General Biology II Dr

Welcome to General Biology II Dr. Ramos Spring 2018 What are our goals in this class?

Diversity in organisms What are our goals in this class? Understand cell structure and function What are our goals in this class?

Plant Anatomy and Physiology What are our goals in this class? Animal anatomy and physiology Organismal Diversity and Classification Systems

Classification

Taxonomy Organisms are sorted by common physical characteristics Identifying, naming and classifying

Phylogeny Organisms are sorted by molecular similarity/evolutionary relationships • Cengage Video Classification

• Carl Linnaeus • Binomial System • Two Parts (always italicized, species lower case) • Genus (Identifies closely related organisms) • species (Identifies only one ‘kind’ of organism) • Example: Homo sapiens

• Species: group of individuals sharing common physical characteristics which breed with each other, but do not normally interbreed with members of other species Classification

Domain General Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Specific

subspecies, races, strains, variants Taxonomic Classification of Five Species

domain wild carrot marijuana apple prickly rose dog rose kingdom eukarya eukarya eukarya eukarya eukarya plantae plantae plantae plantae plantae phylum magnoliophyta magnoliophyta magnoliophyta magnoliophyta magnoliophyta class magnoliopsida magnoliopsida magnoliopsida magnoliopsida magnoliopsida order apiales rosales rosales rosales rosales family apiaceae Cannabaceae rosaceae rosaceae rosaceae genus Daucus Cannabis Malus Rosa Rosa species carota sativa domestica acicularis canina

from left, Joaquim Gaspar; © kymkemp.com; Sylvie Bouchard/Shutterstock.com; Courtesy of Melissa S Green, www.flickr.com/photos/henkimaa; © Grodana Sarkotic. Modern taxonomy

• Carl Woese • Use of 16S rRNA • Discovery of Archaea • Cladogram • Evolutionary tree • Diagram of evolutionary connections • Each line represents a lineage • Node is a point of branching into two lineages called sister groups Organizing Evolutionary Relationships

• Different classification systems view evolutionary relationships in different ways • Six-kingdom classification system • Three-domain system

• A tree of life shows proposed patterns of evolution among major groups of organisms Classification Systems