Field Identification of the 50 Most Common Plant Families in Temperate Regions

Home , Agrostemma, Alliaria, Allium dictuon, Aloe, Althaea (plant), Amaranthaceae

Field identification of the 50 most common plant families in temperate regions

(including agricultural, horticultural, and wild species)

Note: Listed characteristics are the most common characteristics; there might be exceptions in rare or tropical species. This compendium is available for free download without cost for non- commercial uses at http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~struwe/. The author welcomes updates and corrections. 1 Overall phylogeny – living land plants

Bryophytes Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Lycophytes Clubmosses, etc.

Ferns and Fern Allies Ferns, horsetails, moonworts, etc.

Gymnosperms Conifers, pines, cycads and cedars, etc.

Magnoliids

Monocots Fabids

Ranunculales Rosids Malvids

Caryophyllales

Ericales Lamiids

The treatment for flowering plants follows the APG IV (2016) Campanulids classification. Not all branches are shown.

© Lena Struwe 2016, All rights reserved. 2 Included families (alphabetical list): Amaranthaceae Geraniaceae Amaryllidaceae Iridaceae Anacardiaceae Juglandaceae Apiaceae Juncaceae Apocynaceae Lamiaceae Araceae Lauraceae Araliaceae Liliaceae Asphodelaceae Magnoliaceae Asteraceae Malvaceae Betulaceae Moraceae Boraginaceae Myrtaceae Brassicaceae Oleaceae Bromeliaceae Orchidaceae Cactaceae Orobanchaceae Campanulaceae Pinaceae Caprifoliaceae Plantaginaceae Caryophyllaceae Poaceae Convolvulaceae Polygonaceae Cucurbitaceae Ranunculaceae Cupressaceae Rosaceae Cyperaceae Rubiaceae Equisetaceae Rutaceae Ericaceae Salicaceae Euphorbiaceae Scrophulariaceae Fabaceae Solanaceae Fagaceae Vitaceae

3 Included families (taxonomic list):

FERNS AND FERN ALLIES Fagales: Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Equisetaceae Juglandaceae Geraniales: Geraniaceae GYMNOSPERMS Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae, Cupressaceae, Pinaceae Salicaceae Malvales: Malvaceae ANGIOSPERMS Myrtales: Myrtaceae Magnoliids Rosales: Moraceae, Rosaceae Laurales: Lauraceae Sapindales: Anacardiaceae, Rutaceae Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae Vitales: Vitaceae

Monocots Eudicots: Asterids Alismatales: Araceae Apiales: Apiaceae, Araliaceae Asparagales: Amaryllidaceae, Asterales: Asteraceae, Campanulaceae Asphodelaceae, Iridaceae, Boraginales: Boraginaceae Orchidaceae Dipsacales: Caprifoliaceae Liliales: Liliaceae Ericales: Ericaceae Poales: Cyperaceae, Juncaceae, Gentianales: Apocynaceae, Rubiaceae Poaceae Lamiales: Lamiaceae, Oleaceae, Orobanchaceae, Plantaginaceae, Eudicots Scrophulariaceae Caryophyllales: Amaranthaceae, Solanales: Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae Caryophyllaceae, Polygonaceae Ranuncululales: Ranunculaceae

Eudicots: Rosids Brassicales: Brassicaceae Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae Fabales: Fabaceae

4 Amaranthaceae s. lat. (incl. Chenopodiaceae) B AMARANTH FAMILY

 Herbs or shrubs (rarely trees or vines), often reddish, many salt-loving plants (halophytes)  Stems often succulent, and/or jointed  Leaves alternate, simple (A)  No stipules A  Flowers small, actinomorphic (B)  Sepals usually 3-5, free or fused basally, surrounding the fruit (C)  Petals absent  Stamens as many as sepals, positioned on the inside of each sepal Chenopodium  Ovary superior or half-inferior, 1-3 fused carpels, one locule and D one ovule, basal placentation  Fruit a berry, capsule, or nutlet C  Seeds strongly curved (D)

Note: Chenopodiaceae is now included in Amaranthaceae.

Examples: beet (Beta), amaranth, quinoa (Amaranthus), lamb’s quarters (Chenopodium), spinach (Spinacia), cock’s comb (Celosia).

 Biennial or perennial herbs (monocots)  with bulb (A) at base  Simple, narrow leaves in basal rosette (B), often only in two directions (2-ranked) B  Inflorescence a terminal umbel (C), sometimes with bulblets on a leafless stem  Tepals 6, anthers 6 A  Hypanthium (fused tepals and base of stamens) often present (not in Allium)  Ovary superior (D) or inferior, 3-carpellate E  Fruit a capsule Allium  Seeds many, hard, black (covered with phytomelans)  Onion-like smell in Allium

Note: Alliaceae is now included in Amaryllidaceae .

Galanthus

Narcissus

Examples: amaryllis (Hippeastrum), snowdrop (Galanthus), belladonna-lily (Amaryllis), spider lily (Lycoris, Hymenocallis), daffodil (Narcissus), clivia (Clivia), swamp lily (Crinum),.spring snowflake (Leucojum), Aztec lily (Sprekelia), zephyr lily (Zephyranthes), garlic, onion, leek, chives (Allium).

 Trees, shrub, lianas, or perennial herbs  With resin ducts and laticifers (sap often toxic) A  Often pinnately compound leaves (A)  Flowers 5-merous, small, with nectary disc (B)  Stamens 5 or 10 (B)  One ovule per carpel, 1-5 carpels in a fruit  Fruit a drupe B

Toxicodendron

Examples: cashew (Anacardium), sumac (Rhus), poison ivy and poison oak (Toxicodendron), pistachio (Pistacia), mango (Mangifera), pink peppercorn tree (Schinus).

 herbaceous  Aromatic, some very poisonous (oils, resins)  Stems hollow (A)  Leaves alternate, often B dissected or lobed (B), pinnate venation  Leaf petiole broadened with sheath (C) surrounding stem or base of leaf  Flowers arranged in double umbels (D); small, white or yellow, many C  Petals 5, not fused, sepals reduced or absent E  Fruit is a dry fruit that divides into 2 parts (E, schizocarp) A Myrrhis

Notes: Apiaceae sometimes includes Araliaceae. The characters listed here only work well for the temperate herbaceous Apiaceae. Examples: parsley (Petroselinum), dill (Anethum), poison hemlock (Conium), cilantro (Coriandrum), celery (Apium), Queen Anne’s lace/carrot (Daucus), caraway (Carum), cumin (Cuminum), fennel (Foeniculum).

 Leaves opposite, simple (A), pinnate venation  Leaf margin smooth (A)  Stipules absent (A) B  Latex (milky sap) in all D branches and leaves  Sepals 5, Petals 5, sometimes fused  Ovary superior  Anthers often fused, and A sometimes fused with style head to a gynostegium (B), Vincetoxicum pollen in pollinia (C) in some species  Fruit usually with 2 separate carpels, developing into 1-2 dry capsular parts or berries  Seeds often with tufts of hairs at one end (D)

Note: Asclepiadaceae is now included in Apocynaceae.

Examples: dogbane (Apocynum), milkweed (Asclepias), rosy/Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus), vinca (Vinca), oleander (Nerium), frangipani (Plumeria), hoya (Hoya), bluestar (Amsonia), mandevilla (Mandevilla).

 Shrubs, vines, or herbs, sometimes aquatic; often fleshy  Rhizomes (A), corms, tubers common  Leaves simple, with reticulate or parallel venation (B) E  Inflorescence a terminal spadix of tiny flowers, subtended by a colored leaf/bract (spathe) (C)  Flowers sometimes unisexual, highly reduced, sessile (D)  Fruits usually berries (E) A Calla D Note: Lemnaceae is now included in the Araceae.

Examples: taro (Colocasia), anthurium (Anthirium), arum (Amorphophallus and other genera), elephant’s ear (Caladium), dumb cane (Dieffenbachia), duckweeds (Lemna, Wolffia), and many cultivated plants (Monstera, Philodendron, Spathiphyllum).

 Trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs.  Leaves alternate, simple (A), palmate, or pinnate (often divided or lobed)  Flowers arranged in terminal umbels(B), heads, or panicle; small, white or yellow, many (B) D  Petals 5, not fused, sepals reduced or absent ( C)  Fruit a berry (D), drupe or dry fruit

A C

Examples: English Ivy (Hedera), ginseng (Panax), umbrella tree (Schefflera), aralia (Aralia).

 Herbs, shrubs, rarely trees  Succulents, especially leaves  Leaves simple, alternate, parallel-veined, often with spiny or dentate margin (A)  Inflorescence a raceme or panicle  Flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic  Tepals 3+3, sometimes fused A  Stamens 6  Ovary superior, 3 fused carpels, 3 locules, axile placentation (B) Aloe B  Fruit a capsule  Seed with an aril

Note: Many of these genera were previously placed in Liliaceae.

Examples: aloe (Aloe), haworthia (Haworthia), asphodel (Asphodelus), red hot poker (Kniphofia).

 Herbaceous usually  Leaves variable, with pinnate venation  Inflorescence a head (capitulum, A) with many flowers, with involucral bracts D surrounding it (B)  Flowers small, either tubular (C) A or tongue-shaped (ligulate)  Sepals absent  Petals fused, usually with 5 small lobes (C)  Anthers fused into a ring B around style Artemisia  Ovary inferior  Fruit a dry nut (achene, D), often with hairs on top (pappus)

Examples: Echinacea (Echinacea), dandelion (Taraxacum), burdock (Arctium), mugwort, wormwood (Artemisia), chrysanthemum (Dendranthema), ox-eye daisy (Leucanthemum), asters (Aster, etc.), thistles (Cirsium, Carduus), sunflower (Helianthus), artichoke (Cynara), ragwort, groundsel (Senecio), knapweed (Centaurea), boneset, snakeroot (Eupatorium).

Taraxacum

Anthemis

Ambrosia

 Trees or shrubs  Leaves simple, spiral (A)  Leaf margin with teeth (A)  Inflorescences unisexual; male: hanging catkin (B), female: short upright catkin (C)  Flowers wind-pollinated, D unisexual  Petals absent  Styles 2 or 3  Fruit a nut or 2-winged samara (D), surrounded by leafy bracts (E)

Betula E

Examples: birch (Betula), alder (Alnus), ironwood (Carpinus), hazelnuts and filberts (Corylus).

 Herbs with stiff hairs  Leaves alternate, simple D  Inflorescence a scorpioid or helicoid cyme (A) B  Flowers sympetalous, actinomorphic, 5-merous  Corolla often pink as young, then blue or purple (B)  Anthers attached to corolla (C)  Ovary superior, 2-carpellate, C 4 locules  Style 1, attached to base of ovary, in center (D)  Fruit a schizocarp with 4 nutlets (E) E Echium

Note: These characters refer to Boraginaceae s.str.

Examples: borage (Borago), forget-me-not (Myosotis), comfrey (Symphytum), lungwort (Pulmonaria), viper’s bugloss (Echium).

 Herbaceous  With mustard oils A  Leaves simple, alternate (A), often lobed, with pinnate venation  Leaf edge often dentate (A) or lobed  Inflorescence a raceme  Petals 4, not fused, forming a cross + from above (B), white, yellow, or pink  Stamens 6 (4 longer, 2 shorter)  Fruit a dry capsule with inner wall (silique; C) Arabis

Note: This family circumscription refers to Brassicaceae s. str. and does not include Capparaceae (capers) and Cleomaceae.

Examples: white mustard (Sinapis), garlic mustard (Alliaria), horseradish (Armoracia), cabbage, broccoli, brussels sprouts, kale, collards, rutabaga, canola, black mustard, turnip (Brassica), arugula (Diplotaxis, ‘rustica’ type), mouse-ear and thale cress (Arabidopsis), yellow rocket (Barbarea), radish (Raphanus), woad (Isatis), water cress (Nasturtium).

 Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees  With latex.  Leaves usually alternate, simple (rarely compound), without stipules (A).  Petals fused; 5  Corollas either bellshaped (B) or two-lipped or tubular (C) A  Ovary inferior, with 2-5 carpels, axile placentation  With secondary pollen presentation, with pollen deposited on the outside of the style, or similarly (D)  Fruit a berry or capsule Campanula

Note: Lobeliaceae is included in Campanulaceae. C

Examples: bell flower (Campanula), lobelia, cardinal flower (Lobelia), balloon flower (Platycodon). Lobelia

 Woody vines or shrubs, some herbaceous herbs  Opposite leaves (A) (rarely whorled), simple or divided  Flowers arranged in a cyme, a head, or solitary  Corolla fused, 5 petal lobes, often zygomorphic  Ovary inferior  Fruit a berry or capsule.

Note: Caprifoliaceae includes the following families now: Dipsacaceae, Valerianaceae. Examples: Honeysuckles (Lonicera), snowberry (Symphoricarpus), bush honesuckle (Diervilla), twinflower (Linnaea), beautybush (Kolkwitzia), teasel (Dipsacus), valerian (Valeriana).

© Lena Struwe 2016, All rights reserved. Caprifoliaceae: Dipsacales: Campanulids; Asterids: Eudicots 20 Caryophyllaceae CARNATION & PINK B C FAMILY B  Herbaceous  Leaves opposite (A), simple, A with pinnate venation D  Leaf edge smooth  Stems often with thickened nodes (A) at base of each leaf pair  Sepals 5, fused (B)  Petals 5, not fused  Fruit a dry capsule opening at top (C)  Seeds attached to central A column inside capsule C  Seeds many, black, often strongly curved (D)

Examples: Carnation (Dianthus), corncockle (Agrostemma), chickweed (Cerastium, Stellaria), soapwort (Saponaria), campion (Silene), baby’s breath (Gypsophila).

© Lena Struwe 2016, All rights reserved. Caryophyllaceae: Caryophyllales: Eudicots 21 Convolvulaceae A MORNING GLORY FAMILY  Herbaceous vines (usually), B or woody vines, trees, or herbs  Branches twining clockwise  Leaves simple or divided, alternate  Flowers often solitary, mostly 5-merous  Corolla buds twisted (A)  Large corollas, fused petals, trumpet- or funnelshaped, with 5 folds in the corolla (B)  Superior ovary (C )  Fruit usually a capsule, less C often a berry, nut, or drupe.

Examples: bindweed (Calystegia, Convolvulus), morning glory and swett potato (Ipomoea), dodder (Cuscuta)

 Vines B  One tendril per node (A)  Leaves simple, alternate, palmately veined, often lobed, no stipules (B)  Inflorescence axillary, solitary flowers common  Flowers unisexual (rarely not), with hypanthium (C)  Petals fused or absent, 5  Anthers 5  Ovary inferior, 3 carpels, Bryonia parietal placentation (D) D C  Fruit a berry or pepo (or capsule or samara)

Examples: melon and cucumber (Cucumis), watermelon (Citrullus), squashes and pumpkins (Cucurbita), loofah (Luffa).

 Conifer  Trees or shrubs  Bark peels off in strips  Branches often flattened in appearance (A)  Leaves evergreen, scale-like (B) B  Unisexual cones with few cone scales (C) C  Female cones sometimes berry-like, leathery (C). A

Note: Taxodiaceae is now included in Cupressaceae.

Examples: cedar, cypress (Cupressus, Chamaecyparis), arbor-vitae (Thuja), juniper (Juniperus), dawn redwood (Metasequoia), bald cypress (Taxodium), giant seqouia (Sequoiadendron), coast redwood (Sequoia).

 Herbaceous monocot  Stems often as rhizomes (A) and upright culms (B) A  Stems 3-sided, without nodes, solid, not hollow  Leaves linear, grass-like, D with parallel veins, arranged at 3 angles (tristichous)  Leaves sheathing at base  Inflorescence often divided E into male and female parts (C), B as spikelets (D) on terminal branches  Flowers small, unisexual, sitting behind a bract (E)  Sepals and petals absent A (rarely present)  Anthers 3, hanging free  Ovary superior, often inside a bottle-shaped structure (perigynium, F)  Fruit a small, 1-seeded nut

Examples: sedge (Carex), nut sedge and papyrus (Cyperus)

© Lena Struwe 2016, All rights reserved. Cyperaceae: Poales: Commelinids: Monocots 25 Equisetaceae HORSETAIL FAMILY B  Herbs  Stems ridged, hollow, circular with nodes and sheaths (A)  Leaves sometimes absent, thin A and hollow  Sporangia in terminal heads (B)  Spores small, with arms (C)

Examples: horsetail (Equisetum).

Equisetum

© Lena Struwe 2016, All rights reserved. Equisetaceae: Equisetales: Ferns and Fern Allies 26 Ericaceae BLUEBERRY FAMILY  Shrubs or small trees, sometimes herbs (some species mycotrophic and without chlorophyll). A  Leaves simple, without stipules; often leathery and evergreen.  Flowers actinomorphic (arely bilateral), often hanging (A).  Petals 5 (rarely 0-7), fused.  Stamens in two whorls, B 5+5 (rarely less), attached to petals  Anthers inverted (bent upside down during development), often with pores as openings (B). Vaccinium  With nectary disk inside stamens.  Ovary superior or inferior, usually with 5 carpels  Style single  Fruit a capsule, berry, or drupe. Note: Included in the Ericaceae is Empetraceae, Monotropaceae, and Pyrolaceae. Examples: blueberry, cranberry, etc. (Vaccinium), azalea and labrador tea (Rhododendron, Ledum), heather (Calluna), wintergreen (Chimaphila, Pyrola), sheep laurel and mountain laurel (Kalmia), indian pipe (Monotropa).

 Herbs, shrubs, trees or vines  With (usually white) latex  Stems often succulent and fleshy (A)  Leaves simple, two stipules often present (sometimes as two spines below each leaf, A)  Inflorescence cyme or cyathium (B)  Flowers unisexual, 5-merous (B); B sometimes highly reduced without sepals and petals

 Nectaries common Euphorbia  Ovary superior, 3 carpels  Fruit a schizocarp, capsule, or drupe A

Examples: poinsettia and euphorbs (Euphorbia), castor bean (Ricinus), cassava and manihot (Manihot), rubber tree (Hevea), copper leaf (Acalypha), croton (Croton, Codiaeum), physic nut (Jatropha) .

© Lena Struwe 2016, All rights reserved. Euphorbiaceae: Malpighiales: Fabids: Rosids: Eudicots 28 Fabaceae BEAN FAMILY A  Mostly herbaceous, some trees and shrubs  Leaves alternate, compound (A, with many small leaflets), sometimes with tendrils  Stipules at base of each leaf (variable in size)  Corolla of ‘butterfly-type’ (B), bilateral with 5 parts: B banner/standard, wings, keel  Keel hidden between wings  Stamens and style hidden inside keel C  Stamens 10 , 9 often fused  Fruit a bean (legume, C), a dry capsule without inner dividing walls, and with seeds attached to one side  Seeds splits in 2, nutrients stored in dicotyledons inside seed

Note: The flower characters work only for subfamily Faboideae.

Examples: beans (Phaseolus), peas (Vicia, Pisum), licorice (Glychyrriza), soybean (Glycine), chickpeas, peanuts (Arachis), lentil (Lens), sweet pea (Lathyrus), carob (Ceratonia), alfalfa (Medicago), clover (Trifolium).

 Trees  Leaves simple, usually alternate, often lobed (A)  Inflorescences unisexual with male catkins or heads (B), and B a few female flowers inside wooden bracts (cupule) at the base of the male inflorescence (C)  Woody bracts  Flowers unisexual, tiny, often highly reduced, wind-pollinated  Fruit a nut (acorn in oaks), D surrounded by the cupule (D) Quercus C

Examples: oak (Quercus), chestnut (Castanea), beech (Fagus).

 Herbs A  Often with aromatic oil glands and hairs, fragrant  Leaves simple or compound, usually palmately veined C and lobed, alternate (A)  Stipules common  Inflorescence a cyme, umbel or flowers single  Flowers actinomorphic D or zygomorphic  Petals 5, free (B) E  Stamens 10, in two whorls, Geranium fused at base into a ring, staminodes common (C)  Ovary superior, usually 5 fused carpels, styles 5 (C)  Style growing longer and firmer in fruit (D)  Fruit a capsule or schizocarp (E)

Examples: crane’s bill, stork’s bill, filaree (Geranium, Pelargonium, Erodium).

 Herbs or shrubs  Rhizomes, corms, and bulbs common B  Leaves sometimes unifacial, or simple and linear-narrow, often sheathing at base, A parallel-veined (A)  Inflorescence terminal, spike, cluster or solitary flowers, often with bracts below (B)  Tepals 3+3, sometimes of different sizes  Stamens 3  Ovary inferior, 3 fused carpels, 3 locules, placentation axile (C) C  Style often petal-like  Fruit a capsule Iris

Examples: iris (Iris), gladiolus (Gladiolus), freesia (Freesia), crocus, saffron (Crocus), blue-eyed grasses (Sisyrhinchium).

 Trees, deciduous  Leaves alternate, pinnately compound (A), no stipules, aromatic when crushed  Inflorescences unisexual  Male catkins long, hanging (B)  Female flowers solitary or small groups B  Flowers reduced, no sepals or C tepals, wind-pollinated  Fruits drupe-like, but is a nut enclosed in fleshy or hard involucres (husks), sometimes these fall off (C) Juglans

Examples: hickory and walnut (Juglans), pecan (Carya), wingnut (Pterocarya).

 Herbs, often with rhizomes (A) and perennial C  Stem sometimes round, hollow, or triangular, similar to leaves  Leaves simple, grass-like and slender, parallel-veined, alternate, B sheathing around stem (B), often tristichous (arranged in 3 rows) A  Inflorescences as cymes or heads.  Flowers small, rather reduced, actinomorphic  Tepals 6, not fused, brownish with thin margins (C). Juncus  Stamens 6  Ovary superior, 3 fused carpels  Style 3-branched  Fruit a capsule, usually brown

Examples: rush (Juncus), wood rush (Luzula).

 Herbaceous (some woody in the tropics)  Aromatic, with essential oils, often hairy with glands in or on E leaves or glandular hairs  Leaves opposite, simple (A), arranged at 180 degrees angle to each other (looks like cross from above)  Stipules absent (A)  Stem usually quadrangular D  Flowers in groups (verticillasters) C in leaf axils or in terminal spikes (B) A  Sepals fused, 5 (C) Origanum  Corolla 2-lipped (D)  Stamens 2 or 4 (E)  Fruits: 4 nutlets hidden inside calyx

Examples: basil (Ocimum), mint (Mentha), sage (Salvia), thyme (Thymus), rosemary (Rosmarinus), lavender (Lavandula), catnip (Nepeta), beebalm (Monarda), dead nettle (Lamium), coleus (Coleus), teak (Tectona).

 Trees and shrubs  With aromatic oil glands, leaves often punctate  Leaves simple, evergreen, alternate, rarely lobed  Stipules absent  Inflorescence axillary, cyme or solitary flowers (A)  Flowers small, actinomorphic, with hypanthium  Tepals 3+3, free  Stamens 3-12, some as staminodes B Laurus  Anther opens with 2 or 4 valves popping open (B)  Ovary 1-carpellate, usually superior  Fruit berry or drupe

Examples: bayleaf (Laurus), avocado (Persea), sassafras (Sassafras), cinnamon, camphor (Cinnamomum).

 Perennial herbs  Bulbs or rhizomes (A)  Does not smell like onion  Leaves alternate (rarely whorled), often basal, sheathing at base, parallel-veined (B)  Inflorescence terminal, raceme or solitary flower D  Tepals 6, free (C), often spotted or striped, with nectaries at base A  Stamens 6, free.  Ovary superior, 3-carpellate, 3 locules (D), axile placentation  Style single, stigma 3  Fruit a capsule Tulipa  Seeds flattened, ellipsoid to rounded

Note: Liliaceae were previously a larger family, but many genera have been moved to other families such as Alstroemeriaceae, Colchicaceae, Melianthaceae, and Smilacaceae.

Examples: tulips (Tulipa), lily (Lilium), fritillary (Fritillaria), trout lily (Erythronium).

 Tree and shrubs B  Leaves simple, alternate (A), with deciduous stipules around the buds in spring  Flower terminal, solitary, large (B)  Tepals many ( rarely few), whorled or spirally arranged A  Anthers many (C)  Ovaries many, apocarpous, on elongated structure in center of flower Liriodendron  Fruit an aggregate of berries, follicles, or samaras

Examples: magnolia (Magnolia), tulip tree (Liriodendron).

© Lena Struwe 2016, All rights reserved. Magnoliaceae: Magnoliales: Magnoliids 38 Malvaceae s. lat. A COTTON FAMILY  Herbs (shrubs or trees)  With stellate or peltate hairs (star-shaped or stalked scales)  Leaves alternate, simple or palmately compound (A), with palmate venation (rarely pinnate)  With stipules that fall off early  Flowers actinomorphic, 5-merous, often with an epicalyx (extra calyx outside normal calyx; B) C B  Petals free, 5 (C), often convolute in bud D  Stamens 5-many, often fused in a tube around the style or as separate bundles Malva  Ovary usually superior, 2-many carpels  Fruit usually a capsule or a wheel-shaped schizocarp (D)

Note: This family now includes the mainly tropical families Bombacaceae and Sterculiaceae, as well as the tree family Tiliaceae. The characters listed here works best for temperate herbaceous Malvaceae. Examples: Cotton (Gossypium), hibiscus (Hibiscus), mallow (Malva), marshmallow (Althaea), linden, basswood (Tilia), cacao (Theobroma), kapok (Ceiba), jute (Corchorus), cola (Cola), okra (Abelmoschus), durian (Durian), balsa wood (Ochroma), baobab (Adansonia).

 Trees, shrubs, or herbs  Monoecious or dioecious  Often with latex (milky sap)  Leaves simple, with stipules (A)  Inflorescence axillary (head, catkin (B), spike, raceme, or flattened or urn-shaped receptacle) C  Flowers unisexual, very small (C)  Sepals 0-10, fused at least at base D  Petals absent (D) Morus E  Stamens 1-6  Styles 2 (D)  Fruit is a multiple of many 1-seeded achenes (nutlets; E), sometimes in/on a fleshy perianth or receptacle

Examples: mulberry (Morus), fig /banyan trees (Ficus), breadfruit/jackfruit (Artocarpus), osage-orange (Maclura).

 Trees and shrubs  Leaves and stems with oil glands, very aromatic  Leaves opposite or alternate, simple, sometimes leathery (A)  Flowers actinomorphic, with hypanthium A  Sepals and petals 4-5 C  Stamens many, free or fused into a few bundles, often the showy part of the flower (B)  Nectary disk on top of ovary

or inside flower Eucalyptus  Ovary syncarpous, inferior, placentation axile  Fruit a capsule (C) or fleshy

Examples: eucalyptus (Eucalyptus), cloves (Syzygium), bottlebrush (Callistemon), tea tree (Leptospemum), myrtle (Myrtus), guava (Psidium), allspice (Pimenta).

 Trees and shrubs (vines)  No latex  Leaves opposite, simple or A compound, no stipules (A)  Inflorescence a panicle or raceme (B) D  Flowers actinomorphic  Sepals and petals 4, fused (C) (reduced in wind-pollinated species)  Stamens 2 (C) Ligustrum  Ovary 2-carpellate, superior, 2 ovules in each locule  Fruit a drupe, berry (D), capsule or samara

Examples: golden bells (Forsythia), olive (Olea), jasmine (Jasminum), ash (Fraxinus), fringe tree (Chionanthus), privet (Ligustrum), lilac (Syringa), osmanthus (Osmanthus).

 Herbs, terrestrial or epiphytes  Tubers, corms and rhizomes common (A) B  Epiphytic species with air roots (with white velamen)  Leaves alternate or whorled, often sheathing at base, simple, with parallel venation (B) C A  Inflorescence a raceme, spike, or solitary flower  Flowers zygomorphic (C)  Tepals 3+3, free, lower tepal often enlarged into a lower lip (labellum, C), some with spurs or sacs  Stamen 1, fused with style and stigma into a gynostegium/column Calypso  Pollen spread as pollinia  Ovary inferior, 3-carpellate, inside 180 degree twisted flower stalk (resupinate)  Fruit a capsule, with many dust-sized seeds Note: some of the advanced floral characters are missing in subfamilies Cypripedioideae and Apostasioideae.

Examples: vanilla (Vanilla), cattleya (Cattleya), dendrobium (Dendrobium), boat orchid (Cymbidium), epidendrum (Epidendrum), slipper orchid (Cypripedium, Paphiopedilum), moth orchid (Phalaneopsis).

 Fully or partial root parasites on other plants, sometimes without chlorophyll (then white, brown, purple, red or pink)  Root system small (A) or haustoria  Herbs or rarely shrubs C  Leaves opposite or alternate, simple, sometimes scale-like  Inflorescences often with colored bracts (B), as racemes, spikes (B) or solitary flowers D  Petals 5, fused, 2-lipped (3 lobes on lower lip; C) Melampyrum  Stamens 4, 2 long and 2 short A  Ovary superior, 2-carpellate  Fruit a capsule (D), 1-locular, with many tiny seeds

Note: Several genera have recently been moved from Scrophulariaceae into Orobanchaceae.

Examples: broom-rape (Orobanche), Indian paintbrush (Castilleja), beech drops (Epiphagus), lousewort (Pedicularis), cow-wheat (Melampyrum), eyebright (Euphrasia), false foxglove (Agalinis).

 Conifers, usually evergreen  Monoecious trees (rarely shrubs) B  Bark not falling off in long strips  Resinous, fragrant  Leaves as linear needles, sometimes flattened, D 1-10 in fascicles on branches, spirally arranged (A)  Male cones smaller (B), fall off after C releasing pollen, wind-pollinated  Female cones large, with woody and spirally arranged cone scales (C), B maturing over several years, each Pinus scale with 2 winged seeds (D)

Examples: pine (Pinus), spruce (Picea), larch (Larix), douglas fir (Pseudotsuga), fir (Abies), cedar (Cedrus), hemlock (Tsuga).

© Lena Struwe 2016, All rights reserved. Pinaceae: Coniferophyta 45 Plantaginaceae PLANTAIN & SNAPDRAGON FAMILY A  Herbaceous (rarely shrubs)  Hairy plants, often aromatic B  Leaves alternate or opposite  Flowers bilateral (A, often 2-lipped)  Stamens 4, 2+2 together (A)  Ovary superior (B)  Seeds attached to center of fruit (axile placentation)  Fruit a dry capsule (B)  Seeds numerous

Veronica

Note: Many species in this family previously belonged to Scrophulariaceae. Callitrichaceae and Globulariaceae are also included in Plantaginaceae.

Examples: plaintain (Plantago), speedwell (Veronica), snapdragon (Antirrhinum), foxglove (Digitalis), turtlehead (Chelone), chinese house (Collinsia), butter-and-eggs, toad flax (Linaria), beard tongue (Penstemon).

Linaria

Digitalis

Plantago

 Herbaceous or seldom woody  Stems often rhizomatous C and/or with erect culms (A, shoots) B  Stems round, hollow, C with nodes (B)  Leaves linear, with parallel venation, sheathing, with ligule at top of sheath  Inflorescences with terminal and axillary spikelets (C), subtended by bracts (glumes)  Flowers without sepals and petals  Spike (awn) often present on bracts A

 Stamens and ovary hidden inside Poa bracts (D), called palea and lemma  When flowering, styles and anthers hanging out from spikelets  Stamens 3  Style often branched and plumose (feather-like)  Fruit a one-seeded nut (caryopsis)

Examples: corn/maize (Zea), wheat (Triticum), barley (Hordeum), rye (Secale), oats (Avena), rice (Oryza), bamboo (many genera), bluegrass (Poa), reed (Phragmites), sugarcane (Saccharum), fescue (Festuca), bentgrass (Agrostis).

 Herbs or shrubs, sometimes vines or trees  Stems with swollen nodes  Leaves alternate, simple (A), often with stipular sheath surrounding the stem at base of leaf (ocrea, B)  Inflorescences in fascicles arranged in spikes or racemes (C)  Flowers small, often pinkish or greenish (D)  Tepals 3+3 or 5, fused at base (D) B  Stamens often with nectaries at their base  Ovary superior E  Fruit a 3-sided achene or nutlet with Polygonum a single seed (E)

Examples: rhubarb (Rheum), buckwheat (Fagopyrum), smartweed, knotweed, pinkweek, persicaria (Polygonum, Persicaria, Fallopia), sorrel (Rumex).

 Herbs, lianas or shrubs  Leaves alternate, simple or compound (A), often lobed or dissected, with or without stipules  Inflorescence a cyme or flowers single  Flowers with spirally arranged parts (B) D  Sepals often petal-like, free  Petals free, few to many, often with nectaries (C) on inside base and/or spurred  Stamens many (B)  Gynoecium with few-many B Ranunculus carpels, separate (apocarpous), superior (B)  Fruit a follicle, achene (D) or berry (often aggregated from several carpels)

Examples: buttercup (Ranunculus), anemone, windflower (Anemone), pasque flower (Pulsatilla), clematis (Clematis), meadow rue (Thalictrum), baneberry, bugbane, cohosh (Actaea), monkshood, wolfsbane (Aconitum), marsh marigold (Caltha), columbine (Aquilegia), love-in-a- mist (Nigella), hepatica (Hepatica), larkspur (Delphinium), hellebore (Helleborus), goldenseal (Hydrastis).

Actaea

Aquilegia

Anemone Aconitum

 Herbaceous or woody, often shrubs or trees  Stipules (A) at base of each leaf  Sepals 5, petals 5 (B), free D  Hypanthium (C, cup-like structure composed from the fused petal, sepal, and stamen bases)  Stamens usually numerous (D)  Fruit type variable, often pome (apple-like), drupelets C (blackberry-like), drupe (stone Rosa fruit), dry capsules, or dry nutlets

Examples: Rose (Rosa), apple (Malus), pear (Pyrus), blackberry /raspberry (Rubus), Lady’s mantle (Alchemilla), hawthorn (Crataegeus), strawberries (Fragaria), plum/almond/peach/apricot (Prunus), spiraea (Spiraea)

Rosa Potentilla

Malus

FAMILY Galium  Herbs, shrubs, or trees  Leaves opposite, simple with entire margin (A)  With interpetiolar stipules (or stipules leaf-like to resemble whorled leaves, B)  Inflorescence cymose, or flowers solitary  Flowers actinomorphic (C) C  Sepals (0)4-5, fused at base B D  Petals 4-5, fused, corolla often trumpetshaped  Stamens 4-5, inserted into corolla A wall, as many as petals Coffea  Ovary inferior, usually 2-carpellate, placentation axile (D)  Fruit a capsule, drupe, berry, or schizocarp, sometimes aggregate

Examples: bedstraw, madder (Galium, Rubia), quinine tree (Cinchona), coffee (Coffea), yohimbine (Pausinystalia), buttonbush (Cephalanthus), West Indian jasmine (Ixora), morinda, noni (Morinda), pentas (Pentas), ipecacuanha (Psychotria). D

 Trees, shrubs, lianas (herbs), sometimes with thorns  Leaves alternate, simple or compound, no stipules  Leaves often with oil glands as small dots inside leaves (fragrant)  Flowers actinomorphic (A) C B  Sepals 4-5, free or fused  Petals 4-5, free or fused  Nectary disk inside flower below ovary and stamens (B) D  Stamens 8-many, often in groups, sometimes fused (C)  Ovary superior, 4-many fused carpels, axile placentation (D)  Fruit a berry, drupe, schizocarp or hesperidium (D, juicy part is swollen hairs); fruit wall often with oil glands

Examples: lemon, lime, grape fruit, orange, mandarine, kumquat (Citrus), rue (Ruta), prickly-ash (Zanthoxylum).

 Trees or shrubs, dioecious  Leaves deciduous, simple, alternate (A) A  With or without stipules  Inflorescences as unisexual catkins (B)  Each flower with a bract below (C) B F  Sepals and petals absent (C)  Each flower with nectaries  Ovary from 2 fused carpels, style very short (D)  Fruit a capsule with many seeds (E)  Seeds with long hairs (F) (wind-dispersed) D E C

Note: Flacourtiaceae was recently included in Salicaceae. The field characters listed here work mostly for Salicaceae in its older, more restricted sense.

Examples: willow (Salix), poplar, cottonwood, aspen (Populus).

 Herbs, never parasitic  Stem not angular  Leaves alternate or opposite  Flowers usually at least slightly zygomorphic (rarely actinomorphic, A) B  Sepals 5, fused at base  Petals 5, fused at least at base (B)  Stamens 2 or 4 (rarely 5), inserted into corolla tube (B)  Ovary superior, 2 fused carpels  Fruit a capsule with many seeds

Verbascum

Note: Many genera of ‘old’ Schrophulariaceae were recently moved out of the family into Plantaginaceae, Orobanchaceae. The characters listed here are for the new version of the family, and unfortunately there aren’t many good field characters to identify Scrophulariaceae s. str.

Examples: figwort (Schrophularia), mullein (Verbascum), butterfly bush (Buddleja), mudworts (Limosella).

 Herbaceous in temperate areas, often woody in tropics  Leaves alternate (A), often lobed, often hairy, sometimes with prickles  Stipules absent (A)  Sepals 5, fused  Petals 5, fused a little or a lot, D corolla star-, trumpet-, or funnelshaped or tubular A  Ovary superior (B)  Anthers often fused, porate (C) B (peppershaker-type)  Berry (D), drupe, or capsule  Seeds many, attached to center E of fruit (axile placentation, E)

Examples: potato/tomato (Solanum, incl. Lycopersicon), chili pepper/sweet pepper (Capsicum), angel trumpet (Brugmansia), tobacco (Nicotiana), petunia (Petunia), tomatillo (Physalis), jimsonweed (Datura).

 Most often lianas, sometimes herbs or trees  Tendrils opposite the leaf (A)  Simple, palmate leaves, sometimes divided or pinnate  Inflorescence opposite a leaf on the stem A  Small flowers, 4-5 merous (B); free sepals, free petals (fused C on top in Vitis) Vitis  Fruit a berry (C).

Note: Leeaceae is now included in Vitaceae.

Examples: grapes (Vitis), virginia creeper (Parthenocissus), grape ivy (Cissus)

BOOKS and WEBSITES  Plant Systematics by Michael G. Simpson, edition 2 (2010). Elsevier Academic Press. Excellent textbook for introduction to morphology, classification and evolution of plants, many color photos.  Angiosperm Phylogeny Group: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV (2016): Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181, 1–20. See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APG_IV_system.  Mabberley’s Plant-Book by David Mabberley, edition 3 (2009). Cambridge University Press. Dictionary over scientific and common names, incredibly detailed and comprehensive.

IMAGES used in this compendium (all copyright free or used under Creative Commons licensing)  Lindman, C. A. M. 1901-1905. Bilder ur Nordens Flora. Project Runeberg, © Gerhard Keuck, 1999, http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/lindman/  Köhler, F. E.1883-1914. Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen und kurz erläuterndem Texte, Gera, http://caliban.mpiz- koeln.mpg.de/koehler/index.html  Curtis, W. The Botanical Magazine; Or, Flower-Garden Displayed. Bot. Reg. xxvi, 71 (1840).  Thomé, O. W. 1885. Flora von Deutschland Österreich und der Schweiz. © Kurt Stueber, 2007. http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/thome/index.html

HOW TO CITE THIS MANUAL: Struwe, L. 2016. Field identification of the 50 most common plant families in temperate regions (including agricultural, horticultural, and wild species). Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. Published by the author, available at http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~struwe/