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Current Development on Bioplastics and Its Future

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Current Development on Bioplastics and Its Future i 1 (2019) 0 - TECH MAG Vol 3 08 i DOI : http://doi.org/10.26480/itechmag.01.2019.03.08 ISSN : 2710-5873 (Online) TECH MAG CODEN: ITMNBH S & T REVIEW CURRENT DEVELOPMENT ON BIOPLASTICS AND ITS FUTURE PROSPECTS: AN INTRODUCTORY REVIEW Izathul Shafina Sidek1, Sarifah Fauziah Syed Draman*1, Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah2, Nornizar Anuar3 1Faculty of of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Bukit Besi Campus, 23200 Dungun, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Department of Chemical and Process, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia 3Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam Campus, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author email: [email protected] This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT Article History: Bioplastics are kind of plastics produce from natural and renewable raw materials biomass sources such as sugarcane, corn starch, wood, waste paper, vegetable oils and fats, bacteria, algae, etc. Mostly, the commercial plastics in the Received 30 August 2019 marketplace are made from non-renewable petroleum based and this product can cause damaging to the ecosystem of Accepted 10 September 2019 the nature. Bioplastics are not harmful to nature environment because it can decompose back into carbon dioxide. Available online 20 September 2019 Thus, the demand for applications of bioplastics are growing rapidly. The products made from bioplastics should be commercialize because they are renewable, biodegradable, compostable and environmentally friendly. The aims of this short review are to present about classifications of bioplastic, their advantages and disadvantages, processing, applications and challenges. Finally, the possible future developments of bioplastics are prospected. KEYWORDS Biodegradable, bioplastics, renewable, environmentally friendly. 1. INTRODUCTION 2. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOPLASTICS Plastics is a synthetic polymeric molecules which exhibits desirable features like softness, heat seal ability, good strength to weight ratio and Plastic can be made from fossil-based or bio-based materials and can be transparency [1]. Petrochemical-based plastics like polyethylene (PE), biodegradable or non-biodegradable plastics while bioplastic can be fully Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), made from renewable-material, whereas biodegradable plastic is made of Polyurethene (PUR), Poly ethyl terepthalate (PET), Polybutylene either fossil-based polymer or a combination of renewable and fossil terephthalate (PBT), and Nylons are the most widely used polymers in materials. There are three main types of bioplastics which are daily life due to their versatile, light weight, excellent thermal and biodegradable and biobased, biodegradable and fossil-based, and non- rheological properties, inexpensive, easy to manipulate and easily formed biodegradable and biobased while non-biodegradable and petroleum into diverse products [1, 2, 3]. based are known as plastic. The Table 1 summarizes types of bioplastics: For over the years, overuse of plastics has brought significant impact to Table 1: Types of bioplastics environment, it is estimated 34 million tons of plastic produced per year and only 7 percent is recyled with remaining 93 percent dumped into Bio-Based Petroleum Ref. oceans and landfills [4]. Synthetic polymeric materials are non- Based biodegradable [5] have caused a serious environmental problems to the Bioplastics Bioplastics freshwater, natural terrestrial and marine habitats [3]. They are taking -Eg: -Eg: decades to degrade in nature or environment and also produced from non- Polylactic acid, Polybutylene [9], renewable sources like petroleum, coal and natural gas [6]. Therefore, the Biodegradable Polyhydroxy succinate, [25],[26],[27] advancements of new materials were developed biodegradable and alkanoates, Polybutylene environmentally friendly alternative to conventional plastics [7]. Cellulose, adipate Recently, bioplastics are one of the most innovative materials that are Starch terephthalate, biobased and biodegradable which is made from waste, biomass and Polycaprolactone renewable sources such as jackfruit [8], waste banana peels [9], organic Bioplastics Conventional waste [10], agriculture waste [11], newspaper waste[12], oil palm empty -Eg: plastics fruit bunch [13], sugar cane [14]，corn starch [15], potato starch [16], rice Non- Bio- -Eg: straw [17], rapeseed oil [18],vegetables oil, cellulose from plants, starch, biodegradable polypropylene, Polypropylene, [6], cotton, bacteria [19] and sometimes from several nanosized particles like Bio- Polyethylene, [25],[26],[28] carbohydrate chains (polysaccharides) [20]. Bioplastic can be degraded by polyethylene Polystrene, the natural microorganisms such as bacteria [21, 22, 23], algae and fungi Polyvinyl [24]. This article begins with briefly describes about classification of chloride bioplastics then followed by advantages and disadvantages of bioplastics. The article also covers the processing, applications, challenges of bioplastics and finally explain on future prospects of bioplastics. Cite The Article: Izathul Shafina Sidek, Sarifah Fauziah Syed Draman, Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah, Nornizar Anuar(2019) Cur rent Development On Bioplastics And Its Future Prospects: An Introductory Review. i TECH MAG , Vo 1: 03-08. i TECH MAG Vol 1 (2019) 03-08 Bio-based plastics are made using polymers derived from plant based Table 2: Advantages and disadvantages of bioplastics compare to sources e.g. starch, cellulose, oils, lignin etc [29]. Bio-based polymers can conventional plastics be used to make plastic packaging [30] that behaves like conventional plastic. It can also be used to make biodegradable and compostable Types Advantages Ref. Disadvantages Ref. plastics. Both types are referred to as bioplastics [31]. Bioplastic [19] Costly [42],[43] Sustainable Petroleum-based plastics is made from a wide range of polymers derived Reduced [19], Thermal [20], from petrochemicals. Petroleum based plastic is generally long lived, durable and non-biodegradable [32]. This is usually referred to as Carbon [31], instability [31] conventional plastics. However, petroleum-based plastic also can be Footprint [44] designed to biodegradable plastic and this type is considered as bioplastic Reduce [19], Recycling [43],[45] [6]. energy [31],[44] problem efficiency To produce biodegradable plastics and compostable biopolymers, the Partly based [19], Brittleness [20],[25] renewable raw materials are commonly used are wood and annual plants on natural [31],[43] (cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose), maize, wheat, potatoes, rice, tapioca, feedstock sunflower, rapeseed, etc. (starch, vegetable oils, proteins), Sugar from sugar beet and sugarcane (biosynthesis: PLA, PHA, dextran, pullulan, Conven- Low cost [27], Based on [27] xanthan [25]. tional petrochemical plastic However both starch and cellulose are not plastic in the native form but it can be converted to plastics thorough innovative fermentation or through Good and [27],[46] Difficult to [27] excellent recycle polymer technology [33] by using techniques such as casting [34], internal technical mixing [35] , extrusion [36] and injection molding [37]. properties Most plastic products are made from petroleum [38] which are have been Can save [27],[46] Mostly not [27] widely used for food packaging applications due to their excellent thermal energy and biodegradable and rheological properties, lightweight, easy to manipulate and install in a resources diverse range of applications, gas and water barrier properties, esthetic Thermal [27] Uncontrolled [27] qualities and cost [25]. recycling combustion can possible release toxic This group of mixed sources (bio/petro) includes biopolymers based on substances blends of Polyhydroxy alkanoates (PHA), Polylactic acid (PLA) produced by fermentation, biobased epoxy, biobased polyesters such as 4. PROCESSING OF BIOPLASTICS polytrimethylene terephthalate which are obtained from sugarcane bio- methanol. The demand to process development of bioplastics into large scale of production are still ongoing. Bioplastics materials can be processed by All these polymers have the prefix bio-, indicating that they are several different techniques according to the final purpose of the desired synthesised from a renewable raw material, but their properties are material. The selected processing method is important because the quality identical to the properties of standard polymers synthesised from of particle dispersion is major challenge in nanocomposite processing. petrochemical raw materials [39]. Table 3 shows an overview of techniques normally used to produce bioplastics depend on their material. 3. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BIOPLASTICS The fermentation processing for bioplastics are received widespread It is known that plastic is one of the main pollutants resources in the interests among researchers. This processing is worked at two stage environment which is daily produce [22]. Therefore, to decrease the process whereby in the first stage (growth) is to develop a high cell density environmental pollution, an alternative must be developed by changing the culture and then in the second stage is to increase materials concentration use of conventional plastic. The progress in bioplastics
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