Standards of Cover

STANDARDS OF COVER

A Systematic Approach to Resource Deployment

Sioux City Fire Rescue Sioux City, IA

Updated January 2016

Sioux City Fire Rescue | 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ...... 3

CURRENT DEPLOYMENT ...... 6 Community Overview...... 7 Governance of the City of Sioux City ...... 7 Current Levels of Service ...... 11 Staffing Patterns ...... 12 Apparatus ...... 15 Critical Task Analysis...... 17

RISK ASSESSMENT ...... 26 Risk Assessment Methodology ...... 27 Resource Management ...... 28 Statistical Information ...... 29 Method Used to Define Building Fire Risk Values ...... 29 Non-Fire Risk Assessment Methodology ...... 31

HISTORICAL RESPONSE DATA...... 33 Total Response Data ...... 34 Fires...... 35 Emergency Medical Services ...... 37 Hazardous Materials ...... 38 Mutual Aid ...... 39 Miscellaneous Calls ...... 39 Socio-Economic Factors ...... 40

SCFR SERVICE LEVEL GOALS...... 42 Distribution Policy Statement (Benchmark) ...... 46 Concentration Policy Statements (Benchmark) ...... 46

DEPARTMENT PERFORMANCE TO GOALS ...... 49 Performance Analysis ...... 50 Medical Emergencies ...... 50 Fire Alarms ...... 51 Structure Fires ...... 52 Other Fires ...... 53 Other Emergencies ...... 54 Vehicle Extrication ...... 55

Sioux City Fire Rescue | 2

Technical Rescue ...... 56 Hazardous Materials ...... 57 Response Reliability ...... 59

STATION ANALYSIS ...... 60 Station No. 1 – 315 9th Street ...... 62 Station No. 3 – 2630 3rd Street ...... 62 Station No. 4 – 3109 Dearborn Boulevard ...... 63 Station No. 5 – 4729 Southern Hills Drive ...... 63 Station No. 6 – 4203 Morningside Avenue ...... 64 Station No. 7 – 3252 Floyd Boulevard ...... 64 Station No. 8 – 3829 W. 19th Street ...... 65

RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 66

APPENDICES ...... 67

Sioux City Fire Rescue | 3

INTRODUCTION

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 4

One of the issues the fire service has historically faced is how to define the levels of service for the community it serves. There have been many attempts to create a standard methodology for determining the exact number of firefighters, fire station or fire inspectors a community needs. In 2001, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) proposed a deployment standard that was successfully adopted as NFPA 1710. This national deployment standard does not, however, recognize local issues, conditions, service demands or community needs. Additionally, very few departments in this country can meet the response time and staffing level outlined in the standard, including Sioux City. Hence, many fire service professionals view this deployment model as a goal.

As part of the Commission on Fire Accreditation International (CFAI) process, a Standards of Cover document must be developed and adopted by the agency having jurisdiction. Like NFPA 1710, the Standard of Cover outlines an agency’s service level objectives; however, it uses a systems approach to deployment rather than a one-size- fits-all prescriptive formula. In a comprehensive approach, each agency should be able to match local need (risks and expectations) with the costs of various levels of service. As Sioux City Fire Rescue (SCFR) proceeded to establish its service level goals, it did so based on national standards such as NFPA 1710, the CFAI accreditation model, and the Insurance Service Office (ISO) Grading schedule.

Standards of cover are defined as those written policies and procedures that establish the distribution and concentration of fixed and mobile resources of an organization.

This Standards of Cover document is a rational and systematic way of looking at the basic services provided by SCFR. The purpose of this document is to provide a system which will assist with:

o Assessing fire and non-fire risks within the City of Sioux City o Defining baseline and benchmark emergency response performance standards o Planning future station locations o Determining apparatus and staffing patterns o Evaluating workload and ideal unit utilization o Measuring service delivery performance o Supporting strategic planning and policy development relative to resource procurement and allocation.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 5

The Standard of Cover process consists of five parts:

1. Current Deployment – how and where resources are currently being deployed and what must be done over what time frame to achieve the stated outcome expectation?

2. Risk Assessment – what assets are at risk in the community?

3. Reliability and Historical Response Effectiveness Studies – using prior response statistics to determine what percent of compliance the existing system delivers.

4. Service Level Goals with respect to distribution and concentration of assets.

5. Recommendations – proposed standard of cover statements by risk type.

This document is designed to provide elected officials and residents with information on fire service operations and integrated risk management planning. It is not intended to be a stand-alone document but to be used in conjunction with the department’s five-year Strategic Plan. While the Standard of Cover provides an overview of risk assessment, deployment of resources and an analysis of current performance, the strategic plan outlines the resources needed to address current deficiencies and future service demands.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 6

CURRENT DEPLOYMENT

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 7

Community Overview

Sioux City is located in extreme northwest Iowa along the navigational head of the Missouri River, about 90 miles north of Omaha, NE. The general topography of the area consists of gradual to steep grades extending outward from the Missouri River valley and tapering off to rolling hills that dominate most of the northwest Iowa landscape. The highest elevation point within City limits is approximately 1345 feet above sea level, and the lowest point of 1098 feet.

Sioux City, like most of the Midwest region, has a humid continental climate with extremes of both heat and cold. The average annual temperature in Sioux City is 60 °F. Winters are brisk and measurable snowfall is common, especially during the second half of the winter season. Typical winters in Sioux City usually drop well below freezing, even dropping below 0 °F on several occasions during the season. Spring ushers in the beginning of the severe weather season. Iowa as a whole averages about 50 days of thunderstorm activity per year. Tornadoes are common during the spring and summer months, and the state of Iowa averages approximately 37 tornadoes per year. In 2008, twelve people were killed by tornadoes in Iowa, making it the deadliest year since 1968 and also the second most tornadoes in a year with 105, which matched the total from 2001. Summers in the upper Midwest are known for heat and humidity, and Sioux City is certainly no exception. Daytime temperatures during the summertime are often near 90 °F and sometimes exceed 100 °F.

Precipitation in the form of rain occurs most often between the months of April and September, with an average of 3 inches per month during this period. In 2009, the total precipitation for the City of Sioux City was 32 inches, which is 6 inches over the norm. However, in concert with the rest of the Upper Midwest, there are years where very little precipitation occurs, resulting in extensive droughts and extremely dry conditions. During this period, the City’s water supply may become depleted and water restrictions are enforced.

Governance of the City of Sioux City

The City of Sioux City operates under a City-Manager form of governance, as outlined in the City Charter. The Council is currently comprised of five Council members, including the Mayor and they serve as the legislative body of the City. Each of the council members and the Mayor has the right to vote upon all issues before it. The Mayor is not granted veto power, but does have a vote as a member of the Council. The Mayor presides at Council meetings, performs duties as prescribed by the City Charter, and is recognized as the official head of the City for all ceremonial purposes. In

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 8 accordance with the Charter, no person shall serve more than two consecutive four- year terms as Mayor or Council member. Under this form of government, the Council selects a City Manager in accordance with the City Charter, who serves as the chief administrative officer for the City. The Manager serves for an indefinite term, but may be removed at the pleasure of the Council. The City Manager is responsible for supervising the administration of the affairs of the City; make recommendations to the Council concerning the affairs of the City; keep the Council advised of the financial condition and future needs of the City; to prepare and submit to the Council the annual budget estimate and such reports as may be required, including an annual report of all the departments of the City; ensure the ordinances of the City and the laws of the State are enforced; and perform other duties as prescribed by the City Charter. An organizational chart for the City of Sioux City attached as Appendix A.

History of Sioux City Fire Department

As with all new towns that began to sprout up in America’s frontier in the mid 1800’s, Sioux City found itself in need of organized volunteer fire companies. The first volunteer fire companies in Sioux City began to form in 1858, shortly after the city became incorporated. These first companies were organized by concerned shop and home owners and had no financial support from the city, as it had very little tax revenue to work with. Their equipment was little more than strategically placed water tanks with several buckets at the ready; bucket brigade’s fought the early fires of Sioux City as they did in most mid- west towns of this era. However, these early volunteers fought for better equipment and by 1874 the City had purchased a horse drawn steam fire engine, a horse drawn hook & ladder truck and two hose carts that were hand drawn by the volunteers. The horses were owned by the firemen because the city lacked funding for both the equipment and the horses. It wasn’t until 1881 that the city began to purchase horse teams for use by the fire department.

It was the recent loss of volunteer firemen and a catastrophic fire that drove the city council and mayor to adopt a budget that would allow for a paid fire department. In 1888, the city officially created the Sioux City Fire Department (SCFD) and had twenty- five on the payroll by the end of that year.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 9

The “Big One” happened on December 23, 1904, at the Pelletier Department Store. A spark from a match ignited some cotton that was used for decoration in a window display. The fire department was neither manned nor equipped to suppress the rapidly spreading high-rise fire, which was whipped by wind gusts that quickly spread the flames to neighboring buildings. In the end, two and one half blocks of downtown Sioux City were destroyed and one fatality reported. The damage was estimated at nearly two million dollars, which would equate to approximately $367 million today.

The “Ruff Disaster” occurred in 1912 and is considered one of the worst catastrophes in terms of loss of life. Thirty-nine lives were lost and countless others injured during a building collapse and secondary fire.

In 1966, the fire department adopted a three-platoon system and added an additional 30 fire fighters to the ranks, bringing its manpower up to 140 firefighters and 3 civilian employees. At that time, the SCFD consisted of 8 engine companies and 3 truck companies responding out of 8 stations located throughout the city. A few years later, the City constructed a ninth firehouse, only to close it 6 years later due to budget constraints. Fifteen years after adopting the third platoon, the City had eliminated 22 firefighter positions and closed two firehouses (Station 2 and Station 9).

One of the greatest challenges to face the department came on July 19, 1989, when a United Airlines DC-10, with 296 aboard, attempted an emergency landing at the Sioux Gateway Airport. Although there was a great loss of life as a result of the impending crash, a coordinated effort from SCFD and other responding agencies aided in the preservation of 184 passengers. This event and subsequent response has been studied and techniques adopted by many emergency response agencies throughout the world.

In 1997, the fire department developed a Regional HazMat Team to cover 12 counties in northwest Iowa. This team was prompted by the 1994 Terra International ammonium nitrate explosion at the Port Neal Plant located approximately 12 miles south of Sioux City in Salix, Iowa. This incident resulted in 4 fatalities, 18 injuries, and the release of approximately 7,500 tons of anhydrous ammonia.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 10

Throughout the decades and into the 21st century, firefighters have taken on additional skills and responsibilities in such areas as emergency medical calls, hazardous materials, urban search and rescue, and weapons of mass destruction preparedness. Due to the changing role of the fire department within the City, a historical change occurred in 2009 - the Sioux City Fire Department was renamed Sioux City Fire Rescue (SCFR). This change was made to reflect the ever expanding role of the department as an all-inclusive emergency service, and not just a fire fighting force.

Since 2009, SCFR has continued to fulfill the obligation as an all-inclusive emergency service. The department implemented a technical rescue team, began providing Advanced Life Support (ALS) services and currently houses a backup emergency medical transport unit. In addition, the department identified a need for a water rescue team which was deployed numerous times during the flooding which occurred in the summer of 2011.

Today, Sioux City Fire Rescue is responsible for protecting the life and property of Sioux City residents and visitors through a variety of services. The City spans approximately 56 square miles with a residential population of approximately 83,000 (2010). The department includes 7 fire stations, an indoor/outdoor training facility, and an administration building. According to 2015 data, the total emergency response call volume was 8,275 and department staffing consisted of 110 uniformed personnel and 3 civilian support personnel.

The Department is currently comprised of the following divisions:

Administrative Branch

Administration The Administration is responsible for managing personnel, payroll, labor relations, discipline, and equal employment matters. The division also administers department recruitment and promotions; designs and implements human resources and cultural diversity training and oversees the tuberculosis and respiratory fitness testing, hepatitis B and other infection control programs. The Administrative Assistant Chief is responsible for overseeing the regional hazmat program, vehicle maintenance, and is charged with manning the Emergency Operations Center.

Fire Prevention

Fire Prevention provides services such as fire code enforcement, annual inspections of commercial occupancies, permit issuance, statistical reporting,

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 11

the storage, transportation, handling and use of flammable liquids, combustibles and explosives, and Fire Prevention Week activities at all elementary schools. The division also provides fire safety training to employers, and coordinates a Citizen’s Academy which allows community members to experience the duties of a firefighter.

Operations Branch

Suppression The Suppression Division provides essential fire suppression, rescue, emergency medical services as well as other all-risk emergency services.

Training As the name implies, the Training Division is responsible for educating SCFR personnel in the safe and efficient performance of assigned duties. Major activities include in-service training, basic fire academy, training records management, driver training, supervisor and leadership training, and management of the SCFR Training Center.

Current Levels of Service

The department has a number of physical and human resources available to deliver services. Engine and truck companies, hazardous response units and other specialty units provide response for emergency incidents throughout the city from 7 fire stations. When a request for service is received from the 911 system, the Woodbury County Communications Center (Comm Center) verifies the call location and uses the Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) system to establish a response. The dispatcher, company officer and/or assistant chief all have the latitude to upgrade or downgrade the response based on dispatch information, pre-planned knowledge, or any additional information that would warrant this action.

Emergency medical services are provided to the citizens of Sioux City through a public/private partnership between SCFR and Siouxland Paramedics, Inc. (SPI). This partnership ensures that a first responder is on the scene within four minutes from time of dispatch, and a Paramedic is on the scene in less than eight minutes within the city limits of Sioux City. SCFR personnel serve as first responders providing a minimum of a BLS response with at least three Firefighter/Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs). Currently, advanced life support skills are offered on a conditional basis provided that at least one paramedic is assigned to the dispatched unit. All other ALS skills and

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 12 transport units are provided by SPI with at least one Paramedic and one EMT. However, SCFR does house a backup ambulance in a firehouse should all SPI units be unavailable. Although they are two separate entities, SCFR and SPI have worked well together for the past 25 years.

In addition to providing response to fire and medical emergencies, the department provides technical rescue services, which includes, but not limited to, trench rescue, confined space, building collapse, water rescue and high-angle rope rescue. USAR 1 is a team comprised predominately of Station 1 personnel that specializes in this area and is located in downtown Sioux City and responds to all areas of the City. There are four personnel assigned to USAR 1, which include a Captain, Driver, and two Firefighters. There is an additional crew of at least three personnel assigned to Station 1 that respond to the incident for technical assistance. Both of the department’s truck companies and two assigned engine companies carry a wide complement of rescue tools which allow for the first arriving unit to stabilize the scene and assess risk prior to the arrival of USAR 1.

Hazardous Materials response is also provided by SCFR. The initial response requires the first-in engine company to assess the scene and once the unit determines the presence of a hazardous material, the Hazmat Team responds to stabilize the scene. Eight personnel from Stations 4 & 8 comprise the Hazmat Team and respond with specialized equipment to incidents involving potential or known hazardous materials within the City of Sioux City, and for nine counties in northwest Iowa, northeast Nebraska, and southeast South Dakota on a contract basis through a joint powers agreement (JPA). The JPA includes a pricing structure that recovers all costs associated with the delivery of hazardous materials response.

In addition, the City of Sioux City serves as a co-sponsoring agency with Cedar Rapids, IA for the State of Iowa Urban Search and Rescue Task Force (IA TF-1). This team is a multi-disciplinary tactical unit for search and rescue operations. A total of 168 personnel (with Cedar Rapids) are divided into three 56 person units. The Task Force is capable of sustained around-the-clock operations and is self-sufficient for up to 72 hours. IA-TF1 is presently a state team and will respond only within the boundaries of this state unless otherwise directed by the Governor of the State of Iowa.

Staffing Patterns

SCFR Suppression Division is currently staffed with 105 uniformed personnel as outlined below. All firefighters are state certified Emergency Medical Technicians, and are trained to either the Basic, Intermediate, Advanced, or Paramedic levels as defined

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 13 by the State of Iowa. Personnel working in the Suppression Division are assigned to one of three shifts, and will normally work a 56-hour work week consisting of 24-hour work shifts. Personnel assigned to this schedule will typically work nine, 24-hour shifts each 28 day period. Personnel begin their work shift at 8:00 a.m. and are relieved the following morning at 8:00 a.m., pending those crews are not at the scene of an emergency.

The department maintains a minimum staffing requirement of 28 total fire suppression personnel on duty each shift.

Current SCFR Uniformed Staffing by Division (2015) Position / Classification Division Budgeted Positions Chief Admin 1 Administrative Assistant Admin 1 Chief Operations Assistant Chief Suppression 3 Fire Marshal Fire Prevention 1 Training Officer Training 1 Fire Captain Suppression 9 Deputy Fire Marshal Fire Prevention 2 Fire Lieutenant Suppression 18 Firefighter Suppression 75

Total Admin Division 2 Total Prevention Division 3 Total Training Division 1 Total Suppression Personnel 105

TOTAL SCFR 111

As referenced previously, emergency response apparatus are located throughout the City from 7 different fire stations, with two of those stations being dual-company stations. Fire stations and apparatus are strategically located within one of the seven response districts with a goal of providing the most effective response possible and dividing workload as equally as practical.

The department utilizes an adaptive staffing concept wherein personnel, depending on the call type, will either staff the engine, truck, a special response unit assigned to a

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 14 particular station. The term “adaptive staffing” is used to define the condition in which a station is staffed with fewer personnel than are required to respond with all units assigned and available within the station.

The SCFR Operations Branch includes the 105 Firefighter classifications previously mentioned in the Suppression Division, and one Training Officer in the Training Division. The SCFR Administrative Branch comprises of one Fire Chief, three Fire Prevention Bureau personnel, one Administrative Assistant Chief, and 3 civilian support personnel, in total, SCFR maintains 114 full time positions. The civilian support positions provide administrative staff to divisions such as Fire Prevention, Human Resources, and Administration. Personnel assigned to the training division of the Operations Branch, and all personnel that fall under the Administrative Branch, work 40-hours per week, with schedules from 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. All non-civilian administrative staff may be called in while off-duty for emergencies. For a complete listing of positions, see Appendix B.

Apparatus Assigned Staffing Number Staffing Adaptive Total of Units Unit Type Level Staff On-Duty 5 Engine, BLS / ALS 3 15 2 Rescue Engine, BLS / ALS 3 6 2 Truck, BLS / ALS 4 8 1 Ops Assistant Chief 1 1 1 Brush Unit (U31) 2 1 Off-Road Medical Unit (U32) 2 3 Squad (Modules) Unit 3 1 HazMat (H4 & E81) 3 1 Technical Rescue (USAR 1) 4 1 Rescue Boat 3 1 Mobile Command 1 1 Backup Ambulance 2 1 Rehab Unit 1 Total 30 1New Engine 8 acquired in Dec 2014 is a combination apparatus, so no dedicated hazmat vehicle is assigned to Station 8.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 15

Apparatus

The City has made a tremendous commitment during the last ten years in updating and expanding the department’s apparatus fleet to ensure a safe, reliable and effective response. Since 2006, the department has purchased 7 new engines, a 105 ft. aerial ladder truck, and a rescue boat. SCFR has also replaced aging apparatus that were specialized in terms of response function. Rather than replacing apparatus with single function capabilities such as grass fires or personnel transport vehicles, the department has invested in a flex fleet concept to create a more flexible, effective and cost efficient fleet of vehicles. In 2014, the department took delivery of 3 new engines, which eliminated a refurbished tanker unit and hazmat vehicle. Two of the new engines are capable of storing 1,250 gallons of water (vs 500 gallons) and one apparatus is an engine/hazmat vehicle.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 16

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 17

Emergency Response Apparatus Number of Units Unit 2 Engine (1,250 gal capacity) 2 Engine (500 gal capacity) 2 Rescue Engine (500 gal capacity) 1 Engine/Hazmat Combination 2 Reserve Engine 2 Aerial Truck 1 Aerial Reserve Truck 1 Assistant Chief Vehicle 1 Off-Road Brush Unit (U31) 1 Off-Road Medical Unit (U32) 3 Squad Unit (EMS / Grass Fire / Utility Modules) 1 HazMat Vehicle 1 Technical Rescue 1 Water Rescue Boat 1 Mobile Command 1 Backup Ambulance

Critical Task Analysis

The critical task analysis determines what tasks need to be accomplished at the scene of an emergency. SCFR examined its current deployment levels to structure fires and EMS calls. To extinguish a structure fire, there are many tasks that need to be accomplished, some simultaneously, in the initial minutes of the incident. There are similar requirements for a medical emergency. SCFR considers an effective response force as the minimum amount of staffing and equipment required to accomplish the required tasks.

When assigning personnel to complete tasks, firefighter safety is the highest priority. The second consideration is assigning the proper number of personnel so that all critical tasks can be completed. Having a fully staffed fire company greatly increases effectiveness on the fire ground. To minimize the loss of life and property and account for firefighter safety, the critical tasks need to be completed on all moderate structure fires, as outlined below.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 18

Structure Fire Critical Tasks

SCFR currently deploys one engine and one Truck Company to any general fire alarm. This is a condition in which no fire or smoke is reported, but the alarm system has activated. However, when there is confirmation of visible flames, smoke or odor by someone on scene, the two-unit response is upgraded to a “full response” which includes the addition of two more engine companies, another truck company, and an assistant chief. The following critical tasks need to be completed in a specific time frame on all confirmed structure fires to ensure safety of personnel, provide search and rescue operations, and minimize fire growth.

The first arriving fire company (1st due unit), which consists of at least 3 firefighters, is responsible for the following initial actions:  Establish incident command (if not already completed by the assistant chief)  Size-up the situation; including performing a 360 degree walk-around of the structure looking for trapped occupants, fire behavior, structural stability and other hazards  Place one attack line in-service at 150 gallons per minute (GPM)  Initiate mitigation efforts  Provide first responder medical aid including cardiac defibrillation (AED)

A full effective response force for an incident consists of a minimum of 14 firefighters and one assistant chief for low risk occupancies, and is responsible for completing the following tasks in addition to those already performed by the 1st due unit:  Place a water supply in service at a minimum 400 GPM for 30 minutes  Place one line in-service with two firefighters at 150 GPM  Provide one ventilation team consisting of two firefighters  Provide one search and rescue team consisting of two firefighters  Establish command outside the hazard area with a dedicated position  Comply with the requirements of Two In/Two out (OSHA 1910.134) consisting of two firefighters  Provide a backup attack line with two firefighters and a minimum of 150 GPM  Establish the capability of flowing 400 GPM without interruption

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 19

An effective response force for incidents in moderate risk occupancies consist of 16 firefighters and one assistant chief with the following capabilities in addition to those listed above:  Establish the capability to flow 1,000 GPM without interruption  Provide two ventilation teams  Provide two search and rescue teams  Establish a rapid intervention team of two firefighters.

An effective response force for an incident in a high-risk occupancy consists of 25 firefighters and two chief officers (four engines, two trucks an assistant chief and an aid) with the following capabilities in addition to those listed above:  Place two, 2 ½ inch attacks lines in-service, one on the fire floor and one on the floor above  Provide one additional ventilation team  Provide one additional search and rescue team  Establish lobby control as well as overall command  Supplement the fire protection systems as needed

Some of the specific position responsibilities are listed below:

Attack line - A firefighting line staffed with a minimum of two firefighters capable of delivering an effective fire attack with a minimum of 150 GPM. Rapid Intervention Crew - A minimum of two firefighters assigned to stage in a ready position near the entry point of the involved structure. Their purpose is to provide search and rescue for lost or injured firefighters inside the structure. If the fire escalates, the RIC crew should be comprised of four firefighters. Search and Rescue - A minimum of two firefighters assigned to search the structure for victims. The crew locates and removes any victims while the fire attack and ventilation are being completed. Ventilation - A minimum of two firefighters assigned to provide vertical and horizontal ventilation. Ventilation is labor-intensive and time consuming. A crew of four can greatly enhance the completion in an effective and timely manner. Back-up Line - This is the same size as the attack line, but can be larger and staffed with a minimum of two firefighters. The back-up line is used to protect the fire

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 20

attack crew in the event of a flashover or a problem arising with the initial attack crew. Safety Officer - Responsible for making sure that safe firefighting operations are being conducted. Pump operator - Responsible for delivering water pressure to the attack lines. Aerial Operator - This position is responsible for operating the aerial or platform ladder for the purpose of placing personnel and or water streams in elevated positions. Water supply - One or more firefighters responsible for providing uninterrupted water supply to the attack engine. This is accomplished by laying a five-inch supply line. Command - An officer outside the structure and is responsible for coordinating the fire operation.

The critical tasks identified usually occur within the first 5-15 minutes of fire-ground operations. However, in larger more complex incidents such as those involving high- rise buildings, additional personnel and equipment are needed to perform the necessary tasks. In cases such as these, a support alarm may be called an all administrative and staff personnel respond.

Rehab Officer - Responsible for the physical and mental well-being of all personnel operating at the scene of an emergency. Command Aid - A position assigned by the command officer to assist with the retrieval, analysis, and dissemination of communications during complex incidents. Public Information Officer - The Public Information Officer serves as a central source of departmental information and responds to inquires made by the news media and the community. Staging Officer - Officer of the 3rd arriving engine at a high rise incident responsible for organizing all resources awaiting a tactical assignment. Lobby Control - Specialized unit established to provide access control, accountability, and routing inside the building. Base - An area situated away from the incident to provide a staging area for incoming resources. Stairwell Support - Stairwell is responsible for the transport of supplies and equipment to the staging area and initial pressurization of all stairwells.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 21

LOW RISK Minimum Tasks Necessary at a 2,000 Square-Foot Residential Structure Fire Three Engines, 2 trucks, 1 OAC Task No. of Firefighters Company Assigned Attack Line 2 1st Engine on scene Rapid Intervention Team 2 Truck or Engine Search and Rescue 2 Truck Ventilation 2 Truck Backup Line 2 2nd Engine Safety Officer 1 Assigned Pump Operator 2 1st Engine / 2nd Engine Water Supply 1 2nd Engine Aerial Operator (if needed) 1 Truck Command Officer 1 Assistant Chief Total Personnel 16

MODERATE RISK Minimum Tasks Necessary at a three story, Multiple-Unit Apartment Structure Fire, Less than 30 units Three Engines, 2 trucks, 1 OAC, Safety Officer, Rehab Officer Task No. of Firefighters Company Assigned Attack Line 2 1st Engine on scene Rapid Intervention Team 2 Truck or Engine Search and Rescue 4 Truck Ventilation 4 Truck Backup Line 2 2nd Engine / 3rd Engine Safety Officer 1 Support Alarm Pump Operator 2 1st Engine / 2nd Engine Aerial Operator (if needed) 1 Truck Water Supply 1 2nd Engine Command Officer 1 Assistant Chief Rehab Officer 1 Support Alarm Total Personnel 19

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 22

HIGH RISK Minimum Tasks at a High-Rise Structure Fire Four Engines, 2 trucks, 1 OAC, Full Support Alarm Compliment (4) Task No. of Firefighters Company Assigned Attack Line 2 1st Engine on scene Rapid Intervention Team 2 Truck or Engine Search and Rescue 2 Truck Ventilation 2 Truck Backup Line 2 2nd Engine / 3rd Engine Safety Officer 1 Support Alarm Pump Operator 2 1st Engine / 2nd Engine Aerial Operator (if needed) 1 Truck Water Supply 1 4th Engine Command Officer 1 Assistant Chief Rehab Officer 1 Support Alarm Command Aid 1 Support Alarm Public Information Officer 1 Support Alarm Staging Officer 1 3rd Engine Lobby Control 1 3rd Engine Base 1 4th Engine Stairwell Support 1 4th Engine Total Personnel 23

Emergency Medical Critical Tasks

The ability of SCFR to comprise an effective response force when confronted with the need to perform required tasks on an incident involving an emergency medical incident are equally important as those required during a structure fire.

Depending on the nature of the medical emergency, most commonly SCFR will deploy one engine or truck company with at least 3 personnel to all emergency medical incidents. An ALS transport unit from Siouxland Paramedics (SPI) will also be dispatched to the scene. Because of the distribution of fire resources throughout the city, SCFR can generally arrive a few minutes prior to SPI to begin basic-life support measures.

For incidents involving cardiac arrests, there are a set of critical tasks that need to be completed within a certain timeframe to limit the amount of brain death that occurs. The following describes those critical tasks necessary for a patient experiencing cardiac arrest:

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 23

Critical Tasks Associated With Cardiac Arrest Emergencies Critical Task Number of Personnel Supervisor/Safety 1 Airway Management 1 Chest Compressions 1 IV/IO Medication Administration 1 Defibrillation 1 Documentation/Communication 1 Total Personnel 6

These critical tasks are necessary and must be completed within 6 minutes from the onset of the emergency to minimize possible brain death to the patient. Unfortunately, delayed identification and notification of such medical emergencies, coupled with current staffing levels, often results in failure to complete these tasks within the 6 minutes timeframe.

Technical Rescue Critical Tasks

As an all-hazards response agency, SCFR responds to various types of rescues such as high and low angle rope, confined space, vehicle/machinery extrication, trench rescue, structural collapse, and water/ice rescue. Each discipline requires a certain number of personnel to perform unique tasks with the appropriate level of training and equipment to mitigate the emergency. However, there are critical task commonalities with each technical that must be completed in order to safely mitigate the emergency.

 Establish incident command  Control the scene and establish zone boundaries  Identify and control hazards  Develop emergency evacuation plan for responders

Most technical rescue incidents will require a minimum of two apparatus and an operations assistant chief.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 24

Hazmat Critical Tasks

SCFR considers hazardous materials incidents as an actual or threatened uncontrolled release of a hazardous material, its hazardous reaction products or the energy released by its reactions that pose a significant risk to human life and health, property and/or the environment. Assistance provided to a responsible party to absorb spilled wastes at the scene of a motor vehicle accident is not considered cleanup within the normal definition.

SCFR is equipped to provide resources capable of mitigating most hazardous materials incidents within the City boundaries, and the 11 counties that make up the tri-state area. For the purpose of making a distinction between the scope of incidents, proper response, and the appropriate actions to be taken at various types of hazardous material incidents, these incidents will be given designations such as Level I, Level II, Level III, and Level IV. SCFR Hazmat Operational Procedures provide general critical actions necessary to mitigate incident so of each level of hazmat response.

 Level I – Report of a spill less than 20 gallons of common petroleum products

o Response – One engine company as appropriate

 Level II – This level of response is defined as any of the following: a) Report of any amount released from a large capacity tank of 1000 gallons or more of petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel fuel or fuel oil, or b) 20 to 200 gallons actual spill of petroleum products from a smaller container outside of an enclosed structure or building, or c) 10 gallons or more of petroleum products inside a structure, or d) Natural gas leaks inside a structure, or e) Unconfirmed reports of chemical spills, releases, accidents or fires producing hazardous gases, vapors or combustion products.

o Response - Two Engine Companies, one or two truck companies, Assistant Chief, H-4 or H-8 as directed by the Assistant Chief.

 Level III – This level of response is defined as any of the following: a) Report of greater than 200 gallons released of common petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel fuel or fuel oil outside of a structure, greater than 55 gallons inside a structure, or b) or a report by the incident commander that a hazardous material is involved in limited quantities, but sufficient amounts or circumstances requiring the use of chemical protective clothing.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 25

o Response - Two Engine Companies, one or two truck companies, Assistant Chief, H-4 or H-8 as directed by the Assistant Chief.

 Level IV – Report by the IC of hazardous materials or resulting extreme conditions necessitating additional personnel, equipment and/or specially trained personnel.

o Response: Two Engine Companies, one or two truck companies, Assistant Chief, H-4, H-8, additional off duty fire and HazMat personnel as needed starting with the shift just relieved. Additional EMS units as needed, all off-duty Assistant Chiefs, Fire Marshal, Training Officer and PIO.

Generally, the type of event dictates the number of units and firefighters who are sent on the initial response to accomplish the necessary critical tasks and to mitigate the emergency.

Resource Deployment to Typical Emergencies Type of Calls Responding Units Medical Aid, Injury Accident 1 Engine or 1 Squad Unit Outside Fires, Vehicle, Grass, Trash 1 Engine Automatic / General Fire Alarm 1 Engine, 1 Truck 1 Engine, 1 Rescue Engine, 1 AC (rollovers Extrication incl. additional rescue engine) Aircraft Emergency (automatic mutual aid) 2 Engines, 1 Truck, 1 AC Wildland / Urban Interface Fire 2 Engines, 2 Brush/Squad Units, 1 AC Structure Fire (low risk occupancy) 3 Engines, 2 Trucks, 1 AC 1 Investigator 1 Engine, 1 AC, Hazmat Response Team Level II Hazmat (includes 1 Engine, 1 Truck, 1 Hazmat Vehicle) 1 Engine, 1 Truck, 1 AC, 1 Technical Rescue Rope Rescue, Confined Space, Trench Rescue vehicle 1 Engine, 1 Truck, 1 AC, 1 Technical Rescue Structure Collapse vehicle, and USAR Team activation Water Rescue 1 Engine, 1 Truck, 1 Squad Unit, 1 Boat

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 26

RISK ASSESSMENT

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 27

Risk Assessment Methodology

The City must assess risks based upon the potential frequency (probability of an incident occurring) and consequence (potential damage should an event occur). For example, a terrorist act has a low probability; however, if a terrorist act occurs, the damage and the psychological impact are potentially very high. This same outlook regarding risk assessment can also be applied to natural disasters. For example, a tornado generally does not hit the same community every year; but, if it does strike, the damage can be great.

Conversely, medical emergencies occur on a daily basis. The overall potential damage from medical emergencies to the community as a whole is not nearly as significant as that from a tornado or other natural disaster (though these individual incidents greatly affect those requiring the service). To design future deployment strategies, the department must be able to compare the potential frequency and potential damage of events that may affect the community and service area. Risk management is the analysis of the chance of an event occurring and the resulting damage that may occur as a result of that event.

Probability Matrix

High Probability High Probability Low Consequence High Consequence

Low Probability Low Probability Low Consequence High Consequence

The relationships between probability and consequence and the community’s adopted service level goals determine the needed concentration and distribution of resources. Distribution is the number of resources placed throughout the city. Concentration is the number of resources needed in a given area within the city. This varies depending on many factors including the number of events (calls) for service; the risk factors of the area; the availability, reliability, and time of arrival of secondary responding units, etc. A challenge will be to fund the proper balance for the distribution and concentration of resources needed to meet the service level goals today and in the future as the city and the department service areas continue to grow.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 28

Resource Management

A critical element in the assessment of any emergency service delivery system is the ability to provide adequate resources for anticipated fire combat situations, medical emergencies, and other anticipated events. Each emergency requires a variable amount of staffing and resources to be effective. Properly trained and equipped fire companies must arrive, deploy, and mitigate the event within specific time frames if successful emergency event strategies and tactical objectives are to be met. Each event, fire, rescue operation, major medical emergency, disaster response, or other situation will require varying and unique levels of resources. For example, controlling a fire before it has reached its maximum intensity requires a rapid deployment of personnel and equipment within a given time frame. The higher the risk, the more resources needed. For example, more resources are required for the rescue of persons trapped within a high risk building with a high-occupant load, than for a low-risk building with a low-occupant load. Additionally, more resources are required to control fires in large, heavily loaded structures than in small buildings with limited contents.

Creating a level of service requires making decisions regarding the distribution and concentration of resources in relation to the potential demand placed upon them by the level of risk in the community.

The objective is to have a distribution of resources that is able to reach a majority of events in the time frame as stated in the service level goals. There are many factors that make up the risk level, which would indicate the need for higher concentration of resources:  Inability of occupants to take self-preserving actions  Potential economic impact to the community as a whole  Nature of the occupancy  Lack of built-in fire protection  Hazardous structures or contents  Lack of needed fire flow

Evaluation of such risk factors lead to the number of personnel needed to conduct the critical tasks necessary to contain the event in an acceptable time frame. The level of service provided by an agency should be based on the agency’s ability to cope with various types and sizes of emergencies that can be expected after conducting a risk assessment. This process starts with examining the most common community risk, the

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 29 potential fire problem, target hazards, critical infrastructure, and an analysis of historic call data review.

Statistical Information

The City of Sioux City has a population base of approximately 83,000 people. The economic base is comprised of agriculture related processes, medical facilities, and information technology.

Under the direction of the Fire Prevention Bureau, Sioux City Fire Rescue completes approximately 3,000 commercial inspections every year. Majority of these inspections are completed on a fire fighting company-level and are used not only to verify compliance with locally adopted fire codes and identify safety hazards, but also to familiarize fire crews who may be dispatched to an emergency at that location with the building layout and features. When completed with the inspection, crews will assign a risk value to the occupancy based on criteria defined below.

Method Used to Define Building Fire Risk Values

The response area for each fire station is identified as a station district. These districts are a collection of the multiple-fire reference zones which are mapped and split into districts of smaller response zones. When a request for service is received as part of the 911 system, the Communication Center verifies the call location and uses the Computer-Aided Dispatch (CAD) system to identify the required resources to send.

Once the call type has been identified, the predetermined response units are dispatched. For example, a first alarm residential structure fire (low hazard occupancy) will receive three engines, two trucks and one assistant chief (16 personnel). A first alarm high-rise fire (high hazard occupancy) will receive at least four engines, two trucks, a rehab officer/aid, one assistant

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 30 chief and any additional resources to ensure that enough personnel are on scene to accomplish the critical tasks needed to mitigate the incident In addition, a predetermined number of medical units from Siouxland Paramedics are automatically dispatched. This utility allows the dispatcher to dispatch a predetermined fire alarm assignment quickly for the emergency service request.

The department has identified risk hazards for most commercial occupancies within the City of Sioux City, including multi-family (over two) residential structures. This Sioux City model assesses the elements of evacuation capabilities, impacts to the community, unique hazards to firefighters, sprinklers, building usage and construction, and the overall size of the facility. These elements are assessed according to a 1-3 point scale for risk factors and an overall numerical score is achieved for each occupancy. Although it is not an absolute value, the system will provide a measure of objectivity to occupancy risk analysis.

The final score at the end of each analysis determines which risk group the occupancy falls into. Below is a list of the four risk groups along with examples of occupancies that may fall into them.

High Risk – Occupancies that fall into this group generally are at the maximum risk. They have a high probability that a fire will occur, and the losses of that fire will be great. These structures usually lacks built in fire protection features and frequently indicate a fire agency’s need for multiple alarm capability or the ability to concentrate adequate resources to control loss when a fire occurs.

Special Risk – Occupancies in the Special Risk group are those that may or may not have a high score, but based on their inherent risks are assigned as a special category and thus are treated as a high hazard. o Elementary Schools o Prisons o High Schools o Nursing Homes o Hospitals o High-rise buildings (greater than 7 stories)

Moderate Risk – Indicate a high potential for loss of life; however, multiple life/loss potential is a lower consequence. A specific occupancy is classified as a moderate risk when the risk of life loss or damage to property to limited to the occupants. In certain areas such as small apartment complexes, the risk of death or injury may be relatively high. Concentrations of property may vary, but generally will be of limited extent. An example of moderate risk occupancies may include a multi-family housing unit.

Low Risk – This encompasses those occupancies that have a very low risk of fire, with low consequences. An example may be a single family dwelling, small business, or a wildland/urban interface.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 31

As additional information is entered into the reporting software, analysis will take place on an annual basis to update this risk assessment and to further identify responses in the various categories (high/moderate/low hazards).

The risk assessment will continue to be used as part of the “Standards of Cover” document to evaluate the concentration and distribution of resources, in order to provide a response capable of handling all risks within the city of Sioux City.

The results of the risk analysis performed in 2015 revealed the following number of commercial occupancies that fell into each risk category:

o High Risk – 38 o Moderate Risk – 760 o Special Risk - 123 o Low Risk – 2039

The risk analysis form used by companies during the annual inspection is included in Appendix E.

Non-Fire Risk Assessment Methodology

The City utilizes the Woodbury County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan and the Joint Emergency Operations Plan to identify large scale risks such as tornados, floods, hazardous materials releases and other man-made and natural disasters. The department also utilizes other risk assessment methods along with mitigation and response methods to deal with risks that don’t rise to the level of requiring outside partners to respond.

SCFR utilizes Incident Action Plans (IAP’s) for planned events that involve large numbers of people attending the event and where the event presents difficult access due to road closures. Parades and other special events require a Special Event IAP to be prepared and distributed to all SCFR members and also to the Woodbury County Communication Center and the Joint Woodbury County Emergency Management Team members.

Larger events such as Saturday in the Park, Awesome Biker Nights, and Art Splash draw thousands of participants each year. SCFR works with event organizers to develop their own Emergency Plan which is distributed with the SCFR IAP specific for that event. Some events pose special hazards so specialized equipment along with personnel are deployed to the event to monitor hazardous situations and/or provide aid in a timelier manner with special response vehicles or equipment.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 32

Field service projects, such as road construction or repair, that last more than one or two days may have a formal Construction IAP developed by under the direction of the Captain who’s primary response district the project takes place in. The IAP is distributed department-wide and lists critical information such as blocked streets, one way access, working fire hydrants and other response considerations. It is updated on a weekly basis to note any changes.

SCFR assessed the medical needs of the community and found that there was a need for advanced Emergency Medical Services (EMS) within the community. In 2010, SCFR began with one Paramedic Engine company and has increased that number to four paramedic companies when staffing allows. Tuition was paid for some Paramedics to obtain training. In 2014, the costs associated with transitioning members to the Advanced Emergency Medical Technician (AEMT) certification were also covered by the department. The goal is to have AEMTs on those rigs that are not staffed with paramedics. This will enhance the delivery of life saving drugs by every SCFR EMS team that arrives on scene.

SCFR maintains a Regional Hazardous Materials (HazMat) team. The City has contracts with 12 counties in Iowa and one county in Nebraska to provide HazMat response capabilities. SCFR has 33 individuals trained to the Hazardous Materials Technician level. The remainder of the department is trained to the Operations level. In addition, annual Tier II reports for each facility within the 12 counties are retained and the members of the department Hazmat team upload this information to computer software to determine the potential impacts should a chemical release occur.

Sioux City has three major rivers that either border the city and one river and large creek that run through town. Historically, the department had relied upon the U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary to provide water rescue services. However, due to the questionable long-term sustainability of this group, the department purchased a boat in 2011 and trains personnel in swift water rescue in order to be able to affect river and flood water rescues. All personnel are trained at Operations level response with personnel assigned to Fire Station 3 trained to the advanced or Technician level.

In addition, the department consults with City Public Works to anticipate future flood water impacts. This information is used to provide guidance to affected residents and develop internal IAPs which crews use to determine hazards, route of travel, etc.

There is a large public park with a lake as well as other smaller waterways that freeze over during the winter so the threat of people falling through the ice was seen as another hazard. Ice rescue equipment was secured through a grant and purchased. All SCFR personnel are trained in basic or Operations Ice Rescue with personnel at Fire Station 3 trained to an advance or Technician level.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 33

HISTORICAL RESPONSE DATA

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 34

Total Response Data

As with majority of other emergency services nationwide, SCFR has had a steady increase of call volume over the past 10 years, from 5,779 total calls in 2006 to 8,275 calls for service in 2015 (+30%). On average, SCFR has responded to over 21 calls per day over the past three years.

2002-2015 Total Incidents 9000

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

Number Number ofIncidents 2000

1000

0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

2002-2015 Total Responses 12000

11000

10000

9000

8000 Number Number ofResponses 7000

6000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 35

Fires The frequency of fires with SCFR jurisdiction has remain relatively steady, with the exception of wildland fires in which SCFR has saw a dramatic increase in 2012.

Fire Frequency 2006-2015 140

120

100 Residential 80 Misc/Other 60 Vehicle Wildland 40 Number ofFires Commercial 20 0 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

The majority of structure fires occur in residential structures. Within residential structures, the highest percentage of fires occurs in one− or two−family homes, as opposed to multifamily residential structures such as apartment buildings or condominium complexes. Among non−residential structures, the majority of fires occur in storage facilities, followed by businesses (office buildings, stores, banks, etc.), assembly (meeting places, churches, libraries, museums, etc.) and industrial structures.

Fire Frequency by Occupancy Type 2006-2015 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Residential Storage Mercantile, Business Assembly Industrial Health Care Education Outside/Other

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 36

Number of Fire Casulties 2006-2015 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Civilian Injuries Civilian Deaths FF Injuries FF Deaths

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 37

Emergency Medical Services

As is the case of other fire departments across the nation, the largest percentage of emergency calls in Sioux City is for emergency medical services (EMS). Over the past 10 years, approximately 75% of all incidents are for EMS services.

Since 2010, SCFR has been considered a conditional-paramedic service, and offers both Basic Life Support (BLS) service, and, when available, Advanced Life Support (ALS services). The ALS service is only available when a response unit is staffed with at least one paramedic / fire fighter and supplied with the necessary ALS equipment. As additional personnel have become training to the paramedic level and additional equipment purchased, more response units will become ALS providers.

EMS Call Frequency 2006 -2015 7000 6000

5000

4000 ALS 3000 BLS 2000

1000 No.of Incidents 0 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Results of AED Use 2006-2015

60 50 40 30 20 10

TotalNumber of Calls 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Success Rate 22% 14% 17% 31% 13% 27% 19% 21% 9% 29% No Pulse Regained 29 48 24 33 28 22 17 23 20 15 Pulse Regained 8 8 5 15 4 8 4 6 2 6

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 38

Hazardous Materials

SCFR considers hazardous materials incidents as an actual or threatened uncontrolled release of a hazardous material, its hazardous reaction products or the energy released by its reactions that pose a significant risk to human life and health, property and/or the environment. Assistance provided to a responsible party to absorb spilled wastes at the scene of a motor vehicle accident is not normally considered a hazmat incident within the normal definition. However, the following chart does include those types of incidents. On average, 159 hazardous materials or fuel cleanup incidents have occurred each year since 2002, resulting in nearly 3 such incidents every week.

Hazardous Materials Incidents 2006-2015 180 160

140 120 100 80 60

No.of Incidents 40 20 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 39

Mutual Aid

SCFR has entered into mutual aid agreements (28E) with other agencies for general emergency response, including neighboring communities in nine northwest Iowa counties for hazardous materials response. On average, three mutual aid responses (given or received) occur each year.

Mutual Aid Frequency 2006-2015

7

6 5 4 Aid Given 3 Aid Received 2

1 Number ofIncidents 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Miscellaneous Calls

A large number of responses occur each year due to unintentional alarm activations and system malfunctions (false alarms). In addition, there are a large number of other responses due to smoke scares, lockouts, etc. (other responses). The intent is to show probability of a call—other than a call type previously demonstrated— occurring.

Miscellaneous Call Frequency 2006-2015 1600 1400 1200 537 534 593 673 719 1000 566 513 634 469 505 800 258 197 164 180 600 148 140 149 162 119 171 400 604 620 560 200 490 538 541 528 528 553 528 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

False Alarm Hazardous Condition Other

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 40

Socio-Economic Factors

In addition to analyzing individual commercial occupancies and historical call volume, SCFR has begun analyzing the relationship of fires to socio- economic factors such as demographics, economic, housing, as well as other socio-economic factors such as per capita income, the percent of population living below poverty line, and unemployment rates.

The most important reason for this analysis is that socio- economic factors are among the best known predictors of fire rates at the neighborhood level. Studies indicate that such factors have a direct relationship on the number and severity of fire incidents. Fires occur disproportionately in areas which are economically depressed and are directly linked to the ability to afford appropriate housing, fire safety devices, and lack of general maintenance. All are contributing factors to higher rates of fire in areas with lower per capita income.

Although a comprehensive study is still underway, SCFR is taking steps to decrease the number of fires in areas that have statistically shown a higher number of fire related incidents. In 2011, SCFR announced a new free three-step fire safety program. The S.A.F.E. Home program includes a home fire and safety guide book, a free voluntary home fire safety inspection and if needed, SCFR will install up to two duel-sensor smoke alarms in any home at no cost to the homeowner. The goal of this program is to educate the public about the dangers of fire, and to ultimately minimize the loss of life and property in residential occupancies that may not be able to afford smoke detectors. Since 2011, SCFR has installed 800 smoke alarms through this program.

In addition, it was recognized that a unique opportunity exists to document the existence and functionality of home’s smoke alarms while SCFR is there for another reason such as an emergency or non-emergency incident. Therefore, in 2011 SCFR began checking the battery of each existing smoke alarm, and either replacing the battery or the providing a new unit if a smoke alarm could not be found. This is done if time permits, and the results are documented. Since 2011, SCFR has replaced 357 batteries and installed 468 smoke detectors while on an emergency or non-emergency reponse.

This list is cross-referenced to each structure fire to determine if SCFR had been present in the home and if the detectors aided in the discovery of the fire.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 41

SCFR Smoke Alarm Programs 0 100 200 300 400 500 600

2012 357 68 58

Alarms installed - Safe Home 2013 94 84 67 Alarms Installed During Incident

2014 118 134 91 Batteries Installed During Incident

2015 231 182 141

In order to expand upon these successful programs, SCFR implemented a pilot program in 2015 called “Return to the Scene”. Most successful programs occur when participants feel directly affected by a specific stimulus, which in this case is a structure fire in a particular neighborhood. The “Return to the Scene Program” is designed to canvas a neighborhood after a fire and ensure that homes located in this area are equipped with working smoke alarms. If no contact is made with the resident, a flyer is left informing them of the visit, and what actions are recommended to ensure the safety of all persons that reside in the home.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 42

SCFR SERVICE LEVEL GOALS

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 43

Benchmarks/Baselines

The accreditation model has developed a benchmark/baseline process. The benchmark (what the department is striving to accomplish as stated in the Concentration and Distribution Policy statements) and the baseline (minimal level of performance as outlined in the accreditation process, which is 70% of the established benchmark), provide for a range of performance within each category. The performance is focused on those calls deemed emergent Code 3, light and siren responses only. This allows an agency to provide a percentile analysis for each area of response related to the benchmark of performance as outlined in the accreditation model. For the purpose of accreditation, an agency’s performance should fall within the ranges provided up to the baseline time frame. The purpose of the Standards of Cover is to show the benchmark and baseline for those areas of analysis with the objective to eventually meet the benchmark in each of those areas. If in the future the benchmarks change within the accreditation model, or as a result of consistently meeting the previously established benchmarks, the document will be adjusted to reflect the change and begin to measure accordingly.

Call Processing

The City of Sioux City utilizes the Woodbury County Communications Center (WCCC) to provide dispatching services and does not have direct control over dispatching procedures and/or policies. However, SCFR maintains a close relationship with WCCC had has influence over operational procedures to ensure the appropriate emergency units are dispatched in a timely manner and the most relevant information in gathered during the call processing timeframe. The goal for call processing is to gather the necessary information and dispatch the appropriate unit within 60 seconds from receipt of the call.

Turnout Time

Turnout time is defined as the interval between the activation of station and/or company alerting devices and the time when the responding crew is aboard the apparatus and the apparatus is beginning to roll toward the call as noted by the mobile computer terminal or notifies dispatch by voice that the company is responding. The benchmark, as outlined in the accreditation model, is currently 60 seconds for medical emergencies and 80 seconds for emergencies that require personnel to don personal protective equipment prior to boarding the apparatus. Such calls would include any type of fire, vehicle accidents, or technical rescues.

In the process of analyzing turnout times to gauge departmental performance, it became clear the turnout times reported in the computer aided-dispatch (CAD) system did not correlate to the actual turnout time, as periodically measured with a stopwatch. On

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 44 average, a 20 second deviation was noted. Once the deviation is completely understood, steps and or processes will be modified to ensure that accurate times are reflected in the reports.

Travel Time

Travel time is defined as the point at which the responding apparatus signals the dispatch center that they are responding to the alarm and ends when the responding unit notifies the dispatcher of its arrival on scene (via voice or mobile computer terminal notification). Currently, the accreditation model includes 4 different benchmark times for first due units based according to the population density of the service area. Sioux City comprises of all 4 population densities, and has adopted response time benchmarks for 1st due, 2nd due, and effective response force.

What is an Effective Response Force

SCFR considers an effective response force as the minimum amount of staffing and equipment required to meet a specific emergency within a targeted travel or driving time. It should be able to handle the typical emergency medical incident or fire that is reported shortly after it starts and is within the maximum prescribed travel time for the type of medical emergency or risk level of the structure.

Considering the fire department cannot hold fire or other risks to zero or successfully resuscitate every patient, SCFR’s response objective should find a balance among effectiveness, efficiency, and reliability, which will keep community risk at a reasonable level. At the same time, the department should yield the maximum life and property savings and provide for the safety of the personnel on scene.

Total Response Time (1st Due Unit) in Minutes (Cumulative) RESPONSE TIME Ignite & Detection Notify Call Process Dispatch Turnout Travel On Burn (:30) (:30) (1:00) Time (1:00) (1:00) (4:00) Scene :00 :30 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 8:00 8:00 Cardiac Brain death starts in 4 to 6 minutes Death Arrest

Response Reliability

Response reliability is defined as the probability that the required amount of staffing and apparatus will be available when a fire or emergency call is received. The response reliability of the fire department would be 100 percent if every piece of its apparatus were

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 45 available every time an emergency call was received. In reality, there are times when a call is received for a particular company but the company is unavailable due to other emergency calls in the district, training, or other reasons. This requires a substitute company (second-due) to be assigned from another station. As the number of emergency calls per day increases, so does the probability that a needed piece of apparatus will already be busy when a call is received. Consequently, the response reliability of the fire department for that company decreases, which will have an impact on department travel times to emergencies.

Service Level Goals

Service level goals are established based upon federal and state legislation, such as 2 In/2 Out, federal and state OSHA requirements, ISO grading schedule, national standards such as NFPA 1710, and best practices found in the Center for Public Safety Excellence (CPSE) agency accreditation process. The service level goals identified for the City are based upon the events the fire department is called to respond to and the service provided by the fire department. These service goals are the benchmark of performance in respect to travel times, but do not measure other aspects of performance such as resuscitation efforts or fire loss statistics.

In order to translate the efforts of SCFR into terms that the public and policymakers in the community can evaluate, they must be defined in measurable terms. A common term used in the evaluation of the fire service is "level of service," which is defined as:

The resources needed to meet stated service level goals. Level of service is defined only in terms of what is provided and not in terms of effectiveness or of the quality of the service provided.

As the magnitude of emergencies range from small to catastrophic, the requirements for resources can vary greatly. A high-risk area could require a timely deployment of more fire companies for several reasons. More resources are required for the possible rescue of persons trapped within a high-risk building with a high-occupant load as compared to a low- risk building with a low-occupant load. More resources are required to control fires in large, heavily loaded structures than are needed for small buildings with limited contents. Therefore, creating a level of service consists of the analysis made regarding the distribution and concentration of resources needed in relation to the potential demand placed upon them by the level of community risk.

The department’s response and deployment standards are based upon the various population densities found within city limits, which include:

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 46

 Metropolitan (over 3000 persons per square mile)  Urban (2000-3000 persons per square mile)  Suburban (1000-2000 persons per square mile)  Rural (less than 1000 persons per square mile)

Distribution Policy Statement (Benchmark)

As defined by the CPSE, distribution is the locating of geographically-distributed first-due resources for all-risk initial intervention. These station location(s) are needed to assure rapid deployment to minimize and terminate average, routine emergencies. Distribution is measured by the percent of the jurisdiction that is covered by the first-due units within adopted public policy.

For 90 percent of all emergency incidents, the first-due unit staffed with at least 2 firefighters and 1 officer, shall arrive within the following total response times and be capable of advancing the first line for fire control or starting rescue when a life hazard is present.

Population Call Response Time Density Handling1 Turnout Time Travel Time (Turnout + Travel) Metro 1:00 01:20 04:00 06:20 Urban 1:00 01:20 04:00 06:20 Suburban 1:00 01:20 05:00 07:20 Rural 1:00 01:20 10:00 12:20 1 Call Handling provided by outside entity (Woodbury County Communications Center)

SCFR will continue to focus on the turnout and travel times in an effort to reduce the overall response time. The goal is to have a turnout time equal to or less than 60 seconds for medical emergencies, and 80 seconds for calls requiring responders to don personal protective clothing prior to boarding the apparatus.

Concentration Policy Statements (Benchmark)

Concentration addresses the spacing of multiple resources arranged (close enough together) so that an initial “effective response force” can be assembled on scene within a specified time frame. An initial effective response force is that which will most likely stop the escalation of an emergency in a specific risk type.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 47

For 90 percent of all emergency incidents, the second-due unit staffed with at least 2 firefighters and 1 officer, shall arrive within the following response times be able to provide an uninterrupted water supply of at least 400 GPM.

Population Call Response Time Density Handling1 Turnout Time Travel Time (Turnout + Travel) Metro 1:00 01:20 08:00 10:20 Urban 1:00 01:20 08:00 10:20 Suburban 1:00 01:20 08:00 10:20 Rural 1:00 01:20 14:00 16:20 1 Call Handling provided by outside entity (Woodbury County Communications Center)

For 90 percent of all incidents, or low-risk structure fires, requiring an effective response force (ERF), an ERF shall arrive within the following response times and be able to provide 1,500 GPM for firefighting.

Population Call Response Time Density Handling1 Turnout Time Travel Time (Turnout + Travel) Metro 1:00 01:20 08:00 10:20 Urban 1:00 01:20 08:00 10:20 Suburban 1:00 01:20 10:00 12:20 Rural 1:00 01:20 14:00 16:20 1 Call Handling provided by outside entity (Woodbury County Communications Center)

For 90 percent of all medium risk structure fires, an ERF shall arrive within the following response times and be able to provide 1,500 GPM for firefighting along with rehab and a dedicated safety officer.

Population Call Response Time Density Handling1 Turnout Time Travel Time (Turnout + Travel) Metro 1:00 01:20 12:00 14:20 Urban 1:00 01:20 12:00 14:20 Suburban 1:00 01:20 14:00 16:20 Rural 1:00 01:20 18:00 20:20 1 Call Handling provided by outside entity (Woodbury County Communications Center)

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 48

For 90 percent of all high risk structure fires, an ERF shall arrive within the following response times and be able to provide 1,500 GPM for firefighting along with full support alarm functions which include Rehab, Safety Officer, Public Information, and a Command Aid.

Population Call Response Time Density Handling1 Turnout Time Travel Time (Turnout + Travel) Metro 1:00 01:20 16:00 18:20 Urban 1:00 01:20 16:00 18:20 Suburban 1:00 01:20 18:00 20:20 Rural 1:00 01:20 22:00 24:20 1 Call Handling provided by outside entity (Woodbury County Communications Center)

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 49

DEPARTMENT PERFORMANCE TO GOALS

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 50

Performance Analysis

The following tables reflect the department’s response time performance for various types of emergencies. These performances only represent those calls in which apparatus respond code 3 (lights and sirens) throughout the entirety of the response, and are not cancelled enroute by units that may have already arrived on scene.

Medical Emergencies

SCFR provides a minimum of Basic Life Support (BLS) services, and, when available based on equipment and staffing, Advanced Life Support (ALS) services. Typically, one engine or truck company is dispatched for medical emergencies and usually arrives prior to the ambulance transport service.

Pop. Medical Emergencies Goal 2013-2015 2015 2014 2013 Density Metro 01:00 02:48 01:23 01:42 03:01 Alarm Pickup to Urban 01:00 02:20 01:31 01:48 02:57 Handling Dispatch Suburban 01:00 02:28 01:36 01:43 03:04 Rural 01:00 02:30 01:30 01:42 03:00 Metro 01:00 01:54 01:51 01:56 01:50 Turnout Urban 01:00 01:54 01:48 01:58 01:53 1st Due Unit Time Suburban 01:00 01:53 01:52 01:55 01:44 Rural 01:00 01:50 01:47 01:54 01:46 Metro 04:00 04:22 04:42 04:22 04:17 Travel 1st Due Unit Urban 04:00 04:38 04:41 04:36 04:27 Time Distribution Suburban 05:00 05:11 05:11 04:52 05:25 Rural 10:00 05:46 06:11 05:25 05:44 Metro 06:00 07:30 06:46 06:40 07:40 1st Unit on Total Urban 06:00 07:25 06:47 07:10 07:57 Scene Response Distribution Suburban 07:00 07:43 07:19 07:16 08:17 Rural 12:00 08:30 08:08 07:58 09:02

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 51

Fire Alarms

For a typical fire alarm to a residential or commercial occupancy, SCFR dispatches one engine and one truck company to investigate the cause of the alarm.

Pop. Fire Alarms Goal 2013-2015 2015 2014 2013 Density Metro 01:00 01:48 01:07 01:10 01:56

Alarm Pickup to Urban 01:00 01:15 00:58 01:13 01:19 Handling Dispatch Suburban 01:00 01:44 01:25 01:55 02:03 Rural 01:00 01:32 01:22 01:27 01:41 Metro 01:20 02:13 02:07 02:16 02:03

Turnout st Urban 01:20 02:05 01:50 02:02 02:09 1 Due Unit Time Suburban 01:20 02:13 02:11 02:14 02:15 Rural 01:20 02:10 02:10 02:10 02:07 Metro 04:00 04:08 04:35 04:32 04:27

1st Due Unit Urban 04:00 05:25 05:31 06:12 05:15 Distribution Suburban 05:00 04:45 05:09 04:55 03:55

Travel Rural 10:00 06:19 06:10 06:46 06:07 Time Metro 08:00 05:36 07:53 08:00 06:41

2nd Due Unit Urban 08:00 07:47 08:09 08:01 07:10 Concentration Suburban 08:00 06:08 06:14 05:55 06:06 Rural 14:00 09:21 09:47 08:13 09:33 Metro 06:20 06:36 06:41 07:12 06:56 st 1 Unit on Urban 06:20 08:13 07:55 08:19 08:53 Scene Total Distribution Suburban 07:20 07:17 07:15 07:34 07:12 Response Rural 12:20 08:40 08:19 09:31 08:34 (Alarm + Turnout + Metro 10:20 09:10 11:07 10:17 09:39 Travel) 2nd Due Unit Urban 10:20 10:00 10:02 09:57 09:20 Concentration Suburban 10:20 08:39 08:16 08:50 08:36 Rural 16:20 12:01 12:08 10:50 12:21

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 52

Structure Fires

For confirmed structure fires, SCFR dispatches at least three engines, two trucks, and one operations assistant chief.

Pop. Structure Fires Goal 2013-2015 2015 2014 2013 Density Metro 01:00 01:33 01:00 01:01 01:19 Alarm Pickup to Urban 01:00 00:55 00:38 00:38 00:44 Handling Dispatch Suburban 01:00 01:25 01:03 00:39 01:46 Rural 01:00 01:12 00:53 01:35 01:34 Metro 01:20 02:15 02:13 02:13 02:13

Turnout st Urban 01:20 02:13 02:08 01:59 02:24 1 Due Unit Time Suburban 01:20 01:49 01:46 01:54 01:37 Rural 01:20 02:11 02:24 01:58 01:45 Metro 04:00 03:34 04:20 03:40 03:24 1st Due Unit Urban 04:00 03:32 03:38 02:49 03:25 Distribution Suburban 05:00 03:33 03:11 05:27 03:33 Travel Rural 10:00 06:17 05:53 09:49 06:17 Time Metro 08:00 09:23 10:01 09:24 09:01 ERF Urban 08:00 08:50 08:22 08:45 08:29 Concentration Suburban 10:00 10:01 08:54 10:33 07:58 Rural 14:00 10:26 10:07 10:26 07:48 Metro 06:20 06:24 06:36 05:46 06:23 st 1 Unit on Urban 06:20 05:52 05:40 05:26 05:54 Scene Total Distribution Suburban 07:20 05:39 04:52 05:39 06:13 Response Rural 12:20 08:30 08:27 08:31 08:01 (Alarm + Turnout + Metro 10:20 11:48 12:01 11:44 11:52 Travel) ERF on Scene Urban 10:20 10:45 10:22 10:32 10:08 Concentration Suburban 12:20 13:02 12:22 13:34 10:08 Rural 16:20 13:31 13:10 13:31 09:43

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 53

Other Fires

Other fires include vehicle, grass, brush, trash, and dumpster fires. Most often, only one engine is dispatched to these types of incidents, and upon arrival, additional units are then requested if the emergency dictates.

Pop. Other Fires Goal 2013-2015 2015 2014 2013 Density Metro 01:00 01:27 00:53 01:37 01:25 Alarm Pickup to Urban 01:00 01:32 01:00 00:54 01:38 Handling Dispatch Suburban 01:00 01:18 01:29 01:13 ND Rural 01:00 01:14 01:04 00:55 01:40 Metro 01:20 01:50 02:03 01:49 01:49

Turnout st Urban 01:20 01:49 02:18 01:45 01:29 1 Due Unit Time Suburban 01:20 02:09 01:51 02:13 03:38 Rural 01:20 02:11 02:01 02:32 01:57 Metro 04:00 04:04 05:32 05:15 04:00 1st Due Unit Urban 04:00 04:59 06:26 04:01 05:00 Distribution Suburban 05:00 05:05 05:02 05:33 02:35 Travel Rural 10:00 07:35 07:47 04:28 09:03 Time Metro 08:00 03:25 05:51 ND ND 2nd Due Unit Urban 08:00 05:33 06:40 ND ND Concentration Suburban 10:00 06:21 06:19 ND ND Rural 14:00 08:47 07:58 ND ND Metro 06:20 05:52 07:55 07:41 05:52 st 1 Unit on Urban 06:20 06:40 08:19 06:31 06:40 Scene Total Distribution Suburban 07:20 06:58 06:47 07:43 06:12 Response Rural 12:20 09:43 10:03 07:12 11:05 (Alarm + Turnout + Metro 10:20 06:01 09:52 ND ND Travel) 2nd Due Unit Urban 10:20 07:32 09:21 ND ND Concentration Suburban 12:20 08:18 08:45 ND ND Rural 16:20 10:07 09:28 ND ND * Notes: “ND” indicates that data is not available or insufficient for analysis given the category

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 54

Other Emergencies

Other emergencies include all other incidents not previously mention that require responders to don the appropriate PPE prior to going enroute. Such incidents include, but not limited to, vehicle accidents, hazmat release investigations, carbon monoxide alarms, wires down, report of smoke in an area).

Pop. Other Emergencies Goal 2013-2015 2015 2014 2013 Density Metro 01:00 01:38 01:32 01:24 01:47 Alarm Pickup to Urban 01:00 01:49 00:52 01:28 02:16 Handling Dispatch Suburban 01:00 01:30 01:29 01:10 01:52 Rural 01:00 01:50 01:32 01:51 02:46 Metro 01:20 02:09 02:03 02:16 02:07

Turnout st Urban 01:20 02:08 02:03 02:00 02:06 1 Due Unit Time Suburban 01:20 02:08 02:07 01:59 02:13 Rural 01:20 02:09 02:01 02:12 02:07 Metro 04:00 04:24 04:49 04:32 04:29 1st Due Unit Urban 04:00 05:10 04:45 05:51 04:59 Distribution Suburban 05:00 05:31 05:38 05:26 05:21 Travel Rural 10:00 05:59 06:09 05:57 05:56 Time Metro 08:00 05:37 05:51 05:56 05:37 2nd Due Unit Urban 08:00 06:16 06:07 05:25 06:41 Concentration Suburban 10:00 07:11 05:55 06:49 08:20 Rural 14:00 08:39 08:00 07:54 09:43 Metro 06:20 07:01 06:55 07:15 07:03 st 1 Unit on Urban 06:20 08:01 06:31 07:35 08:11 Scene Total Distribution Suburban 07:20 08:03 08:39 07:28 08:54 Response Rural 12:20 08:45 07:55 08:28 08:59 (Alarm + Turnout + Metro 10:20 08:39 08:25 08:47 08:41 Travel) 2nd Due Unit Urban 10:20 09:13 08:07 08:27 09:31 Concentration Suburban 12:20 09:30 07:41 08:31 10:07 Rural 16:20 11:07 10:22 10:37 12:58

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 55

Vehicle Extrication

SCFR typically dispatches one engine company to vehicle accidents when possible injuries are reported. However, for vehicle accidents involving a rollover or any other instance where specialized equipment is likely needed, two additional rescue engines equipped with shoring and extrication equipment and an operations assistant chief are dispatched. Because SCFR only staffs two rescue engines, the ERF response time goals are established to account for the time necessary for the first arriving unit to determine if extrication is needed, and the increase distance each rescue engine may be called to travel. Due to the relatively small number of this type of technical rescue incident that occur on an annual basis, the following table does not further breakdown each occurrence based on population density.

. Vehicle Extrication Goal 2013-2015 2015 2014 2013 Number of Incidents 36 12 13 11

Alarm Handling Pickup to Dispatch 01:00 02:18 01:18 01:57 03:01

Turnout Time 1st Due Unit 01:20 01:49 01:29 01:33 02:48

1st Due Unit 10:00 04:41 04:45 03:30 05:32 Distribution Travel Time ERF 14:00 11:15 08:18 08:46 12:54 Concentration

1st Unit on Scene 12:20 07:19 06:55 06:56 08:38 Total Response Distribution (Alarm + Turnout + ERF on Scene Travel) 16:20 14:32 10:20 10:16 16:46 Concentration * Notes: “ND” indicates that data is not available or insufficient for analysis given the category

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 56

Technical Rescue

Technical Rescue incidents include high and low angle rope rescue, trench rescue, confined space, structural collapse, and water/ice rescue. Because SCFR only staffs two rescue engines and the dedicated technical rescue apparatus utilizes an adaptive staffing concept, the ERF response time goals are established to account for the increase distance each specialized response apparatus may be called to travel. Due to the relatively small number of technical rescue incidents that occur on an annual basis, the following table does not further breakdown each occurrence based on population density.

Technical Rescue Goal 2013-2015 2015 2014 2013 Number of Incidents 8 4 2 2

Alarm Handling Pickup to Dispatch 01:00 01:29 00:53 01:34 00:56

Turnout Time 1st Due Unit 01:20 02:11 01:25 01:50 00:56

1st Due Unit 10:00 03:11 03:59 13:01 06:02 Distribution Travel Time ERF 14:00 12:54 13:36 ND 16:15 Concentration

1st Unit on Scene 12:20 06:36 05:11 14:40 12:24 Total Response Distribution (Alarm + Turnout + Travel) ERF on Scene 16:20 16:46 16:27 ND 17:13 Concentration * Notes: “ND” indicates that data is not available or insufficient for analysis given the category

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 57

Hazardous Materials

SCFR considers hazardous materials incidents as an actual or threatened uncontrolled release of a hazardous material, its hazardous reaction products or the energy released by its reactions that pose a significant risk to human life and health, property and/or the environment. Assistance provided to a responsible party to absorb spilled wastes at the scene of a motor vehicle accident is not considered cleanup within the normal definition. Most often, an initial engine company will be dispatched to the scene of a reported hazardous materials release to investigate. Upon discovery of a release, the initial engine company will request a hazardous materials response team which includes the hazardous materials response unit, and an additional engine, truck, and command vehicle. Due to the relatively small number of hazardous materials incidents that occur on an annual basis, the following table does not further breakdown each occurrence based on population density.

Hazardous Materials Goal 2013-2015 2015 2014 2013 Number of Incidents 14 5 4 5

Alarm Handling Pickup to Dispatch 01:00 02:24 00:58 01:11 01:59

Turnout Time All Units 01:20 01:40 01:57 01:26 01:04

1st Due Unit 10:00 06:46 06:44 03:13 06:08 Distribution Travel Time ERF 14:00 23:12 26:18 09:25 12:58 Concentration

1st Unit on Scene 12:20 08:29 08:27 05:45 08:34 Total Response Distribution (Alarm + Turnout + Travel) ERF on Scene1 37:40 43:45 11:37 12:40 42:21 Concentration 1 ERF On Scene goal is calculated by adding 10 minutes for the 1st due unit to determine the existence of a hazardous materials release, request the needed resources, and the turnout and travel time of the hazardous materials response team.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 58

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 59

Response Reliability

Between 2011-2015, SCFR had a city-wide response reliability above 91%; however, this rate has been steadily decreasing since 2012. It is not yet clear the root cause of the decrease and further analysis will continue to determine what corrective actions may be necessary.

100% 99% 98% 97% 96% 95% District 94% 1 93% 3 92% 4 91% 5 90% 6 89% 88% 7 87% 8 86% City-Wide 85% 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 60

STATION ANALYSIS

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 61

Station Analysis

A critical factor in developing a Standards of Cover is to look at the overall system to see if agency is meeting the established service level objects. A common method of accomplishing this is to break down each respond district. This approach allows the fire department to analyze the workload and measure the performance of those stations based upon the identified service level objectives. Doing so will assist the department to identify any areas of weakness, where additional stations may be warranted, or additional companies should be placed in service based upon the workload.

The following pages provide a breakdown of each city station and provide an analysis for the companies’ first-in response area. Performance measures are based upon the service level objectives and other workload indicators such as the total number of calls each apparatus responded to, occupancies inspected, and hydrants maintained in 2013.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 62

Station No. 1 – 315 9th Street

Apparatus

o Staffed units (No. personnel): Engine (3), Truck (4), Assistant Chief (1) o Additional equipment/services: Reserve Truck, Technical Rescue Vehicle, Squad Unit, Off-Road Response ATV, Utility Vehicle, Breathing Air Trailer, SCBA Maintenance and Testing equipment, department Storeroom.

Workload Indicators (2015)

o Total incident responses (Engine 1): 1,788 o Total incident responses (Truck 1): 1,717 o Total incident responses (Chief 19): 328 o Total occupancies inspected: 364 o Total hydrants inspected: 69

Station No. 3 – 2630 3rd Street

Apparatus

o Staffed units (No. personnel): Engine (3), Truck (4) o Additional equipment housed: Wildland Firefighting ATV, Squad Vehicle, Water Rescue Boat, Backup Ambulance, Training Academy

Workload Indicators (2015)

o Total incident responses (Engine 3): 772 o Total incident responses (Truck 3): 859 o Total occupancies inspected: 480 o Total hydrants inspected: 68

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 63

Station No. 4 – 3109 Dearborn Boulevard

Apparatus

o Staffed units (No. personnel): Engine (3) o Additional equipment/services: Hazardous Materials Response Unit, Hazmat Decontamination Trailer, Mobile Communications Unit

Workload Indicators (2015)

o Total incident responses: 1,226 o Total occupancies inspected: 315 o Total hydrants inspected: 79

Station No. 5 – 4729 Southern Hills Drive

Apparatus

o Staffed units (No. personnel): Engine (3) o Additional equipment/services: PPE Cleaning and Maintenance equipment

Workload Indicators (2015)

o Total incident responses: 927 o Total occupancies inspected: 488 o Total hydrants inspected: 142

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 64

Station No. 6 – 4203 Morningside Avenue

Apparatus

o Staffed units (No. personnel): Engine (3) o Additional Equipment / Services: BLS/ALS Training

Workload Indicators (2015)

o Total incident responses: 1,161 o Total occupancies inspected: 499 o Total hydrants inspected: 144

Station No. 7 – 3252 Floyd Boulevard

Apparatus

o Staffed units (No. personnel): Engine (3) o Additional equipment/services: Reserve Engine, hose and nozzle repair center.

Workload Indicators (2015)

o Total incident responses: 1070 o Total occupancies inspected: 405 o Total hydrants inspected: 134

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 65

Station No. 8 – 3829 W. 19th Street

Apparatus

o Staffed units (No. personnel): Engine/Hazmat Combination Apparatus (3) o Additional equipment/services: Reserve Engine

Workload Indicators (2015)

o Total incident responses: 834 o Total occupancies inspected: 406 o Total hydrants inspected: 83

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 66

RECOMMENDATIONS

Tracking and understanding Socio-economic factors

Socio-economic factors such as per capita income, the percent of population living below poverty line, and unemployment rates are factors that should be taken into account when assessing community risk. The most important reason is that socioeconomic factors are among the best known predictors of fire rates at the neighborhood level. Studies indicate that such factors have a direct relationship on the number and severity of fire incidents. Fires occur disproportionately in areas, which are economically depressed and are directly linked to the ability to afford appropriate housing, fire safety devices, and lack of general maintenance. All are contributing factors to higher rates of fire in areas with lower per capita income. Currently, the City of Sioux City does not track socio-economic status within the city boundaries. All available demographic statistics are derived from the US Census Bureau and are not specific to individual neighborhoods or fire districts. However, obtaining, tracking, and understanding this data would greatly enhance SCFR’s ability to identify community risks.

Improving Turnout Times

According to an analysis of the department’s overall turnout time in 2013 for code 3 emergent calls, SCFR met the 1 minute benchmark approximately 60 percent of the time. In an effort to improve the degree of reliability to the goal of 90 percent, the department collaborated with the Woodbury County Communications Center and in March 2014 dispatch policies were revised and countup clocks installed at select fire stations. As a result, turnout times for 2015 improved to 1 minute 80 percent of the time for code 3 responses to emergency medical calls. To capitalize on the success, countup clocks have been installed at each SCFR fire station.

Additional Resources

With the expansion of city limits extending south of the airport into the newly acquired Southbridge Development area, it is foreseeable that provisions need to be made to address calls for emergency services in this area. Currently, Station 5 is the nearest fire station to this area with an expected first-due unit travel time of over 10 minutes. SCFR has updated its automatic aid agreement with the 185th Air National Guard fire department, which can meet the benchmark goals for 1st arriving rig. Mutual training is being set up to ensure equipment and procedures integrate seamlessly on automatic aid calls in this area of town. In addition, SCFR has included a new fire station in this area as part of the Capital Improvement Program, with an anticipated completion date of 2020.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | 67

APPENDICES

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | A

APPENDIX A City of Sioux City Organizational Chart

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | B

APPENDIX B Sioux City Fire Rescue Organizational Chart

Sioux City Fire Rescue Organizational Chart

Chief and Support Staff Operations Branch Administrative Branch Progress Team Informal Communications

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | B

APPENDIX B LISTING OF ALL FIRE DEPARTMENT POSITIONS

Administration (4) o (1) Chief o (1) Assistant Chief o (2) Civilian Support Staff

Fire Prevention Bureau (4) o (1) Fire Marshal o (2) Lieutenant o (1) Civilian Support Staff

Training Office (1) o (1) Captain

Suppression (105) o (3) Assistant Chief o (9) Captain o (18) Lieutenant o (75) Firefighters

Totals o (1) Chief o (4) Assistant Chief o (1) Fire Marshal o (10) Captain o (20) Lieutenants o (75) Firefighters o (3) Civilian Support Staff o (111) Total Uniformed Personnel o (3) Total Support Staff

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | C

APPENDIX C DISTRICT MAPS

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | D

APPENDIX D Station GIS Analysis

4 minute travel model

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | D

5 minute travel model

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | E

APPENDIX E Risk Analysis

The purpose of the Risk Analysis is to quantitatively assess the commercial structures in Sioux City for loss potential. Once information is gathered about a specific occupancy, a numerical risk rating is produced based on the degree of risk. The rating will help determine what resources are appropriate for a response to that occupancy.

Adequate risk analysis requires considering all elements that make up the total potential for loss, and then allow the department to identify those occupancies that are most likely to have a fire and/or are most destructive. Emergency situations that are very likely to happen and would do considerable damage to people and property should be targeted for immediate remediation and/or plans should be made for effective response if remediation isn’t possible. Potential situations that are less likely or that would have less severe consequences are identified for attention after the more serious hazards have been addressed.

This Sioux City model assesses the elements of evacuation capabilities, impacts to the community, unique hazards to firefighters, sprinklers, building usage and construction, and the overall size of the facility. These elements are assessed according to a 1-3 point scale for risk factors and a numerical score achieved for each occupancy. Although it is not an absolute value, the system will provide a measure of objectivity to occupancy risk analysis.

The final score at the end of each analysis will determine which risk group the occupancy falls into. Below is a list of the four groups along with examples of occupancies that might fall into them.

High Risk – Occupancies that fall into this group generally are at the maximum risk. They have a high probability that a fire will occur, and the losses of that fire will be great. These occupancies will have a Risk Analysis score of 20 or greater.

Special Risk – Occupancies in the Special Risk group are those that may not have a high score, but based on their inherent risks are assigned as a special category and thus are treated as a high hazard. For simplicity, the following are automatically considered special hazard occupancies and may not need a formal analysis conducted:

 Elementary Schools  Nursing Homes  High Schools  High-rise buildings (greater than 7  Hospitals stories)  Prisons

Moderate Risk – Includes those buildings that have a high probability of fire, but lower consequences due to loss. Occupancies that fall into this category will have an analysis

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | E score of 15 – 19. It is anticipated that most of the occupancies that we inspect will fall into this category.

Low Risk – This encompasses those occupancies that have a very low risk of fire, with low consequences. An example may be a rural storage unit. Occupancies that have an analysis score of less than 15 will fall into this category.

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | E

Sioux City Fire Rescue

Risk Analysis

Occupancy Address File No. Completed By (print) Emp No. Inspection Date

Life Hazard – Consider the number of occupants and their ability to self-evacuate. High (Greater than or equal to 100 occupants) ...... 3 Medium (Between 10 – 99 occupants) ...... 2 Low (Less than 10 occupants) ...... 1

Loss Impact – Indicate the non-monetary value that best represents the value of this property to the community. Major Loss to Community - Infrastructure, Cultural, Historical ...... 3 Moderate Economic Impact, Sever Casualty Exposure ...... 2 Small business, personal and/or family loss ...... 1

Hazard Index Hazardous to firefighting activities (i.e. chemical plant) ...... 3 Mixed hazards (i.e. business warehouse) ...... 2 Limited hazards (i.e. single-family house) ...... 1

Fire Protection Systems No sprinkler system ...... 3 Partially sprinklered ...... 2 Fully sprinklered with fire pump ...... 1

Building Usage Industrial ...... 3 Residential ...... 2 Business / Offices ...... 1

Building Construction Combustible ...... 3 Limited combustible ...... 2 Non-combustible ...... 1

Number of stories above grade Three stories or more ...... 3 Two stories ...... 2 One story ...... 1

Square Footage (length x width x number of stories above grade) Greater than or equal to 15,000 square feet ...... 3 Between 7,501 – 14,999 square feet...... 2 Less than or equal to 7,500 square feet ...... 1

Total Score

Low Risk: ≤ 14 Medium Risk: 15 – 19 High Risk: ≥ 20

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e

Sioux City Fire Rescue | E

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | E

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | E

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | E

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | E

Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e Sioux City Fire Rescue | E

V32 Commitment ♦ Competence ♦ P e r f o r m a n c e