Structure Protection Strategies for Fire Dept SPU's & SPC's
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Structure Protection Strategies for Fire Dept SPU’s & SPC’s In the Wildland Urban Environment BCWS WSPP-115 Training Manual WSPP-115 Structure Protection – Fire Dept Training Manual CONTENTS PAGE # Welcome Letter 2 Situational Awareness / Pre-Incident Planning 3 Tactical Structure Defense Planning / Structure Defense (VIDEO) 4 IRPG / Leadership 5 Communications The 4 C’s / Safety Check-ins/ Resource Roads 5-6 Interface / Intermix 7 Tactical Response 7-8 IAP / Accountability 9 Structure Size Up 9-10 Common Denominators of Fire Behaviour on Tragedy Fire 10 Emergency Signals / PAR 10 Review Questions 11 Dangerous Goods / Pets and Livestock 12 Power Line Safety 13 LACES 14 Structure Triage Guidelines / Structure Triage 15-16 Night Operations 17 BCWS Structure Triage Report 17-20 Structure Protection Tactics (VIDEO) 21 Structure Triage Categories 22 Crew Briefings / Briefing Checklist 23-24 Structure Defense Guidelines (VIDEO) 24 Flagging Conventions / Hazards 25 Structure Protection General Guidelines 26-28 Review Questions 29 Water Supply 30-31 Pumps and Pumping (5- Mark 3 VIDEOS) 1-SPS Video 32-36 Water Supply, and Delivery Systems 36-37 Structure Protection Sprinkler Systems SPS Video 37-42 Property Conservation Considerations 2-SPS Videos 42-44 Safety Zones / Escape Routes (VIDEO) 44-45 Wildland Fire Management Guiding Principles 46 Risk Management Process 47 Structure Assessment Checklist 48-49 Initial Fire Report 50 Daily Time Report (DTR) Information example 51-52 Fire Smart Information (VIDEO) 53-54 Review Questions 55 BC Fire Weather Codes/Fire Weather Indices 56-57 Rain Bird Sprinkler Info 58-59 Pump Performance and Graphs SPS Video 60 Conversion Tables 61 Type 1/Type 2 SPU Inventory Lists 2-SPS Videos 62-74 Closed Loop System example 75 References 76 Rev.2020 April Page 1 WSPP-115 Structure Protection – Fire Dept Training Manual Thank you for enrolling in the WSPP-115 Fire Department Training Program, as we continue to embrace positive changes in the Wildfire Structure Protection Programs, we value your support through continued education, community, and provincial response. The 2020 Fire Season will be extremely challenging, not only due to the continuing threat of the Coronavirus (COVID-19), but global warming, climate change, accompanied by the increase of constructed fuels in and around our forested lands, will make this season very challenging. Adding structures and other improvements into the equation greatly increases the complexity. Over the last several decades an expansion of communities, homes and other improvements into wildland areas has created a significant challenge for the fire service agencies responsible for providing fire protection in those areas. Fire Departments, managers, team leaders and firefighters can prepare themselves for structure defense activities by developing a sound understanding of the wildland structure environment, fire behavior and forecasting, the Risk Management process, tactical terms and associated tactical actions. An understanding of all these components will allow firefighters to safely mitigate the fires impact upon the values they are charged with protecting. Because of the legalities of social spacing due to the Coronavirus, delivering the required WSPP-115 program cannot be accomplished until further notice. To ensure fire dept crews, have a basic understanding of Structure Protection Strategies this training manual has been revised to accommodate the necessary basic training for crew members. You must also become familiar with all the equipment in a type 2 SPU and know how and when it is used. WUE fires often overtax the local fire departments resulting in the activation of mutual aid and automatic aid agreements to augment jurisdictional resources. Nearly every WUE fire includes responses from a variety of wildland, municipal and volunteer fire agencies resulting in the need for clear text and common terminology among emergency responders. This program on Structure Protection Strategies in the Wildland Urban Environment is designed to provide common terminology and operating principles for province wide responders. It also includes guidelines and checklists to complement and enhance first responders differing levels of training and experience. Ron French BCWS Fire Services Officer Rev.2020 April Page 2 WSPP-115 Structure Protection – Fire Dept Training Manual Situational Awareness: Situational awareness is the ability to identify, process, and comprehend the critical elements of information about what is happening with regards to the mission, allowing organizations and individuals to anticipate requirements and to react effectively and safely. More simply, it is recognizing and reacting to what is going on around you. On incidents, situational awareness involves knowing objectives, communication paths, command structure, previous and current fire behaviour, weather, local factors, deployed and available resources, and evacuation needs. Situational awareness is a continuous cycle through four interrelated and overlapping processes: • Observation: collecting data, Incident Action Plan (IAP). • Orientation: analyzing and organizing data. • Decision: determining a course of action based on the data. • Action: the physical playing-out of decisions. Throughout this process, the situation may be changing. Sometimes leaders will need to cancel or change a planned action to meet the changes. The more quickly a leader can orient to an incident, the more successful future actions will be. Strong Situational Awareness within the fire dept crews is vital to the safety and well-being of all crews on the fire ground. Pre-Incident Planning: Pre-incident planning helps all Wildland Interface responders make prompt, critical decisions about a WUE incident. A pre-incident plan (pre-plan) created prior to need and validated through realistic training exercises is the foundation for a safe, organized incident response. A pre-plan prepares suppression resources at all levels to respond to an incident within the planning area. Developing Pre-Plan Maps: The comprehensive planning area map covers a wide range of features impacted by or utilized during a WUE incident, including: • Structure locations. • Access routes and road systems. • Evacuation routes. • Special needs/concern areas. • Infrastructure. • Incident-specific information. • High hazard areas. Rev.2020 April Page 3 WSPP-115 Structure Protection – Fire Dept Training Manual Tactical Structure Defense Planning: Fire department structure protection crews must understand tactical structure defense planning. A tactical structure defense plan is incident driven and produced in response to an active WUE incident threatening a community, subdivision, or area of concentrated values at risk. The plan identifies the threat to a specific area, outlines the suppression efforts required to defend the values at risk while engaging in perimeter control, and helps maintain a tactical advantage during the chaos of a rapidly expanding incident. The target area map is the most critical component of a tactical structure protection plan. The map should show: • Current fire perimeter location, if known. • Identified decision points for plan activation, (evacuations or sprinkler start ups). • Structure locations. • Infrastructure. • Specials needs/concern areas. • High hazard areas. • Proposed perimeter control lines. • Access routes and road systems. • Safety zones and community safe refuge areas. • Traffic control points. • Evacuation zones (order or alert). • Evacuation routes. • Incident specific information. Structure Defense: Structure defense is wildland firefighting and involves the use of standard wildland strategy and tactics. It also may include exterior activities to prepare the area for structure defense such as removal of wildland fuels around structures and using water enhancers and/or foam on surrounding vegetation and on the structures themselves. Structural firefighting occurs when structure defense has failed, and the structure becomes involved in fire. The best form of structure defense is to suppress the wildland fire prior to structure ignition. Every effort should be taken to save property as long as these efforts DO NOT result in an undue safety risk for firefighters and the public we serve. Firefighters are taught that when engaged in indirect attack and there is unburned fuel between the firefighter and the fire, escape routes and safety zones must be established. The definition of a safety zone is a preplanned area of sufficient size and location which is expected to protect personnel and equipment from the fire without using a fire shelter. The size of the safety zone is determined by the observed maximum flame height. Watch Video “How to Kill a Brush Fire” How to Kill a Brush Fire Video Link Rev.2020 April Page 4 WSPP-115 Structure Protection – Fire Dept Training Manual IRPG: Safety Zone Definition The Incident Response Pocket Guide (IRPG) states the separation distance between firefighters and the flames should be a MINIMUM of four times the maximum continuous flame height. The IRPG states the use of Safety Zones does not apply in the Wildland Interface environment. Many times, in the WUE Safety Zones do not exist as defined above. Housing density and small parcel size preclude the existence of large open areas and the ability to construct safety zones is often not practical without destroying residential improvements. Resources: In many instances there are not enough firefighting resources to defend all structures