Watson,Jr. for HBC BUFFALO LAKE #156567 (motor vessel) wood 110.0 x 24.0 x 4.5. 282.02 Gr. 183.98 Reg. En twin-screw 1930 Peace River Alta. by George gines: 1905 Marine Engine Works, Chicago two Askew for Hudson’s Bay Company. 91.0 x 19.5 x hor. h.p. cyl 10” x 48” 6.7 NHP Abandoned 1916 4.55.176.67 Gr. 157.55. Reg.Engines: l93OVivian at FortVermilion. Gas Engine Works,Vancouver. 4.5 N.H.P Con verted from passenger & freight vessel to tug, 1938. PEACE RIVER BOY #134604 (motor vessel) wood Register closed 1950. screw 1915 Prudence Crossing, Alta. by and for Clifford Smith. 68.6 x 14.0 x 2.5. 16.49 Gr. 11.21 D.A. THOMAS #138429 wood sternwheel 1916 Reg. Engines: 1913 Brook Motor Works, Lowes Peace River,Alta. by George Askew for Peace River toft, U.K. 6.6 N.H.PWrecked, 1917. Development Co. Ltd. 161.9 x 37.0 x 6.3 1.11445 Gr. 798.10 Reg. Engines: 1915 Polson two hor. PINE PASS #134606 (motor vessel, ex Beaver) wood h.p. cyl. 18”x 84” 21.6 NHP 1921 sold to Alberta screw tug, 1915 Prudence Crossing by James & Arctic Transportation Co. Ltd. Acquired 1924 Cooley for the Smoky & Peace River Boat Com by HBC. Foundered 1927 but raised. 1930 hauled pany Ltd. 74.0 x 15.1 x 2.5.42.20 Gr. 29.70 Reg. successfully over Vermilion Rapids, but stranded Engines: one 4-cycle gas engine, 1914 Sterling En and abandoned at the approach to Fort Fitzgerald. gines Works, Buffalo, N.Y. 6.05 N.H.P Certificate issued in 1918. Destroyed by fire, Peace River,Alta., GRENFELL # ? wood sternwheel 1912 West Peace 1920. River by George Magar for Peace River Trading & Land Co. 139 Gr. 81 Reg. Engines: 2.7 NHP ST CHARLES # sternwheel 1903 Destroyed by fire September 1914 15 miles above Dunvegan for Bishop Emile Grouard,Vicar Apos

Fort St.John. tolic of Athabasca. 67 x 12 x —. 28.79 Gr. 19.5 Reg. Sold 1911 to Ford & Lawrence. Peace River HUDSON’S HOPE #138024 (ex Northland Call) Record, Apr 29, 1915: “Grounded on a bar in the wood sternwheel 1915 West Peace River,Alta.Ac. river during freeze-up, was thrown high and dry quired 1919—20 by the Peace River Development on the bank when the ice went out and is undam Co. from the Peace River Navigation Co., sub aged.” Dismantled 1916-17. stantially rebuilt, reengined and renamed Hudsons Hope. Original dimensions: 99.5 x 18.0 x 4.0. 192 WATSON LAKE #175563 (motor vessel) steel(?) Gr. 111 Reg. Engines: 3.5 NHP Not successful; screw 1946 Edmonton 55 x 12 x 2.9 26. Gr. 21 abandoned after 1920 season; broken up 1924. Reg. Engines: 220 IHP

LADY MAC WORTH #138621 (motor vessel) wood WEENUSK #138630 wood screw 1921 Vancouver twin-screw 1916 Peace River Alta. by George F for Hudson’s Bay Company. 59.9 x 11.1 x 4.2.29 Askew for Peace River Development Corp. 56.9 Gr. 18 Reg. x 11.0 x 3.7.21.05. Gr. 14/31 Reg. Engines:Auto

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 1999/2000 7

NEWS BC No.s -VoL.33 HISTORICAL

torical 654. 1980), Society,

by by been Led other. Kutcher. Krall, John foreman like any veteran repaired

berta: Crowsnest His Pass

that that hadjust the with June continuous working 19 miner began the 1969, Thursday, morning

Its (Coleman, People Al

Robert on the day and Heath, South to crew For Jerry Balmer assigned Dancoisne—began Frank in Jr.” and Crowsnest

“Kutcher, Frank Tkachuk, Sr. and other Steve from Industries five 1968. Crowsnest eration in men—Evans,JoeTuza,

E.

Florence Kerr, The dry. 4 the that area in op which entire was the immediate tion purchased mining Michel

1969.

sec

by the was only because the sen owned men two by the California-based Industries, Kaiser it

Free 3 Press, Thursday, July

cho the 1967

spot from corner was the seam—a newly South explosion. the around Balmer

Mine Deaths,” The Fernie

of the tunnel slightly a into the across inclined site narrow Michel Kutcher from Valley plopped “No Blame in Attached

of Disaster 1967.” and at the Krall shift, first Balmer one lunch South, of the Taking kilometre approximately

article

Balmer “The

Mine

slightly. at the mountain 11:30 time scene the shook and nated this traumatic of accident, another

in sented John Kinnear’s

deto blast was the setting charge.The again were Evans, the once were mines trophe, Michel-Natal

is explosion North pre

Donald second, his and Krall catas foreman where the after North two Only Balmer years the of nation Balmer

from far not the An ibid. miner, on a excellent story. continuous jack expla

2

and Naomi eds. Miller, to replace was assigned 53, Kutcher, Frank crew; the the relating when back area still smiles hold

Press, 1998.Wayne Norton

of the mechanic only The room.

of drilled newly many that so end

old-timers extraordinarily

Crowsnest

Plateau Pass,

their of rooftop the to blast to prepared seam was the mines to Elk ing the afflict Valley’s disaster

I4illey bias and Elk

at

working

the miners 11 o’clock about At min last life. underground major the However, Colum the British Border:

surface. of in to The II,” the Side Forgotten them and haul of cars tle loss untimely as the such without be classified

World Before Michel

War

the shut up load to mine the of out leading line cannot “disaster” a Indeed, and husbands. sons,

at Operations Rescue

rail- diesel the

along

remained three men other of fathers, lives short the cutting tragically men,

and Disasters “Mining

The machine. miner a continuous with

coal more

or the of

one

the with sadly, death all ended in my article disasters

load would miners the time which after cave-ins, they is that accidents these of feature unfortunate of quences these particular

conse the causes and small to incite a practice common the pillars, out common, The incidents. isolated small, them in

of detailed more

account

pulling carefully while them above and front in of many

to accidents, mining 147 men lost

Natal

a I

far have

provided

the coal blast and to drill men were the “room,” and of Michel twin communities the istence,

from their

Gradually

withdrawing pillars. timber ex their 70-year throughout backbone nomic

BC.

Fernie,

the by

only up held a “room” creating working, eco the mining coal constituting With rock fall. 2

in of Mines Department

the pillared into feet 200 drill to were a miners from a

spark by

ignited by gas to caused be Columbia at the British

the of seven

mountain, the beneath feet 1,700 believed and was miners 15 killed which 1967, the staff and Gaal, Arlene

approximately Stationed morning. 3 uneventful in Explosion North Balmer was the tal’s mines Webster, Kinnear,Arnold

an through worked men the as danger of & John Krall, Beagen sign Michel—Na— strike to explosion devastating most

no was Don there Ethel Evans), of ter condensation moisture and streams, The Colliery. 1 Michel the of the interior apart

(daugh

Patsy Chatterson

underground seepage, water as surface causes blew literally which dust of coal packages pended

Joe

Travis, Harvey Tuza,

such from wet unusually being for up notorious sus flared ignited, once that, gas of pockets

and

Larry

Frank Kutcher,

was

mine the Although offered. mine the by of tion caused be to believed

1938—were and

1916,

possible:

article

sec

that that seam workable the last seam, coal 1904,

disasters—in such century.Three twentieth

this

made and generosity

E

thick

a

45-foot

underneath sat diagonally the which in region of the Michel-Natal mines

assistance whose

viduals

working

pillared a coal from collect to signed the gas plagued methane

of

build-ups indi

the following thank

as was crew

ten-man

the time, the 55 at

age

excessive by caused XPLOSIONS to like would The author

Valley. River in Elk the of coal mining years 100 the in dramatic most Alberta. Leth bridge,

the

of

one

story, perhaps such one presents piece This involved. miners the courageous of in families teaches He

immediate the than

larger an audience with be to shared this time Valley remembered, are Elk the in Sparwood.

of

mines

coal

underground the worked who men the of tribulations and the trials about stories up and ten grew Michel in

forgot

and

increasing steadily is region Columbia British south-eastern the of the history in born was Saad Interest Michael

Saad by Michael

Cave-in and Flood South Balmer the 1969 Surviving

Men: Tough Three Crowsnest Coaf I District 0 90 20 L

Cathy Chapin - Lakehead University

At approximately 12 o’clock, not long into minutes, and saw the grim sight of water gush- Above left: A group of their lunch, Krall and Kutcher felt the begin ing out of the main entrance, Walking a few feet unidentifled underground nings of what appeared to be a minor “bump”— into the portal, the rescuers determined that a miners putting a roof set in a regular settling of the earth’s crust, quite com flood had occurred, and with it, a substantial cave— place. It is timbers such as mon in underground mines. However, as the five m. these that dislodgedfrom the roof of Balmer South men at the seam began to feel the rumblings, Miner Joe Tuza, one of the five men at the during the washout and that this bump was far more severe face when the flood occurred, was working with they realized formed a logjam that kept than usual.As the rooftop above them shook vio the continuous miner when he saw the water Donald Evans above lently, the five miners at the working face were hit. He instantly sprinted down the mineshaft and watee hit with a sudden blast of coal dust. Then, with then, with a rush of water about to engulf him, out warning, a powerful gush of water and mud made a quick detour into an inclining side shaft exploded downward through the face, catching and waited until the water subsided.When it was all five men off guard. at about ankle level, he managed to make his way Situated 54 feet above the working face where out of the rubble as timbers and rocks behind the five men were labouring was a mined-out him collapsed. Once at the surface,Tuza informed gob, another pillared area that had been com rescuers of the devastation inside the mine,6 and pletely mined of its coal and closed offfour years claimed that the washout occurred “all too fast” earlier. During that time, however, a large accu and that “all anybody had time to do was run.”7 mulation of water, believed to have formed from More than ready to assist in the rescue effort any percolation and condensation,built up inside the way possible, a frustrated Tuza was rebuffed by gob, filling over three-quarters of it. The vibra Kaiser officials.8 tions from the bump shook loose the gob floor As rescue crews began assessing the best way and created a major opening for the water to to enter the mine, the possibility that Tuza might Matt Sadlish, Personal pour through—directly onto the unfortunate be the only man to walk out of Balmer South Account, “I Felt a Big Gust ofWind,” The t’hncou men underneath. seemed a very disheartening reality Failing to ver Province, 19 June 1969. Driving a string of coal cars back towards the penetrate the rubble along the main supply road 6 “Mine Survivor Had No surface, motorman Matt Sadilish was approach where the seven miners were working, the crew Chance to Help,” The ing Balmer South’s entrance, when he suddenly chose to blast through the shaft adjacent to it. At Lethbridge Herald, 21 June felt a large, silent”gust ofwind” hitting his back.5 approximately 1:30P.M., rescuers found the body 1969. See note 6. something was wrong. of26-year-old Robert Dancoisne, along the mine He immediately knew that See note 6. HankJoinson and Mac Masluk, the final two men floor.Two hours later the bodies of Steve Tkachuk, Mines and Petroleum Re of the crew; were outside the mine at the time, 55, andJerry Heath, 28, were also recovered.The sources Report, 1969, British and together with Sadlish, quickly summoned cause of death for all three men was announced Columbia Department of Mines, 1969. help. Rescue crews arrived on the scene within as suffocation by drowning.9 By late evening, there

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 1999/2000 9 Right: Rescue team goes underground at Balmer South Mine.

was still no sign of their three co—workers, as hor Krall and Kutcher were the two other men rified families were forced to wait in anxietyThe still unaccounted for.The water luckily could not three men were officially designated as “lost”, and climb the incline of the side tunnel where the as one day solemnly turned into two and then two were eating their lunch. Unfortunately, the three, newspapers like the The Lethbridge Herald tunnel led to a dead end, leaving the men to face began reporting sombre and disheartening head the torrent in front of them. As the water re lines like “Search Continues For Bodies ofMiss ceded to about neck-level, Krall and Kutcher ing lVliners.”’° headed out of their tunnel towards a higher spot When suddenly engulfed by over ten feet of in the mine. Fighting the icy flow, the two men moving water, not much else entered the mind made their way to yet another inclining shaft. As of 54-year-old Donald Evans, than staying alive. the water running down the supply road dwin When the water hit, Dancoisne leaped across the dled to about ankle level, the men walked down shaft to Evans’s side, and the two grabbed onto a the main road, where they met a disorientated coal wagon. Unable to see the fate of their fellow Donald Evans. The three men quickly tried to workers, Evans and Dancoisne were within three find a way out of the mine but, after attempting feet of one another when Dancoisne lost his grip five different routes, were discouraged to discover and was instantly carried away) i Helplessly pinned each path blocked by washed out timbers or col against the side of the wagon by the crushing lapsed tunnels.They knew they were trapped. weight of the water, Evans could only watch as Frightened, though they would not admit it Dancoisne was swept down an accessory shaft. to each other, the three miners realized it was up Desperately trying to fight the cold, harsh gush, to them to survive, and their first task was to find Evans gripped the edge of the wagon as hard as a dry, secure living environment. When they he could, but the water proved too much and it searched for a way out, the three men remem swung him down the main supply road. Forced bered a 12-x-12-foot chamber, originally cut into to struggle for his life, Evans swam to the top, the coal to hold a compressor. Fortunately, the where there existed about one foot of air be compressor had been pulled out of the chamber, tween the rooftop and certain death. His nose giving them a wet and narro but more impor Ron Dyck, “Search aching from all the water he had taken in, Evans tantly a sturdy, bungalow to set up what Krall Continues For Bodies of managed to keep his head up by partially swim would later call “our own little Hotel Windsor.” Missing Miners,” The ming, and by pulling himself along ceiling pipes Using dirty pieces of plywood Lethbridge Herald, 21 June as mattresses and 1969. normally used for compression drilling. He was a leftover set of sack cloths as blankets, they set 1 Donald Evans’Testi— carried nearly 300 feet by the current until he up beds along the inside walls of the chamber.To mony, Balmer South In was swept into ajam of fallen timbers. Shouting keep leaking water from the rooftop from drip quest and Press Confer out loud that he would not allow the jam to drag ping directly onto them, the three men held a ence as quoted in “Natal him under, Evans wrestled Miner: ‘All Hell Broke and clawed his way scrap piece of long, pliable sheet—iron over their Loose,” The Lethbridge Her around the mess of broken wood, and eventually heads. Miraculously, all three men, though losing aId, 25 June 1969. climbed onto the top of it. 12 With the frigid wa their lunches and hard hats, retained their safety 12 Paul Grescoe, “Missing ter still biting at his back, Evans wedged a one— lamps which, even after being submerged, still and Believed Dead are...” foot airspace between the roof and the top of the functioned properly. However, to conserve en The Canadian Magazine, 13 September 1969. jam, and waited for the flow to subside. ergy, the men used only Krall’s safety lamp. nor-

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.33 No. i sleep very much, only getting an hour or two at Left: I\Tatal citizens best.To kill time the three men scrounged about standing below the entrance the desolate shafts, looking for anything that to the Balmer South Pvline, would help them to combat the cold and the anxiously awaiting word of dampness. Kutcher found plastic sheeting, which the fate of the trapped miners. From left to right: the three men layered over their wet plywood Marcello and Selina beds. During their resting periods, Kutcher and Romano, Alav and Mickey Evans huddled together uncomfortably and Mannion, and Freddy warned each other whenever one had to shift a Venzi. leg or an arm, much to Krall’s amusement.’5 As the hours grew longer, the men, who re mained cold and wet throughout their ordeal, would sporadically see imaginary lights flashing before their eyes, a common symptom of shock, hunger, and insomnia. All three men had doubts about their survival, but refused to say them aloud. 16 When they spoke, the three continued to express faith in their comrades on the surface, and reaffirmed to one another that they were going to be rescued.Though the conspicuous lack of sound from the outside world suggested that the rescuers were well off the mark, the three men continued to tap on the tracks, the pipes, and even the rock around them in the hope that mally used by foremen to test for gas, and kept it the outside crews would know that they were on its lowest setting. still alive. By working together, Evans, Krall, and Kutcher While Evans, Krall, and Kutcher were busy try not only kept themselves alive, but they main ing to adapt to their “little Hotel Windsor,” res tained each other’s sanity as well. Familiar with cue teams continued to work around the clock, one another only as colleagues on the job, the refusing to quit until the three men were found, three rugged men developed closeness as they dead or alive. The crews were indeed frustrated waited to be rescued. Krall and Evans had drunk about their misfortune and lack of progress. The together before in Michel—Natal, but had never rescue effort was even suspended for a short pe been to each other’s houses)3 Kutcher was from riod of time when two workers were injured Coleman,Alberta, and commuted 35 kilometres when caught between a tunnel wall and a con each day to work in Michel; therefore, he knew tinuous miner. However, the efforts of Krall, very little about his crew mates. In the first day Evans, and Kutcher to attract the attention of the of their captivity, the men recovered from their rescuers finally paid off. At 5:15 AM. Sunday shock and could only make small talk. However, morning, draggerman Henry Eberts heard a faint they soon opened up to one another, and chat tapping sound coming from an unknown dis ted about their pasts, the women in their lives, tance within the mountain. As a result, rescuers their families, and their hopes of being rescued. for the next fifteen hours maintained a rigorous With their clothes and underpants still thoroughly pace ofdrilling, blasting, and removing rock with soaked from the water, Kutcher and Evans even the hopes of finding at least one of the missing agreed to huddle together to keep themselves miners alive. Several of the crewmen worked warm while Krall, the only bachelor of the group, hours after their shift ended, determined to get stubbornly refused.’4 at whoever was making the tapping noise at the On the second day of captivity the water level other end of the rock. in the mine fully receded as the gob emptied. Working at a feverish pace, the crews blasted Krall, Evans, and Kutcher occasionally wandered through nearly 70 feet of solid rock, normally around, trying to assist rescue workers by bang 24 days work, in 15 hours. Following the deto ° See note 12. ‘ ing on the railway tracks and ceiling pipes that nation of the final six feet of coal, mine manager See note 12. 15 See note 12. the main entrance. None of the men could led to Irv Morgan crawled through a four-foot square 6 See note 12.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 1999/2000 11 ___

Right:from left to right: John “Tolsin” Krall, Frank Kutche and Donald Evans meet the media outside Michel Hospital one day after being rescued.

Calgary Herald / Glenbow Archives, Calgary,AB NA-2864-2494 #1

7As quoted in Joe Will, opening in the rubble and was elated to find the He later found employment working as a popu “Trapped Natal Miners three men alive and leaning against the far wall lar custodian for the Crowsnest School Division Found Alive,” The Victoria to avoid being hit by debris from the final blast. in the 1970s and 1980s, and has since retired, liv Daily Times, 23 June 1969. Suffering from sleep deprivation arid mild ing peacefully at the Crowsnest Pass. shock, but amidst cheers and praises from the au “They are three tough men,” said an amazed dience outside the mine entrance, the three men Irv Morgan, describing the courage of Krall, were in good spirits as they emerged from their Evans, and Kutcher. In August 1969, the section three-day prison. Leaving the mine, Kutcher asked where the three men had been trapped was sealed his two partners “wouldn’t a beer taste good?” to off permanently by Kaiser executives, who sub which Krall replied, “if you’re going to the sequently announced that no more coal would Kootenay, get me one.”17 The men were taken to be mined in its Balmer mines using conventional Michel Hospital for observation and to get mining methods. Instead, a much safer hydraulic cleaned up. Krall, in appropriate style for a rug system was to be put in place in both mines by ged coal miner, refused to be washed by the nurses the early 1970s. In light of the two Balmer disas and demanded to be taken to the washhouse, ters of the late 1960s, the procedures of under where he showered alone. ground mining changed forever in the Michel After a hectic week of press conferences and mines. Balmer South was finally forced to close interviews, the three men moved on with their due to fire in 1985, and its boarded entranceway lives, finding different ways to put the harrowing remains an ominous reminder of the other “three incident behind them. John Krall suffered from tough men,” Dancoisne, Tkachuk, and Heath, recurring nightmares of the ordeal, and though who sacrificed their lives in the pursuit of coal in he did leave the mine for a short period of time, the Elk Valley.’ returned as a fire boss less than a year later.When he finally retired in 1977,he was the longest serv ing underground coal miner of the Michel Mines. He died in 1980 after a brief respiratory illness. Donald Evans would also return underground but refused to admit that the ordeal changed him in any way; unfortunately, one year later he was seriously injured when a lump of coal fell on his back, breaking several vertebrae. Unable to walk or hft, Evans had to go on Workers’ Compensa tion and was eventually forced to retire. He passed away in 1990, after a valiant battle with cancer. Right:John Krall, Frank Kutcher, at the insistence of his wife and chil Kutchci and Don Evans dren, never returned to the underground mine. at the mine site in 1971. The Edmonton Journal / Arlene GaaI

12 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.33 No. i Strait of Anian: In Search of the Northwest Passage in British Columbia by Paul G.Chamberlain

GLANCE at a map of the coastline ofBrit in 1592. By far the most colourful account, how Paul G.Chamberlain, ish Columbia today yields the names of ever, was the supposed voyage of a Spanish Ad who lives in Victoria, is A a plethora of English, Spanish, and miral of New Spain and Peru named a cultural theorist who French explorers, but the name of the mythical Bartholomew de Fonte, which first appeared in specializes in the study of Strait ofAnian is conspicuously absent.’ An im— a letter in an obscure English magazine in 1707 landscape, literature, and cartography. His portant reminder of this geographical legacy, entitled The Monthly Miscellany or Memoirsfor the most recent research however, is captured on a stone monument over Curious. According to this letter, de Fonte left involves the represen looking the Strait of Juan de Fuca in Waibran Callao, Peru, in 1640, and sailed up the coast of tation of landscape in Park in Victoria. The plaque tells us that the first North America, entering a passage at a latitude Elizabethan literature, maritime explorers to visit British Columbia of 53 degrees North, which led into a series of the iconography of came for a variety of reasons.Among them were lakes that took him so far to the east that he even castles, and the the lure of commerce and the desire for territo tually encountered a Boston rnerchantman. Fonte geography of mystic rial expansion, but of perhaps greater importance implied that he had actually sailed through the places. He is a Fellow of to some nations was the prospect of finding an Northwest Passage.3 To further compound in the Royal Geographical Society. entrance to the long-sought—after Northwest ternational intrigue, cartographers persisted in Passage. depicting their own versions of this mythical strait The search for this mythical strait, linking Eu with an imagination that only served to intensify The first reference to rope with the Orient, had fired the imagination the speculation of those nations vying to locate “Anian” is found in The of European explorers since the end of the Mid it first.4 Travels of Marco Polo, where dle Ages, and by the eighteenth century mount The British were anxious to verify these ac Antan is identified as a ing evidence suggested that a western entrance counts. In 1745 the House of Commons offered province of China, possi to this elusive passage might exist along the coast a reward of twenty thousand pounds to anyone bly “Anan.” See Book III, ChapterV An unnamed line of what is now the Province of British Co find who could the fabled strait, and a decision arctic strait appears on a lumbia. Motivated primarily by scientific curi— by the Northwest Committee of Parliament to globe of Gemma Phrysius osit national pride, and a hunger for adventure, extend this offer to the Royal Navy met with an in 1537, as Freturn articuni Britain, Spain, and France converged on the Pa immediate response. The Admiralty chose James sive Freturn triunifratrurn. The globe is purported to cific Northwest to investigate this possibility. Cook, a veteran of two highly successful circum be based on the travels of Speculative geographers encouraged these voy navigations of the globe. Focusing his search ex Marco Polo, the voyage of ages by concocting all kinds of reasons why such clusively in the Pacific Northwest, his instruc Gaspar Cortereal, the a passage should exist.2 Indeed, the belief in the tions were: Cantino Chart, and some existence of the Strait of Anian was so deeply to proceed northward along the coast as far as Spanish and Portuguese sources.The the latitude of 65 degrees North. [and] very care Strait of rooted in some scientific circles that it had been Anian is named, specifi fully to search for and elevated to the status of a Law of Nature, and the to explore such rivers or cally, on a map by colourful accounts of several legendary voyages inlets as may appear to be of a considerable extent Mercator in 1569. By this and pointing towards Hudson’s Bay or Baffin’s provided some tantalizing empirical evidence to time the term was in com Bay.. mon usage in Europe. See support such an hypothesis. Cook made his landfall at Nootka on the West E.G.R.Tavlor, Tudor Geog The first report was by a Spanish explorer Coast ofVancouver Island in the spring of 1778. raphy 1485-1583 (London: named Lorenzo Ferrer Maldonado, who claimed Methuen & Co. Ltd., After refurbishing his ships, replenishing neces to have discovered the entrance to this passage l930),pp. 80-1 and pp. sary victuals, and bartering for furs, he continued 274-5. on a voyage up the West Coast in 1588.The sec his voyage northwards towards the Arctic Ocean. 2 Evidence of a passage ond account was that of an English merchant in Cook carefully observed the coastline, but be had long been suspected Venice, named Michael Lok, who was informed because of the high tidal came increasingly sceptical about finding an en by a Greek piot,ApostolosValerianos, also known range in Hudson Bay, indi trance to the mythical strait. He shrewdly asJuan de Fuca, that he had actually sailed through con cating there might be a cluded that any passage that did exist would navigable river to the west. this legendary strait, between a latitude of 47 and cer tainly be much farther north than previously Barrington was convinced 48 degrees North, while in the service of Spain anticipated. Despite this temporary setback, how- that an ice—free strait ex—

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 5999/2000 seen by Juan de Fuca, only compounded inter national intrigue further. Explorers were con vinced that this strait, later named the Strait of Juan de Fuca, was the entrance to the long- sought—after passage, a part of the coast ironically s passed by unnoticed during Cook’s earlier voy \ Jql age in 1778. Spain had been increasingly concerned about the growing frequency of traffic in the Pacific \‘ i\\iV1)S Northwest since the voyage ofJuan Perez in 1774. \ K\ 4 1/ In the spring of 1789, her worst fears were con \1 [\J JD Y % firmed when Esteban Martinez was dispatched

\\ . from Mexico to Nootka, and discovered the pres }. \ \ / 6’7.\) \ 1 ence of three foreign ships in the area.The sign ing ofthe Nootka Convention the following year F)A\ temporarily ameliorated these difficulties. In the C....) )127L7 spring of that year Manuel Quimper visited ‘-F Nootka, penetrating the Strait ofJuan de Fuca as far as the present—day site ofVictoria. A year later Francisco de Eliza returned to this strait, extend ing Spanish exploration north into what is today the Strait of Georgia, still optimistic about find ing the elusive passage. This optimism was given ). -“ I - a further boost in 1791 when the legendary ac count ofMaldonado’s purported voyage of 1588 came to the attention of Spain. Alejandro Malaspina was immediately diverted from sur cs veying the coast of South America to conduct a more detailed investigation, but still no passage

: was found. Nevertheless, Malaspina recom mended that further explorations be conducted, and he dispatched two more vessels to continue with this search under the command of Alcalá Galiano and CayetanoValdés. By this time, how ever, the Spanish were seriously beginning to 00 doubt the veracity of these legendary voyages; Cathy Chapin - Lakehead University Jacinto Caamaño cynically noted in his journal Above: A tracing of ever, Cook’s voyage clearly demonstrated the fea that such accounts: Thomas Jçry’s map of sibility of a fur trade along the coast, and laid the seem to have no other foundation than the mad 1768 imaginatively foundations for further British expansion in the ness or ignorance ofsome one devoid of all knowl depicting the Strait ofJuan region. edge of either navigation or geography de Fuca as the western News of Cook’s voyage filtered back to Eu The apogee of Spanish involvement in the entrance to the Northwest rope, and France decided to dispatch her own Pacific Northwest was reached in 1792 with the Passage. expedition under the command of Compte de arrival ofJuan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra, la Pérouse in 1786.This voyage might have made who was instructed to settle some outstanding an important contribution to solving the puzzle, issues of sovereignty with the British at Nootka. but after visiting Nootka the expedition was never This having been done, the Spanish soon departed heard from again. Although this was the last voy the Pacific Northwest permanently. age of the French in these waters, speculation Unaware of the extent ofSpanish exploration, over the existence of the fabled Strait of Anian due to the inherent secrecy of Spanish naval ac continued. Barkley’s discovery of the entrance to tivity, Britain was still hopeful of the possibility a hitherto unknown strait in 1787, at approxi of finding the entrance to the fabled Strait of mately the same latitude as the one supposedly Anian. In 1792 Captain George Vancouver un

14 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.33 No. i dertook the most intensive exploration to date. isted; he argued that the Vancouver was instructed to conduct a definitive ice encountered in high latitudes came from rivers search for the entrance to the Northwest Pas when they broke up in sage, paying particular attention to the Strait of summer, and that the route Juan de Fuca and Cook Inlet. There were still was, consequently, only some reasons for optimism.Vancouver was already impassable near land. Oth aware of the rumour that Barkley had actually ers believed that because Asia was elongated so found the entrance to the long-sought-after pas much along a NE-SW sage after he entered the Strait ofJuan de Fuca in axis, that a passage was a 1787; even more startling was the news about an geometrical certainty. See American fur trader named Robert Gray, who Glyndwr Williams, The British Search for the North had also entered these waters in 1789 in his sloop west Passage In the E,ltt Washinçton. CommanderJohn Meares, RN. (Re cent/i Century (London: tired), anxious to solicit British help over a claim Longmans, 1962), p. 164. of damages inflicted on his ships by the Spanish For a detailed discussion at Nootka, circulated reports that Gray had actu of these colourful episodes, see H.R.Wagner, “Apoc ally sailed through the legendary passage into an ryphal Voyages to the immense inland sea. This information proved to Northwest Coast of North be falseVancouver accidentally met Gray in 1792, America,” Proceedings oft/se and the latter vehemently denied Meares’ allega American Antiquarian Society, New Series, XLI (1931), Paul G.Chamberlain tions. Despite being disappointed,Vancouver be pp. 179-234. gan a systematic exploration of the adjacent wa Thomas Jeffery’s map is WAU3RAN PARK, a little patch of parkiand on ters, including Puget Sound, the Strait of Geor one of the most imagina Gonzales Hill inVictoria, is named after Captain gia, and Vancouver Island, but the British soon tive representations of John Walbran, author of British Columbia Coast experienced the pessimism of the Spanish ex eighteenth-century aspira i”James.The cairn in the park was reached in Sep tions, but others are tember of this year, 1999, after a short but very plorers who had preceded them: equally intriguing. See also steep climb by John E. (Ted) Roberts—a well- Anyone entering to survey these channels will maps byJ.B. Noun (1708); known “friend ofCaptainVancouver”—, risking be surprised, and perhaps will think he has found J. Senex (1725);J.N. de life and limb to transcribe on behalf of the read the desired communication with the other sea. . .but l’Isle (1752); P Bauche all his hopes will fade, where.. .he will find on turn (1752); and G. Muller ers of BC Historical News the English version of ing a bend that the mountains have closed up on (1758).Jeffery borrowed the text written on a 24-x-30-inch plaque at both sides... liberally from all of them. tached to the south facing side of the cairn. The Cook’s original instruc text reads: Vancouver returned to England in 1795, after tions, dated 6 July 1776, one of the longest voyages in maritime history. the British are in Museum, ExPLoRATIoN OF THE STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA His scepticism over the existence of the mythical Eg. MSS. 21 77B. —Charles Barkley in 1787 discovered the en 6 H.R.Wagner strait had, like that ofhis predecessor,James Cook, andWA trance to a strait which he identified with the Newcombe (eds.), “The been well founded, and speculation among Eu legendary transcontinental passage of Juan de Journal ofJacinto Fuca. Within two years the ropean explorers over the existence of a practical British (Meares), Caamaño,” (trans. H. Americans (Gray),and Spaniards (Martinez), had sea route linking Europe with the Orient was Grenville), British Columbia all entered the strait, and in 1790 Manuel silenced forever.’” 1—listorical Quarterly, II, Quimper explored it to this point. He was fol (1938), p. 299. lowed in 1791 by another Spaniard, Francisco H.R.Wagner, Spanish Eliza, who reached the Strait of Georgia, and Explorations in the Strait of the next year exploration of these waters was Juan dt Fuca, (Santa Ana: completed by George Vancouver, who discov n.p., 1933), pp. 264-5. ered Puget Sound, then circumnavigated the island, closely followed by the Spaniards, Galiano and Valdez—Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada. Government ofCanada—1925

A few meters along the trail is another, larger Left: His Majesty s Ships bronze plaque telling the story of early explora Discovery and Resolu tion in more detail.The view from Waibran Park tion at Nootka, 1778. of the islands and the channels is reportedly fan Detail of a painting by tastic and for our agile readers well worth the John Webbee effort, Mr. Roberts is recovering nicely. Courtesy BC Archives

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 1999/2000 15

No. i 16 NEWS -VOL.33 BC HiSTORICAL

raised

which a

development was

there 1906

In plank sidewalk. by powered boats in came they nery inlet, up the

terialize.

Note the Main Street. can a salmon had also which post, of the trading

ma would

ca. world Above: outside

1925.

Tofina the

link

with

hoped-for by the management operated and owned steamer

that

this

no indication

still was by

there

and

went the on transportation obtained they Unless plies.

years

the But a

of

railway. talk

even

was There sup and up mail their to pick homesteads tered

coast. to this

outer

out

right

continued

be would scat there their from just came they Clayoquot;

as

Alberni as

far

constructed

a

being road that at lived actually of however, these, Few ters.

anticipated

had

homesteaders

went time on.The daugh and 8 wives with males white adult 52

as

evident more

became

available being

markets of consisting 60 people, as of lation Clayoquot

without

homesteads on isolated

livestock raising popu the for lists 1898 Columbia Directory British

and by produce growing

an

existence

out

eking Island. Stubbs nearby WrzgIey’c on of Clayoquot

in involved

difficulties

the

activity,

fishing

sonal post trading was the Sound Clayoquot merce for

sea some was

there

although

and,

out

petered com and of trade centre main the by and water

boom mining

faded.The

this euphoria

However,

was All transportation roads. no were and there

up. opened be will soon

country

and

the

difficulty,

Tofino of village was no there with To start

of mountains through way their push metals will

situated. now is ofTofino village the

where

precious other gold and get to desire with feverish

Sound

Clayoquot

to entrance

the at southern sula

who

prospectors

and

miners

fresh

brings

day Every

penin the on and Beach Long and Inlet Tofino

long. last not will ignorance this doubt No this.

between plain of

coastal stretch

the on settled

beyond miles many for be reached easily can that

had

who

of homesteaders descendants were some a part Island, of the part this of known is little so

and world outside to the constructed a that road see strange It seems importance. of great port ern

to West a lives all their this to make waited had people means these and be of men will Many there

doubt by no and By sides. all on event. plenty gala a is was It There convoy. the in passengers eager

lows: with filled 74 vehicles of total a were There

as fol reads It in 1898. Willapa the on steamer Alberni.

to Clayoquot up came who doctor a of wife the Port to road constructed newly the out over cles

Rolston, C.A. Mrs. by kept diary the by illustrated vehi company logging by escorted to be Island

is

which as well boom mining budding a was of Vancouver Coast West the of section in this

There Ahousaht. and Opitsaht of villages nearby vehicle driveable other every about ofjust sisting

the

from hunters Native up pick to and supplies con a cavalcade joined cars the world.There side

for

there

came schooners Sealing century. the of out and the Alberni to Port off road branching

turn the

around place a busy was Clayoquot new and the ofUcluelet village the neighbouring

nod. to the road of junction to the driven all—was

pe— a

later

in

accommodation tourist only the in a dozen about EARLY ofTofino—perhaps lage treks. country

and

area, the for centre social only the was which vil of cross- the and vehicle prospecting motor driveable every

Clayoquot at

hotel a also was with sail.There and experiences oars 1959, August 22 of morning the in

own his of some

covers which Island, ver

on Vancou Wandering

Wilderness and Island,

on Vancouver mining

of history a Ventures,

Westcoast books:

previous two and

area, Sound Clayoquot

of the sive history

comprehen only the

Soundings, Clayoquot

of author the is

Tofino of Guppy Walter

Guppy by Walter

Tofino to Road The high expectations.An American company which had purchased the timber holdings of the Sutton Lumber andTrading Company ofUcluelet started construction of a large sawmill at Mosquito Har bour on Meares Island in Clayoquot Sound.This was to be an operation that would employ a large workforce and might even have made Mrs. Roiston’s expectations of”a western port ofgreat importance” become a reality However, after get ting into production and shipping 4 ½ million board feet of lumber and shingles around Cape Horn to NewYork —there was no Panama Ca nal then—the operation was deemed to be un economical and was abandoned. Water transportation, however, improved con siderably as time went by. Locally power boats started to come into use and, in 1912, the Cana dian Pacific Railway Company took over the coastal steamship service and replaced the small freighters, such as the already mentioned Willapa, and its successor, the Queen City, with the Prin cess Maquinna, a much larger vessel, built espe cially for the West Coast Vancouver Island serv affected tides ice. This ship had day accommodation for 400 area by passengers and sleeping berths for 100 as well as dining facilities comparable with a first class res taurant, and a spacious recreational lounge.

The townsite ofTofino was surveyed in 1912 Cathy Chapin - Lakehead University and, when the First World War broke out two tion to and from other points. However, the sons years later, most of the remote homesteads were and daughters of the pioneers, perhaps some of abandoned in favour of acquiring building sites the wives, and many of the newcomers who had in this centralized community Before long, there arrived since the war, desired better access to the were a general store near at hand, a government outside world, and agitation for the road was re telephone and telegraph service, a community vived. A local Board ofTrade (later Chamber of hail, a church, and a school, all within easy walk Commerce) was organized to make representa ing distance over a track through the bush. The tions to the two senior levels ofgovernment and, outbreak of war was the catalyst that caused the in 1926, Tofino was officially designated as the homesteaders to face reality: to realize that the Pacific Terminus of the Trans Canada Highway. hope of a road connection to the outside world Of course, at the time, there was little prospect of was a futile dream and to give up maintaining a highway to the Pacific Coast actually being built. the isolated homesteads in the face of a lack of The 1920s were a time of expansion and pros markets for local produce and a continuous strug perity for the fishing industry on the Coast.Tour gle against the elements. Some of the young men ism also flourished in this period and, although left for the war and some people left the area to there was not much in the way of tourist facili seek less arduous living conditions elsewhere. ties at up-coast points, the Princess Maquinna on Most of the remaining people were Norwe its bi-monthly trips was popular with vacationers gians who adapted well to conditions in this iso fromVictoria and Lower Mainland points.To ca lated outpost, as being not much different to what ter to this trade, the CPR had a second ship built they had been used to in their mother country. for this West Coast service, more commodious The Japanese fishermen, who with their families than the Princess Maquinna.The Princess Norah was became established here during the I 920s, were similar to the Princess Maquinna in hull dimen also content to make their living from the sea sions—about 75 metres long with a beam in pro using their own boats for travel and communica— portion—but with more superstructure and pas—

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER t999/ 2000 17 senger ac able employment and stimulating local business commoda— opportunities. For a time, this mining activity was tion. Its in also of benefit to the coastal steamship service, t ro du c ti on and resulted also in the extensive use of aircraft into this for transportation to points along the coast.The service in subsequent National Defence activity and the fur 1928 ther development of overland road routes ulti marked the mately put an end to steamship transportation acme of on the coast.

Courtesy Walter Guppy - source unknown m a r i n e In the post—war period, there was a fresh in Above: Cavalcade of cars transportation on the upper West Coast ofVan flux of newcomers to Tofino and Ucluelet and near Sproat Lake on the couver Island and was an indication of the pros some of the war—time establishment remained so day of the opening of the perity of that period. With two vessels having that there was renewed agitation for “the road.” road, 22 August 1959. the semblance offloating hotels alternately mak The local Chamber of Commerce was revived, a ing trips up and down the coast every ten days— joint road committee formed with the Ucluelet one would be calling at Tofino, either going up- Chamber, and a concerted effort made to get this coast or returning every two or three days—the overland link with the outside world completed. lack of a road was not of such great concern. When the Trans Canada Highway was finally During the Depression period following the constructed to the Pacific Coast, hopes thatTofino economic collapse of 1929, canneries and pu— would be made the terminus were dashed when chard processing plants along the coast closed, Victoria was chosen instead.The provincial gov tourism declined and the Princess Norah was di ernment surveyed the route through the moun verted to service elsewhere.The people offofino tains from Alberni and concluded that the cost reverted to dependence on the monthly trips of would not be justified to serve two small corn the Princess Maquinna. munities.Tofino and Ucluelet might still be de At the same time, however, an overland link to pendant on air and water transportation had it the outside world was gradually developing.There not been for the demand for the timber resources were annual allocations of government funds for of the surrounding area. Two major companies road work as a means of alleviating local hard and a number of small operators wanted this tim ship and a road construction camp was estab ber and the people of the coastal communities lished at Long Beach to provide employment for wanted the road.The outcome was that the gov refugees from the breadlines and soup kitchens ernment negotiated an agreement with the log of the cities. A serviceable gravel track was con ging companies whereby they would construct structed linking Ucluelet with Long Beach.The sections of the road in exchange for timber and beach could be used as a somewhat precarious this resulted in the road being pushed through as roadway, and a muddy track was hacked and a limited access road in 1959 giving rise to the blasted through the rain forest to Tofino. celebrations on that August day in 1959 and the At the Tofino end, the track leading up from cavalcade of cars heading for Port Alberni. The the government wharf through the cluster of road was completed as a public highway by 1964. buildings that comprised the village had also However, there is a downside to everything. evolved into the semblance of a road.Two or three Completion of the overland transportation link Model-T Fords or vehicles of similar vintage had made the coastal steamship service uneconomi at various times been transported to Tofino on cal and, when the old Princess Maquinna’s boilers the deck of the Princess Maquinna and were able gave out, she was taken out of service and not to negotiate this track over a distance of a mile replaced. The influx of newcomers also changed or two. A plank sidewalk facilitated the use of the sociological make-up of the communities. It wheelbarrows and allowed pedestrians to avoid was great to be able to drive, or take the bus to the ruts and mudholes. town at any time, but fewer were the social events Ber’.veen 1936 and the outbreak ofWorldWar where everyone knew everyone else, and gone II in 1939, a gold-mining boom developed fur was the anticipation of what the next trip of the ther up the coast at Zeballos.This activity spread steamer would bring, as well as the gatherings on to other points, such as Bedwell River and other the wharf to greet its arrivaLc’’ sections of Clayoquot Sound, creating consider-

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VoL.33 No. i Bowen Island’s Howe Sound Hotel by Robert J. Cathro

HE Howe Sound Hotel, which oper ated from 1901 to 1908, was the first T hotel on Bowen Island’ and only the second built on Howe Sound. The first was built at Squamish about 1892 and was operated in connection with a post office and general store by William Mashiter.2 The first pre-emption on Bowen occurred in 1874 but settlement proceeded very slowly on the island. In 1900 the population, most ofwhom lived near Snug Cove, was probably between 80 and 100, including children.4 The register from the Howe Sound Hotel, one of the oldest records in existence from the early commercial life on the island, is preserved at the City of Vancouver Archives (CVA).5 This hotel register was acquired by the CVA in 1941 through Matthews, the initiative of Major J. S. the archi Courtesy Bowen Island Museum & Archive. Photograph No.315 vist, who was a friend of several men who owned The hotel was built of sawn lumber barged Above: Howe Sound summer homes near the former hotel. A note over from Vancouver, according to William Hotel. This photo was attached to the register by the major states that Grafton, a member of a pioneer Bowen family. It taken about 1911 when CaptainWJ.Twiss, who owned the former hotel was a two-story house painted black with a white the hotel was converted by property; was the donor, Twiss was a formerVan trim. It sat in the middle of a three or four acre the James Keithfamilyfor couver alderman (1933-34) who, according to clearing and there was a boat shed on the beach their use as a summer Matthews, was largely responsible for the estab by the wharf.A small bar and a dining room were cottage and renamed lishment of the archives.6 Another note inserted run by Newland and his wife, with a handyman “Invercrai.” in the register in 1990 states that the donor was to do the chores.9 not Twiss, but rather his neighbour W. Howard Arthur Newland was born in England on 8 Wilson, who found it inside the old hotel when May 1855 and arrived in British Columbia just he purchased it in 1931. before the turn of the century. 10 He had bought The Howe Sound Hotel, built by Arthur or leased the Central Hotel at 42-44 West Newland was located at Hood Point, at the north Cordova Street inVancouver. After he left Bowen east end of the island. Hood Point was an odd Island, Newland managed the Australasian Club location for a pioneer hotel because it was only in 1908.11 In 1910 he was a partner in the real accessible by boat from the other settlements on estate and timber brokerage firm of Croot, Bowen and population centers such as Vancou Newland & Stewart.12 When he died inVancou Bob Cathro is a retired ver, Squamish and Gibson’s Landing, or the Bri ver on 15 April 1927, his death certificate gave geological engineer tannia Mine and the numerous logging camps. his occupation as a fishery officer. whose interest in prime waterfront The hotel was situated on a The formal opening of the Howe Sound Ho history was stimulated site leased from James C. Keith, a pioneer Van tel was held on 8 July 1901, when a number of by a career in mineral couver banker and land developer.The Keith fam well-known citizens accompanied James Keith exploration in Yukon ily purchased the 355 acre property in 1891 from and Captain John A. Cates on the steamer Defi Territory and northern the original owners, the Simpson brothers, who ance, with stops at the cannery near Point Atkinson British Columbia. He is had built a small cabin and put in a vegetable lighthouse and Mr. Caulfeild’s summer resort on a director of the British Columbia Historical garden. Newland leased the Keith property from the shore of West Vancouver. Among those on Federation and the 1895 until about 1910, when he ran into finan board were City Clerk McGuigan and Alderman Bowen Island Histori cial difficulties.8 Foreman.13 ans.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 1999/ 2000 Right: Steam yacht Mou Ping shown in First Narrows outbound from Burrard Inlet. Note the undeveloped shoreline of West Vancouver

- Howard, Irene Bowen Is ‘Snzsv -I land 1872-1972, Bowen Is land Historians, Bowen Is v... ‘1..i•:; ‘ land, 1973, p. 56. 2 Arnmitage, Doreen, Around Howe Sound : A History of Howe Sound— I’Vhistlet Ma— deira Park: Harbotir Pub lishing, 1997, pp. 71, 85. In 1890, Squamish was known as Mashiter’s Landing. Howard, 1973, ibid., p. 32. It is inapossible to deter mine the number ofpeople living on Bowen Island in Photo by P.Tirnms,ca. 1910. Vancouver Publice Library,Special Collections, VPL 2968 with 1900—1901 any accu The register for the Howe Sound Hotel kept worker rowed them across Howe Sound so they racy. Heridersonl British Co by the City ofVancouver Archives was lun,bia Gazetteer and Directory a register could make the first ascent of the western peak (1900—1901) shows the from the Central Hotel in which Newland’s of the Lions.16 Several of the guests had an island population as 70 but lists name was spelled Newlands. According to the connection, such as Norah Mannion, the daugh only 25 adults. On the other register Keith visited nine times. His last entry is ter of Bowen Island pioneer Joseph Mannion, hand, the 1901 Census of on 13 September 1908. Many of those who vis who signed the register in September 1902.’ Canada, Howe Sound Sub ited the hotel were district, contains only 58 yachtsmen from the city and BenjaminT Rogers, the founder ofBritish Co names, including 21 chil loggers headed for the camps in small boats, who lumbia Sugar Refinery Ltd., was certainly the dren.To add to the confu stopped in only for a meal and a drink or to use best customer. He signed the register 21 times, sion, only five of the names the outhouse.Although some of those who signed starting on 30 August 1901, accompanied on that recorded in the census ap the register stayed in the hotel, many anchored occasion by his wife, Mary peared in the directory. Isabella (Bella), her CVA, ADD MSS 143. and slept on their boats.’4 relative AN. Angus, and Osborne Plunkett.They CVA, ADD MSS 143. While searching the register for the names of were travelling on the 64-foot family yacht Mou Memo by Matthews dated island pioneers, the writer noticed that one of Ping, an 8-horsepower steam launch of 33 gross 30 November 1941.Born in the signatures, dated 6 September 1904,belonged tons (22 net) built in Hong Kong in May 1899.18 County Kerry, Ireland in to the governor-general Canada, Minto. 1870, Twiss was a military of Lord Ben, as his wife called him, was a frequent visitor officer who founded the The register was signed by Lord Minto on his to the Orient to purchase raw sugar for the re Kaslo Rifle Company in farewell visit to British Columbia. It is the only finery and often used these short cruises up Howe 1898 and became aVancou known viceregal visit to Bowen Island. The stop Sound to entertain visiting business associates.’9 ver insurance manager and on Bowen has not been previously documented Bella Rogers was prone to seasickness and a Langley dairy farmer be fore his death in February in either island history or contemporary news didn’t go on many of these trips. According to 1953. Vancouver Province, 3 paper accounts. His Excellency’s trip to Howe her, Ben gradually adopted a costume of “full February 1953. Sound, while enroute from Victoria to Vancou yachting rig” over the years and she began to CVA, ADD MSS 143. ver, was made on the Royal Navy’s HMS Grafton. refer to him as “the Commodore” after he was Memo byJ.Turner dated 19 Major Matthews didn’t notice Lord Minto’s elected to that position at the Royal Vancouver September 1990. Twiss ac— tually owned “Tulameen”, a signature, which was almost obliterated by later Yacht Club. Seven years after his death in June log cabin beside the former entries, but he did recognize several names in the 1918, Bella purchased a large property at Point hotel. It was an old favour register, including those of PremierWJ. Bowser, Cowan on the south shore of Bowen Island and ite which the Captain John Vancouver Treasurer H.J. Painter, Vancouver Al named it “Fairweather Bay” after her mother’s Cates family had dismantled and shipped log by log from derman George Buscombe, and CityAssessorA.T. maiden name.2° The Rogers name is still quite a mining claim near Dalton.’5 Dalton, George Martin and Atwell D. prominent on Bowen today. Tulameen. Vinco,tver News- King were dropped off at the hotel on 10 June Osborne “Plunk” Plunkett accompanied Ben 1903 by Captain Cates. The next day, a hotel Rogers on at least seven of the visits to the hotel N, ri S CONTINLI.I) IN IOLLI)WING PAGE.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VoL.33 No., on the Mou Ping. The two men were business associates as well as close friends. Described as six and a half feet tall, “Plunk” was a promising lawyer from Nova Scotia. He died suddenly from pneumonia on 23 November 1910, at the age of 39. He was president of theVancouver Conserva-. tive Club and had just returned from Nelson, where he had been elected second vice—presi dent of the Conservative Association of British Columbia.21 His wife, Harriett Amelia Beatrice, was the daughter ofHarry B. Abbott, retired gen eral superintendent of the Canadian Pacific Rail way, and one of the leaders of the Vancouver es tablishment.22 The railway was a strong supporter ofthe federal Conservative Party and several CPR directors were large financial backers of B.C. Sugar. In 1910, when Newland was forced to aban don the hotel, the property reverted to the Keith family.Their daughter, Mary Isabella, recalled that “somehow the land came back into father’s hands and then we used it as a summer house and called 0 5 10 it ‘Invercraig,’ between the rocks”.23 The Keiths I I started to build retaining walls and lay out tennis Kilometres courts and a golf course but this work ended afterJarnes died in 1914. In 1924, his widowAnne

cathy Chapin . sold the property to Captain Cates, the retired Lakehead University (after a map by Srian Hall) head ofTerminal Steamships. Captain Cates sold NOTES CONTINUED. bia Directory (1910).The of spelled Mouping by Mrs. it in 1927 to Hood Point Estates, which subdi fice address was 417 Rogers in her diary and as Herald, 18 August 1942. vided it a few years later.24 It is ironic that the Richards Street,Vancouver. Mow Ping in the Vancouver Twiss sold the cabin 13 to R. Vancouver Province, 9 July Public Library photo file. fine bay on which the hotel was built is named E. Standfield, manager 19 ofthe 1901. Some .of these are listed Hudson’s 14 after Cates, even though he made such a small Bay Company CVA, Matthews conver in the register, including the store inVancouver, in 1942. contribution to the local history. sation with Grafton, 1942, Captain of the SS Empress Vancouver Sun, 17 July The Howe Sound Hotel was, in modern ter ibid. of China, and a visitor from 1950. Vancouver News-Herald, 4 Hong Kong in July 1902, minology; a destination resort which anticipated 8 Howard, 1973, ibid.,p.169. December 1941. the Captain of the SS the tourist potential that would be developed After 1908 the hotel appears u, Howard, 1973, ibid. p.56. Coranji, as well as Visitors to have years later at Snug Cove by the Union Steam been looked after by 17The register was signed by from Australia, Hawaii, and that ship Company. Unfortunately for Arthur a watchman. In 1910 several other men who were England in September 1902, position was held by Frank Newland his hotel was far ahead of its time. To involved in mineral claim the Captain of the Empress M. Brown, according to staking and development on of China May 1903, day, what remains of the old hotel is hidden in in and Hendersortl British Columbia the island and were also im two visitors from Australia side a modern home in an upscale waterfront Gazetteer & Directory (1910). portantVancouver pioneers, inJuly 1904. Howard stated that John 20 neighborhood. ‘“ such as Benjamin Springer, Kluckner, 1987, ibid. Lister was the watchman in Lewis G. McPhillips, Percy 21 The Daily Province, 24 No 1911. Evans, R.H.H. Alexander, vember 1910. CVA, Major Matthews Dr. Alfred Poole, and sur 22 Thncouver Voters, 1886,Brit— Collection, Memo of con veyorWA. Bauer, as well as ish Columbia Genealogical versation with William A. pioneer island prospector Society, Vancouver, 1944, Grafton, City Hall Em and minerJ.J. Moore. 399. ployee, 15 September 1942. Kiuckner, Michael. MI. 23 CVA, Major Matthews 10 Death Certificate. Rogers, 1869—1965, pub Collection, J.C. Keith file. I—Iendersonl British The author wishes to acknowledge the help and Column lished privately. 1987. The Conversation with Mary encouragement of the Bowen Island Historians bia Directory (1908).The ad ship was registered as Mou Keith in 1939. dress for the club was 534 24 and their archives. Special thanks are due to the Ping and the same spelling Howard, 1973, ibid., pp W Cordova Street,Vancou City ofVancouver Archives and the Special Col was used in the hotel direc 73-74. ver. tory. However, the name was lections Division of theVancouver Public Library. 2 Henderson S British Column-

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 1999/ 2000 21

22 33

No. -Voi. BC NEWS i HISTORICAL

dane- and night, and of deck, skipping on games.At kinds all draft a a to of letter, the folks back home.

room music in the There singing of was themselves. plenty a as journal diary but its letter, a is ending or also that suggests it

written enjoy to her girls after seemed and in men young voyage. record arrival The to She New her referred Westminster.

to opportunity work on regularly her and was some diary text a been have it up would to been speed keep able had that

are dated. During trip her Nelly not Tilt the have may found we rate. a at If such and was were fine the going we weather

from departure

England.

the

of entries Only few first days the

cold, was it list. sick on was he Although the Harry, and still

date Nelly Tilt began writing the diary, her days some ten after

except by to Monday, ship all the had got We used

[ 8 ?]th

The

diary 15 starts date with the the is which July, perhaps

the bed. to put went children and

Daniels be should for congratulated his

efforts.

soon I and long. He stay not He for did my look baggage.

of simile first the the page and text shows, read hard is Jack to

he helped since was that

them had I time the this

seen first

obvious few spelling have mistakes the been As corrected. fac

and

poorly,

boy been very had little His found came us. and

is erratic and to has been changed a it Improve Only readabthty.

Mr. Timms then deck them again, on tea, brought I After tool— or pen pencil. As usual these in punctuation manuscripts

tinuous, tea. until by we marked stayed, there seat, out and a few only found more a wraps.We of a dates or writing change

Nelly Tilt’s to her of account trip is BC. con text The original get some and down come I to and was had cold, It dreadfully

is What here published is son of Jack’s Elsie’s transcription on deck. took I them Then come had away. we could to eat,

1958.

wife,

a His later. in Tilt,

year died Nelly Burnaby us of but neither at children the table, dinnertime, with the

in Peter died 86 at Shaugnessy

of age in the Military

Hospital

to it. struggled I to hard believe it was although Sunday,

7 th

Vancouver.

Such

life. is

others.

after

Building painted in the frames the

Marine of outside window

to look had yet seasickness, with suffering was back. He and

in along his time he recalls the trade

when the Elsie

waterfront.

a Canada to trip do would he he so thought short, trade was

to back his various jobs did he area family the Vancouver where

His Liverpool. from

by

trade

engineer,

an

elec[trical] was he moved in returned Peter So strikes. of 1919 miners’ because

job. He used to the was not He bucket. and mop with the from when Nanaimo scarce in were Nanaimo.Job opportunities

to come had who steward so the sorry felt I for

day that up regiment Scottish years and served the he with four overseas

6 th

the at table to an join of appearance made first one Peter I World [that] the was War started, When few very were There

one burned first down. it at together. were all we Sometimes the same. were children

the

when his family cabins. house a Peter ers’ for built second poor The begun. had Seasickness an awakening! what oh,

the

min the

with found

coal

maintaining company, employment

sleep, but to went I before long not was It retired. I Then,

He Bay. Departure in docks BC the Ferry of present location

the ship. of end foreigner’s the at

found

the

near and

Stewart Avenue, of the George on Street St. corner

was it

9:30

before

was It

it. find not but too, could it for

a home 1908

built

and there his in so family moved he Nanaimo,

been looking had stewards the of One two or had gone. it

in opportunities about better employment Peter learned

to think began I seen. be to nowhere was Mine over. baggage

New station Westminster. in CPR

the

sorted

and

times, of

lots

all round, I went baggage. my the at 1907 of the in summer him joined wife and children

find and try to went I Then for them. day trying a been had His Australia. to going intention of the with way across Canada

It in bed. ones little the put I his work over, to and was it He left glad when was England England. Birmingham, painter in

and I tea. paperhanger, for as carpenter, trade his Tilt ready learned [was] Peter one every deck below went I When

his and wife. Daniels, again. meet we till her with be God May

Jack

son,

her

with

in

Nanaimo lives She the of past. memory

me. see she could if know not do I but her to handkerchief

a clear with

health good in is 2000. She

in 95

years be

April

my waved I was. she where could see I before time

some

will

who

Daniels, Elsie from Mrs. comes Peter and husband her

was It dear mother.

at

glance another to again,

have

deck

on

Tilt Nelly on

information following

age years Nanaimo.The in

came

I

out

distance

some were we started.When steamer the

teen Elsie’s of on

account working an been

have

Gavin Halkett

until Liverpool in stayed she off, and us see to

to

Liverpool

and diary, the in mentioned daughter old two-year Daniels, the

came

Mother

comfort, one

but friends,

our before up keep to (Tilt) Elsie Mrs. collection. document their to expand the society

fight

hard a was It trolleys. the of one with hurt her got foot of program continuing part a of as this diary across Society, came

mother My me. upset that thing one only was Historical of Nanaimo crowded.There the president past E. Gavin Halkett,

so was

it all for seat, Harry. old five-year a Elsie, old and comfortable get two_year to we and managed

children, young two her New Westminster to 9:20 England trip at from station [Birmingham]

New St. left train couver. The

I

the on

her with

had She

to

PeterTilt. her join husband, England, Van to journey long a for ready getting and making

Birmingham, from 1907

in New Westminster to

who migrated

merry all night, nearly up been had We soon.

Tilt Nelly Mrs. of account travel the is delightful

FOLLOWING

very July [1907] of 5th the forget not SHALL

Westminster New to Journey Tilt’s Nelly ing and flirting. The children who were big any one. So Mr. T[immsl enough could swing and spend a fortune on helped all he could. I . fjl.300.000. sweets and oranges.The only ones, who did not found my cabin baggage, Lur1s CSTA8LI5Ho I85 have much pleasure, were those with little mites, but I could not get any who had their work set out for them. one for money to take 9th Tuesday was wet and we had to stop below, them to the station. So we ASS all day. It seemed endless and such a din of chil put them safe and went in URArjcL COI1PArITj dren, playing and crying. Mr. Timms came and search of my luggage. We had a chat. I must say he was devoted to his boy, were getting pretty done trying to get him well and brightening him up up by then.

——,—- After he put him to bed, he did not leave him, to I had left Harry in care TUE. ; 4 . I go on deck like some men would have done. of a gentleman belonging I ZS 10th More rain and at night, we went into fog. to the YMCA I believe All who were on deck were ordered below and and I had to carry Elsie all were going u4 we very slowly, at last we were at a of the time. I was looking TuoR.i, stand still. And the same nearly all the next day for my things. Mr. ,,14 Aww ç and night. It was awful hearing the fog signals all T[imms]’s little boy felt the time. We were then near Belle Isles. When bad, and he had to take 15 * jt4 the fog had cleared it was a pretty sight to him see, to get something. So A1 ( ‘L&:::; ;Ac(. .,., ,,.<. and we were glad to see land once again.Although I was left on my own. At gt5 not very near we had passed by four big icebergs. last to my re1ief I saw lids I only saw one and someone looked to the chil by letters come up and I . dren while I went to look at it. They told me the hurried up to claim the one we had been waiting to pass in the fog was baggage and have it such a size—half as big as the ship—and it was a checked off and the bedding, but I had to wait Above: An example of grand sight. It was near New Foundland where I till about 10 minutes to six before I got to the the original text: the saw one. We saw land for a good distance then other. initial page of the and had we been able to go straight on, should Mr. Tlimms] was back again. He was anxious diary. The original have landed on Friday. But better to be delayed to see me right before he went. He was to travel calender pad is 9 x 6 for a short time than to have met with an acci by the Grand Trunk Railway at 6:30. He got inches. dent. The lonia had run into the iceberg and I someone to help carry my baggage on. Oh, how heard 23 lives were lost I heard they were signal thankful I was andjust as he was going they found ling to us.That is why we were delayed.We went me from Tray-Aid. He had gone when I went to very slowly through the straits, and we were glad wish them goodbye and thank him. So I have when Sunday came and we were to land. The heard no more of Mr.Timms I wish that he and heat that day was overpowering. his little son had been traveffing on the same line On Saturday night Mr. Timms had strapped as we. During this time I had left Harry to mind my baggage up and on Sunday morning he Elsie in this General waiting room. When I re strapped the wraps up and some food I had turned he had forev—[?] himself so I had a nice bought of the ship steward for our train journey. treat. This was 6:30 and I was dying for a cup of Then we all went on deck to stay there till we tea. After I had seen it off, I fairly collapsed on a landed, at 2:30. We were not dressed for hot seat. weather and we felt fit to drop. I want to keep a The Lady fromTray-Aid had helped me change diary, but I could not. I had my hands full. But I my money, and introduced me to a young woman am trying to remember all that I can to send who had landed the day before. She was staying word to you. Now I will wait till tea is over be there because her boy had broken his leg the last Gavin E. Halkett, past fore I write more. day on the ship and he was in hospital. I felt so president of the How glad we were to find ourselves, on the sorry for her. She went and got me a cup of tea Nanaimo Historical landing stage. We went straight to the railway to and some cake and then I was told that the train Society, submitted the get our tickets.Then we went back to the goods would not start before 11 o’clock. diary and photographs for publication with shed, to try to find my baggage and have a hunt I saw some children that were being sent from kind agreement of for the packing cases. I should have been met by the waifs and strays homes being put comfort Mrs. Elsie (Tilt) Daniels someone from the Tray-Aid and I did not see able night on the train, before the crush came. and her family.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 1999/ 2000 23 I asked someone me into the nicest train and get me a comfort and we were put in able seat. as comfortable [a] We had a much happier time the last part of part as there was. I ourjourney.This gentleman and his wife and son took the children’s were good singers and I got them to sing. They things off and put sang in parts and one night we played cards.They them to sleep and did not mind looking to the children for a few washed off knick minutes.The scenery was grand after Calgary.We ers before anyone had passed miles of Prairie and I did not like that. got in. And I sat But after Calgary the scenery got more and more down not caring if beautiful. I could not describe the grandeur of it snowed. the place. A motherly sort Golden was lovely and near the great divide ofperson came and of Alberta and British Columbia; Banff and roused me up and Revelstoke and the Rockies. As I came through, pulled the seat out it was worth the money to just see that sight. so that I could rest. How can I tell you of its beauty? I felt like it says She could see that in that old song: enraptured, charmed, and amazed. I was done—up.The I was. My inmost soul was stirred. I could not seats were not up take my eyes ofI yet some parts were so terrify holstered, and I had ingly dangerous. Some of the Ladles dared not put all wraps for look. I was fascinated and, as I look[edj out of the comfort of the the windows, I could only see the carriage we chicks. I do not were in [as]our train went through the rnoun— know or care how tains, some covered with snow Sometimes the the time went. I train was in the shape of an SS as we bent round I got the meals and in and out of those wonderful mountains. Courtesy Elsie (Tilt) Daniels when we felt hun First the carriage would be all on slope the one gry and put them side and almost instantly it would slope the other rocking of the train was side. We were travelling along the middle of the Above: Nell Tilt in a to sleep when tired. The special corner of herfirst worse than the ship. It took one all their time to mountain in some parts, and it seemed so dan home in New Westminster keep on their feet. The seats could be pulled out gerously lovely to look into the depths beneath. in 1907. She was proud of and met. This answered for a bed. Over these The madly rushing falls were a sight to see as we her “little bit of England,” seats was a rack, on which to put our baggage. passed by and over them. And I thank God that displaying family pictures But those who had not been able to find seats we got through safe and sound. We changed at and letters. and those with big children used them for sleep Western Junction and came to New ing as well. It was so hot and close all of the time. W[estrninsterj. Just when you were dozing in the middle of Sam had lost time every time a train was ex the night you were woke up with someone shout pected, to see if we had arrived. Our ship was 60 ing, “tickets please.” The scenery was prime. The hours late, so he did not know when to expect railway riding upset the children. Elsie could not us.We had not waited long in the station when eat. he came, and his house was only five minutes off We had to change trains at Winnipeg. On the the station. Wednesday it was [? ] there. (The girls and I was quite charmed with my little wooden children.[?j) I took Elsie into a chemist, and he house, with wild raspberries growing outside the said he could do nothing for her. It was thejour front, and bracken and bulrushes. And rats, also ney. Most of the people went and had a good under the wood shed. I am getting as used to meal, and a look round. But I only went just them now as to the flies and mosquitoes, and the outside the station. I could not manage the little Chinks for neighbours. ones. They charged 5 p for a cup of tea in the God Bless you one and all, I trust to see you station and I bought some dainties to try to tempt again someday. Your loving Nell.” my poor{?] baby. But she wanted nothing but something to drink. I found some friends to help

24 BC HISToRICAL NEWS -VOL.33 No. i Glanville’s Dairy of Grand Forks, BC by Ronald Greene

Glanville passed away in 1966 This article about a well-known and respected and his wife in Ron Greene, treasurer BCHF family, Jim and Alice Glanville, starts a series 1978.Jim and Bill ran the farm for a year or two of the British Columbia of histories of tokens in Ronald Greene’s collection. untilJim bought his brother out. Bill subsequently Historical Federation is moved to François Lake and cleared Ootsa Lake. interested in BC tokens During and their history. ILLIAM Bedford Glanville was born at the war the Glanvilles also planted some Mallahide, Elgin County, Ontario in onion seed.The dairy herd was largely composed W 1880. At an early age he accompa of Holstein and some Shorthorn cross. Jim nied his parents when they moved to England. Glanville milked approximately 20 cows. He returned to Canada before the age of twenty; Jim Glanville introduced the tokens after he first stopping at Montreal and then moving to was married to Alice Clark in 1943 and used them Winnipeg where he lived and worked for a year until he gave up delivering in 1951.The routes on the small dairy farm of an uncle,John Newby. were sold to Sunshine Valley Dairy. He contin Newby had two brothers living in the Grand ued to produce milk for two or three years after Forks area and early in 1900 they wrote stating he stopped retailing. The milk was shipped to the opportunities they believed were opening up. Sunshine Valley Dairy and also to the United In the company of his uncle John, Glanville ar Dairy ofTrail. rived in Grand Forks in February 1900 where In the winters they would put up forty tons of he was to spend the rest of his life. From another ice cut from Smelter Lake. The ice on the lake uncle, Len Newby, he bought a piece of land was up to 26 inches thick. Smelter Lake was which was located up the North Fork of the drained in 1948 and the Glanvifles were able to Kettle River, at the top end of Smelter Lake.This purchase 300 acres of the lake bottom in 1953. purchase took all his money so he found a job Previously they had sixty acres, twenty in farm with George W Floyd of Rose Hill Dairy. Later land and forty in sidehill or bush. In the 1930s he worked at the Granby Smelter. He also hauled William Glanville had lost the timber land to powder up to the old Union Mine at Franklin taxes. Camp and cut wood at the Denver Fraction and The Glanvilles switched to beef cattle about had several other jobs over the next few years. the time they added to the farm and ran beef Bill Glanville married Caroline Utas in 1907 cattle until 1961, also having 100 acres in alfalfa and went to live on his land. He started operat towards the end. They sold the farm and moved ing the dairy from that time. Until he acquired a closer to Grand Forks where they built their horse Bill Glanville carried two cans of milk to present home in 1963. Today Jim and Alice make his deliveries. In 1921 he was able to ob Glanville are enjoying a very busy retirement. tain a Model T Ford and in 1923 another one. Both have been active in the Boundary Histori His son, Jim, can remember his father coming cal Society and Alice is the past-president of the In the days of door-to- home from the milk route, butchering a steer British Columbia Historical Federation. door delivery there were several advantages from 10:30 until 11:00 am and then delivering for a Sources:Jirn Glanville interview dairy to use tokens. The the meat in the afternoon. of 19 April 1992. William Glanville, “The Glanville Story,” in the Fifth first was that the dairy About 1913 the Glanvilles’ house caught fire. Report of the Boundary Historical Society; 1967. could get their money They were visiting the Forresters, another dairy up-front, which always family, who lived at the other end of Smelter helped the cashilow. Lake and saw the flames from there. They were Secondly, tokens were burnt out and until the new house was ready in F.. less likely to be stolen 1915 the family lived in the chicken house. The from the milk bottles Glanvilles had five children, Ranuiph, Laura,Jim, than cash was. Paper Jean, and William, of whom the latter three were tickets were also used, but born after the fire. printing was a re curring expense and the When William Glanville retired in 1941,Jim tickets tended to stick and the youngest brother, Bill, took over the farm. inside the bottle.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 1999/ 2000 25

26 No.i -VOL.33 NEWS HISTORICAL BC

to Squire” “The Bullock, Harry Popeye;”

farming with many

little wilderness, relative Ave.,Victoria, BCVS5 1W8.

like

her

on “arms had and ging trucks a to of moving the contend problems with able from Books, Rockland 1706 Rockland

log who drove include: Watmough, Winnie to were forced men these who single mainly years book of shops. in browsing used Avail

personalities of these Some toria community. on bookseller 40 this Kim over based Whale, a for scenario bleak in Kahn detail. presents

Canada vey of hyVic Compiled Guidebooks. of foundation the who constitute individuals are homes described to tried their establish

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pp.

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natu a more live city in to the idea ofleaving as the domi itself as

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G.J. Kim Whale. Books, Victoria: Rockland

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REvIEwED

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MCKEE BY BILL

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V6S1E4

BC Avenue,Vancouver 20th West 3450 News, Historical BC Editor Review Book Yandle, Anne

to: sent be should reviews and book for review Books

Reviews Book whom an entire chapter is devoted; and Canada. products. British Columbia participated in Kirniko Murakami, who returned to Salt The exhibition was one ofthe great nine exhibitions in London (1862) with miner Spring after being interned duringWorld War teenth-century projects for improving the als, fish, grains, Indian manufactures, and an II. world. Combining the Victorian virtues of enormous Douglas fir; in Paris (1878) win Each chapter is prefaced with a concise communication, co-operation and compe ning 29 awards; in Philadelphia (1878) win timeline of key dates and events covered. In tition, it promised to advertise the choice mng 3 awards; and in Chicago (1893) with terspersed through the narrative are text boxes products of civilization to a receptive public. coal, silver, and other minerals, as well as fruit. varying in length, which read like small vi The Inglorious Arts of Peace is the first com The role of women and Aboriginals in gnettes and give additional insights into a prehensive look at the history of these cul Canadian and international exhibitions, lim particular theme in the chapter. Photographs, tural extravaganzas in Canada and on the ited though it was, is traced in part three. which are plentiful, have detailed captions world scene. Most women exhibited for fun, and profit, and credits which impress this reader greatly. The book is divided into three parts. Part and a chance to express themselves.Aborigi— Endnotes are informative and link well with one: “Exhibitions in Central Canada;” part nal artifacts were a prominent part of dis an extensive bibliography. The bibliography two: “Canada at the International Exhibi— plays sent by Canada to London, Paris and itself is a valuable resource for anyone who tions;”and part three:”Exhibitions and Iden Chicago, and individual bands sent in veg may wish to delve deeper into the history tities,” covering the role ofwomen and abo etables, grains, and fruits. not only of Salt Spring, but British Colum riginals.The curious title ofthe book is taken The book’s author, B. A. Heaman, thor bia.The index is lengthy and well organized, from a verse from “A Horatian Ode upon oughly researched her subject while on a which is another very positive factor, and one Cromwell’s Return from Ireland,” written in doctoral fellowship at the University ofTo that other potential local historians would 1650 by Andrew Marvell, English poet and ronto. She has shed light on a facet of Cana be wise to take into consideration. satirist. dian history that is both interesting and filled Though there is a basic map of Salt Spring Early in the nineteenth century, provin with fascinating details on the people, poli Island and its geographic location within the cial governments began to sponsor exhibi tics and products that went into Canada’s province on the book’s lining papers,l would tions that advertised highly—bred livestock, exhibitions at home and abroad. ‘“ have preferred to find the detailed map, lo and modern techniques of rotation and Jim Rainer is chairman of the Alcuin Society cated on page 292 of the penultimate chap manuring to farmers. Hundreds of agricul a society qf book lovers. ter, at the book’s outset.’’ tural and industrial exhibitions sprang up Reviewer Rachel Grant is librarian at the l’3n- across central Canada until, by the end of Wreck! Canada c Worst Railway Accidents. couver Maritime Museum. the century, exhibiting was an enormous in Hugh Halliday. Toronto: Robin Brass Stu dustry attracting a mass audience. Part one dio, 10 Blantyre Ave., Toronto, Ont. M1N covers this history with the western and east The Inglorious Arts of Peace: Exhibitions 2R4, 1997. 224 pp. Illus. $18.95 paperback. ern provinces deliberately not covered to in Canadian Society During the Nine Whistle Punks & Widow Makers; Thies keep the project to a manageable size. As a teenth Century. of the B.C. Woods. Robert Swanson, matter of interest, British Columbia held its with E.A. Heaman.Toronto: University ofToronto an introduction by Ken Drushka. first industrial exhibition in 1861 to select Madeira Press, 1999. 412 pp. Illus. $50 hardcover. Park: Harbour Publishing, 1998. goods for display in the 1862 Great Exhibi 160pp. Illus. REVIEWED BY JIM R.iNER. tion in London. $21.95 paperback. REVIEWED BY BILL Imagine a single cheese, dubbed the “Cana Part two examines the ways in which Brit MCKEE. dian Mite,” weighing 22,000 pounds, stand ish North America was advertised at home I found it a pleasure to read both these books. ing six feet high and measuring 28 feet in and abroad in the pursuit of productivity, Hugh Halliday’s volume, Wreck!, reminded circumference. This was one of Canada’s ex markets, capital, and immigrants, and evalu me ofthe various accounts oftrain accidents hibits in the 1893 Chicago World’s Fair! So ates the exhibitions’ impact on private in I had read during my past research for sev big it was, that a Canadian Pacific Railway dustry, the government, and Canadian iden eral museum exhibitions on the history of train was fitted out to carry it through the tity. A colourful display at the Great Exhibi the CPR. Halliday’s short, readable accounts country with much fanfare. In Chicago, when tion of the Works ofAll Nations in London ofsome of Canada’s most appalling rail acci it was installed, the floor collapsed under its in 1851 was Canada’s first entry on the world dents go a long way in bringing a more real weight. Although heat affected the outside stage. Minerals, timber, vegetables, a gigantic istic image of the history of the railways of of the cheese, judges bored two feet into it canoe, fur-laden sleighs, fire engines and fur this country. The book offers some useful and found it of “remarkably good” flavour niture were featured. Praise was warm, al insights into the reasons for some key acci and “extraordinarily fine” body. Canada’s though one reviewer carped, “We like the dents, ranging from unsafe operations (tol great triumph at this exhibition was cheese. beavers carved around the edge of the table erated, or encouraged,by older railway firms), The government-sponsored “Mite,” and the but we cannot approve of the same animals to employee errors, procedural shortcomings many fine cheeses exhibited by private pro crawling like rats on the crossbars ofthe legs.” and various mechanical faults.The introduc ducers created a mental association between Other exhibitions in NewYork, Paris, Phila tion gives a useful overview of some of the Canada and cheese which persists today.This delphia, Dublin, Chicago, andVienna showed most important hazards that trains and rail nugget is one ofmany humorous, successful, off the country’s pervasive grains, minerals, way workers have encountered, and how the or inglorious stories in the book which en timber, and cheese along with farm equip causes of some common types of accidents rich our understanding of the history of ment, wine, pianos, and other manufactured have been addressed. As someone interested

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 1999/2000 27

28 33

No. -Voc. BC NEWS HISTORICAL i

a such work, as in camp related individuals some film silent footage several that showed

of end, In Railway. the

the the

of success in

as as some well of other loggers, experiences “Empresses” on this I coast. located When

belief his as is unyielding was

phenomenal,

of rich us the with personal views detailed the of history the and CPR “Princesses”

Rupert Prince GTP

and the

of success tential

still the as book provides above, mentioned ago, was I while an working on exhibit on

the po of to to investors England

convince

some are accounts ofhis senu-fictional, clearly I had met first Swanson 12 about years

and Canada how across travelled

Rattenbury

of and this the While century. part earlier 1990s.

of story The the of GTP proposed route the

1800s the Columbia late in woods British volume in published the in book-form early

through running ally holdings land through

in who the actually ful characters worked the first of paperback edition this popular

gain person to stood he in

which

Rupert,

of colour of the some the even most deaths, ago long in the of press is This the industry.

Prince city of its

terminus the

Railway and

lives, a and the on very work, window useful cles, on based interviews, those had appeared

to promote unceasingly Rattenbury

worked

has Swanson provided leaders, and dustry its while in working field. that Swanson’s arti

(GTP). Railway Pacific

Trunk Grand

the in of history wider the address which tions some with he met the old of timers

the with his involvement was

note

particular

academic value volumes more we While the logging industry, conversa on based his

Of offerings. his architectural than significant

was more that society of heritage important. Makers, its in of with life graphic accounts

more perhaps in is Victoria lative developer

to the Swanson’s oral & book, felt Widow- preserve that cal Punks He accuracy. Whistle

specu and an entrepreneur as he participated

I by was demanding strictly Robert captivated histori the than late ture—rather

which to degree the press (1904-08), Hotel

cul that very of the my tradition in view. in book, good, with readable

keeping

Em the CPR and (1893—97) tive Buildings

tales a he the heard— is Rockies. are and Other the Wreck! even that, enhancing ing, than

Legisla Columbia British the of architect

sav in more all in

was uninitiated interested BC that reader,

drama, mountains Swanson

as

the famous most is Rattenbury While

f

more and wem colour added they for the and any old not

error,

reinforce - edition. new the into incorporated

were

stories and

exaggerated woods,

with the west,” similar

or

“mountain something

been have edition, 1978 the of the time at

in life of element was

key a As this

telling story piece of

Mountains” to “Rocky replace

sources both undiscovered Archives, Railway

accurate. historically

not

always book

were start the have would at been

more appropriate

Pacific Canadian by the held spondence

in this

the tales

Swanson,

Robert view

of that

I the think of

defimtely west

Rockies, it corre Rattenbury’s from and his family, to

and over

introduction

humorous, tive,

and to far the range, in canyon

mountain another Rattenbury by written letters privately—held

informa his

in mentions

As

a

Ken Drushka

in occurred that this accident knew author from passages addition, In life. Rattenbury’s

the exhibition. that clear, the was text in later While it in figures key regarding changes three ing

to the

dimension

a welcome

adding whistles, Rockies. in

the did occur not an that accident not afterword, an includes Reksten original.

their ships

blowing

CPR various of about

was

sounds I piece that this realized because the to few revisions incorporates printing)

the

heard often

visitors

Columbia,

British Columbian, British good like choked, any tenth its in itself edition first (the book 1978

of

Museum Maritime

the at

opened

ships almost I in the Mountains.” Rocky worked Reksten’s of edition second This lumbia.

CPR on

exhibit the 1980s, the late

in when who “Railwaymen states: Halliday accident, Co British Victoria, early-twentieth-century

a result, As

whistles,

ships’ his

CPR

of tapes Canyon the Albert on of the start item the in life Rattenbury’s Francis architect trained

duplicate me with

provided

generously then At criticism. had I only nit-picking one British- documenting biography narrative

Swanson Robert

heard! just

had

we whistle pioneers. Asian a offers Reksten Terry Rattenbury, In tanic.

ship’s

me which tell

then

and room ment our of of many lives the to undervalue dency Ti the of sinking to the a connection even

base

that in

listen to

able actually

was he ten to the prevailing due presumably public, and suicide, murder, divorce, failures, dismal

them, for created

had

Swanson that

sounds

tle and media news the among attracted accident successes, drama—great television a like reads

whis

CPR

distinctive the

broadcast vessels terrible this that tions the attention minimal Rattenbury Mawson of Francis story The

CPR all the Square).While Granville of top men Halliday disasters. rail worst Columbia’s

TYNER.

BY

JANA REVIEWED

the from daily broadcast still (and noon at of

British one was

were what in killed, men

pp. $18.95 paperback.

Illus.

204

day every Hydro building BC

former

the of

work twenty Over storm. Japanese

torrential

1998.

Press, Nis

Sono

Reksten.Victoria:

Terry

roof the from heard then Canada,” “0 his as by the caused a hole

into plunged Creek,

ed).

(2nd

Rattenbury

well as whistles, train and ship his of cordings Kilby to adjacent line, Great the Northern

re the to listen to a room to me took and along travelling train a work storm, jor rain

tot

cura

museum

home his into me welcomed Swanson when a ma During New Westminster. near pened

and

archivist,

historian, a

is

McKee

Bill

Reviewer

evening, amazing an was It them. hear me hap tragedy rail another days later, Eighteen

us. for

saved has

Swanson

‘‘

stories let to pleased be would he that and whistles, 15. killing people, 24 tram with a loaded

to the

dimension

valuable a

add volume

this CPR the of many of recordings had actually into and rammed Street,Vancouver, Nanaimo

accompanying

photographs

historical

The he that confirmed he Swanson, approached near mainline BC Railway Electric on the

heritage. our

of part

under-represented

that I When CPR vessels. the of many des for loose broke by 12 timbers, inch inch 12 of

of some

preserve us

helped

Swanson

Robert whis the furnished and fabricated who had tons 27 probably with loaded a flatcar CPR

book, this

creating

In lost.

been

has ple man the Swanson, Bob me to directed Turner 1909, November on 10 Early River. Canoe

peo

working

Columbia’s

ofBritish

humour Robert or McCann Len Either films. to the and Canyon atAlbert occurred which others

and

recreation work,

thoughts,

the

lives,

of life more bring to effects, sound appropriate two as well as and New Westminster, couver

record

the surviving

of

much

since

plishment, some to have needed I concluded I coasts, in Van accidents of two Halliday’s accounts

accom

important especially

an is

this notes, Alaska and BC the along moving or bour, in I interested was lumbia, particularly

Drushka

As

cruiser.

timber

a

and minister har Vancouver or Victoria in ships, those of Co British in of history in rail, the mainly course, the GTP never reached the heights unoriginal designs? tinued under the direct supervision of the aspired to by Rattenbury and his parmers, Reksten also avoids an examination of territorial governor. The authorities encoun and he lost considerably, both financially and, Rattenbury’s contemporaries, apart from tered a variety of difficulties including the more significantly, morally. Although cursory mention of his adversaries, includ weather and a shortage of trained medical Rattenbury lacked the knowledge of hind ing Thomas Hooper and A. Maxwell Muir. personnel. Once recovered, the bodies were sight in the GTP endeavour, he very poign These references revolve around personal prepared for burial. Many were sent by ship antly and accurately recognized the impor bitterness between the three rather than any to next-of-kin in the South. One such “ship tance of tourism toVictoria’s economic and discussion of their architecture. In not seri of sorrow”, the Princess Alice, arrived in Van social future as a world—class city. His Crystal ously considering Rattenbury’s architecture, couver on Armistice Day, 11 November 1918. Garden Amusement Centre (1923—25) is an or examining that of his contemporaries, A Canadian government inquiry was intriguing lesser-known work which encap Reksten fails to establish the degree to which called almost immediately, and held sessions sulates his vision ofVictoria as a leisure and Rattenbury was typical of his time, and in inVancouver,Victoria andJuneau.Among the tourist centre. what ways he was different. An analysis of evidence presented were suggestions that Reksten orders the book around peers his to compare how others were af many or all ofthe passengers could have been Rattenbury’s architectural commissions and fected by similar societal influences would rescued. Some critics charged that Canadian entrepreneurial endeavours, yet avoids a de have demonstrated how Rattenbury was Pacific Railway had instructed the Princess tailed examination of the architecture itself typical or particular of an era. Sophia ‘s captain, Leonard Locke, to delay res She boldly sets out her reasons in the intro Putting aside these shortcomings, cue attempts until another of the company’s duction: Reksten’s biography of Rattenbury remains ships, the Princess Alice, was available to re I have avoided a detailed critical analysis a well—researched, vivid and easily—readable move the passengers. The inquiry found no ofRattenbury’s buildings for two reasons. account ofan architect—entrepreneur during fault with either the company or Captain As someone with a general, rather than a early twentieth centuryVictoria. Perhaps the Locke. Many of the families of the victims specialized, interest I find the vocabulary value of Rattenbury lies in its pointing out were not satisfied with these conclusions and ofarchitectural criticism confounding and that while Rattenbury undoubtedly dis legal battles over compensation were launched the subject both technical and complex. played a certain degree of personal creativ in both the Canadian and American courts. Even so, such an omission might be un ity in design, it is the prevailing political, The last of these cases continued in the ap-. forgivable were it not for the fact that economic, and social climate that played the peal courts into the 1930s. Rattenbury simply wasn’t a particularly larger role in shaping his career as Victoria’s The authors, both former journalists, have original architect. (p. xiii) premier architect at the turn of the given us an entertaining and well written This seems an odd disclaimer.Why write century.’’ account of the life and death of the Princess biography a of an individual and not con ReviewerJana ijiner is an architectural historian. Sophia and of the attempts by the authorities sider the reasons for his celebrity? Reksten’s to determine the events surrounding the first justification is difficult to counter, ex The Final Voyage of the Princess Sophia. wreck and sinking of the Princess Sophia. In cept that as his biographer, it her is responsi Did they have to die? addition, they provide background informa bility to become fluent in the background Betty O’Keefe and Ian Macdonald. Surrey tion and descriptions of the place and times of her subject. Her second excuse is, in fact, BC: Heritage House, 1998. 192pp. Illus. in which the disaster took place. one ofthe reasons Rattenbury is so compel $16.95 paperback. The book begins with an outline of the ling.As Reksten describes through a compi REVIEWED BY G0RD MILLER. Canadian Pacific Railway’s Pacific shipping lation ofhis competition entries and success interests, and the activities of its BC Coast Shortly after 10 P.M. on Wednesday, ful bids, Rattenbury’s influence onVictoria’s 23 Oc Service and its vigorous manager,James Trout. tober 1918, the CPR coastal architectural and social com.rnunlty was in steamer Prin The construction and early career ofthe Prin cess Sophia left Skagway, Alaska Territory, deed considerable at the time, yet his influ and cess Sophia are described.The authors also give headed down the Lynn Canal ence today is nominal. Rattenbury was clearly on its way to a brief treatment ofthe conditions and perils Vancouver. Four hours later, skilful in designing fluently within the com in the midst of ofnavigating the Inside Passage and the Lynn a blinding snowstorm, monly accepted forms of expression and ar the Princess Sophia Canal during the first decades of the twenti slammed into the Vanderbilt Reef For chitectural vocabulary of the time, but with the eth century.The authors also introduce us to little originality or innovation. That next 40 hours the Princess Sophia survived. some of the miners, entrepreneurs,business Then about six o’clock in the afternoon Rattenbury was chosen as architect for such of men, riverboat crew and others from the gold Friday, 25 October, high profile buildings as the BC Legislative the high tide and a gale fields and mines of Alaska, the Yukon and forced her the Buildings and the CPR’s Empress Hotel at off reefand the Princess Sophia Northwest British Columbia who were went to the tests to his ability to encapsulate the goals of bottom. None of the more than awaiting passage “down south” on the Prin 350 passengers crew the political powers, financiers, and specula and survived. cess Sophia or other coastal steaniers.We learn At first light on Saturday tive interest groups; that is, durability, per morning, ob about the lives and character of some of the servers realized that manence, and grandiosity Put in these terms, the Princess Sophia had passengers and crew who sailed on the Prin sunk during the who will be today’s Rattenbury? Are there dark hours ofFriday evening. cess Sophia by reading their letters and diary A search for survivors was architects practising now heralded as the spirit organized quickly, entries. A later chapter outlines the way in but only bodies and of the 1990s, who will fall out of favour a dog were found. Ef which the North American press treated the forts within ten years because of their derivative, to recover and identify the bodies con- disaster.These sections providing background

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 1999/2000 29

30 i No. NEWS BC -VOL.33 HISTORICAL

Laforet authors.Andrea learning began for about action to political their end put an tively nar— River Fraser with are the familiar We

in scholarship the two characters the lies of Act effec of the Indian amendment when book’s treasures. the unexpected

key The to of work this human singularly 1927, and 1910 between made are among presentations Baker, Mount to song, and another

and ofAboriginal peoples. European of their some quotes from Laforet mittees. translations, original the in two and English

and of sensitive the account helpful com meeting parliamentary and song, in Commissions, Royal given This river. down continued

Its for history a material the provided has courts, of law to the speak language as he learned his his for protection and in honour

Fraser Canyon, Bar. and Boston betweenYale So the Nlaka’pamux rational. more a ginally made song and sang omons; oil and berries,

has fiat”, in deep existed the for mar but generations dense also was which system, legal salmon, him fed hosts His space. physical

The “a of”Spuzzum”, the little village meaning through only be to as penetrable dense and social meta political, a complex through

so

had

become bureaucracy government same time at and chili the and past whirlpools

BY REvIEwED REEVE. PI-IYLLIs

ago a Canadian century Even him bureaucrats.

took the canyon through trail

difficult

$24.95 cover, paperback.

only no chiefs, and land, of found the

position to Fraser’s others. harm

capacity supernatural

pp. UBC $75.00 Press, Illus. 1998.282 hard

dis the discuss to whom with chiefs have white might human, though a even

stranger,

Andrea and York. Annie Laforet Vancouver:

sought chiefs Spuzzum office.The distant ble that the possibility always was teristics.There

1939.

ummagina_ some from but

voice, human no charac some he shared whom with Coyote

Fraser Spuzzurn:

i8o8-

Canyon Histories,

from came and regulations The imposition the trickster like a him as transformer, bered

fishing. remem narratives their and a visitor; traveller

of regulation and the claims mining of ing as Fraser Simon greeted Spuzzum people in Station Biological Nanaimo.

the stak by so complicated and tragic, so not Pac!fic medicine. of herbal tional is at practice the librarian Ivliller Cord Reviewer

were if it be comic

would Nlaka’pamux the tradi the

into beliefs Christian corporated better! been have ‘

on

system a

agricultural European of tion in healers and Aboriginal or prayers ritual, could But an written, topic. interesting on it

imposi by individuals.The of land plots of the supernatural, about teaching sionaries’ well book, is In a this conclusion, good

the ownership to sense or for, need of cept mis the in alien essentially nothing found to die?” they have

con

no with hinterland, the mountain of people Her creek”. the and “God to both “Did book. of by the tide the question raised

resources

the

on drew economy sustainable one prayed and power, spiritual with charged the do not answer the ins? authors Finally,

A

someone.”

to

known was clearing every were places certain where in world a lived less cab in their were others while sank Sophia

lake,

every

peak,

“every of years: thousands rieverthe— she Christian, devout concepts.A the Princess when at the moment lifejackets

for

“settled”

been

had Canyon Fraser The contradictory perhaps and overlapping, ing, wear to passengers some lead would that

wilderness”.

no was

out,”there points Laforet differ worry without she culty; assin]ilated passengers the of rescue the crew make for

as

yet, and

boundaries, or no roads been diffi the less had Annie two, the Of nature. and the captain did plans What ship. sunken

had

there

happened;

have

not could dation and space, time, and discussing perceiving of the within cabins from recovered were

consoli

such

then, Before

1885.”

in

pleted way an alien with each wrestled they as came bodies other while lifejackets, wearing were

com

track,

CPR the

and

1860s,

the in built part difficult language.The the Nlaka’pamux bodies the recovered of some the sinking,

Road,

Cariboo

the

near

creek

the of

side in haltingly persisted Andrea English. fluent After attenspts? rescue about vessels these tell

south

the

on

itself

“consolidated

ofSpuzzurn

spoke origin.Annie European shared a with Locke did Captain vessels.What these of one

village the

century

nineteenth

the late In

solitudes two between that than complicated least at with contact radio in was Sophia cess

life.

everyday of

part longer

more a challenge poses Canadians Aboriginal Prin the that learn also weather.We stormy

no

was

“training.”Education

spiritual

solitary

non- and Aboriginal between Dialogue the in breaks during transferred been have

often

and

intense their

for

mountains the

conmsunication. about writes might passengers Sophiac the Princess which

into go to

space

or time

had

longer no

They she

these, overriding but history, and pology to nearby located vessels rescue of number

people.

their

with

life of

process

learning

anthro written has Laforet intended, she As a were there that learn we inquiry, ment

continuing

the

at

present be not

could

they

work. the

became talk the run, long the in and govern Canadian the to presented evidence

school, at away

were at

once;ifthey

places

two

talk, for

just times other work, for sometimes describing chapters the In Sophia.

Princess

in

be not

could

they

traditional.And

the and

a

year,

times several Spuzzum visit to ued the of crew and the passengers concerned

information

new

the both

learn

to

enough contin

She Civilization. of Museum dian that tide the of stages and

conditions weather

time

not

had they

suddenly first;

children

the

Cana at the

Service Ethnology Canadian changing the of hints get only We ing.

attacked

space

and

Time loss.

of the

depth

the of

Director

became she where Ottawa, to sink and wreck ofthe the description

during

and

nature the

elucidate do

they but

cuse,

then

toVictoria, first her took career Andrea’s upon expanded not is but book, the of

pages

ac or

blame

not do

talked,

Andrea and

she

1991.

in

death Annie’s until years, twenty first the in is presented timeline

book.A the

whom

with

others

the

and Annie,

schools,

for

lasted which conversation a up struck in elsewhere be found can events these of

residential

church

of

the

discussion In

andAndrea

life.Annie adult her of most there Many Reef. on Vanderbilt captured was ship

yet...

And

other,

lived

and

in 1904 Spuzzum in was born who the hours 40 the during Sophia Princess

the

each liked

priests

visiting the

and

people

AnnieYork, especially friends, found Laforet around and on board that occurred

events

these

Generally,

expected.

have

we

might

“subjects”, for Looking discourse. scribed the fashion, chronological a in explain,

or

than

difference

less

much

with

participants,

pre

and constraints of conceptual baggage describe to fail authors the In particular, ings.

other

the by

related

events same

the

have

anthropologist’s the with laden Spuzzum shortcom some also are there However,

we

book

this

In

Good. and Ditcham,

Small,

in

She

arrived 1970s. the early in dent the book. of portions

formative

priests

and

Sillitoe, and Hills

ofbishops

ratives

stu

graduate young a as Canyon Fraser the in and interesting are the context most and a whole generation. She adds: “The insist ence, by Spuzzum chiefs and others, on the need to resolve land claims and to guarantee Archives & Archivists access to traditional lands and resources was both a protest against their dispossession and We welcome Provincial Archivist Gary A. Mitchell, CRM as the first contributor of a an affirmation of the enduring value of the regular feature under this heading, directed by Frances Gundry. old economy.” As BRITIsI-I CoLUMBIA’s Acknowledging the work ofher predeces NINTH PRovINCIAL cessful archives program is a commitment ARCHIVIST, I have sors in the field, especially James Teit at the the primary responsibil to giving the “community” more profile ity to ensure that turn of the last century, Laforet admits her the government’s archives in our community archives program and are preserved, maintained, own advantage in being subject to a less re and made acces archives network. Our community ar sible to our citizenry. strictive anthropological discourse. Her pa However, I am also chives network is the foundation stone charged with rameters permit her to enrich with person the major responsibilities of for an entire provincial heritage struc documenting ality the accounts of her conversations with our provincial experience ture. It is my wish that the Provincial through the acquisition Annie and her friends and relations, and of private archives Archivist visit more community archives and manuscripts, Annie’s memories of conversations with ear and supporting an emerg and heritage organizations so as to pro ing network of her generations. We hear personal histories, community archives. vide support and assistance to local If I could draw upon family histories, stories ofcoming and going one word to illus groups striving to improve their condi trate my sense and returning, local history, and “History” of direction for the BC Ar tions. The Canadian Archival Informa chives and our viewed and shaped in differing ways. provincial network, it would tion Network (CAIN) initiative is a ma be “community”—a Andrea Laforet urges us to move beyond community ofarchives jor step forward in this regard, and one working together to the habit of searching for historical truth “in document the rich which I firmly and strongly endorse. ness and diversity of a shifting nexus of written documents”, and our history; a commu RAISING THE PROFILE OF ARCHIVES AND PRO nity ofheritage organizations, she calls for new genres which would apply i.e., archives, MOTING ACCESSIBILITY. Archives are a pub historical societies, museums, culturally diverse methodologies to the vali galleries, etc., lic place where the public can seek out working with a concentrated dation ofknowledge.AnnieYork never ceased focus along a historical information and enjoy the common front to enliven and to maintain that the proper repository for expand our wealth and breadth of our heritage. We, heritage opportunities; community memories ofthe past is the human brain, not in the at the Archives, will continue to encour sense that we need written notes or recorded tapes.Yet, Annie’s each other to survive age our public to visit; we will continue and grow to meet parting gift to Andrea was a blank notebook. the ever-increasing de to reduce our “jargon” and speak and act mand of British Columbians Both participants in this conversation spoke, to know and in plain English. We will strive to find experience our past. both listened, and both worked hard at mak new ways to encourage, assist and sup Over ing the conversation work. the next few years, my energies will port younger members of our society to be focused on the following The conversation concludes with a warn goals: use and share in the wonders of archives. EsmoLI5HING ing: “Unless there emerges a common intel A FIRM MANDATE FOR THE BC Our recent Open House attracted over ARCHIvEs. Through legislation, lectual ground on which Aboriginal and non- define the 1,200 people during the six-hour event. mandate ofthe Archives; acknowledge Aboriginal histories in Canada can speak to the The overwhelming public response to acquisition ofpersonal and private each other, the early resolution of their dif papers our website (e.g., the Amazing Time of provincial significance; ferences may be left to the quasi—oral tradi set out the re Machine, theVital Event indices, and our sponsibilities and accountabilities tion ofthe system oflegal precedents.”Annie for pro historical photographs) shows that there vincial government officials and all local York and Andrea Laforet worked with mu is a strong societal interest in finding and government bodies in keeping, preserv tual respect and shared will to prove the ex using our documentary heritage. To be ing and accessing archival records. istence ofthat common intellectual, and hu Con successful in the coming decades, archives sultations with the heritage community must tap into this interest. man, ground. ‘‘ will be a flindamental aspect of getting WORKING Reviewer Phyllis Reeve resides on Gabriola Is FOR A NEW BC ARCHIvEs FACIL this process kick—started. land. ITY. Our tired building has served us fairly ExPANDING THE”COMMUNITY” ASPECT IN THE well for 30 years. But a 21st Century ar Aiso NoTED COMMUNITY ARCHIVES PROGRAM.We will chives requires better public space, better review and revamp the current program access and, most certainly, better storage. The Social Life of Stories: narrative and knowl to ensure that it continues to meet the The millennium is a great opener to get edge in the Yukon Territory. needs of our community archives and the discussion rolling. Cross your fingers. Julie Cruikshank. Lincoln: University ofNe community archivists. The key to a suc braska Press, 1998. 211 pp. Illus. $45 hard cover. Gary Mitchell was born in Murrayville, Langley Township, on 27 June 1954. Cruikshank’s analysis reveals the many pow-. Educated: Sperling elementary; Fort Langley Jr. Sec. and Langley Sr. Sec. Schools; BA

(History) - erftil ways in which the artistry and struc 1976 UBC; Master ofArchival Studies (MAS) 1985 - UBC; thesis topic: ture of storytelling mediate between social The Appraisal of Canadian Military Personnel files of the First World War. action and local knowledge in indigenous Earned”Certified Records Manager-CRM”-Institute ofCertified Records Managers northern communities. - 1990.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER i999/2000 31

No. -VOL.33 i NEWS 32 HISTORICAL BC

in- an buildings into

lighthouse the

convert

Akrig. n Helen and Judd. Kathy Jackson,

Mike River. She Chief represented

to plans

Band’s

the She

outlined

perspective.

Ian Millet Emily Highbergei Cook, Ginny

at for Band Gold the ordinator Mowachaht

the

Nuu-chah-nulth

Nootka from

tory

of

Diane Herbert, Francis Layland, Michael

the and co MargaritaJames, heritage cultural

his

the of a

sunmiary church, gave side

the

are right to left from monument front the of In

by Cove) (Friendly toYuquot accompanied

in stored by

toteins James, flanked

Margarita

(riht). Dai,’id Andrew and (left) Hghberger

We us four were Nootka. to hours explore

church. in

nearbyYuquot the we

assembled

are Robert Quadra Flanking Victoria.

up us again pick allowed the on return.This

jetty, the at

lighthouse

disembarking After

in monument at Quadrac assembled Nootka

to off verted us Cove and drop to Friendly

rigged. cut

and

to expedition SHD the of Members Above:

For the Tahsis. Captain group, di the SHD

to be the for had masts waited they while

to Tuesday, River from year Gold round,

way. Ellis and John William Webber tion artists ‘‘

a MV

The

trip III

every Uchuck

makes

our on well or we home, then were by by expedi watercolour in Rock, recorded

to their

season

us.

accommodate

Fortunately, hours. 24 Sound in Nootka onto out Astronomers’ pointed Doe Nick visit.

Strathcona Lodge, kindly

extended who Park

rain of 150 mm dumping from Pacific, the Cook’s ofJames bicentennial 1978 rating the

Island, at the Quadra and night stayed

in roared system frontal a The night, next commemo plaque to the read enough close

on at

of tip southern Mudge seum

the Cape

warmth. internal lost any restored soon galley were masts.We mizzen and fore- top lutionc

in

Kwagiulth toured winter.We mu— the also

the from chowder of rich bowls Steaming Reso had refitted explorer the Cove—where

flock

that the to

there fers herons blue great

up. us picking for schedule so or behind Resolution called now Cove”, “Ship Cook’s

probably re of means

cranes,” “river the it

hour an was vessel, a working Uchuck, The into nosed the Uchuck Bligh!), (yes, that

Spanish in the name Although

Parksville.

BC. in keepers lighthouse few remaining Island Bligh At Inlet. Muchalat of scenery

River, at of the

Englishman mouth was

the of one with in chatting interested more spectacular the enjoying top-side, morning

Narvaez—it José de

Maria and cisco Eliza

were others Still fort. Spanish the Miguel, San the spent us Most of day. entire less the for

Fran of1791 Comprehende”by “Carta que

of the kitchen of traces for looking went ers cloud and warm for November—calm, early

chart on

Spanish las the recorded de

Grullas”

Oth by Maquinna. an earlier enslaved Jewitt, weather remarkable with us provide did high,

the

visited

“Rio we

route En up-island,

John by mentioned lagoon the sacred to on contacts his or Maquinna, Chief But

Society. the by Hakluyt

some house; 1788 Meares’s ofJohn search in person. in Yuquot

published of recently

Cook’s Views Voyage

Third

went Some explore. to dispersed then We to us to welcome unable was he that regrets

Coastal

and

Charts

splendid

and mammoth

manned. longer no is once centre, it terpretive and greeting formal his sent who Maquinna,

the of editor David, Andrew Commander

and Ottawa, in Archives the at National Maps Layland MchaeI Courtesy

of Early as Curator recently Dahi, retired

were Ed participants distinguished ville.Two

Se from couple Spanish a visitors and can

Ameri several as well as Cook, Donna and

HelenAkrigg Doe, Ward, Nick Bruce Spittle,

Crosse,John BC in historical circles:John iar

names famil several party included The

monument. Street Belleville

his at photo a group for assembling by

y Quadra de Bodega la Juan Francisco Fragata

de Teniente to homage due paid we toria,

leftVic party the to Before Nootka. cursion

ex post-conference a organized ofBC ciety

So Map the h meeting, the for As co-hosts

Museum. Maritime Vancouver the

by hosted 1998 for held they theirAGM her,

Novern Last cartography. and exploration

navigation, early in interest a common share

who enthusiasts knowledgeable and librarians

map academics, of group an is international

Discoveries of the History Society for The

Victoria Michael Layland, by

Nootka visit ery

Discov of Historians Reports Malaspina Research work ofMalaspina’s artists and cartographers (Nootka: Return to a Forgotten History) These Centre opening in are a gift from the Spanish government to the Mowachaht First Nation, and to the de— Nanaimo light of all present, members of both Chief Maquinna and Alexandro Malaspina’s fam by Nick Doe, Gabriola Island ily were at the opening. Several books were presented to the Re There are interesting parallels between the search Centre by the Spanish government to round-the-world expeditions of Alexandro start what promises to be a valuable resource Malaspina and his counterpart James Cook. EMILY CR’s VICTORIA for BC historians with links to a similar cen Both the Spanish and British 18th-century After his map of Vancouver tre in Italy, the birthplace of Malaspina, and Island in 1913, expeditions were made toward the end of Michael Layland ofBaytext to the museums and archives in Spain. Pa Communications the Age of Enlightenment, that period of has published a second birds-eye view pers presented at the symposium were by map history when scientists and artists alike went subtitled “When Emily Carr Was Donald Cutter (Malaspina: The Man and the Small.” forth into the world, notebooks at the ready This map shows Victoria in Voyage) and Eric Beerman (The Queen and 1878, when the “. . .unfettered from the notion that ancient seven—year old Carr lived the Fall of an Enlightenment Thinker. Regret— in James Bay. Her authority alone was sufficient to describe or childhood reminiscences in Book tably,Ana Maria Donat (The Politics of 18th- The ofSmall explain the natural world.” But while Cook’s describe the city shown in Century Spain) was unable to present her the view.The map journals and discoveries were widely pub is accompanied notes contribution, but Patrick Dunae entertained, by highlighting places lished at the time, the work of the Spanish which Carr mentions in her stories.The particularly us locals, with his sad story of map was consigned to the archives, some of it to sells for $19.95 in Victoria in the gift the wonderful murals that once adorned the shops remain there until xvell into this century. Even in Emily Carr House and the Royal walls of the Malaspina Hotel in Nanaimo. BC Mu Malaspina’s journal was not published until seum, and other outlets. Living outside The Inaugural Symposium was followed Vic 1885. and a good English translation is still toria? Write to Baytext by a Research Centre planning meeting the Communications not to be had. Inc., 2922 Phyliss Street,Victoria, BC next day and a visit for some participants to V8N Both Malaspina inAugust 1791, and Cook 1Y9. Nootka Sound. John Black at Malaspina in April 1778, visited Nootka for only a few College, together with others, have done weeks, yet their visits made an invaluable LAND SURVEYORS much to get the centre up and running and contribution to the history of the BC coast, The article on Dominion Land Surveyor are to be congratulated on their efforts. We isolated as it then was from the rest of the Knox McCusker published in the summer look forward to hearing much more about world. Cook’s visit was to be followed by issue of BC Historical News received much Malaspina in the coming years.’’ that of George Vancouver, and Malaspina’s attention.With permission of the main au by that of Galiano and Valdes, both expedi thor, retired professorVernon C. Brink, it was Below: Alexandro Malas,ina (1754—181 tions completing a circumnavigation ofVan reprinted in the October issue of The Link, couver Island in 1792, leaving detailed ac the journal of the Corporation ofLand Sur counts of their experiences. veyors of the Province ofBritish Columbia. Interest in Malaspina, now that his works The article also raised the interest of John are increasingly available, is growing. John Allen, a professional surveyor in Sechelt, BC, Kendrick, the BC author, has recently pub who is involved in editing and compiling a lished the book Alejandro VIalaspina—Portrait book of biographies of land surveyors for ofa Visionary, and there have been several sym the centennial of the Corporation of Land posia in recent years on the Spanish visits. Surveyors in January 2005. A similar book, The most recent of these was the Inaugural Early L4nd Surveyors of British Columbia, was Symposium ofthe Alexandro Malaspina Re published by the Corporation in 1990. It was search Centre, Alexandro Malaspina—Enlight compiled and edited by John Whittaker, euntent Thinker?, held at the Malaspina Urn— BCLS, ofVictoria.The book is a very handy versity College in Nanaimo on 22 October reference work and it is surprising that cop 1999.The symposium was hosted by the new ies are still available from the Corporation’s Research Centre. theVancouver Spanish Pa office for a nominal charge of$12.00, which cific Historical Society, and the Office of includes GST and postage. For a copy of Early Cultural and Scientific Relations ofthe Min Land Surveyors of British Columbia write to istry of External Affairs in Madrid. In addi the Corporation of Land Surveyors ofBrit tion, there was at the Nanaimo Art Gallery ish Columbia, #306-895 Fort Street,Victo an exhibition of photographs of some of the na BC,V8W 1H7,or phone (250) 382-4323. Vancouver Maritime Museum

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 1999/2000 33

34 No. NEWS i HISTORICAL -VoL.33 BC

2B7. BC,VSJ Burnaby, Street, Rumble 5455

P0 Box V6R 39028, 4P1 Vancouver

of view 360 a us entire

the degree gave tain School, Secondary South Burnaby do Thaw,

to SOPA President June Binkert, Gate up Moun hike Our Pat $16.00 Trail. ofthe to Brigade each School for Secondary South

to out Burnaby a made should cheque send to get Interested involved? Write north immediately mountain Mountain—a

more or calendars one

purchasing

in

interested

the of Province. Gate to trail the the and trail, Trail, ridge gade

cost. at Anyone they selling are calendar which

issues with park volved

other in

parts

hiked a Bri the group October In small

attractive colour produced

have an

School

sea, from to but time time in gets it

Trail.

Brigade the

Secondary at South Burnaby students staff and

on the area from west to Hope the the affect from views severely activity will the Trail to attention Anderson’s To call

protected and Its areas. main is focus the trail. odand road logging This brigade fur

address.)’” relating sues to space parkiand, open to north to the of the logging a just cut road

at same the be can reached ronment to Directors meet is discuss monthly plan companies still logging encouraging.The

of Envi the of Ministry the critic position was SOPA in The 1963. formed has far been response So not the newsletter.

op Coell, Murray and Forests, of Minister the trail. Heritage Trust BC Straight the and Georgia

1X4; Dave Zirnhelt, BC,V8V ings,Victoria, to der protect heritage values the of the the in have area a of in appeared park

Build— Parliament and Lands Parks, ronment, tailoring any of nearby logging or in idea supporting Excellent the articles cieties.

Envi of the Sawicki, (Joan Minister action. a area, that and would provide better so BC of the support and historical sought

appropriate take to politicians encouraging volved in decision-making this for the to government letters wrote mediately

to letters write our of province the future & ism Culture) in would become im Secondary staff School South Burnaby

and

young

people of education nthe in ested Two and ministries Tour (Forests, and Trail. Students Brigade Anderson’s

inter

people all We encourage trail. ridge of in of log to area the available. protection applied had Ltd. Timber

the

visible

from Canyon the River

Fraser

Jones J.S. that learned we h spring the In form the ignation provides strongest

of the

portion the and trail

for

status

Trail May. an des “Heritage tions, Trail” interim

by

Heritage

afforded

protection

immediate

at of end the days six for hike h students the is park new in not acquisi interested

to

the

seek Coell

Murray and Zirnhelt Dave

which Trail, Rush Gold Harrison—Lillooet the that since but goverment appears it

Joan Sawicki, to

write

to individuals more

the A.C. by Anderson, explored also trail, park the see status, receive to like trail

ask to

We

plan

Parks. and Lands vironment,

another preferred gold the miners and why SOPA the trail. for tus would entire

ofEn

Minister

Sawicki,

Joan with talks ated

route easier an sought HBC the why gests urging sta Trail” “Heritage Zirnhelt,

initi have

byA.C.Anderson.We up opened

sug rivers Fraser Anderson and between the to David Forests, of the ten Minister

of

trails

the

potential

tourist and

recreational

up ridge trail the the of steepness The yon. SOPA writ metres. has October In

educational, historic,

huge the

about

ticians

the Can of Fraser views spectacular offers by 4.5 first currently kilo- the

enjoyed

poli

educate to

an

opportunity we have will

also and historically important it is trail The status

that same a as the minimum,

that

hope

groups.We

interested to

or speakers

trip. hiking history overnight an trail for this at be

part

accorded, That should tion.

and! the

tapes

provide and

clubs will

outdoor

using been have students Burnaby 80 40 to

nota map or no status present

special

and

societies

historical to available

videotapes

from anywhere years fifteen last the For

at

the of has lic.” trail remainder

The

the making are We

parents.

and

to

students

rush. gold the during

pub

the of and

enjoyment recreation

video

the

presented we

October

26 On

Trail.

used intensively also was route The to Hope.

use, reserve:”for a by the metres

200

Rush

Gold

Harrison—Lillooet

the

along hike

from Merritt found was route better a before

are

protected BrigadeTrail Anderson’s

our

showing

tape a

longer and

Trail

Brigade

years for three bigades HBC the by used

the kilometres first The of 4.5

Anderson’s

up hike

recent

most

students’ the

was The route

Langley. Fort

to River Fraser

(SOPA) ASSOCIATION

of videotape

short

a

have produced We

and the down trail this by Yale to Spuzzum

SAVE

PjuuAND OUR

rivers.

Anderson and

Fraser the tween

from taken were Furs River. Columbia the

be watershed the

to

and River

the

Fraser

and Valley Okanagan the via route Company

of side east the on

Gate Hell’s to

Spuzzum

Bay Hudson’s old the down shut effectively

from land the

park a

for

preserve

to ment

which Reaty Oregon 1846 the by tivated

govern the

encourage

to and

immediately

mo coast the to territory controlled British

trail heritage a

declared

be to

Trail

Brigade

a through route find to trying was Anderson

Anderson’s like

would

potential.We

reational to Spuzzum. Merritt from trail brigade

rec and historical

immense

with

ofland tion

a fur up opened Anderson A.C. 1847 In

por

a tiny opreserve to are asking logged.We

Hou. CHAR.LEs teacher

being is that land of

area vast

the by

pressed

by a history report is Following efforts. their

im were We

River.

Anderson the

rounding

in them join you to invite and generations

sur mountains

the and

River,

of

Fraser the

future Trail for Brigade Anderson’s save help

west

mountains

the T

south ofYale,

mountains

to like would School Secondary South

the to Bar Boston

of north

from

region

the Burnaby of staff

and students he

Trail Brigade Anderson’s Save Help to Video a Produce Students

Trail Brigade Anderson’s News and Notes News items concerning Member and Affiliated Societies and the British Columbia Historical Federation should be sent to: Naomi MiIIer,Contributing Editor BC Historical News, PC Box 105,Wasa BC VOB 2K0

ALBERNI BOOK FAIR 2000 Day is great fin. The members come in cos book Stoney Creek Woman, which won the tume and there is a “Best Costume” ALBERNI DISTRICT HISTORICAL SOCIETY compe Lieutenant—Governor’s Medal, presented by tition for non-members.A table ofitems plans to present a book fair in conjunction from the Honourable David Lam at the 1989 the past creates fun as viewers guess about with the meeting in Port Alberni 4—6 May. BCHF Conference in Victoria. Bridget such things as a cow restrainer, a snuffbox, Publishers, writers, book sellers and others or Moran later received honorary degrees from a rug beater. interested in targeting a market ofhistorians two universities for her lifetime commitment to social justice. from around the province should contact the OTHER NEWS co-ordinator, Meg Scoffield. ALLAN WOOD HUNTER 1901—1999 Phone or fax (250) 724-4855. WESTERN WOMEN’S HISTORY PRIZE Al Hunter could be called a telephone pio Email: [email protected]. Dr. Jean Barman recently won the 9th an neer, starting with Bell Telephone as a teen nualJoanJensen—Darlis Miller Prize for best ager and with BC Tel in 1924. He was moved FROM THE BicHEs article published in 1998 on the history of to Cranbrook in 1951 to convert the system women in the trans—Mississipi West from the to direct dialling and there he became a lead VICTORIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Coalition of Western Women’s History for ing figure in the East Kootenay Historical Members have been visiting places wor of “Taming Aboriginal Sexuality: Gender, Association. In 1959 he bought the Windsor ship with significant history inVictoria.They Power, and Race in British Columbia, 1850- Hotel at Fort Steele to save it from an eager recently touredTheVictoria Friends’ Quaker 1900” (BC Studies 115/16: 237-66). collector of heritage buildings. With Fort Meetinghouse. A group called Friends of Dr. Barman received the prize at the Steele resident Dinty Moore he lobbiedVic Hatley Park is organizing an archives in the Western History Association Conference in toria to have Fort Steele declared a Heritage lower basement of Royal Roads University, Portland in October, and was told that it is Park.That designation was achieved in 1961. as Hatley House is now known.A replica of only the second time that a Canadian has Hunter worked as a volunteer in the early Captain James Cook’s Endeavour was in the received the prize. The prize included not years. His ashes were placed in Fort Steele Inner Harbour for several days, during which just a cash prize and a certificate but also a Cemetery on 30 October 1999. time hundreds of citizens toured the vessel. Kachina pottery doll of a woman storyteller. HEDLEY HERITAGE NEWS GuLF ISLANDS BRANCH BCHF PAMELA MAR HONOURED The Mascot Mine buildings were stabilized On 15 September the Gulf Islands Branch The Nanaimo Chamber of Commerce de under MLA Bill Barlee but have yet to be held their annual general meeting.The board clared Mrs. Pamela Mar citizen of the year. opened to the public. The BC Government was re—elected by acclamation, however the Pamela Mar devotes many hours as a volun has advertised for a private contractor to open acting treasurer moved that the board be teer at the museum, conducts walking tours, them as a tourist attraction. The Upper enabled to co—opt a new director. organizes much of the Princess Royal Day Similkameen Band tabled a proposal which Kathy Banger and Andrew Loveridge program, lobbies for cemetery preservation, has tentative approval. It meets Department spoke about Regatta Races at Galiano. Black street names, etc. She has written many arti of Mines’ safety requirements as well as ac Pioneers on Salt Spring Island will be the cles and books on Nanairno history. Pamela ceptable standards for crowd control and visi subject of a future program. Mar is an Honorary Life Member ofthe Brit tor entry. NORTH SHORE HISTORICAL SOCIETY ish Columbia Historical Federation. NIMSICK SCRAPBOOKS IN ARCHIVES This NorthVancouver society reaches out to DUNCAN HISTORY BOOK LAUNCHED Leo Nimsick was MLA for the Cranbrook— citizens of all agesTheir energetic president, The city of Duncan is one square mile in East Kootenay riding from 1949 to 1975:He Roy Pallant, has led heritage walks for school area but Torn Henry has discovered many won nine elections, starting as a member of children, and he has given slide presentations fascinating facts which appear in A Small City the CCF and finishing as Minister of Mines at seniors’ meetings and the Kiwanis Club. in a Large I/alley (Harbour Publishing). Myr and Petroleum Resources in the NDP gov He even gave presentations at a day—care cen tle Haslam led a small group which master ernment offormer BC premier Dave Barrett. tre: a great example! We are all challenged minded the project and did the fundraising. His wife Marie, who died in 1980, had kept to reach children so they will enjoy history The book launch was held 22 October at scrapbooks documenting Leo’s political ca and heritage resources now and in the fu the Cowichan Valley Museum with our reer. Nimsick—who had a reputation for ture. former BCHF President beaming happily. helping people regardless of their politics— in LANTzvILLE HISTORICAL SOCIETY died February 1999. His daughter pre BRIDGET MORAN 1923—1999 This small but active group enjoys meetings sented 27 scrapbooks to the archives in Fort Mrs. Moran passed away in Prince George and outings, and is supporting a history stu Steele Heritage Town where curator Derryll on 25 August 1999. The author and social White dent with a view to publishing a history of anticipates they will become a popu activist will be best remembered for her 1988 lar reference. Lantzville.The annual Lantzville Mine-town

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 1999/2000 35 K00TENAY MUSEUM ASSOCIATION The Nelson Daily News, founded in 1902, Welcome Port donated a large body of records to the local to Alberni museum and archives.Two summer students An Industrious Community Prepares for the Year 2000 Conference sorted through the material to enable re searchers to zero in on specific topics. MEG Sc0FFIELD REPORTS: These days Port society is planning a program that will look Alberni is putting its heart into recreating ahead, as we]l as to the past. LIvING LANDSCAPES IN THE K0OTENAYs its industrial heritage. Of special interest to those attending the TheRoyal BC Museum teamed up with Where a few years ago people in the conference (set for 4—6 May) will be a visit Columbia Basin Trust to enable researchers Alberni Valley saw an old, decaying lumber to the McLean Mill National Historic Site. to complete a great variety ofprojects in the mill, rusting logging equipment and trucks, After more than a decade ofwork and strug East and West Kootenay. Researchers spoke they now see the future Where they watched gle to secure financing, the steam sawmill will on their projects in Nelson and Fort Steele sadly as the old Two Spot logging shay sat be opened with great fanfare on 1 July 2000. on weekends in September and October.The disintegrating by the roadside, they now an Delegates will spend an afternoon at the site, topics ranged from Doukhobor children to ticipate regular rail passenger service from seeing logs processed in the old way and hear leopard frogs; wild grasses to archaeology; downtown to the restored mill site. ing from some of the people who were em ospreys on the West Arm to “Roots of Rac In past years, when the busy deep-sea port ployed by the R.B. McLean Lumber Co., ism.” Before the weekends there were accom and large fishing fleet generated huge eco operators ofthe mill from 1927 until it closed school programs and a travelling panying nomic benefits, public access to the water in 1965. display was open to the public in Nelson, front was limited. Now the Harbour Quay is Now only a 15-minute drive from Port Fort Steele and Revelstoke. a gathering place where people enjoy a scene Alberni, the sawmill complex was once a This is the second phase of Living Land likened to Vancouver’s Granville Island with small community with houses, school, black scapes. Phase 1 was in the Thompson a mix of industry, history, and retail activity smith shop, and other service facilities. The Okanagan. The third program will start As the calendar moves into a new century attractive site has a dam, millpond, and a fish in the Peace River District. shortly and a new millennium, the Aiberm District ladder on a salmon-spawning stream.The sur 1rIVAuY & TRs CANADA TRAIL Historical Society, host for the British Co rounding 13 hectares of land, donated by Members of the Boundary Historical Soci lumbia Historical Federation’s Year 2000 MacMillan Bloedel in 1994, provide a good etv met for their annual general meeting on Conference, is focusing on connections and example of coastal rainforest. 17 October in Rock Creek. Guest speaker transition at the community level and pro Hard-working members of the Western Paul Lautard spoke about the Rhone sec vincially. The theme of the conference is Vancouver Island Industrial Heritage Soci tion of the Kettle Valley RailwacThis aban Reflection and Renewal qf the Heritage Vision. ety are now assured that their dream ofrun doned rail route runs through Lautard’s prop Organizers hope to meet the challenge of ning a steam train from the 1911-era station erty and has become a cyclists’ destination. putting the Albemni Valley and its history at the foot ofArgyle Street to McLean Mill As a service to users of this section of the firmly into the spotlight, while giving a tip will be realized.The No.7 steam engine and Trans Canada Trail Paul has built a rest stop of the hat to the new millenmum. In part diesel locomotive are already part ofthe sum which has been used by over 1,000 cyclists nership with the AlberniValley Museum, the mer scene in Port Alberm, providing short this year. rides along the waterfront and industrial area of the city. FRAsER RIVER HISTORY CONFERENcE Also on the agenda for the conference is a Blake Mackenzie and a few of those who woods tour which will stop at several active participated in past conferences are planning logging sites. Another choice will be a less to go ahead with a conference for next year. ft arduous tour including the harbour (home

The preliminary plan is to host the event .i . of the working vessels Lady Rose and Frances in October 2000 in Lillooet since that was MjuTIME DISCOVERY CENTRE Barkley that connect Port Alberni with the site for the cancelled 1999 conference. The PortAlberni Maritime Heritage So Bamfield and Ucluelet).This group will also Blake would appreciate to hear from po ciety, in cooperation with the Port visit the Somass Mill (now operated by tential volunteers and speakers, and from Alberni Habour Commission and the Weyerhaeuser) as well as Sproat Lake where anyone else interested in keeping this im Albemni Valley Museum, has undertaken the famous Martin Mars water bombers are portant yearly (or should it become biyearly?) to develop a Maritime Discovery Cen based. event going. Would any organization be in tre as part of the new marina complex For further information on plans for next terested in sponsoring the event? being built by the Harbour Commission. year’s BCHF conference in Port Albemni, Contact: Blake Mackenzie Targeting March 2001 as the comple contact the Alberni District Historical Soci Fraser River History Conference tion date of the Maritime Discovery ety (you will find them listed under member 570 Whiteside Street Centre, the heritage group behind this societies on the inside of the back cover) or Victoria BCV8Z 1Y6 project will be inviting BCHF confer call the co-ordinator, Meg Scoffield, at (250) Telephone: (250) 479-6430 ence visitors to see their work in progress. 724-4855. Complete details and registration Fax: (250) 479-6458 The building exterior and interpretative form will be included in the spring edition Email: [email protected] signage along the pier should be in place. of BC Historical News.”’ URL: dustvtrails .corn

36 BC HISTORICAL NEWS .-Vor. 33 No. Federation News Bpj’rIsH Coi.ulftrnA HISTORICAL FErmIoN 1999—2000 SCHOLARSHIP BCHF Council meeting Nanaimo 25 September 1999 Applications should be submitted FoLLowING ARE SOME OF THE HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE MEETING’S MINUTES: before 15 May 2000 On behalf of the British Columbia Histori Upcoming British Columbia Historical Fed The British Columbia cal Federation a two-person delegation will eration conferences are scheduled for Port Historical Federation annually awards attend the Canada National History Con Alberni (2000), Richmond (2001), and (un a $500 scholarship to a student completing ference to be held in Toronto from 18 to confirmed) Revelstoke (2002).A fine over third or fourth year at a British 20 February 2000. view of the plans for the 4-6 May Port Columbia college or university. The British Columbia Historical Federation Alberni Conference was presented at the will add $150 to the $100 contributed by Nanaimo meeting by Meg Scoffield and To apply David Mattison for the History Web site Simo Nurme. for the scholarship, candidates must submit: prize, bringing the total to $250. A panel A contest prize of $500 was agreed upon for 1. A letter of application. ofjudges for this year’s prize has meanwhile the design of a logo for the BC Historical 2. An essay been nominated. Federation at an arts college. of 1500-3000 words on a topic relating to the history The Federation is considering the creation Past recording secretary George Thompson, ofBritish Columbia. The essay must be suitable of an endowment fund for members inter present at the meeting, was thanked for for publication in British Columbia Historical News. ested in making a bequest, to be used for serving on the executive. Barbara and Terry 3. A professor’s letter ofrecommendation. such purposes as promoting and teaching Simpson were thanked for hosting the history.A subcommittee has been set up to meeting and the Nanaimo Museum Soci SEND SUBMISSIONS To: look into this proposal. ety for providing their board room and al Scholarship Committee, The selection of books on BC history and lowing participants to visit the museum. British Columbia Historical Federation heritage in ferry giftshops remains poor. Next council meeting is scheduled for 4 P0 Box 5254, Station B. Readers are invited to write to the Pattison March 2000 at the Richmond Cultural Victoria BC V8R 1N4 Group (Vancouver Magazine Service) voic Centre. The winning essay will, and other selected ing their concern. Letters from individuals submissions be published in British seem to receive more attention than peti [999 History Web Site Prize jjy. Columbia Historical News. tions. Nominations for the 1999 Historical Web The subscription secretary has been in site prize must be made prior to 31 Decem structed to remove, without exception, de ber 1999. ANUSCRIPTS for publication linquent subscribers from the mailing list The British Columbia Historical Federa M should be sent to the Editor, prior to the mailing of each issue of BC tion and David Mattison are jointly spon BC Historical News, P0 Box 130, Historical News. A cancellation notice mailed soring the first adjudicated cash award hon Whonnock instead of the next issue will include an in ouring individual initiatives in the design and BC V2W 1V9. vitation to renew a lapsed subscription.The content ofaWeb site devoted to British Co Submissions should not be more than subscription secretary will give due notice lumbia’s history. The yearly $250 award rec 3,500 words. Illustrations are welcome to subscribers and/or their member asso ognizes Web sites ofmore than a single page and should be accompanied by cap ciation at the time the last paid—for issue is that contribute to an understanding and ap tions, source information, registration mailed. preciation ofBritish Columbia’s past. numbers where applicable, and permis The 5—year indexes available at a fee will not Judgement will be based on historical sion for publication. Photographs are be continued. The BC Historical News will content, layout, design, and ease of use. Web preferred over laser copies.They will provide an annual index all subribers site creators and authors may nominate their to free be returned uncut and unmarked. of charge by adding pages to the Winter own sites. Please include a diskette with a digital (No. I) issues. Additional information, including price copy of the Judges have been nominated for the “Best rules, as well as an online nomination form manuscript if possible. Articles” award.Both experienced and first— are available on David Mattison’s BC His time writers will have the opportunity to tory Internet/Web site: UTHORS publishing for the first receive the award. hrtp://www.victoria.tcca/Resources/bchistory.htlm. A time in BC Historical News will Seven books (copyright 1999) for the Writ receive a one—year complimentary sub ing Competion were reported received and Captain George Vancouver Day scription to the journal. If they wish, it is hoped that most books will be sub John E. (Ted) Roberts received news from this complimentary subscription may mitted well before the 31 December dead the Ministry of the Attorney General that be assigned to another person of their line. 12 May will henceforth CAPTAIN be choice as a one-year gift subscription. The British Columbia Historical Federation GEoRGEVA.r.CouvER DAY. This shows again There is a yearly award for the Best counts 36 member societies and 8 affiliates. that individual initiative can make a dif Article published in There was a discussion how to increase ference! BC Historical I\Tu,s membership.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER i999/2000 37

38

BC NEWS No. HISTORICAL -VOL.33 i

Retrieval. 31:2 (1998): 11_13.*

Landscapes:A Novice Looks the at Complexities ofArchival

26.*

PEARSON,

Lorne

Martin. Discovering

New

on Horizons Old & 1914 Bill by Sailor Billeter: 24- Septer. Fisherman 31:2 Dirk (1998):

5

* 31:1 Affleck. 34-35. (1997-98):

PATENAUDE,

Branwen

C.White

Gloves & 2- 31:3 Parasols. (1998): C. The B. Court Supreme Registry Edward 1895 of Scandal L. by

30_32.*

31:3 (1998): 20_24.*

PARKIN,TomWTwo

Cable

Bridges

ofVancouver. 31:1 (1997-98): C. B. The to by Life Company: Express Pat Cariboo Foster. the Line

ORR, Linda Maeve. Sara’s

31:4 World. (1998): 4_9*

1

9* TITLES

MONTGOMERY, Gary Across Booze the 31:3 Border. 16- (1998):

MANAK, Sonia. Sikh The Immigrant 34-38.

31:4 Experience. (1998):

10_15.*

McLEOD,Kelsey.

The Tie 31:3 Hackers. (1998): 30_32.*

from WRIGH’TTom. 1860-61.31:4 Salt Letters

Spring (1998): Island

31:2 (1998):

18_23.*

31:2 (1998): Immigrant.

14_17.*

LITTLE, Bronson A. Robert T. & Editor, Lowery: Publisher Printer.

D. the Craig WILKEY, Chinese Columbia’s British Regarding Error

KERANEN,John.The Gang. McLean 6-10. 31:2 (1998):

27-28.

31:2 (1998):

31:1 (1997-98): 20_25.*

Lives the on the WASLEVJenrnfer. Internet. of Researching Pioneers

Dolly KENNED’Y the in Sinclair.War and Woods —Yesterday Today.

31:1 First (1997-98): Car. HarryAde’s

—,. 3_4*

HARVE’4James.

31:4 (1998): MyWarYears. 15_16.*

(1997-98): 31:1 Ade’s Apprenticeship. WARD,Audrey. Harry

2_3.*

31:1 (1997-98):

26_29.*

3*

HANCOCK, Eleanor British Witton. Creek. at Gentlewomen Monte

2- 31:2 We’ve Known. Hardly James (1998): Douglas —,————.The

31:3 (1998): 20_24.*

3-5. (1998): 31:2 Saved.

FOSTER, C. B. Pat.The the Express to Life Company: Cariboo. Line

and Was Settled Island How Peggy Cartwright. Vancouver WALKER,

at CROSSE,John.The 31:4 (1998): Fort Spanish Nootka. 30_31.*

25-29.

H. COTTON, 31:2 Homfray Barry. (1998): C.E.L.S. Robert

29_33.*

31:3 (1998): Development. and Stanley Park:Tourism Eric. SWANTJE,

Ran

Their (1998): Own Schools. 31:4

21_29.*

(1998): 31:4 32_33.*

Who Forgotten BARIvIAN,Jean.Vancouver’s Women Entrepreneurs:

C. B. Princeton, Heritage, Presbyterian Margaret.A STONEBERG,

7* 3.

6- 31:3 David of (1998): Mount M.The BALFOUR, Lepsoe. Naming

(1998): 2- 31:4 the Depression. H. N. Great Serviving SPRINKLING,

12.*

24_26.*

9- a that 31:1 Million Sailed Family (1997-98): Miles. —,————.The

31:2 (1998): & Fisherman. Sailor Billeter: 1914 Bill Dirk. SEPTER,

31:1 (1997-98):

13_14.*

1 31:1(1997-98): in Victoria. Commission 5_19.*

Patriot, Author, ANSELL, Prophet. Donald Ronald Waterfield

— A. Rowell-Sirois The of Ides March: The Raif SCHEMMANN,

33-34. Some C. B. Notes 31:1 Whonnock, on (1997-98):

—,. (1998): 31:3 GildedAge. Columbia’s 8_15.*

1895.

31:1

34-35. (1997-98):

British in Man Gilded A Ellison: Price George. RICHARD,

of Scandal Court Registry C. B. Supreme Edward L.The AFFLECK,

5_8.*

31:1(1997-98): Research. in Portraits Family Carol Grant. POWELL,

(1998): 31:4 Barkerville. in Feng-Shui 17_20.* ORS AUTH

Mountain: Gold on Tigers and White Dragons Green Larry. PETERS,

of University Columbia British

J. Emerita Librarian Melva Dwyer,

with illustrations. year an pages article 15—16, 1998,

4, number

issue 31, volume meaning as be interpreted This may

15-16. (1998): 31:4 as is follows: entry each The in information included *

COVER. ILLUSTRATIONS, the subject under listed covers are on appeared having Illustrations citation.

the of end the

at asterisk an

is there illustrations, has the article If illustrations. numerous made identify to been are. No that have attempts *

those used to not subjects from lead to included references “see” some are book.There the of the by author alphabetically are index listed and

general the after appear reviews Book subjects. and titles authors, for sections alphabetical separate three is The in index general arranged

Fall

1998

Volume 31:4, 1997—1998 31:I,Wrnter -

INDEX

and Federation. the News BC Historical for work hard and dedication continuing your Thank for you, Melva Dwyer,

winter. next 2002, for issue first the for scheduled is 33) year (volume 2000 the for coming index edition.The summer

the

in

32)

(volume index the 1999 to publish we plan past the in somewhere lost year a up catch basis.To a on five-yearly yearly a rather than

be

published henceforth will index 1998.The year the for News Historical BC 31 of volume covering index MELvA this compiled DwR has Booze Across the Border by Gary Montgomery. 31:3 (1998): 16_19.* SUBJECTS British Columbia’s Error Regarding the Chinese Immigrant by Craig D.Wilkey. 31:2 (1998): 14_17.* ALCOHOL British Gentlewomen at Monte Creek by EleanorWitton Hancock. Montgomery, Gary Booze Across the Border. 31:3 (1998): 16_19.* 31:1 (1997-98): 26_29.* ALEX FRASER BRIDGE Conference 98 in Surrey. 31:3 (1998): 33. Parkin,TomWTwo Cable 34_35•* Bridges ofVancouver.31:1 (1997-98): Dear Harriet ... from Robert. 31:2 (1998): 30_32.* Discovering New Horizons on Old Landscapes: A Novice Looks at the ARCHIVES Complexities ofArchival Retrieval by Lorne Martin Pearson. 31:2 Pearson, Lorne Martin. Discovering New Horizons on Old (1998): 11_13.* Landscapes:A Novice Looks at the Complexities ofArchival DonaldWaterfield —Author, Patriot, Prophet by RonaldA.Ansell. 31:1 Research. 31:2 (1998): I1_13.* (1 997-98): 13_14.* ARROW LAKES Family Portraits in Research by Carol Grant Powell. 31:1 (1997-98): Ansell, Ronald A. Donald Waterfield — 8.* Author, Patriot, Prophet. 31:1 (1997-98): 13_14.* The Family that Sailed a Million Miles by Ronald A. Ansell. 31:1 —,—-———.The Family that Sailed a Million Miles. 31:1 (1997-98): (1 997-98): 9_12.* 9_12.* Green Dragons and White Tigers on Gold Mountain: Feng-Shui in ASHCROFT B. C. Barkerville by Larry Peters. 31:4 (1998): 17_20.* Foster, Pat.The B. C. Express Company: Life Line to the Cariboo. Harry Ade’s Apprenticeship * by Audrey Ward. 31:1 (1997-98): 2-3 31:3 (1998): 20_24.* Harry Ade’s First Car by Audrey Ward. 31:1 3_4,* (1997-98): ASIATIC EXCLUSION LEAGUE HowVancouver Island Was Settled and Saved by Peggy Cartwright Manak, Soma.The Sikh Immigrant Experience. 31:4 (1998): 34-38. Walker. 31:2 (1998): 3-5. ATHLONE SCHOOL FOR BOYS The Ides of March:The Rowell-Sirois Commission inVictoria by Raif Barman,Jean.Vancouver’s Forgotten Entrepreneurs: Women Who Schemmann. 31:1 (1997-98): 15_19.* RanTheir Own Schools. 31:4 (1998): 21_29.* The James Douglas We’ve Hardly Known by Peggy CartwrightWalker. AUTOMOBILES 31:2 (1998): 2_3.* Ward,Audrey. HarryAde’s First Car. 31:1 (1997-98): 3_4•* Letters from Salt Spring Island 1860-61 by Tom Wright. 31:4 (1998): B. C. EXPRESS COMPANY 10-15 •* Foster , Pat.The B.C. Express Company: Life Line to the Cariboo. The McLean Gang byJohn Keranen. 31:2 (1998): 6-10. 31:3 (1998): 20_24.* MyWarYears by James Harvey. 31:4 15_16.* (1998): B. C. PROVINCIAL POLICE The Naming ofMount Lepsoe by David M. Balfour. 31:3 (1998): 6- Keranen,John.The 7* McLean Gang. 31:2 (1998): 6-10. B. C. SUPREME COURT A Presbyterian Heritage, Princeton, B. C. by Margaret Stoneberg. 31:4 Affleck, Edward L. B. C. Supreme Court Registry Scandal of 1895. (1998): 32_33.* 31:1 (1997-98): 34-35. Price Eilison:A Gilded Man in British Columbia’s Gilded Age by B. X. COMPANY see B. C. EXPRESS COMPANY 8_15.* George Richard. 31:3 (1998): BARKERVILLE, B. C. Researching the Lives of Pioneers on the Internet by Jennifer Wasley. Peters, Larry. Green Dragons and White Tigers on Gold Mountain: 31:2 (1998): 27-28. Feng-Shui in Barkerville. 31:4 (1998): 17_20.* Robert Homfray C.E.L.S. by H. Barry Cotton. 31:2 (1998): 29_33.* BEGG,JONATHAN RobertT Lowery: Editor, Publisher & Printer by BronsonA. Little. Wright,Tom. Letters from Salt Spring Island 1860-61.31:4 (1998): 31:2 (1998): 18_23.* 1015* 49* Sara’s World by Linda Maeve Orr. 31:4 (1998): BENTON FAMILY Serviving the Great Depression by N. H. Sprinkling. 31:4 (1998): 2-3. Powell, Carol Grant. Family Portraits in Research. 31:1 (1997-98): The Sikh Immigrant Experience by Sonia Manak. 31:4 (1998): 34-38. 5_8.* Some Notes onWhonnock, B.C. by Edward L.Affleck. 31:1 (1997- BERNARD, FRANCIS JONES 98): 33-34. Foster, Pat.The B. C. Express Company: Life Line to the Cariboo. The Spanish Fort at Nootka byJohn Crosse. 31:4 (1998): 30_31.* 31:3 (1998): 20_24.* Stanley Park:Tourism and Development by Eric Swantje. 31:3 (1998): BILLETER,WILLIAM 25-29. Septer, Dirk. Bill Billeter: 1914 Sailor & Fisherman. 31:2 (1998): 24- The Tie Hackers by Kelsey McLeod. 31:3 (1998): 30_32.* 26.* Two Cable Bridges ofVancouver by Tom W. Parkin. 31:1 (1997-98): BLACK SETTLERS 30_32.* Walker, Peggy Cartwright. HowVancouver Island Was Settled and Vancouver’s Forgotten Entrepreneurs: Women Who RanTheir Own Saved. 31:2 (1998): 3-5. 21_29.* Schools by Jean Barman. 31:4 (1998): —,———.TheJames Douglas We’ve Hardly Known. 31:2 (1998): War in the Woods —Yesterday and Today by Dolly Sinclair Kennedy. 23.* 31:1 (1997-98): 20_25.* BODIE, ISABEL . White Gloves & Parasols by Branwen C. Patenaude. 31:3 (1998): 2-5 Barman,Jean.Vancouver’s Forgotten Entrepreneurs:Women Who RanTheir Own Schools. 31:4 (1998): 21_29.*

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 1999/2000 39

40

No. NEWS BC HISTORICAL -VOL.33 i

Coniniission in Victoria.

31:1 15-1 (1997-98): Tie McLeod, 31:3 Hackers. (1998): KelseyThe 30_32.* 9*

Schemmann, RaW The Ides of March: The Rowell-Sirois 31:1 (1997-98): 20_25.*

98 Conference Surrey. in 31:3 (1998): 33. Dolly Kennedy Sinclair.War Today Woods and the in —Yesterday

CONFERENCES FOREST INDUSTRY

in Conmussion 31:1 Victoria. (1997-98): 26.* 1519.*

Schernrnann, The Raif. of Ides The March: Rowell-Sirois & 24- Bill Dirk. Septer, Sailor (1998): 1914 Billeter: 31:2 Fisherman.

COMMISSIONS FISHING INDUSTRY

(1997-98): in Barkerville. Feng-Shui 31:4 (1998): 13_14.* 17_20.*

Ansell, A. Ronald Donald Author, Waterfield 31:1 Patriot, Prophet. Green Tigers and Peters, on Larry Mountain: White Gold Dragons -

COLUMBIA RIVER TREATY FENG-SHUI

(1997-98): 31:1 Commission inVictoria. (1997-98): 9_12.* 15_19.*

Ansell, Ronald a Family A.The that Sailed Miles. 31:1 Rowell-Sirois Ides Rail Scheminann, Million The March: of The

COMPANY RELATIONS FEDERAL PROVINCIAL -

COLUMBIA AND STEAM KOOTENAY 34-35. NAVIGATION (1997-98):

(1998): 1895. C. 31:1 of Court Affleck, L.B. Scandal Edward Supreme 32_33.*

Stoneberg, Margaret.A Presbyterian C. B. Princeton, Heritage, 31:4 HENRY FALDING,WILLIAM

CHURCHES, PRESBYTERIAN (1 997-98): 9_12.*

Irnnilgrant. 31:2 a (1998): 31:1 Million Sailed Family Ansell, Miles. that Ronald A.The 14_17.*

D. Craig Wilkey British the Columbia’s Regarding FAMILY ESTABROOKS Chinese Error

in Feng-Shui (1998): Own 31:4 Schools. Barkerville. 31:4 RanTheir (1998): 21.29.* 17_20.*

Who Women Peters, Larry Entrepreneurs: Forgotten Green Barman, Gold Tigers and Dragons Jean.Vancouver’s on Mountain: White

CHINESE ENTREPRENEURS

31:3 (1998): & (1998): GildedAge. 31:3 Parasols. Gloves C.White Patenaude,Branwen 8_15.* 2_5.*

Columbia’s in British Man Ellison:A 31:3 Gilded Price George. Richard, (1998): 20_24.*

ON, PRICE The Foster, C. Pat. ELLIS Cariboo. Line B. the Life Express to Company:

(1998): 31:4 Schools. Own Ran Their CARIBOO AREA 21_29.*

Who Women Entrepreneurs: Forgotten Barman,Jean.Vancouver’s 31:2 Immigrant. (1998): 14_17.*

EDUCATION the D. Wilkey British Craig Error Columbia’s Chinese Regarding

31:2 (1998): 31:1 (1997-98): Ward,Audrey HarryAde’sApprenticeship. 18_23.* 2_3.*

& Printer. Publisher T Lowery: Editor, A. Robert Little, Bronson CANADIAN RAILWAY PACIFIC

EDITORS B. / C. MONTANA -

2-3. (1998): 31:4 Depression. Great the N.H. Serviving Sprinkling, see BORDER BORDER STATES CANADA/UNITED

(1997-98): 33-34. 98): 13_14.*

31:1 Prophet. Patriot, Author, WaterfIeld A. Donald Ronald Ansell, (1997- 31:1 B.C. onWhonnock, Some Notes L. Affleck, — Edward

CONDITIONS ECONOMIC BRIAN BYRNES,

(1998): 31:4 Schools. Own Their Ran 21_29.* 31:2 (1998): C.E.L.S. Robert H. Homfray Barry Cotton, 29_33.*

Who Women Entrepreneurs: Forgotten Barman,Jean.Vancouver’s BUTE INLET

DRYVYNSIDE,VIOLET

31:2 (1998): Robert. Dear from Harriet ... 34_35•*

31:2 (1998): C.E.L.S. Homfray 29_33.* Robert Barry. H. Cotton, ROBERT BURNABY,

MAJORW DOWNIE, 3—5. Saved. 31:2 (1998):

and Settled Was Island Peggy HowVancouver Cartwright. Walker, 2_3.*

(1998): 31:2

Known. We’ve Hardly Douglas James The

EDWARD LYTTON, - BULWER

3-5. (1998): 31:2 Saved. 26.*

and

Settled Was Island HowVancouver Cartwright. Peggy Walker, 24- (1998): 31:2 & Sailor Fisherman. Billeter: Dirk. 1914 Bill Septer,

JAMES SIR DOUGLAS, BAALASKA BRISTOL

DEPRESSION

See GREAT 30_32.*

DEPRESSION (1997-98): 31:1 ofVancouver. Bridges Cable Parkin,TornWTwo

(1998): 31:4 Schools. Own 21_29.* RanTheir BRIDGES

Who Women

Entrepreneurs: Forgotten Barman,Jean.Vancouver’s 33-34. 98):

FOR GIRLS SCHOOL HOUSE CROFTON (1997- 31:1 B.C. onWhonnock, Some Notes Edward L. Affleck,

COVER

ILLUSTRATIONS, see ILLUSTRATIONS COVER BRACHES, FRED

(1998): 31:4

Schools. Own 21_29.* RanTheir 31:1 (1997-98): 26_29.*

Who

Entrepreneurs:Women Forgotten Barman,Jean.Vancouver’s Creek. Monte at Gentlewomen British Hancock, Eleanor Witton.

LENA COTSWORTH-CLARKE, FAMILY BOSTOCK

10-1 (1998): 31:3 Border. the Across 16_19.* Booze Gary. Montgomery, 5*

(1998): 1860-61.31:4

Spring Island

Salt from Letters Wright,Tom.

COLUMBIA/MONTANA BRITISH — BORDER

(1998):

31:2 Robert. from Harriet Dear 34_35* ... (1998): 31:3 Border. the 16_19.* Across Booze Gary Montgomery,

CORRESPONDENCE BOOTLEGGING FORTS, SPANISH KAMLOOPS, B. C. Crosse,John.The Spanish Fort at Nootka. 31:4 (1998): 30_31.* Keranen,John.The McLean Gang. 31:2 (1998): 6-10. FREIGHT DELIVERY SERVICES KEEFERS, B. C. Foster, Pat. The B. C. Express Company: Life Line to the Cariboo. Ward, Audrey. Harry Ade’s Apprenticeship. 31:1 (1997-98): 2_3.* 31:3 (1998): 20_24.* KEENLEYSIDE, ALICE GANGS Barman,Jean.Vancouver’s Forgotten Entrepreneurs: Women Who Keranen,John.The McLean Gang. 31:2 (1998): 6-10. RanTheir Own Schools. 31:4 (1998): 21_29.* GEOMANCY KELL\JIM Peters, Larry. Green Dragons and White Tigers on Gold Keranen,John.The McLean Gang. 31:2 (1998): 6-10. Mountain: Feng-Shui in Barkerville. 31:4 (1998): 17_20.* KOMOGATA MARU GOLD RUSH Manak, Sonia.The Sikh Immigrant Experience. 31:4 (1998): 34- Peters, Larry. Green Dragons and White Tigers on Gold 38. Mountain: Feng-Shui in Barkerville. 31:4 (1998): 17_20.* KOOTENAY AREA GORDON,JESSIE AND MARY Ansell, Ronald A. The Family that Sailed a Million Miles. 31:1 Barman,Jean.Vancouver’s Forgotten Entrepreneurs;WomenWho (1997-98): 9_12.* Ran Their Own Schools. 31:4 (1998): 21_29.* Little, Bronson A. RobertT. Lowery: Editor, Publisher & Printer. GREAT DEPRESSION 31:2 (1998): 18_23.* Sprinkling, N.H. Serviving the Great Depression. 31:4(1998): 2-3 LABOURERS HARE, ALEX Manak, Sonia.The Sikh Immigrant Experience. 31:4 (1998): 34- Keranen,John. The McLean Gang. 31:2 (1998): 6-10. 38. HARVE’scJA.MES Wilkey, Craig D. British Columbia’s Error Regarding the Chinese Harvey,James. MyWarYears. 31:4 (1998): 15_16.* Imniigrant.31:2 (1998): 14_17.* HINDUS see INDO CANADIANS LAND SPECULATION HISTORICAL RESEARCH see RESEARCH Richard, George. Price Ellison: A Gilded Man in British HOMATHKO VALLEY Columbia’s Gilded Age. 31:3 (1998): 8_15.* Cotton, H. Barry. Robert Homfray C.E.L.S. 31:2 (1998): 29_33.* LAW ENFORCEMENT HOMFRAY, ROBERT Keranen,John.The McLean Gang. 31:2 (1998): 6-10. Cotton, H. Barrs Robert Homfray C.E.L.S. 31:2 (1998): 29_33.* LEPSOE, ROBERT HORNE FAMILY Balfour, David M.The Naming of Mount Lepsoe. 31:3 (1998): 6- Powell, Carol Grant. Family Portraits in Research. 31:1 (1997-98): 7 . 5_8.* LETTERS see CORRESPONDENCE HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY LIONS GATE BRIDGE Walker, Peggy Cartwright. How Vancouver Island Was Settled and Parkin,TomWTwo Cable Bridges ofVancouver. 31:1 (1997-98): Saved. 31:2 (1998): 3-5. 30_32.* ILLUSTRATIONS, COVER Swantje, Eric. Stanley Park: Tourism and Development. 31:3 1914 Maxwell Touring Car 31:1 (1997-98);James Douglas & (1998): 25-29. Residence 31:2 (1998); Stagecoach on Cariboo Trail and LIQUOR see ALCOHOL Letterhead ofBritish Columbia Express Company 31:3 (1998); LOGGING INDUSTRY see FOREST INDUSTRY The Geomancy Compass 31:4 (1998). LOWERY, ROBERT THOMAS IMMIGRATION Little, Bronson A. Robert T. Lowery: Editor, Publisher & Printer. Manak, Sonia.The Sikh Immigrant Experience. 31:4 (1998): 34- 31:2 (1998): 18_23.* 38. McLAGAN, SARA ANN Walker, Peggy Cartwright. HowVancouver Island Was Settled and Orr, Linda Maeve. Sara’s World. 31:4 (1998): 4_9•* Saved. 31:2 (1998): 3-5. McLEAN FAMILY Wilkey, Craig D. British Columbia’s Error Regarding the Chinese Keranen,John.The McLean Gang. 31:2 (1998): 6-10. Inimigrant. 31:2 (1998): 14_17.* MacLURE, JOHN INDO-CANADIANS Orr, Linda Maeve. Sara’s World. 31:4 (1998): 4_9* Manak, Sonia.The Sikh Inixnigrant Experience. 31:4 (1998): 34- MONTE CREEK, B. C. 38. Hancock, Eleanor Witton. British Gentlewomen at Monte Creek. INFORMATION RETRIEVAL 31:1 (1997-98): 26_29.* Wasley,Jennifer. Researching the Lives of Pioneers on the MOUNTAINS Internet. 31:2 (1998): 27-28. Balfour, David M.The Nanung ofMount Lepsoe. 31:3 (1998): 6- INTERNET 7* Wasley,Jennifer. Researching the Lives of Pioneers on the MURCHIE, ARCHIBALD (photographer) Inteernet. 31:2 (1998): 27—28. Ward, Audrey. Harry Ade’s Apprenticeship. 31:1 (1997-98): 2_3.* IRRIGATION SYSTEMS MURDERS Richard, George. Price Eliison:A Gilded Man in British Keranen,John.The McLean Gang. 31:2 (1998): 6-10. Columbia’s Gilded Age. 31:3 (1998): 8_15.*

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 1999/2000 41

42

33

No. -Vor. BC NEWS HISTORICAL i

Powell, Carol Grant. Family Portraits in 31:1 Research. (1997-98):

PORTRAITS

31:1 (1997- 98): The 31:4 at Spanish Crosse,John. (1998): Fort Nootka. 20_25.* 30_31.*

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(1998): 31:3 the Border. 16_19.* Across Booze Gary. Montgomery, 10. 31:2 (1998): Donald. Sale,Thomas

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POSSES AREA RECREATION GREENE NANCY SANDON, B. C. TOBACCO PLAINS Little, Bronson A. Robert T Lowery: Editor, Publisher & Printer. Montgomery Gary. Booze Across the Border. 31:3 (1998): 16- 31:2 (1998): 18_23.* I 9. SCANDALS TOURIST INDUSTRY Affleck, Edward L.The B. C. Supreme Court Registry Scandal of Swantje, Eric. Stanley Park:Tourism and Development. 31:3 1895.31:1(1997-98): 34-35. (1998): 25-29. SCHOOLTEACHERS USHER,JOHN Patenaude, Branwen C.White Gloves & Parasols. 31:3 (1998): 2- Keranen,John.The McLean Gang. 31:2 (1998): 6-10. 5.* VANCOUVER, B. C. SCHOOLS Barman,Jean.Vancouver’s Forgotten Entrepreneurs: Women Who Barman,Jean.Vancouver’s Forgotten Entrepreneurs:WomenWho Ran Their Own Schools. 31:4 (1998): 21_29.* RanTheir Own Schools. 31:4 (1998): 21_29.* Manak, Sonia.The Sikh Immigrant Experience. 31:4 (1998): 34- SENATORS 38. Hancock, EleanorWitton. British Gentlewomen at Monte Creek. Parkin,TomW Two Cable Bridges ofVancouver. 31:1(1997-98): 31:1 (1997-98): 26_29.* 30_32.* SIKHS Swantje; Eric. Stanley Park:Tourism and Development. 31:3 Manak, Sonia.The Sikh Immigrant Experience. 31:4 (1998): 34- (1998): 25-29. 38. VANCOUVER DAILY NEWS SIMPSON, SIR GEORGE Orr, Linda Maeve. Sara’s World. 31:4 (1998): 4_9* Walker, Peggy Cartwright. HowVancouver Island Was Settled and VANCOUVER ISLAND Saved. 31:2 (1998): 3-5. Walker, Peggy Cartwright. HowVancouver Island Was Settled and SLOCANVALLEY Saved. 31:2 (1998): 3-5. Little, Bronson A. Robert T. Lowery: Editor, Publisher & Printer. VERNON,B.C. 31:2 (1998): 18_23.* Richard, George. Price Effison:A Gilded Man in British SOCIAL LIFE AND CUSTOMS Columbia’s GildedAge. 31:3 (1998): 8_15.* Kennedy, Dolly Sinclair.War in the Woods —Yesterday and Today. VICTORIA, B. C. 31:1 (1997-98): 20_25.* Sprinkling, N. H. Serviving the Great Depression. 31:4 (1998): 2- Orr, Linda Maeve. Sara’s World. 31:4 (1998): 4_9* 3. Patenaude, Branwen C.White Gloves & Parasols. 31:3 (1998): 2- VICTORIAN ORDER OF NURSES 5 .* Orr, Linda Maeve. Sara’s World. 31:4 (1998): 4_9* Sprinkling, N. H. Serviving the Great Depression. 31:4 (1998): 2- W. B. FLINT 3. Septer, Dirk. Bill Billeter: 1914 Sailor & Fisherman. 31:2 (1998): SPROT ANNA 24_26.* Barman,Jean.Vancouver’s Forgotten Entrepreneurs:Women Who WADDINGTON,ALFRED Ran Their Own Schools. 31:4 (1998): 21_29.* Cotton, H. Barry Robert Homftay C.E.L.S. 31:2 (1998): 29_33.* ST. PAUL’S, PRINCETON WATER RESOURCES Stoneberg, Margaret.A Presbyterian Heritage, Princeton, B. C. Ansell, Ronald A. Donald Waterfield —Author, Patriot, Prophet. 31:4 (1998): 32_33.* 31:1 (1997-98) 13_14.* STAGE COACHES WATERHELD, DONALD

Foster, Pat.The B. C. Express Company: Life Line to the Cariboo. Ansell, Ronald A. Donald Waterfteld — Author, Patriot, Prophet. 31:3 (1998): 20_24.* 31:1 (1997-98): 13_14.* STANLEY PARK WELFARE Swantje, Eric. Stanley Park: Tourism and Development. 31:3 Sprinkling, N. H. Serviving the Great Depression. 31:4 (1998): 2- (1998): 25-29. 3. STERNWHEELERS WHONNOCK, B. C. Ansell, Ronald A. The Family that Sailed a Million Miles. 31:1 Afileck, Edward L. Some Notes onWhonnock, B. C. 31:1 (1997- (1 997-98): 9_12.* 98): 33-34. SURREY ARCHIVES WOMEN Pearson, Lorne Martin. Discovering New Horizons on Old Barman,Jean.Vancouver’s Forgotten Entrepreneurs: WomenWho Landscapes: A Novice Looks at the Complexities ofArchival RanTheir Own Schools. 31:4 (1998): 21_29.* Research. 31:2 (1998): 11_13.* Hancock, Eleanor Witton. British Gentlewomen at Monte Creek. SURVEYORS 31:1 (1997-98): 26_29.* Cotton, H. Barry Robert Homfray C.E.L.S. 31:2 (1998): 29_33.* Orr, Linda Maeve. Sara’s World. 31:4 (1998): 4_9* TELEGRAPHY WORLD WAR II Orr, Linda Maeve. Sara’s World. 31:4 (1998): 4_9* Balfour, David M.The Naming of Mount Lepsoe. 31:3 (1998): 6- TIES, RAILWAY 7* McLeod, Kelsey.The Tie Hackers. 31:3 (1998): 30_32.* Harveyjames. MyWarYears. 31:4 (1998): 15_16.*

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 5999/2000 43 YALE,B.C. Lindberg, Ted. Pnina Granirer: Portrait of an Artist. Reviewed by Sheryl Foster, Pat. The B. C. Express Company; Life Line to the Cariboo. Salloum. 31:4 (1998): 9. 20_24.* 31:3 (1998): McClean, Sylvie. A Woman of Influence: Evlyn Fenwick Farris. YORK HOUSE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS Reviewed by Laurenda Daniells. 31:3 (1998): 37-38. Barman,Jean.Vancouver’s Forgotten Entrepreneurs:WomenWho Mack, Clayton. Grizzlies and White Guys:The Stories of Clayton RanTheir Own Schools. 31:4 (1998): 21_29.* Mack. Reviewed by James Bowman. 31:1(1997-98): 40. Mackie, Richard Somerset. Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British BOOK REVIEWS FurTrade on the Pacific, 1793-1843. Reviewed by Brian Gobbett. 31:3 (1998): 37.

Armitage. Doreen. Around the Sound:A History of Howe Sound — Mouat,Jeremy.The Business ofPower: Hydro Electricity in Whistler Sound. Reviewed by Carl Ian Walker. 31:4 (1998): 43. Southeastern British Columbia 1897-1997. Reviewed by Ron Bingham,Janet. More than a House. Reviewed by Donna Jean Welwood. 31:3 (1998): 36-37. MacKinnon. 31:1 (1997-98): 40. Norris,John.Wo Lee Stories: Memories of a Childhood in Nelson, Bowen, Lynne.Those Lake People: Stories of Cowichan Lake. B.C. Reviewed by Adam C.Waldie. 31:2 (1998): 37-38. Reviewed by Dr. RichardJ. Lane. 31:2 (1998): 38. Peterson,Jan. Cathedral Grove (MacMillan Park). Reviewed by Susan Bridge, Kathryn. Henry & Self The Private Life of Sarah Crease, 1826- Stacey. 31:1 (1997-98): 39-40. 1922. Reviewed by Sheryl Salloum. 31:1 (1997-98): 39. Porter, C. R. Kiondike Paradise: Culture in the Wilderness. Reviewed Brown,Jim. Hubbard:The Forgotten BoeingAviator. Reviewed by Dr. by Lewis Green. 31:3 (1998): 39-40. Richard). Lane. 31:2 (1998): 38. Preston, David.The Story of the Butchart Gardens. Reviewed by Cherrington,John.Vancouver at the Dawn:A Turn ofthe Century MoragMaclachian. 31:2 (1998): 40. Portrait. Reviewed by Phyffis Reeve. 31:2 (1998): 39. Pritchard,Allan, ed.Vancouver Island Letters ofEdmund HopeVerney, Drushka, Ken. H. R.: A Biography of H. R. MacMillan. Reviewed by 1862-65. Reviewed by Phyffis Reeve. 31:2 (1998): 37. WKayeLarnb.31:1 (1997-98): 37. Scott,AndrewThe Promise of Paradise: Utopian Communities in B. C. Francis, Daniel. Copying People: Photographing British Columbia Reviewed by Leslie Kopas. 31:4 (1998): 42-43. First Nations 1860-1940. Reviewed by Laurenda Daniells. 31:2 Seagrave,Jayne. Provincial and National Park Campgrounds in British (1998): 37. Columbia: A Complete Guide. Reviewed by Sheryl Salloum. 31:2 Glanville,Jim and Alice. The Life and Times of Grand Forks. Reviewed (1998): 39-40. by Dorothy Zoellner. 31:4 (1998): 41. Shelford, Cyril. From War to Wilderness. Reviewed by Esther Gough, Barry First Across the Continent: Sir Alexander MacKen.zie. Darlington. 31:3 (1998): 39. Reviewed byWKaye Lamb. 31:4 (1998): 9. Stangoe, Irene. Looking Back at the Cariboo — Chilcotin. Reviewed by G’ ippy,Walter. Clayoquot Soundings:A History of Clayoquot Sound., Leslie Kopas. 31:4 (1998): 42.

1880s — 1980s. Reviewed by Phillip Teece. 31:1(1997-98): 38-39. Sutherland, Neil. Growing Up: Childhood in English Canada from the Haig-Brown,Valerie. Deep Currents, Roderick and Ann Haig-Brown. Great War to the Age ofTelevision. Reviewed by Phyllis Reeve. 31:3 Reviewed by George Newell. 31:3 (1998): 35-36. (1998): 40. Hamilton, R. M., ed. Sarah Linley’s Family Letters to Henry Crease. Thirkell, Fred and Bob Scullion. Postcards from the Past: Edwardian Part 1-1849; Part 2- 1850-1851; Part 3- 1852-1855. Reviewed by Images of GreaterVancouver and the FraserValley. Reviewed by Sheryl Salloum, 31:1 (1997-98): 39. Phyffis Reeve. 31:3 (1998): 40. Haycox, Stephen,James Barnett and Caedmon Liburd, eds. Trail History and Heritage Coinmittee.A Trail of Memories,Trail, B. Enlightenment and Exploration in the North Pacific 1741-1805. C., 1895-1945. Reviewed byAdam C.Waldie. 31:4 (1998): 41-42. Reviewed by Barry Gough. 31:3 (1998): 36. Twigg,A.M. Union Steamships Remembered, 1920-1958. Reviewed Hou, Charles and Cynthia. Great Canadian Political Cartoons 1820 to by James Delgado. 31:2 (1998): 39. 1914. Reviewed by Robert MacDonald. 31:1 (1997-98): 38. Waiser, Bill. Park Prisoners:The Untold Story ofWestern Canada’s Jenkins,Will D. Sr. Chilcotin Diary: FortyYears ofAdventure. National Parks 1915-1946. Reviewed by George Newell. 31:3 Reviewed by Esther Darlington. 31:3 (1998): 39. (1998): 35. Joyce, Art. A Perfect Childhood: 100 Years of Heritage Homes in White, Howard, ed. Raincoast Chronicles 17: Stories and History of Nelson. 31:4 (1998): 42. the British Columbia Coast. Reviewed by Dr.RichardJ. Lane. 31:2 Keller, Keith. Dangerous Waters: Wrecks and Rescues Off the B.C. (1998): 39. Coast. Reviewed by Philip Teece. 31:4 (1998): 43. Lee, Eldon with Jack McKenzie and Al Holley. Scalpels and Buggywhips: Medical Pioneers of Central B.C. Reviewed by Adam C.Waldie. 31:3 (1998):38-39. Leonard, Frank. A Thousand Blunders: The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway and Northern British Columbia. Reviewed by Kenneth THE FIVE-YE INDEX covering the years 1993— Mackenzie. 31:4 (1998): 43-44. 1997 is still available to anyone sending two dol Leonoff Cyril. Bridges of Light: Otto Landauer of Leonard Frank lars value in stamps to: Photos. Reviewed by David Mattison. 31:3 (1998): 35. The Editor, BC Historical News, P0 Box 130, Lewis,Jim and Charles Hart. Goldpanmng in the Cariboo:A Prospector’s Treasure Trail to Creeks of Gold. Reviewed by Leslie Whonnock BC V2W 1V9 Kopas. 31:4 (1998): 42. zz___ 44 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VoL.33 No. i is to for to made be Affiliated and V9R6G8 Secretary, Federation, News organization societies to Editor, regional Columbia invited about directed Federation of and Sanctuary, the be are list. Simpson, to British Bird changes Historical umbrella Historical this Historical societies. membership The an embracing 193 NanaimoBC Questions affiliation should Membership BC Terry BC Members Groups write any to iSo SOC. IWO 3Ko 2T6 4L7 ARCHIVES ASSOCIATION 2X9 iLo VoG & SocwrY 3SI SOCIETY VoX V8K VoN NORTH V7J (REsEcH SOCIETY SocIETY VuR BC VoE SocIETY SocIETY Hwy. SocIETY GROUPS HIsToRIcAL V8L 3X6 BC SocIETY 3G2 BC BC BC CRESCENT BC AIlCrnvEs Socwry SOCIETY MUSEUM BC 8C4 #10 BC BC MUSEUM CHIEFS MUSEUM SOCIETY V6B SOCIETY AVENUE DRIvE HIsToRIcAl. ASSOCIATION SOCIETY MUSEUM V8X DENvER OF ViT6M 3 SocIETY V3S SAAI’IICH HIsTORIc.L ISLAND BC 17790 HISToRICAL HIs’roRicAL HERITAGE HIsTORIANs MUSEUM Federation HISTORICAL BC MERLYNN INDIAN CELISTA PRINCETON 3i3 NEw BC DISTRICT 405,TRAIL 43035,VICTORIA 307!, ISLAND BC SAANIcH HIsTomc.u VANCouvER DIsTRIcT & HISTORICAL MUSEUM ARDM0RE MUSEUM AFFILIATED LAXE DIsTRIcT BC 317, SPRING NORTH & 281, I22,VANANDA 305, 34003 HISTo1ucL 1541 CEt4miAL Box MCPiuLUPs Box Box Box & SL0CAI’T. ISLAND SHORE SHuswAP HIsTORICAL ISLAND & VALLEY DAUGHTERS OF 1922 HISTORICAL SPRING dO 129 10840 NoRTH P0 VEmoN Box SALT Box NORTH Suv Box Box P0 P0 VANCouvER Box P0 VICTORIA PROGRAM) NORTH NORTH ORANAGAN PRINCETON SIDNEY SAIj SILVERY SURREY TExA TIL VICToRIA VANcoUVER NAXusP KAML0OPS KOOTENAY L,GLEY B0wEN NANAIM0 NATWE NIc0LA RiCHMOND UNION OCTOBER, SOCIETIES 31 Historical 2Ho MEMBER 2H4 ORGANIzED VoR iLo uKo LAO V9P SOCIETY BC SOCIETY S0cIEm’ 3H7 uHo SocIETY 27 VoN VoX ASSOCIATION uKo BC 4P1 SOCWrY VoW VoNiPo A 2C0 5N2 3T6 HIGHwAY SocIErY SOCIETY VoH Columbia 3Y2 S. SOCIETY SocIETY V4W iRo SOCIETY 3Y3 BC BC VoR SOCIETY BRAI.JCH SOCIETY BC BC C0MP. AvENuE, ASSOCIATION VoR STREET V9R HIsToRIcAL VG BC AVE HIsToRIcAL V9L SOCIETY HIsToRIcAL BC SoCIETY LANTzvILLE VIL STATIoN VoG IC, BC HIsToRIcAL BC VuC RRi HIsToIw1L CAI’iA STREET Lx PnKsvILLE BC BC BC HIsT01UcAL ATLIN ISLAND BC D’Ancy HEDLEY 274, 1014 ISLANDS 933, BC BC Sim HIsT0RJcAL FORKS VALLEY HISTORICAL 271 HISTORICAL Lp.lcE HIsTORICAL MUSEUM C-u, ALBERNI iii, 284 SCHooL - 40, 1687 HISTORICAL 172 HIsTORIcAL 1452, DEER V9Y7M 218. 69 TRANs DIsTIUCT 109-45-23 Box Box HERITAGE Box ANDERsoN Ls GULF GROVE HERITAGE British HIsToRIcix K0OTENAY 3190 PORT Bbx BC ALDERGR0vE, Box GALIANO RR#i, S-22, Nicus Box GD 6501 Box P0 BumY Box CHEINus C/0 5203 DuNCAN CBRooK Box Box K0KsILMI 402 c/o NELsoN P0 NANAIMO ALBERNI ALDER ANDERSON Aimow ATLIN BCHF BouNDY CHErvi&INUS BuLNY CowICiw’ HEDLEY DIsTRICT EAST KOKsILAN Koo1NAY LANTzvILLE NANAIM0 ReturnAddress: Ci,ADI PUBLICATIONS MAIL PRODUCT SALES AGREEMENT No. 1245716 British Columbia Historical News PUBLICATIONS MAIL REGIsTITIoN Joel Vinge, Subscription Secretary No. 09835 561 Woodland Drive Cranbrook, BC V1C 4H3

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