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LogForum 2019, 15 (1), 129-137

> Scientific Journal of Logistics < http://doi.org/10.17270/J.LOG.2019.322

http://www.logforum.net p-ISSN 1895-2038 e-ISSN 1734-459X

ORIGINAL

BIOPLASTIC PACKAGING MATERIALS IN

Renata Dobrucka Poznan University of Economics and Business, Pozna ń, Poland

ABSTRACT . Background: The European strategy for focuses on adjusting the EU regulations to the fulfilment of circular economy tasks. Circular economy is an approach that will soon lead to considerable changes in numerous branches of modern economy. To a large extent, they will also affect the packaging industry. Methods: A particular interest has been attracted by aliphatic such as polylactide (PLA) and (PHA). This work presents the market and the selected examples of the latest solutions in bioplastic packaging materials. In the near future, the presented have a chance to become some of the most desirable packaging materials Results and conclusion: Bioplastics seem to be an alternative to conventional plastics used for packaging production. As the focus shifts to creation of sustainable environment and prevention of disposal in the environment, the production of bioplastics has gained much attention due to their biodegradability.

Key words: bioplastics, packaging materials, circular economy.

the packaging industries are produced from CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN fossil fuels and they are practically PACKAGING nondegradable [Nampoothiri et al. 2010]. Despite that, for many years, the need to The global production of plastics has been recover raw materials was not acknowledged. growing for years. Packaging applications are However, recently it has become necessary to the largest application sector for the plastics change the approach to the management of industry. They represent 39.6% of the total packaging and . In December demand for plastics, which generates the 2015, the European Commission adopted the increase in their production [PlasticsEurope, EU action plan for circular economy. 2016]. As a result, over the last 70 years, Therefore, recently the EU has enacted two global plastics production grew from nearly legal documents related to the packaging 0.5 million tons in 1950 to over 365 million industry and : Directive tons in 2016. In 2017, it reached about 348 (EU) 2018/851 of the European Parliament and million tons per year. Europe is the second of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending largest producer of plastics in the world after Directive 2008/98/EC on waste and Directive China with around a 40% market share for (EU) 2018/852 of the European Parliament and packaging purposes [Plastics Europe, 2017]. of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and Although the use of plastics has many packaging waste. advantages in comparison to other materials [Andrady, Neal 2009], their drawbacks are The EU regulations related to circular becoming more visible. Most materials used in economy (CE) focus on packaging production and recovery of materials from waste.

Copyright: Wy ższa Szkoła Logistyki, Pozna ń, Polska Citation: Dobrucka R., 2019. Bioplastic packaging materials in circular economy. LogForum 15 (1), 129-137, http://doi.org/10.17270/J.LOG.2019.322 Received: 26.10.18, Accepted: 23.11.2018, on-line: 28.12.2018.

, Dobrucka R., 2019. Bioplastic packaging materials in circular economy. LogForum 15 (1), 129-137. http://doi.org/10.17270/J.LOG.2019.322

According to the European Commission, the BIOPLASTICS MARKET potential for plastic waste in the European Union remains unfulfilled. Europe According to Mohanty et al. [2002], generates 25.8 million tons of plastic waste per bioplastics are a new generation of plastics that year but only 30% of it is recycled. Of 34 limits environmental impact in terms of global million tons of plastic waste, as many as 93% warming and energy consumption. The term are stored on and in the oceans “bioplastics” is an umbrella term which [Pathak et al. 2014]. describes several groups of materials: bioplastics from renewable resources, It is estimated that 100 million tons of bioplastics from fuel resources, and bioplastics polymers cause an ecosystem service damage derived partially from renewable resources and amounting to approximately US$ 13 billion per partially from fuel resources. In terms of their year [United Nations Environment Programme susceptibility to disintegration, they can be 2014]. In circular economy (CE), products, divided into biodegradable materials, which materials and raw materials circulate as long as include compostable materials, as well as non- possible, which leads to minimization of waste. biodegradable materials [Cooper 2013]. The The main purpose of those actions is to non-biodegradable materials produced from increase recycling and limit the storage of renewable raw materials include, among packaging waste to 55% by 2025. Circular others, produced from bio-based economy takes into consideration all stages of ethanol. Materials that are biodegradable in the product life cycle, i.e. design, production, course of industrial composting but do not consumption and of waste. originate from renewable resources include, among others, PBAT or PCL, which may be According to the European Union, CE has obtained from natural products or . been introduced as a high-level strategy to Biodegradable materials produced from move our societies beyond these limits renewable raw materials include PLA, PBS [European Commisssion 2015]. Circular and PHA. economy presents a solution to limit the excessive use of raw materials and makes it Biodegradable materials are undoubtedly possible to reuse those materials that have eco-friendly but they have certain limitations already been used. However, only some types such as high costs of production and low of materials can undergo repeated recycling or mechanical tendency. The decrease in the reuse. According to Ghisellini et al. [2016], CE availability of gasoline and diesel due to higher will promote high value material cycles instead costs exacerbates the shortage of resources, of recycling only low value raw materials as in which promotes the need to create bioplastic traditional recycling). Furthermore, materials [Thakur et al. 2018]. Therefore, decomposition of plastics is known to be very natural polymers and polymers from renewable difficult, and it involves high emission of CO 2 resources seem to be an alternative to and many other toxic compounds [Emadian conventional plastics. Their use is and Onay, 2017]. Many doubts are also raised advantageous also from the economic point of by the fact that the majority of recycling view: their production requires less energy and methods cause an about 10% loss of material does not result in toxic by-products. and material quality [Merrild et al. 2012]. Given the gigantic amount of plastics used for The demand for bioplastics is constantly products, bioplastics may be a way to get growing because they are applied in various a handle on our overwhelming waste problem. contexts in order to manufacture more and Recently the attention in the packaging more complex products. In 2017, the amount industry regarding the use of bioplastics has of biodegradable plastics produced at the been shifting from compostable/biodegradable global level was about 880 Gg [European materials towards bio-based materials bioplastics 2018], corresponding to less than [Nampoothiri et al.2010]. 0.3% of the total amount of plastics produced that year (320,000 gigagrams). The demand for bioplastics is expected to grow to about 6 million tons per year.

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The main recipient of bioplastics is the presents many examples of PLA modification. packaging industry. In the recent years, there One such solution was suggested by Przybytek have been developed many packaging et al. [2018], who combined polylactide materials based on , polylactide, (PLA), potato starch (TPS) and polyhydroxyalkanoates, poly(glycolic acid) plant glycerin, and processed them by melt (PGA), aliphatic-aromatic polyesters, with epoxidized soybean oil as the or lignin that are currently present on the reactive modifier. The presented studies have market. Bio-based resources have a major role shown that it is possible to replace even up to in the production of novel and bio-based 25% of PLA with mTPS. It will help to reduce materials [Brodin et al. 2017]. product costs while retaining similar characteristics and compostability.

BIOPLASTIC PACKAGING The addition of another biodegradable MATERIALS polymer-poly( ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) changes the properties of PLA [Ostafinska et al. 2017] . Bioplastic packaging materials, such as The PLA/PCL combination was characterized PLA and materials reinforced with natural by high rigidity (due to the presence of PLA) , have attracted particular attention over and hardness (due to the presence of PCL). the past few years [Soroudi and Jakubowicz, The obtained material is promising as regards 2013]. PLA is produced by conversion of corn, application in the packaging industry as well as or other sources, into dextrose, other branches of industry. Spiridon and followed by [Panseri et al. 2018] Tanase [2018] produced new poly (lactic acid)- of polysaccharides or , e.g. extracted lignin biocomposites. The addition of lignin to from corn, potato, cane molasses or sugar-beet, PLA in the amount of 7 to 15 wt% resulted in into lactic acid [Murariu and Dubois, 2016]. greater tensile strength. Biocompatibility PLA is produced as a result of ring opening studies evidenced that the addition of lignin to polymerization and poly-condensation of lactic a poly (lactic aci d) matrix can allow for acid [Dubey et al., 2017] (Figure 1). tailoring the final properties of the composites without inducing any significant changes in cell metabolic activity (compared to poly (lactic acid) itself). O Apart from PLA, the most commonly used O biomaterials include starch. Starch has very O O favourable physical characteristics, such as O high barrier properties and good rheological * n * O properties. Polymers combined with starch can O be used without any limitations. The application of starch in the packaging industry X HO dates back to the 90s. The first made from X=OH,Cl,.... Mater-Bi became available in Germany in 1992 [Byun et al. 2014]. The studies carried out by Luchese et al. [2017] showed that corn Source: Dubey et al. 2017 and cassava starch may be considered promising alternatives for . The Fig. 1. Lactide and lactic acid to form PLA mechanical property values of starch based films were comparable to those of LDPE based film. The application of thermoplastic starch Studies show that PLA possesses good (TPS) offers numerous possibilities. Due to its mechanical properties (high Young’s modulus characteristics, it may be processed in many and tensile strength) and a high level of ways, including casting, thermo- or transparency. Similarly to conventional extrusion and injection molding. As part of petrochemical plastics, it is easy to process their studies, Sagnelli et al. [2016] produced [Auras et al. 2004]. The world literature starch-based bioplastic prototypes fabricated

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, Dobrucka R., 2019. Bioplastic packaging materials in circular economy. LogForum 15 (1), 129-137. http://doi.org/10.17270/J.LOG.2019.322 from an almost -free starch production cost [Burniol-Figols et al. 2018]. synthesized directly in the barley grain. Also Challenges for PHA production include modified starch, including starch modified dependence on pure carbon sources, such as with citric acid, turned out to be a very ; the requirement of organic substitutes promising . That modification for production of different types of PHA; the improves the thermodynamic stability of starch possibility of contamination; and the use of [Qian et al.2015; Ban et al.2006]. Domene- large amounts of solvents in downstream López et al. [2018] obtained interesting processing [Rodriguez-Perez et al., 2018]. One biodegradable materials as a result of of the raw materials used for PHA production combining potato starch/PVA with different may be macroalgal . This is concentrations of rosin. The addition of 8% exemplified by the studies conducted by Ghosh rosin to starch/PVA blends led to tensile et. al. [2019], in which the authors evaluated strength values higher than 10 MPa and the carbohydrate composition of 7 seaweeds to elongation at break values close to 2000% in provide a carbon source for PHA produced by comparison to LDPE. The addition of 8% rosin Haloferax mediterranei. Among the tested to starch/PVA blends led to increases in combinations, green macroalgae Ulva sp. had maximum tensile strength and elongation at the best composition for the maximum yields break by 72% and almost 400%. of PHA. Sawant et al. [2018] proved that red Gelidium amansii can be used for PHA Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are production without extensive hydrolysis. of hydroxyl fatty acids that act as storage compounds during unbalanced Agro-industry waste has also been microbial growth [Wijeyekoon et al. 2018]. investigated as a low cost substrate for PHA We know such polyhydroxyalkanoates as PHB production. Organic waste may be subjected to (poly(3-hydro-xybutyrate) and its copolymers: anaerobic fermentation or hydrothermal poly(3hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) treatment to produce organic acid rich (PHBV), poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)- solutions. The volatile fatty acid rich liquors 3-hydroxyhexanoate (PHBHx) and poly[(R)-3- are an ideal feedstock for PHA production. hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate Such a solution is illustrated in the work of S. (P3HB4HB) [Gahlawat and Soni, 2017]. Wijeyekoon et al. [2018]; the authors studied (PHB) bioplastics got the PHA production potential of substrates attention of the scientific community due to generated through subcritical wet oxidation their low CO2 emission [Mostafa et al. 2015]. (WO) of organic biomass. They presented two PHA polymers are fully biodegradable and aspects of mixed culture PHA fermentation: compostable. Prokaryotes cause decomposition first, the impact of a feed characterized by low of PHA into carbon dioxide and water, which carbon-nitrogen ratio, this being a natural are consumed during plant growth. In addition, characteristic of wet oxidized biomass thermoplastic properties of PHA are similar to conversion; and second, the influence of those of petrochemically derived dissolved oxygen limitation as an alternative and polyethylene [Morgan- substrate limitation to enhance metabolism of Sagastume et al. 2010]. To draw a comparison, carbon into PHA storage. The results of the (PLA) is compostable, but may studies showed that substrate feeding regime remain in marine environments for up to and oxygen concentration can be used to a thousand years [DiGregorio, 2009]. control the PHA yield and accumulation rate, However, the market size is still limited, thereby enhancing PHA production viability mostly due to the elevated costs of PHA from nutrient rich biomass streams. The production, so many scientists are looking for enzyme which produces PHA was extracted by manufacturing methods that require small Reddy et al. [2017] from two bacterial strains: outlays. For this purpose, PHA was produced P. pseudoflava and P. palleronii. As evidenced with the use of such substrates as molasses, by the studies, P. palleronii showed higher plant oils and fatty acids or microbes[Ntaikou PHA synthase enzyme activity than P. et al. 2009]. Moreover, the use of waste pseudoflava. It indicates the possibility of substrates and/or mixed microbial consortia is feeding the P. pseudoflava with cheap VFA of increasing interest as a strategy to reduce rich fermented waste to produce PHA.

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The scientific group of Bilo et al. [2018] presents the results of the latest studies related obtained bioplastic from rice . Rice straw to the development of bioplastic packaging is considered agricultural waste, and its materials with the use of such polymers as management is easy because it does not require PLA, starch or PHA. In the near future, the separation from other waste [Dominguez- bioplastic materials discussed in the text may Escriba and Porcar, 2011]. The obtained replace plastics and become some of the most bioplastic material exhibits good mechanical commonly used packaging materials. properties, with tensile strength and elongation at break equal to 45 MPa and 6.1% and 10 MPa and 63% for dried and wet dumbbell ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND respectively. It proves that mechanical FUNDING SOURCE DECLARATION properties of bioplastic are comparable to those of , while cast bioplastic in wet Research on synthesis financed from grant state is similar to plasticized poly(vinyl for young researchers in 2016 of the Ministry chloride). Moreover, the studies showed high of Science and Higher Education. mechanical performance of the newly obtained bioplastic both in dry and wet state. REFERENCES Ramakrishnan et al. [2018] produced bioplastics with the use of chicken feathers Andrady A.L., Neal M.A., 2009. Applications followed by the mixing of different and societal benefits of plastics. concentrations of . It was observed that Philosophical Transactions of the Royal the increased volume of glycerol reduced the Society of London B: Biological Sciences, time required for foil degradation. With 10 364(1526), 1977-1984. wt% glycerol content, the obtained foil http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0304 disintegrated after 6 hours. This is the result of the poor strength and bonding between keratin Auras R., Harte B., Selke S., 2004. An and glycerol within the film [Ullah et al. 2011]. overview of polylactides as packaging materials. Macromolecular bioscience, 4(9), 835-864. SUMMARY http://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.200400043 Ban W., Song, J., Argyropoulos, D.S., Lucia Circular economy is one of the major L.A., 2006. Improving the physical and principles of the economic policy of the chemical functionality of starch ‐derived European Commission. It is an approach films with biopolymers. Journal of Applied adopted in order to tackle environmental Polymer Science, 100(3), 2542-2548. challenges and support sustainable http://doi.org/10.1002/app.23698 development. Circular economy promotes closing loops in industrial systems, minimizing Bilo F., Pandini S., Sartore L., Depero L.E., waste, and reducing raw material and energy Gargiulo G., Bonassi A., Bontempi E., inputs [Stahel, 2016]. It pertains to industry, 2018. A sustainable bioplastic obtained the entire economy and, to a large extent, the from rice straw. Journal of Cleaner packaging industry. Circular economy Production, 200, 357-368. introduces significant changes that have a huge http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.252 impact on the future of the packaging industry. Byun Y., Kim Y.T., 2014. Utilization of It is connected with the approach to bioplastics for food packaging industry. In as regards composted Innovations in Food Packaging (Second polymer packaging materials that can Edition) 369-390. minimize the increase of packaging waste http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394601- currently generated from conventional plastics. 0.00015-1 In order to address those challenges, scientists all over the world are conducting studies to Brodin M., Vallejos M., Opedal M.T., Area develop bioplastic materials whose properties M.C., Chinga-Carrasco G., 2017. will be similar to those of plastics. This article Lignocellulosics as sustainable resources

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MATERIAŁY OPAKOWANIOWE Z BIOTWORZYW W GOSPODAR- CE O OBIEGU ZAMKNI ĘTYM

STRESZCZENIE . Wst ęp: Europejska strategia dotycz ąca tworzyw sztucznych skupia si ę na dostosowywaniu unijnych regulacji do realizacji zasad in circular economy. Circular economy to podej ście, w ramach którego w niedługim czasie nast ąpi ą znacz ące zmiany w wielu gał ęziach wspólczesnej gospodarki. B ędą one dotyczyły w du żym stopniu bran ży opakowa ń. Metody: Duzym zaniteresowaniem ciesz ą si ę poliestry alifatyczne jakie jak polilaktyd (PLA) oraz polihydroksyalkaniany (PHA).W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono rynek biotworzyw oraz wybrane przykłady najnowszych rowi ąza ń w zakresie materiałów opakowaniowych z biotworzyw. Przedstawione biotworzywa w niedalekiej przyszło ści maj ą szans ę sta ć si ę jednym z najbardziej poz ądanych materiałów opakowaniowych.

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Dobrucka R., 2019. Bioplastic packaging materials in circular economy. LogForum 15 (1), 129-137. http://doi.org/10.17270/J.LOG.2019.322

Wyniki i podsumowanie : Biotworzywa wydaj ą si ę by ć alternatyw ą dla konwencjonalnych tworzyw sztucznych stosowanych do produkcji opakowa ń. Aby stworzy ć zrównowa żone środowisko i zapobiec utylizacji odpadów tworzyw sztucznych w środowisku, produkcja biotworzyw zyskała wiele uwagi ze wzgl ędu na ich podatno ść na biodegradacj ę.

Słowa kluczowe: biotworzywa, materiały opakowaniowe, gospodarka o obiegu zamkni ętym

Renata Dobrucka Department of Industrial Products Quality and Ecology Faculty of Commodity Science Poznan University of Economics and Business al. Niepodległo ści 10, 61-875 Poznan, Poland e-mail: [email protected]

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