Fork It Over! Create Biodegradable Plastic
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Extrusion Foaming of Bioplastics for Lightweight Structure in Food Packaging
EXTRUSION FOAMING OF BIOPLASTICS FOR LIGHTWEIGHT STRUCTURE IN FOOD PACKAGING A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Sitthi Duangphet School of Engineering and Design Brunel University December 2012 i Abstract This thesis reports the systematic approaches to overcome the key drawbacks of the pure PHBV, namely low crystallisation rate, tensile strength, ductility, melt viscosity, thermal stability and high materials cost. The physical, mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of the pure PHBV were studied systematically first to lay a solid foundation for formulation development. The influence of blending with other biopolymers, inclusion of filler, and chain extender additives in terms of mechanical properties, rheology, thermal decomposition and crystallization kinetics were then followed. Creating lightweight structures by foaming is considered to be one of the effective ways to reduce material consumption, hence the reduction of density and morphology of PHBV-based foams using extrusion foaming technique were studied comprehensively in terms of extrusion conditions (temperature profiles, screw speed and material feeding rate) and the blowing agent content. The material cost reduction was achieved by adding low-cost filler (e.g. CaCO3) and reduction of density by foaming. The thermal instability was enhanced by incorporation of chain extender (e.g. Joncryl) and blending with a high thermal stability biopolymer (e.g. PBAT). The polymer blend also improved the ductility. Adding nucleation agent enhanced the crystallization rate to reduce stickiness of extruded sheet. The final formulation (PHBV/PBAT/CaCO3 composite) was successfully extruded into high quality sheet and thermoformed to produce prototype trays in an industrial scale trial. The effect of the extrusion conditions (temperature profiles, screw speed and material feeding rate) and the blowing agent content are correlated to the density reduction of the foams. -
Impacts of a Ban Or Restrictions in Sale of Items in the EU's Single Use Plastics Directive
SOCIAL RESEARCH NUMBER: 32/2020 PUBLICATION DATE: 19/05/2020 Preliminary Research to Assess the Impacts of a Ban or Restrictions in Sale in Wales of Items in the EU's Single Use Plastics Directive Mae’r ddogfen yma hefyd ar gael yn Gymraeg. This document is also available in Welsh. © Crown Copyright Digital ISBN 978-1-80038-424-8 Title: Preliminary Research to Assess the Impacts of a Ban or Restrictions in Sale in Wales of Items in the EU's Single Use Plastics Directive Author(s): George Cole, Resource Futures Carla Worth, Resource Futures Katie Powell, Resource Futures Sam Reeve, Resource Futures Susie Stevenson, Miller Research (UK) Nick Morgan, Miller Research (UK) Howard Walker, Bridge Economics Full Research Report: Cole, G; Worth, C; Powell, K; Reeve, S; Stevenson, S; Morgan, N; Walker, H (2019). Preliminary Research to Assess the Impacts of a Ban or Restrictions in Sale in Wales of Items in the EU's Single Use Plastics Directive. Cardiff: Welsh Government, GSR report number 32/2020 Available at: https://gov.wales/impacts-ban-or-restrictions-sale-items-eus-single- use-plastics-directive Views expressed in this report are those of the researcher and not necessarily those of the Welsh Government For further information please contact: Isabella Malet-Lambert Knowledge and Analytical Services Welsh Government Cathays Park Cardiff CF10 3NQ 03000 628250 [email protected] Table of contents List of tables .......................................................................................................................... -
1610 8 Shashoua Icomcc 2017
ICOM-CC 18th Triennial Conference Sustainable future alternatives 2017 Copenhagen to petroleum-based polymeric SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH conservation materials YVONNE SHASHOUA* INTRODUCTION National Museum of Denmark Kongens Lyngby, Denmark [email protected] Conservation treatments often employ petroleum-based plastic materials KATJA JANKOVA ATANASOVA as packaging, adhesives and coatings that are synthesised from non- Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby, Denmark renewable crude oil, a resource at risk of exhaustion within the next [email protected] 100 years. The Going Green conference held at the British Museum in CLAIRE CURRAN ICA Art Conservation April 2009 concluded that conservators are under increasing pressure to Cleveland OH, USA [email protected] review their practices in light of international environmental targets and *Author for correspondence the rising costs of fossil fuels. Biopolymers are considered sustainable either because they are synthesised from renewable sources or because they biodegrade to CO2 and H2O in soil and water after use. The range and KEYWORDS: sustainable, biopolymer, bioplastic quality of bioplastics have increased dramatically since 2006 and, today, polyethylene, polyester, soya, humic acid polyethylenes, polyesters, polyurethanes and polyvinyl alcohols can be fully synthesised from biomass, although their commercial availability ABSTRACT is more limited in Europe than in the USA and South America. While The research described here is the first study extensive research has been conducted into the rates and mechanism of on the use of sustainable, plant-based biopoly- degradation of bioplastics on disposal (Rani et al. 2012), few projects have mers in conservation practice. Two applications of biopolymers to conservation were investi- focused on their chemical and physical properties during use and none gated – in commercial bioplastics as substi- have addressed the application of bioplastics to conservation practice. -
Expanded Polystyrene Food Service Take-Out Container Study
Appendix 1.1. California Cities that have Pursued a Polystyrene Ban Please note that not all of these bans are in place: many have been challenged or overturned. Alameda (2008) Expanded polystyrene ban, requirement that all takeout food packaging be compostable or recyclable Albany (2008) Expanded polystyrene ban, requirement that all takeout food packaging be compostable or recyclable Aliso Viejo (2005) Government facility expanded polystyrene ban Ordinance #2004-060 Berkeley (adopted 1988) Expanded polystyrene ban, requirement that 50% of takeout food packaging be recyclable or compostable Title 11.58 and 11.60 of Municipal Code Calabasas (2008) Expanded polystyrene ban, requirement that all takeout food packaging be recyclable or compostable Capitola (2009) Expanded polystyrene ban, requirement that all disposable takeout food packaging be compostable Carmel (1989) Expanded polystyrene ban, requirement that 50% of takeout food packaging be recyclable, compostable or reusable Del Ray Oaks (effective July 1, 2010) Expanded polystyrene ban, requirement that all takeout food packaging More information available on be recyclable or compostable page 35 of Agenda Packet Emeryville (2008) Expanded polystyrene ban, requirement that all takeout food packaging be recyclable or compostable Fairfax (1993) Expanded polystyrene ban for all restaurants and food retail vendors Title 8.16 of Municipal Code Fremont (effective January 1, 2011) Expanded polystyrene ban for food vendors, requirement that all takeout food packaging be recyclable or compostable Appendix 1.1 | i Hayward (effective July 2011) Expanded polystyrene ban for restaurant vendors, requirement that takeout food packaging be recyclable or compostable Hercules (2008) Expanded polystyrene ban Sec. 5-3109, Title 5, Chapter 3 of Municipal Code Huntington Beach (2005) Government facility expanded polystyrene ban Laguna Beach (2008) Polystyrene ban, requirement that all plastic takeout food packaging be recyclable Title 7. -
Biodegradable Packaging Materials from Animal Processing Co-Products and Wastes: an Overview
polymers Review Biodegradable Packaging Materials from Animal Processing Co-Products and Wastes: An Overview Diako Khodaei, Carlos Álvarez and Anne Maria Mullen * Department of Food Quality and Sensory Science, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland; [email protected] (D.K.); [email protected] (C.Á.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +353-(1)-8059521 Abstract: Biodegradable polymers are non-toxic, environmentally friendly biopolymers with con- siderable mechanical and barrier properties that can be degraded in industrial or home composting conditions. These biopolymers can be generated from sustainable natural sources or from the agri- cultural and animal processing co-products and wastes. Animals processing co-products are low value, underutilized, non-meat components that are generally generated from meat processing or slaughterhouse such as hide, blood, some offal etc. These are often converted into low-value products such as animal feed or in some cases disposed of as waste. Collagen, gelatin, keratin, myofibrillar proteins, and chitosan are the major value-added biopolymers obtained from the processing of animal’s products. While these have many applications in food and pharmaceutical industries, a sig- nificant amount is underutilized and therefore hold potential for use in the generation of bioplastics. This review summarizes the research progress on the utilization of meat processing co-products to fabricate biodegradable polymers with the main focus on food industry applications. In addition, the factors affecting the application of biodegradable polymers in the packaging sector, their current industrial status, and regulations are also discussed. Citation: Khodaei, D.; Álvarez, C.; Mullen, A.M. Biodegradable Keywords: biodegradable polymers; packaging materials; meat co-products; animal by-products; Packaging Materials from Animal protein films Processing Co-Products and Wastes: An Overview. -
WRAP | Understanding Plastic Packaging 1 Plastic Can Be Made from Fossil-Based This Diagram Demonstrates the Or Bio-Based Materials
Understanding plastic packaging and the language we use to describe it The way a plastic is designed This document sets out to clarify the differences Contents to behave alongside what between the materials used Material type 3 to make plastic packaging, Behaviour and features 4 material it’s made from, the way plastics can behave affects what it can be used and, the terminology used Suitability for recycling 5 for as well as how it can be to describe plastics. Treatment and disposal route 6 Environmental impact 7 recycled and disposed of at Carbon footprint over life cycle 8 the end of its life. Glossary 9 References 10 With plastics top of the sustainability compostable – and the effect these agenda many companies are looking factors have on how it’s collected at alternatives to conventional and disposed of. plastic typically used for packaging applications. Understanding the terms that we use to describe plastics is essential However, there is potential for the to ensure that the right materials language that we use to describe are used in the right applications, plastics to be confusing: with the and so that all plastics are recycled different material types of plastic – in the right way and pollution of fossil-based or bio-based; how the environment is prevented. plastic is described and referred to – conventional plastics or bioplastics; This document is aimed at anyone and, how plastic behaves – non- who is interested in understanding biodegradable, biodegradable or the complexities around different types of plastic. WRAP | Understanding plastic packaging 1 Plastic can be made from fossil-based This diagram demonstrates the or bio-based materials. -
Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastics – Facts and Figures Focus on Food Packaging in the Netherlands
Bio-based and biodegradable plastics – Facts and Figures Focus on food packaging in the Netherlands Martien van den Oever, Karin Molenveld, Maarten van der Zee, Harriëtte Bos Rapport nr. 1722 Bio-based and biodegradable plastics - Facts and Figures Focus on food packaging in the Netherlands Martien van den Oever, Karin Molenveld, Maarten van der Zee, Harriëtte Bos Report 1722 Colophon Title Bio-based and biodegradable plastics - Facts and Figures Author(s) Martien van den Oever, Karin Molenveld, Maarten van der Zee, Harriëtte Bos Number Wageningen Food & Biobased Research number 1722 ISBN-number 978-94-6343-121-7 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/408350 Date of publication April 2017 Version Concept Confidentiality No/yes+date of expiration OPD code OPD code Approved by Christiaan Bolck Review Intern Name reviewer Christaan Bolck Sponsor RVO.nl + Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs Client RVO.nl + Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs Wageningen Food & Biobased Research P.O. Box 17 NL-6700 AA Wageningen Tel: +31 (0)317 480 084 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.wur.nl/foodandbiobased-research © Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, institute within the legal entity Stichting Wageningen Research All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system of any nature, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. The publisher does not accept any liability for inaccuracies in this report. 2 © Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, institute within the legal entity Stichting Wageningen Research Preface For over 25 years Wageningen Food & Biobased Research (WFBR) is involved in research and development of bio-based materials and products. -
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PPW_1_fcV3_Layout 1 02/05/2014 10:50 Page 1 PACKPRINT WORLD PACKPRINTWORLD.COM SPRING 2014 A HIDDEN GEM IN THE QUALITY PRINT MARKET S P R Gravure is an established technique with a quality image I N G 2 second to none - so why has it fallen out of favor? 0 1 4 + THE EVOLUTION OF PACKAGING MATERIALS DEVELOPMENTS IN INKS AND COATINGS MANAGING A DIGITAL PRINTING OPERATION SOLUTIONS FOR HIGH-QUALITY SHORT TO MEDIUM RUN PRINTED PACKAGING Game changer Combining high-quality color with the efficiency of digital printing, HP Indigo will take your business to the next level. Engineered for mid-web packaging applications such as flexible packaging and label printing, the HP Indigo 20000 Digital Press is a superior alternative to analog technology. It brings the same quality as gravure to your operation so you can meet all your client demands for medium and short runs, whilst minimizing your operational costs. Grow your business with the HP Indigo 20000 Find out more at hp.com/go/hpindigo20000 © 2014 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. 4 | Contents CONTENTS Editorial [email protected] Andy Thomas Group Managing Editor David Pittman Group News Editor Nick Coombes Consultant Editor Mike Fairley International Publishing Director Danielle Jerschefske North America Editor James Quirk Latin America Editor Kevin Liu China Editor Carol Houghton Editorial Assistant Advertising [email protected] 10 Tim Gordon Publishing Director Joerg Singer Advertising Manager – PPW Randy Kessler Advertising Manager – North America Richard Quirk Account -
PROJECT REPORT of BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC
PROJECT REPORT Of BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC BAGS (PLA BASED) PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT This particular pre-feasibility is regarding Biodegradable Plastic Bags (PLA Based). The objective of the pre-feasibility report is primarily to facilitate potential entrepreneurs in project identification for investment and in order to serve his objective; the document covers various aspects of the project concept development, start-up, marketing, finance and management. [We can modify the project capacity and project cost as per your requirement. We can also prepare project report on any subject as per your requirement.] M/s Institute of Industrial Development A Unit of M/s SAMADHAN Samiti KVIC Pavilion, Gandhi Darshan, Raj Ghat, New Delhi 110002 Head office: Samadhan Tower, 27/1/B, Gokhle Marg, Lucknow-226001 Website: www.iid.org.in Email: [email protected] BIODEGRDABLE PLATSIC BAGS (PLA BASED) MANUFACTURING 1. INTRODUCTION The term “Biodegradable” refers to anything or substances that can be degraded by the natural forces and micro-organisms and Bio-degradable plastics refer to those plastics that can be decomposed by the micro-organisms and also natural factors such as rain, sunlight, etc. Hence these bags will not pose to be a threat to the environment. Plastic bags can be made “Oxo-biodegradable” by manufacturing theme from the normal polyethylene or the polypropylene and then incorporating an additive that can cause them to degrade and then biodegradation of the polymer by oxidation. Fig.: Biodegradable Plastic Bags and PLA pellets The global production capacity of the biodegradable plastic bags reached around 1.17 million tons in 2019. Polylactic Acid (PLA) based is probably the most well-known biodegradable plastic but besides that there are about 20 groups of biodegradable plastic polymers. -
Bio-Based Food Packaging in Sustainable Development
Bio-based food packaging in Sustainable Development Challenges and opportunities to utilize biomass residues from agriculture and forestry as a feedstock for bio-based food packaging Author: Rubie van Crevel, intern Supervisor: Valeria Khristolyubova, Officer Forest Products Team Forestry Policy and Resources Division February 2016-June 2016 Table of contents Executive summary ......................................................................................................................... 4 1. Bio-based food packaging as a function of sustainable development ....................................... 7 2. Food packaging materials and environmental concerns .......................................................... 10 2.1 Methodology to assess environmental performances of a packaging material ................ 10 Life cycle thinking .................................................................................................................. 10 Life Cycle Assessment ........................................................................................................... 10 Limitations of Life Cycle Assessments .................................................................................. 12 2.2 Bio-based feedstock ............................................................................................................ 13 Defining bio-based products ................................................................................................. 13 Primary versus secondary biomass resources ..................................................................... -
Assessment of the Production of Bioplastics from Industrial Wastewater from Fish Canning Industry
POLITECNICO DI TORINO Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Ingegneria per l’Ambiente e il Territorio Assessment of the production of bioplastics from industrial wastewater from fish canning industry Relatore Candidato Prof.ssa Silvia Fiore Giulia Zarroli Correlatore Prof.ssa Almudena Hospido Marzo 2020 CONTENTS ABSTRACT 7 1 ANALYSIS OF THE CONTEXT 8 PLASTICS: PRODUCTION, DEMAND AND WASTE DATA 8 GLOBAL AND EUROPEAN PLASTIC PRODUCTION 8 PLASTIC PACKAGING AND WASTE GENERATION 10 PLASTIC WASTE: DATA AND POLLUTION EFFECTS 11 STRATEGIES FOR A CIRCULAR AND BIOECONOMY 14 BIOECONOMY 14 CIRCULAR ECONOMY 16 BIOPLASTICS: STATE OF ART 17 BIOPLASTICS PRODUCTION ACCORDING TO THE MAIN APPLICATIONS AND TYPE OF BIOPOLYMER 19 BIOPLASTICS FROM DIFFERENT FEEDSTOCKS 20 BIOPLASTICS END OF LIFE OPTION 20 POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES (PHAS) 21 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT 24 LCA METHODOLOGY 24 LCA APPLIED TO BIOPOLYMERS 27 GOAL AND STRUCTURE OF THIS THESIS 28 2 REVIEW OF LCA STUDIES ON PHA PRODUCTION 30 SEARCH METHODOLOGY 30 LITERATURE REVIEW 30 MOTIVATION OF THE STUDIES 33 KEY LCA-RELATED DECISIONS OF THE SELECTED STUDIES 35 LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE RESULTS ALREADY PUBLISHED 44 2.4 OPEN OR UNRESOLVED QUESTIONS 49 3 GOAL AND SCOPE DEFINITION OF THE LCA STUDIES 53 GOAL DEFINITION 53 SCOPE DEFINITION 53 TYPE OF LCA 53 FUNCTIONAL UNIT 54 SYSTEM BOUNDARIES 54 DATA COLLECTION 55 CHOICE OF IMPACT CATEGORIES AND METHOD OF IMPACT ASSESSMENT 57 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS 58 2 4 LCA OF PURE CULTURE FERMENTATION 60 FERMENTATION PROCESS DESCRIPTION 60 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY 61 LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT 63 5 LCA OF MIXED CULTURE FERMENTATION 66 PROCESS DESCRIPTION 66 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY 67 LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT 68 6 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FULL PHA PRODUCTION PROCESSES 70 6.1 RESULTS OF THE FULL PHA PRODUCTION PROCESSES: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 70 6.2 COMPARISON WITH THE BASELINE SCENARIO 73 7 CONCLUSIONS 76 REFERENCES 78 3 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Plastic production from 1950 to 2018 in the world and in EU28+NO/CH. -
Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Disposable Vs Reusable Foodservice Products JANUARY 2017
LITERATURE REVIEW & INVENTORY Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Disposable vs Reusable Foodservice Products JANUARY 2017 T STOP WASTE BEFORE IT STARTS Acknowledgements This study was written by Bill Sheehan, Ph.D. with supervision, review and input provided by Clean Water Fund staff, Miriam Gordon and Samantha Sommer. This project has been funded in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under assistance agreement X99T38501 to Clean Water Fund. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Clean Water Fund thanks the Roy A. Hunt Foundation for supporting this work. T STOP WASTE BEFORE IT STARTS ReThink Disposable, created and implemented by Clean Water Fund (CWF), works in partnership with municipal stormwater and zero waste programs to engage food businesses and institutions (academic and corporate campuses) and consumers to minimize disposable take-out food and beverage packaging at the source to reduce plastics and trash that pollute our waterways and the ocean. This award winning program takes a pollution prevention approach to the ever-increasing problems of solid waste and marine debris. Based on research CWF conducted with five San Francisco Bay Area local jurisdiction partners in 2011, ReThink Disposable learned that food and beverage packaging is the primary component of trash (67%) entering the San Francisco Bay and polluting local creeks. Since 2012, ReThink Disposable has worked with more than 100 food businesses and five corporate and university campuses to reduce over 150,000 pounds of waste and the use of over 15 million disposable packaging items from food service operations, each year.