Editorial Fruit Quarterly SPRING 2016 Who Should Foot the Bill for Food Safety?

NEW YORK Editorial Fruit Quarterly SPRING 2016 Who should foot the bill for food safety?

recently fell under some strong opinions from some people forests and jungles for centuries. It is our task to learn these se- who felt I was an agent driving up their taxes by advocating for crets and apply them to the production of foods for human and Ipublic matching funds for research. I concur with these people animal consumption. Once again, all of the tools are there, we that I do not like to see my taxes spent on meaningless programs. just need to unlock them through the practice of good science. I do hold to the opinion that food safety and the advancement of food production is not simply the sole responsibility of farmers Today we use tools such as pesticides and fertilizers to produce to fund. our foods. Who knows what the future will hold? Such current practices are in fact very new when compared with how long Food is necessary to sustain life. We can live without almost any man has attempted to feed himself. Today, because of research, other thing. We do not need cell phones, televisions, or many fewer man-hours are spent on direct food production, and more other objects that today’s society has placed high on its must-have on other forms of enterprise. I would argue that, because of list. The availability of safe and nutritious food is not a luxury good food research, we are freeing humanity to explore the rest but a necessity. I have watched over the years as the desire to of life’s secrets. financially support such programs as Homeland Security has grown. People are in favor of this because they view this as a Money spent on food production research is some of the best public security investment. I hold the security of our food supply use of our time and efforts. Can any one of us even venture a at an equal level of importance. guess what food technology will be like in 100 years? I know this – it will be so different that today’s problems compared to We support research because it opens the secrets of nature to us. those 100 years from today will make people shake their heads We really do not discover anything new; we simply unlock the se- and only smile at how unaware we were. Investment in sound crets of nature already existing. Mapping our chromosomes, while research is the key to a better tomorrow. Is this not the financial an astounding accomplishment, is only unlocking something that responsibility of all of us? was always present. It is when we use sound research to better understand the secrets of life that we can better advance food Paul Baker security. Nature has guarded the ability of the planet to support New York State Horticultural Society life from the simplest single-cell creatures to the most advanced, Sanborn, New York that being man. With zero help from us, nature has sustained [email protected]

5 11 15 20 24 Contents 5 A Statewide Crop Estimate Effort in New York State 15 Precision Irrigation: How and Why We Should 24 Overview of Apple Resources at Cornell University Mario Miranda Sazo, Matt Wells, Anna Wallis, Dan Irrigate Susan K. Brown and Kevin E. Maloney Donahue, Gemma Reig, Craig Kahlke and Elizabeth Tee Jaume Lordan, Terence Robinson, Poliana Francescatto, Gemma Reig, Anna Wallis and Alan Lakso 11 Tracking the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Michigan 20 Fermentation optimization and consumer Julianna Wilson acceptance evaluation of New York apple varieties COVER: Pressure chamber used to assess tree as a base for hard cider Christopher Gerling, Olga Padilla-Zakour, Anna water stress. Katharine Mansfield, David C. Manns, Cortni McGregor, Brad Rickard and Meaghan Sugrue

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 24 . NUMBER 1 . SPRING 2016 1

NEW YORK Fruit Quarterly SPRING 2016 • VOLUME 24 • NUMBER 1

NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY APPLE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM ADVISORY BOARD

President Chuck Mead, Mead Orchards LLC Chairman Walt Blackler, Apple Acres 15 Scism Road, Tivoli, NY 12583 4633 Cherry Valley Tpk. Lafayette, NY 13084 PH: (845) 756-5641 (W), (845) 756-4211 PH: 315-677-5144 (W); 315-729-3728 (C) FAX: (845) 756-4008, Cell: (845) 389-0731 [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] Alan Burr, New Royal Farms 7577 Slayton Settlement Road, Gasport, NY 14067 Vice President Ned Morgan, Morgan Farms LLC PH/FX: 716.772.2469 ; [email protected] 331 Pigeon Hill Road, Marion, NY 14505 Cell: 585-752-9771, FAX: (315) 926-7740 Steve Clarke, Sunshine Orchards E-M ail: [email protected] 40 Clarkes Lane, Milton, NY 12547 PH: 845-795-2383; 845-901-7440(C); FX: 845-795-2383 NYS BERRY GROWERS BOARD MEMBERS Treasurer/Sec. Ward Dobbins, H.H. Dobbins & Son [email protected] 99 West Ave., PO Box 503, Lyndonville, NY 14098 Chair Dale Riggs, Stonewall Hill Farm PH: (585) 765-2271, FAX: (585) 765-9710, Robert Deemer, Dr. Pepper/Snapple Group 15370 NY Rt 22, Stephentown, NY 12168 Cell: (716) 622-6636, E-Mail: [email protected] 4363 Rte.104 PH: 518-733-6772; [email protected] Williamson, NY 14589 Treasurer Tony Emmi, Emmi Farms Executive Director Paul Baker PH: 315.589.4911 ext. 713; FX: 315-589-8048 1572 S. Ivy Trail, Baldwinsville, NY 13027 3568 Saunders Settlement Rd., Sanborn, NY 14132 [email protected] PH: 315-638-7679; [email protected] FAX: (716) 219-4089 Cell: (716) 807-6827 Mason Forrence, Forrence Orchards E-Mail: [email protected] Executive Secretary Paul Baker 2740 Route 22, Peru, NY 12972 3568 Saunders Settlement Rd., Sanborn, NY 14132 PH: 518-643-9527; 518-726-6074 (C); FX: 518-643-9509 Office Admin Karen Wilson CELL: 716-807-6827; FAX: (716) 219-4089 [email protected] 630 W. North St., Geneva, NY 14456 [email protected] PH: (315) 787-2404 (W), FAX: (315) 787-2216, Ted Furber, Cherry Lawn Farms Bob Brown III, Brown’s Berry Patch Cell: (315) 521-0852, E-Mail: [email protected] 8099 GLover Rd., Sodus, NY 14551 14264 Rooseveldt Highway, Waterport, NY 14571 PH: 315-483-9221; 315-573-4046 (C); FX: 315-483-6408 PH: 585-682-5569 Cornell Director Dr. Art Agnello, NYSAES [email protected] Department of Entomology Bruce Carson, Carson’s Bloomin’ Berries Jeffrey Lothian, Marketing Order Administrator 630 W. North St. Geneva, NY 14456 2328 Reed Rd. NY State Dept. of Agriculture & Markets PH: (315) 787-2341 (W), FAX: (315) 787-2326 Bergen, NY 14416 10B Airline Drive, Albany, NY 12235 Cell: (315) 719-4623, E-Mail: [email protected] PH: 585-494-1187; [email protected] PH: 518-485-2014; FX: 518-457-2716 Director Mike Biltonen [email protected] David Coulter, Coulter Farms 3871 N. Ridge Road, Lockport, NY 14094 3336 Podunk Road, Trumansburg, NY 14886 Peter Ten Eyck, Indian Ladder Farms PH: 716-433-5335; [email protected] PH: 845-674-5124, E-Mail: [email protected] 342 Altamont-Voorheesville Road Altamont, NY 12009 John Cashin, Cashin Farm Director Peter Fleckenstein, Beak & Skiff Apple Farms PH: 518-765-2956; 518-698-6258 (C); FX: 518-765-2700 225 Argersinger Road, Fultonville, New York 12072 4472 Cherry Valley Tpk., LaFayette, NY 13084 [email protected] PH: 518-281-6000; cashinsfarm.com PH: (315) 436-1045, FAX: (315) 677-3190 Cell: (315) 664-0391, E-Mail: [email protected] Terry Mosher, Mosher Farms RD #1 Box 69, Bouckville, NY 13310 Director Dan Sievert, Lakeview Orchards, Inc. PH: 315-893-7173; [email protected] 4941 Lake Rd., Burt, NY 14028 Chuck Mead, Mead Orchards LLC PH: (716) 778-7491 (W), FAX: (716) 778-7466 15 Scism Rd., Tivoli, NY 12583 CELL: (716) 870-8968, E-Mail: [email protected] MICHIGAN APPLES BOARD MEMBERS PH: 845-756-5641 (W); CELL: 845-389-0731 [email protected] Director John Ivison, Helena Chemical Company Chair Tony Blattner 165 Platt St., Suite 100, Albion, NY 14411 Lowell, Michigan PH: (585) 589-4195 (W), FAX: (585) 589-0257 Cell: (585) 509-2262 Vice Chair Mark Youngquist Kent City, Michigan E-Mail: [email protected] SPRING 2016 • VOLUME 24 • NUMBER 1 Executive Committee Members This publication is a joint effort of the New York State Horticultural Society, Director Ted Furber, Cherry Lawn Farms Gary Bartley Cornell University’s New York State Agricultural Experiment Station at 8130 Glover Road, Sodus, NY 14551 Dowagiac, Michigan Geneva, the New York State Apple Research and Development Program, PH: 315-483-8529, FAX: 315-483-6408 Michagan Apple Committee, and the NYSBGA. E-Mail: [email protected] Damon Glei Hillsdale, Michigan Editor Dr. Art Agnello Director Alisha Albinder, Hudons River Fruit Distributors Bob Gregory Dept. of Entomology 65 Old Indian Road, PO Box 246, Milton, NY 12547 Leland, Michigan New York State Agricultural Experiment Station PH: (845) 795-2121, FAX: (845) 795-2618 Geneva, NY 14456 Cell: (845) 518-3962, Art Lister PH: 315-787-2341; FX: 315-787-2326 E-Mail: [email protected] Ludington, Michigan CELL: 315-719-4623

Kevin Winkel [email protected] Director Randy Hart, Hart Apple Farms LLC Hartford, Michigan Subscriptions Karen Wilson 2301 Rt. 22, Peru, NY 12972 & Advertising NYSHS, 630 W. North St., Geneva, NY 14456 Executive Director Diane Smith Cell: (518) 524-5366, E-Mail: [email protected] PH: 315-787-2404; FAX: 315) 787-2216 Michigan Apple Committee [email protected] 13750 S. Sedona Parkway, Suite 3 Director Elizabeth Madison Design Elaine L. Gotham 5812 Middle Road, Sodus, NY 14551 Lansing, MI 48906 Ph. 800.456.2753 Fax 517.669.9506 Gotham City Design, Naples, NY PH: (315) 483-6155, E-Mail: [email protected] PH: 585-374-9585; [email protected] Production Gemma Osborne CALS Communications NYSAES, Geneva, NY PH: 315-787-2248; [email protected]

2 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY THINK LONG TERM Refrigerated and Ventilated DON’T BE LEFT OUT - CALL TODAY! Cooling Systems for Fruit LOOKING FOR TREES? Make us your first call. and Vegetable Storages BECAUSE YOUR TIME IS VALUABLE – Let us manage the details. LET OUR HIGHLY QUALIFIED STAFF WORK FOR YOU!

BOOK FUTURE GROWER CONTRACTS FOR • COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION 2018 AND BEYOND – BEAT THE SHOW SEASON! • DESIGN, SALES AND SERVICE • SERVING AGRICULTURE FOR OVER 65 YEARS Free Consultation and Quote Call Mike Mager at 585-343-2678

800.424.2765 It’s our mission to help you find the trees you need. REFRIGERATION CO. OF BATAVIA 26 Cedar Street, Batavia, NY 14020 www.arcticrefrigeration.com

Jan Melvin Katie Schuld Dawn Melvin Matthew Schuld

800.424.2765 • www.summittreesales.com Since 1932 The STS-1073 GENERIC AD 4.75” x 7” OCT 2015 Save the Date: Best Wednesday, July 20, 2016 Cornell Fruit Field Day 2016 80 Berry Years Plants

• Strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, blackberries, asparagus and more! (See page 14 for details) • Where the pros go for plans and plants. New York State • Call for a free catalog and Agricultural Experiment Station plasticulture guide! Geneva NY

41 River Road South Deerfield Massachusetts 01373

www.noursefarms.com 413.665.2658

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 24 . NUMBER 1 . SPRING 2016 3 THE PICKIN’ IS EASY WITH THESE MACHINES The Munckhof Pluk-O-Trak The REVO Piuma 4WD Harvester

Increase Fruit Quality up to 60% Removable Bin ﬁ ller ensures that large bins are Sort the Fruit Conveyers ﬁ lled evenly, without bruising fruit Presort bin for Remove culls to use for pruning

Automatic Sensor Steering

Increase Efficiency • For apple & pear high-density fruit • Auto-drive, auto-levelling, auto- Four hydraulic adjustable orchards steering Leveling & Stability platforms - pick at all levels • Compact 12’-6” footprint • Whisper-quiet fuel efﬁ cient diesel Hydraulic leveling suspension Compressor • Independent front & rear steering engine Bin Trailer Onboard air compressor for • 4-wheel drive system • Onboard compressor for air-driven Trailer holds up to 16 pneumatic tools • Self-contained power and mobility; tools bins. no tractor needed • Flow-thru bin design

since 1954 Call OESCO, Inc. YEARS for a demonstration Scan to see the Scan to see Pluk-O-Trak the Piuma in Two Sizes of Pluk-O-Trak! in action! 800-634-5557 action! Senior (shown) and Junior models available. www.oescoinc.com P.O. Box 540, 8 Ashﬁ eld Road / Rt. 116, Conway, MA 01341 Harvest Math 101 RUINED FRUIT FLAVOR AND LOST TONNAGE

LOST PROFITS Protect blueberries, grapes, cherries, raspberries, blackberries and other crops 24/7 with AviGard ® Bird Netting from Plantra!

Professional Grower Supplies for Vineyards, Orchards, Nurseries and Wildlife Habitat Grow Tubes • Bark Protectors • Weed Mats www.plantra.com | 800-951-3806 Fertilizer Packets • Deer Repellent ©2014 Plantra, Inc.

4 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY A Statewide Crop Estimate Effort in New York State Mario Miranda Sazo1, Matt Wells1, Anna Wallis2, Dan Donahue2, Gemma Reig3, Craig Kahlke1, Elizabeth Tee1 1Cornell Cooperative Extension, Lake Ontario Fruit Program 2Cornell Cooperative Extension, Eastern New York Commercial Horticulture Program 3Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Cornell University, Highland, NY

This research was partially supported by the New York Apple Research and Development Program

he U.S. apple industry as a whole and the individual their marketing/sales plans, which could have been avoided with apple producing states rely on accurate pre-harvest crop a better estimate. estimates to successfully harvest and market each sea- New York is known for growing high quality fruit by best- T son’s crop. Un- in-class growers. It is important for the NY apple industry to be fortunately, no The industry really does not know how known for accurate crop estimates and transparency. Having a “ one state has a less subjective, larger data set and a sound method for estimat- many acres of apples it had in the past, reliable method ing the crop will prevent false market pricing. It will also allow has today, or will have in the future, to forecast their marketers to accurately portray the crop to the media and buyers. and this lack of information will make crops. In NY, the Lastly, the New York apple crop is expected to grow in volume it difficult for the industry to forecast industry has his- as new acreage begins to increase in yields. Not only does the or extrapolate crop estimates.” torically relied on industry need to be able to determine crop changes from one seasonal National year to the next, but it must be able to quantify the new volume Agricultural Sta- that will bear in the future. tistics Service This project researches two types of methods for predict- (NASS) publications, combined with input from industry or- ing crop size. The first is a field methodology that determines ganizations and individual growers, to estimate the state’s crop. whether growers can sample and count apples in orchards and While in some seasons the industry’s pre-season forecast has extrapolate crop yields. The second method researches a web- been relatively accurate, there have been other times when the based survey platform that solicits information from all NYS crop picked out much larger or smaller than anticipated. growers, which is used to extrapolate a state crop forecast. It is very important that the industry report the most ac- Methods curate number possible. Both under- and overestimating the crop size has negative effects on the broader industry. In the Fruit Count and Fruit Size Methods: Two different fruit case of the 2014 crop, buyers and marketers established early count extrapolation methods were trialed in McIntosh orchards. season pricing at lower prices than would have otherwise been One, developed by C.G. Forshey (1977), that required selecting established if the crop estimate had reflected a lower and more subsamples on limbs within trees and taking measurements; accurate number. In the case of 2012, the poor crop was un- and the other, a simple fruit count of entire trees. In each trial derestimated, which forced some businesses to radically adjust orchard, a subsample selection of five trees was made at full bloom to ensure crop load potential was uniform. The five subsample trees that were selected would be used to test each method described above. To test Forshey’s three-year research on McIntosh crop prediction, the cooperators sampled fruit size on the sample trees by selecting two branches in the lower section, two branches in the middle section, and two branches in the upper section on August 1. Selected branches were well exposed to light and were on opposite sides of the tree. Only branches 10–15 cm in circumference (or less, in many cases) were selected. During fruit sampling, all of the fruits were harvested from the point at which circumference was determined on the branch. The fruits were picked, counted, and weighed (Figure 1) (combined weight of all fruits on a branch) and the circumference of the branch was determined (Figure 2). From this information, a crop load prediction could be made based on Forshey’s work. According to Forshey, “A crop load of less than 260 gr/cm of branch circumference (as in 1976) is indicative of a light McIntosh crop Figure 1. Using the Forshey method, all the fruits on selected branches and a crop load of more than 290 gr/cm of branch circumference were picked, counted, and weighed. (as in 1975) is indicative of a heavy crop.” NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 24 . NUMBER 1 . SPRING 2016 5 survey was open for use on July 25 and closed a b on August 8. In addition to issuing the survey to NYS apple growers, an additional survey was created for businesses that employ field personnel who spend considerable time in orchards and would have a good perspective on the crop. Results Fruit Count and Fruit Size Results: The results of the Forshey predictive model were variable (Table 1). These mid-season fruit size measurements did not correlate with the results previously reported by Forshey in 1977. The results from the fruit count- yield extrapolation method are shown in Table 2. Like the Forshey method, there was variability in the results and no conclusive correlation. It should be noted that the Figure 2. A tape measure (2a) was used to measure the circumference (2b) of selected branches. Clarke and Staples sites both had hail events that negatively impacted yields. If those sites are discounted, and we only consider To test the simple fruit count method, the researchers the Coy and VanStrein sites, the fruit count extrapolation counted all fruit on the five representative trees and then method was accurate. calculated the average number of fruit per tree. Additionally, Statewide Electronic Survey of Commercial Growers each cooperator gathered information about planting density, tree and Field Personnel Results: The survey results were reviewed, age, rootstock, and the actual 2015 yield data. With the average analyzed and reported to the industry on August 14, 2015. The fruit numbers per tree, the total number of fruits per acre could full report can accessed at the Lake Ontario Fruit Team website: be determined. Estimating fruit size at 88 and 100 counts, the http://cce-at-prod.hosting.cornell.edu/ccecp-prod/htdocs/ bushels per acre were extrapolated. rvpadmin/uploads/doc_327.pdf Statewide Electronic Survey of Commercial Growers and The overall participation rate was 17% of the potential 509 grow- Field Personnel Method: An on-line survey was created using ers (Table 3). While the response was lower than desired, the the Qualtrics on-line survey platform. The survey questions were total acres represented was 19% of the state total. The survey was designed to gather high level information regarding the 2015 crop designed to see responses by each major apple region. and allowed respondents to complete the survey in less than 10 The first series of questions asked for 2014 actual production minutes. These questions also were designed to easily aggregate and 2015 production forecast. From these quantitative responses, all responses and be able to extrapolate the total crop potential. the year over year change by region could be determined (Table The questions were focused on three areas: 4). From this information, it was clear that the Hudson Valley was • Individual Production Forecast: Asked for actual volumes expecting a much larger crop, while the Western and Champlain produced in 2014 and the forecast for 2015. regions were expecting similar crops each year. The second series • Individual Variety Projection: Asked to describe each of questions allowed for the presentation of each variety relative variety’s crop potential. • Total State Crop Fore- cast: Asked respondents to estimate the total NYS crop. A key component was using a survey platform that allowed anonymous responses, to protect each grower’s privacy. Apple growers were informed of use of the survey by Cornell Cooperative Extension publications and the Core Report. 506 NYS apple growers were mailed a survey notice on July 24. This list of growers was provided by NYS Ag & Markets via a freedom of information (FOIL) request. The

6 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

to each other and compared Table 2: Total Tree Fruit Count – Yield Extrapolation Method with an average crop (Figure 3). This data and chart gave a Yield Yield Actual Trees/ Extrapolation good visual representation of Site Rootstock Prediction Prediction Yield Comments Acre vs. Actual the crop potential by variety. at 88 ct at 100 ct (bu./ac.) The third question area asked Coy HV 691 M.9 2,180 1,980 1,940 Accurate respondents to give a crop forecast for the entire state; the distribution of the results Clarke HV 242 Interstem 1,060 960 500 Overstated Hail damage are shown in Figure 4. While these results were subjective, Staples it allowed growers to share 182 Interstem 1,480 1,340 820 Overstated WNY Hail damage their opinion on the total crop size. VanStrein These questions gave the 302 G.30 1,700 1,540 1,620 Accurate WNY desired information to effectively analyze and illustrate results for the final report. Table 3: Survey Participation Statistics One piece of information that was missing or Total Percent not requested was the grower’s opinion on the Participation Mailed Percent Survey NYS Total Acres of Total last season’s crop size. The 2014 crop as reported Region Count Count Participation Acres (NASS - 2011)* Acres by NASS was 31M bushels. If this had been the Western 40 238 17% 6,400 26,871 24% Champlain 2 12 17% 758 3,268 23% case, based on the respondents either reporting Hudson 3 106 3% 470 7,744 6% larger or similar crops to a year ago, the crop Other 8 153 5% 287 3,826 8% would likely pick out above 30M bushels. Yet, Total 53 509 10.4% 7,915 41,709 19% when growers estimated the crop, the average response was between 26–27M bushels. Either the 2014 crop was smaller than NASS reported, or growers were Table 4: Total Bushels 2015 Forecast vs. 2014 Actual more pessimistic in their forecast for the entire state’s crop than 2014 2015 Year over Percent Region Actual Forecast Year Change Change for their own farm operation. Western 4,368,912 4,337,416 (31,496) -1% Discussion Champlain 365,500 372,000 6,500 2% Hudson 227,862 287,750 59,888 26% Harvesting, counting, and weighing all the fruit from each sample branch using the Forshey method was very time consum- Other 155,895 208,750 52,855 34% ing. However, at a minimum, it seems that obtaining an accurate Total 5,118,169 5,205,916 87,747 2% estimate of fruit size will involve measuring several fruits from the inner , mid- and outer sections of a branch located in the top, mid-section and bottom of the canopy. If we want to predict fruit consuming, as it requires counting the all fruit on sample trees, size, we will have to collect good data from several orchards over but it is more accurate if a good fruit size prediction can be made several years to develop appropriate data for each cultivar. These in August. The tree is 3-dimensional and we can only see two efforts have been initiated in other apple industries around the dimensions, but we need to be able to see the fruit in the interior world. of the tree. Therefore, one area where we need additional research The fruit count-yield extrapolation method was also very time is in developing a method for accurately estimating number of

Figure 3. 2015 projections by variety. Figure 4. New York State crop projection.

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 24 . NUMBER 1 . SPRING 2016 7 fruit per tree. This effort will be easiest for high-density orchards The Forshey method did not correlate well to actual yields, and and for those spindle orchards that are currently transitioning to this may be due to tree size and planting systems that are much fruiting walls via mechanical dormant and/or summer pruning different today than when the method was developed. The fruit in NY. Narrower canopies will allow us to see into the interior count method, in which all fruit is counted and used to extrapo- of the trees more easily. In addition, these types of canopies will late yields, has the potential to be accurate if fruit size can be also improve fruit size uniformity from the bottom to the top estimated, and would require less time to conduct on very small of the trees. Various machines and techniques (drones, image trees in a high-density system. analysis software) will be developed for fruit counts and fruit size A larger ground survey including the collaboration of CCE measurements for these types of tree canopies in the near future personnel with consultants and growers could be more costly and in Europe and the U.S. labor-intensive, and could incur some level of inaccuracy if not Recent image analysis conducted at Klein-Altendorf conducted properly. A simulation of apple yield in NY through Research Station at the University of Bonn, Germany, have shown the integration of remote sensing and ground data could increase promising results for yield predictions (Stajnko and Blanke 2011). the accuracy of the yield prediction in the future. The apple The researchers investigated a low-cost, low-resolution image carbohydrate model (MALUSIM model developed at Cornell) with a simple digital camera, but used high-tech image analysis simulates growth of an Empire tree by linking tree growth with and orchard data records to process the information. The image maximum and minimum daily temperatures and solar radiation. analysis software was optimized over the three years for the A new approach with this model could take into account other majority of orchards (all fully grown Braeburn, Gala, Elstar, and factors that affect apple yield during normal and extreme weather Golden Delicious on M.9), with best results in the 25–50 ton/ha seasons (late freeze events, low temperatures during pollination, yield range. The upper limit for the image analysis software was dry summers, etc.). This new application for estimating apple 200 fruit/tree. Yields larger than 50 ton/ha were underestimated, yield on a regional scale (Western NY, Champlain, and/or Hudson because larger fruit loads on the tree resulted in overlapping Valley) could become a powerful tool for our NY apple industry. fruit segments in the images, giving an underestimation of fruit The electronic survey design and implementation was a number and yield; similarly, yields lower than 25 ton/ha were relatively simple means to collect information from every apple overestimated. grower in the state. With survey design work completed in the State-wide Electronic Survey to Commercial Growers first year, future implementation of the survey will be inexpensive and Field Personnel Discussion: The design, implementation and should require minimal administration. It is believed that and reporting of the first-ever electronic statewide crop survey with industry backing, more growers will participate in the future, was very successful. However, it remains to be seen if the which will improve the data set and the accuracy of the forecast estimate was accurate. Based on conversations with growers and in future years. industry members, many feel the 2015 crop picked out “long”, due primarily to exceptional fruit size in Western NY, and secondarily, Literature Cited there were more apples as a result of increasing yields from new Forshey, C. G. 1977. McIntosh Apple Crop Prediction Grower bearing surfaces. It’s possible the state’s crop will be reported Sampling Instructions. New York’s Food and Life Sciences by NASS to be above 30M bushels. If the crop did in fact pick Bulletin, No. 65, March 1977. 3 pp. At: https://ecommons. out long due to fruit size that was not anticipated in late July (at cornell.edu/handle/1813/5069 the time of the survey), how could this be factored into the crop Stajnko, D., and M. M. Blanke. 2011. Yield prediction in fruit survey? Additionally, like most major apple producing regions crops using image analysis. Proc. IXth IS on Orchard Systems. in the U.S., New York has seen an increase in high-density fresh Acta Hort. 903, ISHS 2011. pp. 1115–1120. apple plantings, some of which are replacing existing blocks, while some farms are increasing in total acreage. However, the Mario Miranda Sazo is an Extension Associate who fact is that the industry really does not know how many acres of specializes in orchard management and orchard mecha- apples it had in the past, has today, or will have in the future, and nization with the Lake Ontario Fruit Program, CCE. Matt this lack of information will make it difficult for the industry to Wells is an Extension Support Specialist who specializes forecast or extrapolate crop estimates. in production economics and business management with the Lake Ontario Fruit Program, CCE. Anna Wallis is Conclusions an Extension Associate with the Eastern NY Commercial Two approaches were trialed as a means of estimating crops. Horticulture Program, CCE. Dan Donahue is a Senior The first was a very specific, individual orchard method, and Extension Educator with the Eastern NY Commercial the second was a more holistic statewide estimate method. In Horticulture Program, CCE. Gemma Reig is a Postdoctoral theory, if growers had a reliable field method, they would then Research Associate at the Hudson Valley Research Lab. be able to accurately estimate their individual crop, which would Craig Kahlke is an Extension Associate who specializes be reflected in the statewide on-line survey. in fruit quality management with the Lake Ontario Fruit The results of the fruit count and size methods were not Program, CCE. Elizabeth Tee is the program aide for the conclusive, nor could the methods serve as a predictive model. Lake Ontario Fruit Program, CCE. Both methods were time-consuming, especially on larger trees.

8 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Every Farmer Needs Farm Bureau Farm Bureau Needs Every Farmer

Every Farmer Needs Farm Bureau Farm Bureau Needs Every Farmer

Join or Renew Now to Support the Fruit Growing Community

Farm Bureau members are eligible for $500 off the purchase or lease of qualified 2015 and 2016 Chevrolet, Buick or GMC vehicles, from Silverado to Encore to Terrain and more! ESBOV F>OJBO Contact Us Today With Any Questions! NYFB.org 1.800.342.4143NYFB.org 1-800-342-4143

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 24 . NUMBER 1 . SPRING 2016 9 horseback riding, family time, farm-to-tablepayroll. meals, and Preparing payroll may not be most people’s idea of a good time, but for Farm Credit East payroll service expert Alleasa Hosmer, nothing says fun like preparing payroll. In fact, all of our payroll experts love helping our clients manage their payroll, whether you have five employees or 50, seasonal or yearly. Sure, Alleasa’s love of payroll may seem a little unusual, but when it comes to making sure that your payroll is timely and accurate, we wouldn’t have it any other way — because WE ARE YOU.

Our associates love what they do. How about you? Send us your selfie at FarmCreditEast.com/WeAreYou.

800.562.2235 FarmCreditEast.com/Payroll

10 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Tracking the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Michigan Julianna Wilson Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan

rown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Figure 1), is an exotic pest that feeds on more than 300 different host plants, including many cultivated fruit, B vegetable, and “We now know that BMSB is in 46 field crops (Lee e t a l . 2 0 1 3 ) . Michigan counties and that nuisance Both adults and reports are on the rise. With this n y m p h s f e e d knowledge, growers in counties with on plants and high numbers of nuisance reports are can cause major being strongly encouraged to monitor crop losses when for BMSB in their crops in 2016.” populations reach threshold levels, particularly in apple and peach Figure 2. BMSB adults seek shelter in manmade structures in the fall for orchards. One generation is expected in Michigan, but because overwintering. They emerge from these structures in the spring all life stages except for eggs can cause damage in many crops as to find suitable hosts for feeding and laying eggs. Preferred hostse ar non-native ornamental trees and shrubs that bear seed they approach harvest, this pest can be a game changer in terms pods or fruit, but when populations reach high levels, they will of pest management programs. goo t crop plants that bear seed pods or fruit. One generation is Before the pest expected in Michigan, but all life stages except for the eggs will becomes one of do. damage (Diagram courtesy Nielsen Lab, Rutgers University.) agricultural concern, it becomes a nuisance pest apples, stone fruits (peaches, plums, sweet and tart cherries), in homes and blueberries, grapes, strawberries and a variety of vegetable crops, other manmade along with several urban locations where BSMB was reported last structures when year. Traps were checked weekly beginning in July and continued it seeks shelter through October. Weekly reports (11 total) were published on for overwinter- the MSU Extension News for Ag website and are archived here: ing (Figure 2). (http://www.ipm.msu.edu/invasive_species/brown_marmo- While this pest is rated_stink_bug). well established Citizen science reporting: An article in mid-Atlantic (http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/report_sightings_of_brown_ states (Leskey et marmorated_stink_bugs_in_your_home_or_business) was al. 2012), it has written and posted to the MSU Extension News for Ag website only just started on September 25, requesting that Michigan citizens report sight- to cause some ings of BMSB in their home or business to the Midwest Invasive Figure 1. Adults are ½-inch long by 5/8-inch wide, damage in Mich- Species Information Network (MISIN) (www.misin.msu.edu). with a black and white pattern along the igan orchards. A margin of their abdomen and banding on their antennae and legs; they also statewide moni- Main Findings have smooth “shoulders” compared with toring network of Trapping network & reports of crop damage: A total of native stink bug species. traps (Figure 3), 1,079 stink bugs were captured and identified as BMSB, 1,052 begun in 2014, of which came from 5 traps in Berrien County. The rest of the and a citizen science reporting system, begun in September specimens came from traps in Kent, Van Buren, Kalamazoo, 2015, were set up to track populations of this pest in Michigan. Grand Traverse, and Lenawee Counties, with the majority of traps catching no BMSB in 2015. We also received reports of suspected 2015 Activities stink bug damage to apples and peaches in Kent, Berrien, and Trapping network: More than 70 traps were deployed in 22 Shiawassee Counties. These results suggested that BMSB was still Michigan counties near commercial fruit and vegetable plantings at very low numbers in most of the sites where we were trapping adjacent to riparian habitats, woodland, soybean fields, or major for the bugs. transportation corridors. Pyramid traps (Figure 3) were baited Citizen science reports: BMSB is fairly simple to identify with a commercially available lure (AgBio, Inc.) and set up in – particularly in the fall when it enters manmade structures for NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 24 . NUMBER 1 . SPRING 2016 11 dislodged from plants if jarred above a pan or beating tray. Growers in the eastern U.S. begin targeted control strategies when 10 BMSB are captured in a single trap in one week. Control options are provided in the recent edition of the Michigan Fruit Management Guide (E-154).

Figure 3. Pyramid trap used to monitor for BMSB in 2014 and 2015. overwintering, a behavior that native stink bugs do not exhibit. Taking advantage of this unique behavior, I was able to solicit more than 2,700 new records for BMSB in the Midwest Invasive Species Network database (www.misin.msu.edu) Figure 4. Citizen science reports in MISIN. This is a screen capture from the MISIN website from Jan 25, 2016 showing the number of records of BMSB. Individual records can be examined for their via citizen scientists who responded to exact location (when on the website). the article (Figure 4). Social media shar- ing helped the article go “viral” – it was viewed more than 100,000 times, increasing the number of counties where BMSB had previously been reported from 22 to 46. These new records have been used to generate a map showing areas of concern where growers should begin scouting for BMSB next season (Figure 5).

What does this mean for Michigan growers in 2016? Growersn i counties with high numbers of BMSB citizen reports are strongly encouraged to scout for BMSB in 2016. As of today, we now know that BMSB is in 46 Michigan counties and that nuisance reports are on the rise (Figure 5). With this knowledge, growers in counties with high numbers of nuisance reports are being strongly encouraged to monitor for BMSB in their crops in 2016. The same pyramid traps we used in the network are easy to use, but populations have to be fairly large nearby before Figure 5. Counties where BMSB has been reported as of 2015. Counties are shaded by the number of traps draw in BMSB. Also, BMSB tend citizen science reports received. Growers in counties that are shaded the darkest should be to be least active during the day and are monitoring their crops for BMSB in 2016. Counties that were part of the trapping network are therefore hard to see, but can be easily marked with a triangle. 12 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY References Lee, D., B. D. Short, J. V. Shimat, J. C. Bergh, and T. C. Leskey. 2013. Review of the Biology, Ecology, and Management of One Bushel Crates Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea. Environ. Entomol. 42:627–641. Leskey, T. C. and 21 others. 2012. Pest status of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys in the USA. Outlooks on Pest Management – October 2012.

Acknowledgements This work was funded in part by MSU Project GREEEN and the Michigan Apple Committee. Brad Baughman, Carlos Garcia- Salazar, Amy Irish-Brown, Mark Longstroth, Ben Phillips, Em- ily Pochubay, Bob Tritten, and Ben Werling all helped with the monitoring network. Amos Ziegler maintains the MISIN website, and Mallory Fournier edited and posted the article that went viral to the MSU News for Ag website.

Julianna Wilson is a member of the Department of Well built and reliable, these boxes will Entomology at Michigan State University. As the Tree Fruit Integrator/Outreach Specialist, she develops sustainable protect your produce. In bulk, $7.00 each solutions for producing tree fruit in Michigan. Hamlin Sawmill 1873 Redman Rd. Hamlin, NY 14464 585-964-3561 [email protected] ACN_Specialized_NYFQ.qxp_Layout 1 3/5/15 10:49 AM Page 1 www.OneBushelCrate.com

Adams County Nursery, Inc. • (800) 377-3106 • (717) 677-4124 fax www.acnursery.com • email: [email protected]

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 24 . NUMBER 1 . SPRING 2016 13 Save the Date: Wednesday, July 20, 2016 Cornell Fruit Field Day 2016 New York State Agricultural Experiment Station Geneva NY

All attendees are invited to come see the latest research and extension advances.

For more information: Contact Gemma Osborne by calling: 315-787-2248 or email [email protected] http://events.cals.cornell.edu/ffd2016

14 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Precision Management: How and Why We Should Irrigate Jaume Lordan1, Terence Robinson1, Poliana Francescatto1, Gemma Reig2, Anna Wallis3 and Alan Lakso1 1 Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, NYSAES, Geneva, NY 2 Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory, Cornell University, Highland, NY 3Cornell Cooperative Extension, Eastern NY Commercial Horticulture Program, Plattsburgh, NY

This research was partially supported by the New York Apple Research and Development Program

rrigation is essential to prevent water stress and small fruit in the third, fourth and fifth years to repay the establishment size of apples in dry summers, even in humid climates like costs. New York State. In 2015, we carried out five trials across NY. Good water status is essential to maximize fruit size at I Non-irrigated any given crop load. Water stress at any time of the season trees in the Hud- reduces fruit growth rate, with a permanent loss in fruit size “With more precise water management, son Valley had that is difficult to recover later. Water stress also limits uptake growers will be able to limit plant water much more water of calcium into the fruit and can result in more bitter pit. With stress and more consistently achieve the stress, which re- more precise water management, growers will be able to limit optimum economic fruit size and calcium sulted in consid- plant water stress and more consistently achieve the optimum erably less yield economic fruit size and calcium content for each variety. content for each variety. ” and smaller fruit Precision irrigation involves calculating the amount of water sizes. Failure to trees need for each day of the season based on temperature, properly irrigate sunlight level, wind speed and rainfall, using a web-based model our orchards, especially in dry years and those on light soils, (Dragoni and Lakso 2011) and then adding back to the soil the can affect not only yield of the current season, but tree growth and return bloom, which in the long run will be an important loss per acre. The profit apple growers make per acre varies widely among growers and is affected by yield level, fruit size and fruit quality. The wrong fruit size or poor fruit quality greatly reduces the potential income per acre. Better management can achieve much higher returns per acre for a given variety of apple. For each variety and orchard, there is an optimum number of fruits per tree where yield, fruit size and fruit quality are optimized. Growers attempt to achieve desired fruit size by properly reducing crop load with chemical thinners in the spring, but if the summer turns out to be dry, they will still not achieve the desired fruit size, and crop value will be severely compromised. To precisely manage fruit size requires precision in both chemical thinning and in irrigation. A second critical value of irrigation is to improve and maximize growth of newly planted or young apple trees. The economic success of high-density orchards depends on obtaining significant yields Figure 1. Irrigation Model website with sample data from Geneva during the spring of 2015. NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 24 . NUMBER 1 . SPRING 2016 15 correct amount of water to minimize water stress and maximize fruit size. The model takes into account factors such as sunlight, temperature, humidity and the tree’s responses to them to estimate how weather affects water use.

Cornell Apple Irrigation Model The Apple Irrigation Model (http://newa.cornell.edu/ index.php?page=apple-irrigation) on the NEWA website allows users to select a weather station close to their farm and then enter information on the spacing and age of the orchard (Figure 1). The model will then calculate and display the amount of water needed for that orchard for each of the last 7 days and for the upcoming 6 days, based on the weather over the last 7 days (from the weather station data) and from forecasted weather data expected over the upcoming 7 days (Figure 1). The calculated water volume needed by the orchard is displayed in gallons/acre. If the number is negative, the grower should add that amount of water to his orchard. If the number is positive, it means that rainfall exceeded transpiration and more water is available than needed, and no more water should be added. The website also allows a user to enter his own recorded rainfall, as rainfall varies considerably within short distances, and the weather station data may not represent the actual rainfall at the farm. TheCornell model has the feature that rainfall is considered and subtracted from the water requirement of the trees. It also considers the effective rooting area of different age orchards to include only the portion of the rainfall that is available to the trees in the calculations of tree water requirement.

Precision Irrigation Management Figure 2. Cumulative tree transpiration, rainfall and irrigation from May through October in Geneva and the Hudson Valley, NY in 2015. This new model and website will allow more precise management of tree water status in both wet and dry years than was previously possible. Precisely managing soil water supply will require: Results from 2015 1. Thegrower or consultant to weekly log onto the NEWA In 2015, we conducted an irrigation management trial website and determine the daily water requirement for on four apple farms (one each in Ulster and Orleans, Wayne his specific orchard (spacing and age) for the previous and Clinton Counties) and one at the Experiment Station in week and the upcoming week. Geneva, using the Cornell Apple Irrigation Model. Geneva 2. Irrigate the orchard to fully replace the estimated was an Empire/B9 orchard planted in 2011 at 1,156 trees/acre. water requirement of the particular orchard via trickle Hudson (Ulster) was a Gala/M9 orchard, planted in 2011 at irrigation. 1,117 trees per acre. In 2015, a Plumac/B9 orchard was planted 3. To avoid oversaturating the soil when irrigation water in Orleans, at 1,980 trees/acre. Wayne was another Gala/B9 is applied just before a large rainfall event or just after orchard planted in 2009 at 838 trees/acre. In the Champlain a large rainfall event, we suggest not applying the Valley (Clinton) a NY1/B9 orchard was planted in 2010 at 1,037 suggested irrigation amount for 1 day before a predicted trees/acre. large rainfall event (0.5 inches or more) or for 3 days At each site, we managed soil water level according to the after a large rainfall event. irrigation model to minimize water stress while other trees were 4. Thefrequency of addition of the required water depends left unirrigated. We assessed tree growth and tree stress, plus on soil type. With sandy soils, water should be added crop yield, fruit size and fruit quality (flesh firmness and sugars) either daily or every 2 days. With silt or clay soils, the with irrigation and no irrigation. The difference between tree daily amount of water needed can be added up for water requirement and rainfall is the water balance, with a several days and then added in one irrigation cycle. negative number indicating the need for irrigation and a positive 5. In the early part of the season (early May to mid-June), number indicating too much water. Daily effective rainfall we suggest that water be supplied once per week for was quite variable, but in general, 2015 was not an especially both sandy and clay soils. dry year, with frequent rains in June in Geneva that exceeded 6. From mid-June until the end of August, we suggest that 5,000 gallons/day. In contrast, rainfall in Hudson was much less water be supplied twice per week in clay soils and every abundant, being mainly concentrated in June and a couple of other day with sandy soils. weeks between August and September.

16 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Accumulating the water balance values from bud break gives cumulative water supply and water demand. In 2015 in Geneva, the cumulative graph showed that water supply from rainfall was sufficient to meet water requirements of the tree for the whole season, whereas in the Hudson Valley, water requirement exceeded supply from rain from August through October, indicating the need to irrigate the trees during the whole summer (Figure 2). A delay in irrigation under these conditions makes it very difficult to “catch up” later in the season, when the cumulative water deficit becomes large. Heavy irrigation in a short period to catch up can lead to water and nutrient leaching. The growth, function, productivity, and water use of trees are closely tied to tree water status. With the use of a pressure chamber (Figure 3), we can measure the suction force that is being exerted by the tree to obtain water. The more negative the value, the more tension the tree needs to exert, thus the more stressed it gets. We can consider that tree stress starts with values below about -1.6 MPa. No tree stress was observed in the Geneva, Wayne, Orleans and Champlain orchards, with slight differences between irrigated and non-irrigated trees (Figure 4). On the other hand, significant water stress was observed during Figure 3. Pressure chamber used to assess tree water stress in the orchard. all three summer measurements in Hudson for non-irrigated trees, with values lower than -1.6 MPa (Figure 4). Regarding the number of harvested fruits, yield and fruit size, no differences were observed in Geneva and Wayne (Figure 5), where no tree stress was observed (Figure 4). Conversely, even though no differences were observed for the number of fruits that were set early, yield and fruit size in Hudson were significantly much smaller for those non- irrigated trees (Figure 5). Irrigated trees had an average of 1.5 kg more per tree, with bigger apples weighing about 140 g vs 110 g (irrigated vs. non irrigated, respectively) (Figure 5). This also explains why the concentration of soluble solids was higher for stressed trees (Figure 6), as less water content was present in the fruits. Considering the results from the Hudson orchard in its 5th leaf, we can estimate a loss of 235 bu/ha (1,117 trees/acre) or 414 bu/ha in the case of a high- density orchard as in Orleans (1,980 trees/acre) (Table 1). In terms of crop value, the lack of irrigation showed a loss of $3,859– $6,809/ha, depending on tree density (Table 1). Figure 4. Tree stress during summer in Geneva, Wayne and Orleans Counties, and the Hudson and Champlain Usually, when the crop is light, Valleys in 2015. Asterisks indicate significant differences.

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 24 . NUMBER 1 . SPRING 2016 17 Figure 5. Number of fruits, fruit size, and yield in Geneva, Wayne and Hudson Valley orchards in 2015. Asterisks indicate significant differences.

Kinz

Email: [email protected] Web: [email protected]

18 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

ONE CHANGE – PUT KINZE IN PLACE OF RHINO IN THE AD -THANKS there can be some stress with little effect, but when the crop research is needed regarding how the stress observed in 2015 is heavy, any stress has a stronger effect. Losses due to water will affect return bloom and growth during the next season, and stress could be even worse for fully productive orchards and late how a drier summer can affect yield and fruit size in other areas varieties with a longer growing season, such as Fuji. Further like northern and western New York.

Summary Table 1. Yield and income per ha estimation for an irrigated vs non- Good water status is essential to maximize fruit size at any irrigated orchard for different densities, according to results given crop load. In our trials, it was seen that in some locations obtained in Hudson in 2015 (5th leaf). Apple price was estimated according to fruit size: 0.59 $/kg (140 g) and 0.54 $/kg (110 g). irrigation was not necessary, but at the Hudson location, irrigation led to better fruit size and economic value. With Per ha Irrigated Non-irrigated Difference more precise water management, growers will be able to limit Yield 11.2 kg/tree 9.7 kg/tree 1.5 kg/tree plant water stress and more consistently achieve the optimum Yield (2,778 trees) 31,236 kg 26,982 kg 4,254 kg economic fruit size and calcium content for each variety. With the use of the updated Apple Irrigation website, growers can Yield (4,902 trees) 55,118 kg 47,611 kg 7,507 kg easily improve the yield of their orchards weekly by applying the Yield (2,778 trees) 1,722 bu 1,487 bu 235 bu right amount of water. Yield (4,902 trees) 3,038 bu 2,625 bu 414 bu Income (2,778 trees) 18,429 $ 14,570 $ 3,859 $ Literature Cited Income (4,902 trees) 32,520 $ 25,710 $ 6,809 $ Dragoni, D. and Lakso, A.N. 2011. An apple-specific ET model. Acta Hort. 903:1175-1180.

Acknowledgements This research was partially supported by the New York Apple Research Development Program and the Northern New York Agricultural Development Program. We thank Cherry Lawn Farms, Forrence Orchards, Lamont Fruit Farm Orchards and Minard Farms. We would also like to thank Keith Eggleston and Art DeGaetano for support in developing the web version of the apple irrigation model.

Terence Robinson is a research and extension professor at Cornell’s Geneva Experiment Station who leads Cornell’s program in high-density orchard systems, irrigation and plant growth regulators. Alan Lakso is a Professor Emeritus located at Cornell’s Geneva Expreiment Station who specializes in apple and grape physiology. Jaume Lordan and Poliana Francescatto are Postdoc Associates at Cornell’s Geneva Experiment Station in Dr. Robinson’s program. Gemma Reig is a Postdoc Associate at Hudson Valley Research Laboratory. Anna Wallis is an Extension Associate who specializes in orchard management with the Eastern NY Commercial Horticulture Program.

Figure 6. Soluble solids and firmness in Geneva, Wayne and Hudson Valley orchards in 2015. Asterisks indicate significant differences.

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 24 . NUMBER 1 . SPRING 2016 19 Fermentation Optimization and Consumer Acceptance Evaluation of New York Apple Varieties as a Base for Hard Cider Christopher Gerling1, Olga Padilla-Zakour1, Anna Katharine Mansfield1, David C. Manns1, Cortni McGregor1, Brad Rickard2 and Meaghan Sugrue1 1Department of Food Science, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 2Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

This research was supported in part by the NY Apple Research and Development Program

n the United States, fermented (“hard”) cider production has increased rapidly in recent years (Figure 1). Fermented ciders offer lower alcohol (and therefore lower caloric content) I than wine, a more “As cider production and demand a p p r o a c h a b l e f r u i t- f o r w a r d increases, it follows that demand for f l avor prof ile the necessary apples will also grow. Our than beer, and the goal is to provide new and established added advantage cideries with a “roadmap” regarding of being gluten- cider production with New York varieties, free. With the be it fermentation conditions, tannin creation of the f a r m c i d e r y adjustment, or blending. ” license and a new tax definition of cider, New York State is now extremely well positioned to be a national leader in hard cider production. State officials report that there has been a 600% increase in new cidery licenses since 2011. This growth Figure 1. Total gallons of cider bottled in the U.S. in new businesses does not count the many existing wineries and breweries that have added hard cider to their product offerings. New York is also already one of the largest apple-growing states apples for cider production. There is little published data on (second only to Washington), giving the growing cider industry what North American consumers expect or prefer when it a more than adequate supply. comes to apple varieties and blends included in hard ciders. Unfortunately, the most common apples in New York (as Before apple producers take on the risk of investing in new well as the entire country) have been planted not with cider, but varieties, it would be prudent to evaluate the possibilities for, with the fresh market or processing in mind. “Customary” cider and consumer attitudes towards, products made from what is varieties have different chemical characteristics than those currently available. This work will highlight options for creating intended for eating out-of-hand, including higher levels of acidity desirable fermented ciders from established apple varieties in and astringency. In fact, one traditional way of determining if New York. an apple is a cider apple is to take a bite; if you can imagine The objectives for this project were: taking another bite, it’s not a true cider apple. Until the last few 1. Characterization of popular commercial ciders years, there has been almost no commercial production of these 2. Single variety fermentations and evaluations apples in the United States. The American market is relatively 3. Consumer attitudes toward commercial ciders new to cider, however, and no strong or ingrained opinions 4. Optimizing a cider based on data from objectives 1&3 have necessarily been formed regarding product preferences. Further, consumers have come to recognize and appreciate the Objective 1- Characterization of popular commercial apple varieties they are already buying as fresh fruit. Successful ciders products based on eating apples exist in the marketplace now, Thirteen ciders were selected from ten different cideries, and it seems reasonable to assume that there is space for more. nine of which are located in New York State. The ciders Relatively little work has been done regarding optimizing were analyzed for pH, titratable acidity, individual organic the fermentation and blending of eating/processing (“culinary”) acids, residual sugar, carbonation, ethanol and total phenolics 20 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Table 1. Chemical Composition of Commercial Ciders.

Citric Malic Lactic Acetic Total Total TA Sucrose Glucose Ethanol Cider pH CO Acid Acid Acid Acid Residual Phenols 2 (g/L) (g/L) (g/L) (%v/v) (g/L) (g/L) (g/L) (g/L) Sugar (g/L) per 100 ml Cider 1 3.57 2.6 6.2 0.05 4.73 0.41 0.24 18 16.9 0.9 5.3 118

Cider 2 3.55 2.8 7.0 0.06 1.43 2.86 0.17 23 10.4 12.4 6.4 55 Cider 3 3.60 3.4 6.0 0.04 5.67 0.30 0.21 26 22.5 3.4 8.4 30

Cider 4 3.53 2.9 7.3 0.01 0.11 5.86 0.75 26 25.3 0.5 7.8 43 Cider 5 3.60 1.5 6.4 0.11 4.62 0.39 0.07 64 50.3 13.4 3.9 36 Cider 6 4.02 1.2 4.0 0.03 0.15 4.46 0.34 45 38.6 6.7 4 121 Cider 7 3.79 3.6 5.0 0.10 3.97 0.30 0.08 25 18.7 6.0 4.6 35 Cider 8 3.82 3.0 4.7 0.09 5.14 0.61 0.13 nd nd nd 4.6 56 Cider 9 3.69 2.3 5.3 0.08 3.92 0.63 0.27 nd nd nd 4.3 37 Cider 10 3.52 3.0 8.1 0.06 5.04 0.64 0.16 4 2.5 1.7 7.5 27 Cider 11 2.55 9.9 3.6 0.11 6.56 0.84 0.46 44 23.0 21.2 7.2 318 Cider 12 3.52 4.2 4.5 0.07 3.06 1.63 0.13 22 20.8 1.4 3.9 29 Cider 13 3.26 2.5 7.1 nd 3.45 nd 0.08 32 14.5 17.5 4.7 37

(tannin). The selected ciders were made with both traditional four ciders presented in random order. One cider was made cider varieties and apples grown more widely in New York. exclusively from one traditional eating/processing apple; one The ciders ranged from a pH of less than 3.3 to just over 4.0, was made from a blend of eating/processing apples; one was although most were between pH 3.5 and pH 3.8. The titratable made from an apple that has been adopted for cider in NY; and acidity (TA) levels ranged from 4.5 g/L to 9.9 g/L and the the last was made from a blend of traditional cider apples. organic acid profiles show that at least two ciders appear to While the ciders had a wide range of residual sugar (RS) have undergone malolactic fermentation. No cider had acetic as initially bottled (Table 2), the level of RS was adjusted acid levels anywhere near the legal limit of 1.5 g/L. The ciders for the tasting to remove sweetness as a variable. While had a wide range of residual sugar (RS), from completely dry no strong preferences or trends seemed to appear from the (no sugar detectable) to more than 60 g/L (6%), with a mean questionnaire, the most preferred cider was the blend of cider of approximately 3%. Carbonation and alcohol levels were also apples, the cider with the highest total phenols. We inferred highly variable (Table 1). from this finding that while consumers may not have strong Initial impressions suggest that there is no single chemical recognition of high-tannin cultivar names, they do seem to profile or style that defines these ciders. One unifying like the astringency that they provide. New York apples can characteristic was the relatively low levels of total phenolics. produce ciders with optimal levels of sugar and acid, while The one exception was the cider made from a blend of traditional final alcohol, RS, and carbonation are all adjustable by the cider cider apples, which had nearly three times more tannin than maker. If consumers seem to prefer ciders with tannin, low- the cider with the next highest amount and six times more than phenols ciders can in principle be supplemented with tannin the median concentration. We were curious about whether this from other sources. With the exception of one concentrate stark difference in total phenols would be a positive, negative, or that has undergone a special extraction process, the only have no effect on consumer preference in blind tastings. tannins available commercially are sourced from grapes, wood Objective 2- Consumer attitudes toward commercial or nuts. ciders Objective 3 - Single variety fermentations and A two-part panel was designed to gauge (1) consumer evaluations awareness and preferences related to apple varieties, including In the fall of 2014, six different apple cultivars were traditional cider varieties and better known apples available in fermented in duplicate. Four of the cultivars — Empire, grocery stores, and (2) preferred cider characteristics in a blind Jonagold, Idared, and McIntosh — are among the most tasting. A station was set up in a winery tasting room where both wine and cider is sold. The targeted audience was people commonly grown apples in New York, while two more were who are open to trying cider but who have not already formed sourced from Dr. Susan Brown’s Cornell apple breeding strong beliefs. These people may or may not have consumed program. These apples are thought to have characteristics cider previously, but are not already regular cider drinkers. The more resembling “traditional” hard cider varieties. The first part of the survey consisted of a paper questionnaire that commercially available varieties were fermented with two asked people whether or not they were familiar with certain different yeast strains (Lallemand DV10 and R-HST, Scott Labs) apple varieties, and how they would feel about these varieties in for a total of four fermentations, while the quantity of available a fermented cider. The next part consisted of a blind tasting of apples limited the research lots to just one strain (DV10). The NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 24 . NUMBER 1 . SPRING 2016 21 apples were milled and pressed, and then the Table 2. Chemistry and preference rank for commercial ciders evaluated by consumers. juice was divided into equivalent containers Acidity as Carbonation Residual Total Consumer for fermentation, and SO2 was added in the Malic Acid Ethanol (Volumes of Sugars Phenols Relative form of potassium metabisulfite. The juice (g/L) (%v/v) CO2 @ 20°C) (g/L) per 100 ml Preference was inoculated with yeast after 24 hours. Commercial Cider #1 5.6 7.2 2.6 44 318 1 All of the ciders had a pH at or below Commercial Cider #2 4.6 7.5 3.0 4 27 2 3.5 (Table 3), which was optimal. Microbial Commercial Cider #3 4.0 4.7 2.5 32 37 3 spoilage risk is much lower when pH is below Commercial Cider #4 2.6 4.0 1.2 45 121 4 3.5, and SO2 is more effective, allowing for lower doses. The experimental cultivars had Table 3. Chemistry of experimental ciders produced in 2014. the highest sugar levels and also the highest titratable acidity and greatest malic acid Cider Organic Acid Profile (after Juice Analysis fermentation) content. The combination of higher potential alcohol and also higher acidity are potentially Total TA Malate Lactate Acetate Citric Phenols positive traits for cider apples, but both of these characteristics are also adjustable in Variety BRIX pH (g/L) (g/L) (g/L) (g/L) (g/L) per 100 ml the cider-making process. Yeast assimilable nitrogen measurements (YAN) were SKB 1 14.6 3.34 7.7 7.8 0.4 0.12 0.11 34 SKB 2 14.6 3.30 11.9 9.5 0.4 0.04 0.12 31 below the recommended level for healthy Empire 12.6 3.48 5.9 6.4 0.5 0.07 0.13 25 fermentation (150–250 mg/L), which is much Jonagold 12.1 3.50 4.9 5.2 0.3 0.12 0.07 38 like what we observe in New York grapes. As a Ida Red 12.7 3.37 7.0 7.0 0.3 0.09 0.05 31 result, the juices were all supplemented with a McIntosh 11.3 3.31 7.2 7.0 0.4 0.04 0.06 32 mixture of organic (Go-Ferm, Fermaid-K) and inorganic nitrogen (diammonium phosphate) Table 4. Consumer preferences in paired evaluation trial. sources roughly one-third of the way through fermentation. The fermentations were carried Consumer Preference: Tannin Levels Consumer Preference: Sugar Level out in a room with an ambient temperature in Cider in Cider of 16°C, and no sugar remained after 21–28 days. Tannin The ciders were first evaluated to Pair (mg/L) Preference Pair Sugar (g/L) Preference compare the yeast strains and see if there was 1 0 1 10 a perceived difference, and if the difference 1 75 Strong Preference 1 20 Strong Preference was significant. A randomized triangle test 2 75 2 20 was conducted, wherein panelists received No Preference three samples, two of which were the same. If 2 150 2 30 Strong Preference the panelists can accurately identify the odd 3 150 3 30 No Preference sample more frequently than chance would 3 225 3 40 Slight Preference dictate, the results are considered significant 4 225 4 40 and there is a strong probability that the No Preference No Preference samples are sensorially different. In this 4 300 4 50 case, panelists could successfully distinguish between the yeast strains in each of the ciders. One reason for mid-range (150 ppm) while tasters compared stepped levels of the easily identified difference was probably a sulfur-like off- RS from 1 to 5%. The tannin trial set sweetness at mid-range aroma in many of the R-HST fermentations, and as a result, (3% RS) and stepped from 0 to 300 ppm addition in 75 ppm the research group preferred the ciders made from the DV10 increments (Table 4). yeast and made from a base blend with equal amounts of each Results showed that tasters clearly preferred 2% RS to 1%, apple cultivar. This blend was then used in trials to optimize and 3% over 2%. There was only a slight preference for 4% over sweetness and tannin levels. 3%, and no real difference between 4 and 5%. There are many factors that would influence the appropriate sugar level in other Objective 4- Optimizing a cider based on data from ciders, including acid, alcohol and tannin level, but a range of objectives 1&3 3 to 4% RS may provide a good starting point for those looking Most of the commercially available powdered tannin to produce ciders with common New York apples. The tannin products are designed for use in red wines, where the sensory trial showed a strong preference only between 0 and 75 ppm. matrix is less delicate than in cider. An initial group of four There was no clear trend among the higher treatments, which tannins were added at the same rate to a base cider, and an may indicate that large additions are unnecessary (though not informal panel of eight experts was convened to pick the most detrimental, as far as could be seen in this trial). suitable tannin for further trials. The group chose Enartis Tan UVA, a product sourced from white grape seeds. A two-factor, Future work paired-preference test was then designed using a fixed level of In 2015, we procured two high-tannin cider cultivars, carbonation. For sweetness, the tannin level would be fixed in Dabinett and Harry Masters Jersey, for processing and 22 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY fermentation. We plan to compare the effect of blending small without tannin. The most essential characteristic that any amounts of these ciders with that of adding powdered tannins. cider can possess is balance. Balance among elements is almost We plan to continue the sensory trials, both in tasting rooms always more important than the absolute amount of any single and in controlled laboratory spaces. We also plan to evaluate component. methods for creating a powdered tannin product sourced from apples. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the owners and staff of Leonard Summary Oakes Estate Winery for allowing us the use of their tasting As cider production and demand increases, it follows room for consumer sensory panels. This project was supported that demand for the necessary apples will also grow. We hope by the Apple Research and Development Program. that apple growers in New York will be able to find profitable markets for all of their fruit, and that this new source of demand Chris Gerling is an extension associate who manages will have a favorable impact on prices. Evidence suggests that the Vinification & Brewing Laboratory in Geneva. Olga there are many possibilities for apples already available in New Padilla-Zakour is professor and chair of Cornell’s Food York State. Cider producers currently have plenty of supply, Science department. Anna Katharine Mansfield is but not a lot of information about the best ways to make cider an associate professor in the department of Food from these apples. Our goal is to provide new and established Science. David Manns is a research associate in Dr. cideries with a “roadmap” regarding cider production with Mansfield’s lab. Cortni McGregor is a technician in the New York varieties, be it fermentation conditions, tannin extension enology lab. Brad Rickard is the Ruth and adjustment, or blending. There are many different production William Morgan Associate Professor in the Charles H. paths toward ciders that consumers will enjoy, and there is Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management. no single correct answer. While tannin is lacking from most Meaghan Sugrue is a senior Food Science major in apple cultivars that are currently in the ground, there are ways Cornell’s College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. to produce successful products from those apples, with and

NYFQ_7,5in_x_4,875in_LaGasse.pdf 1 17-2-2014 14:41:29

G R O F. S i n d s 1 8 8 4 HO 3-row O CK rchard & V UN ineyard/Berry Sprayer WW.M

MY M.A.S. 3-row Orchard sprayer M.A.S. 3-row Vino for berries & grapes CY For further information LaGasse Works CMY visit our website or 5 Old State Route 31 K contact our dealer: Lyons, NY 14489 1 • Do your spraying job in /3 rd of the time! Phone: 315-946-9202 • Savings on labour, fuel and tractor hours : -66% ! • Low power requirement: Only 80 HP at axle on pump!

WWW.LAGASSEORCHARD.COM

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 24 . NUMBER 1 . SPRING 2016 23 Overview of Apple Resources at Cornell University Susan K. Brown and Kevin E. Maloney Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Geneva, NY

he depth and breadth of apple resources at Cornell is tre- tion of new products and dispenser technologies, determining mendous in its diversity of topics covered and expertise best methods of incorporation into commercial production); available, in both research and extension. Funding from biological control (use of entomopathogenic nematodes to help T the industry aids control a native weevil in apples); and invasive and exotic pests “The depth and breadth of apple resources our research and (e.g., brown marmorated stink bugs; spotted wing Drosophila; at Cornell is tremendous in its diversity outreach efforts, monitoring for exotic species). Additionally, Art has focused on and our talented ambrosia beetles: monitoring, distribution, and management of topics covered and expertise available, Cornell Coop- tactics using pesticides and biologicals. in both research and extension.” erative Extension Art’s extension responsibility is to provide arthropod pest staff extends this management recommendations to the tree fruit industry. He information fur- is the coordinator and editor of the Cornell Pest Management ther. From breeding of scions and rootstocks, control of pests Guidelines for Commercial Tree Fruit Production [http://ipm- and pathogens, optimizing growth and quality, through to food guidelines.org/treefruits/], and the editor of “Scaffolds”, a weekly processing – our industry and consumers benefit from this re- online fruit newsletter [http://www.scaffolds.entomology.cornell. search. The following overview is presented as a brief summary edu/]. He speaks at multiple grower meetings, fruit schools, field of the apple resources available through our programs. meetings, research and extension conferences, and international conferences. He is co-chair of the CCE Fruit Program Work Cornell Cooperative Extension (CCE) Team, co-chair of the NE IPM Tree Fruit Working Group [http:// The Lake Ontario Fruit (LOF) Team: Debbie Breth (Team www.northeastipm.org/working-groups/tree-fruit/], and interim Leader, and Integrated Pest Management; retiring March editor of the New York Fruit Quarterly [http://www.nyshs.org/ 31, 2016, but position to be refilled), Mario Sazo (Cultural fq.php]. Practices), Craig Kahlke (Fruit Quality Management), Matt Wells • Agnello, A., Breth, D., Tee, E., Cox, K., and Warren, H. R. 2015. (Production Economics & Business Management) host the Lake Ambrosia beetle – an emergent apple pest. New York Fruit Ontario winter fruit schools and summer tours. They wrote a Quarterly 23(1): 25–28. guide on Apple IPM for beginners (http://www.fruit.cornell. • Agnello, A., Jentsch, P., Shields, E., Testa, T., and Keller, M. 2014. edu/orchard-ipm/index.html). Eastern New York Commercial Evaluation of persistent entomopathogenic nematodes for Horticulture Program members working in apples include Dan biological control of plum curculio. New York Fruit Quar- Donahue (Hudson Valley), Anna Wallis (Northern NY) and terly 22(1): 21–24. Bob Weybright (Agriculture Business Development Specialist). • Kain, D. P., and Agnello, A. M. 2013. Relationship between plant CCE staff is actively involved in programming and presenting phenology and Campylomma verbasci (Hemiptera: Miridae) at the Empire State Producers Expo held annually in Syracuse, damage to apple fruit. Environ. Entomol. 42(2): 307–313. NY, writing newsletters and harvest maturity reports, and also hosting their own fruit schools, including the Northeastern The Danforth Lab in Ithaca studies Bees (Bryan Danforth): NY Commercial Tree Fruit School and the Hudson Valley Some of the research most relevant to apples are studies of Commercial Fruit Growers School. In Long Island, Daniel Gilrein, the role of native pollinators. Faruque Zaman, and Andrew Senesac (Weed Science) conduct • Danforth, B. N., and van Dyke, M. 2015. The wild bees of New research and assist in tree fruit extension. York: Our insurance policy against honey bee decline. New • Sazo, M. M., and Robinson, T. L. 2015. Measuring and extend- York Fruit Quarterly 23(4): 17–22. ing the benefits of orchard mechanization in high-density • Park, M. G., Raguso, R. A., Losey, J. E., and Danforth, B. N. 2015. orchards in western NY. New York Fruit Quarterly 23(2): Per-visit pollinator performance and regional importance of 25–28. wild Bombus and Andrena (Melandrena) compared to the managed honey bee in New York apple orchards. Apidologie Entomology 1–16. [DOI: 10.1007/s13592-015-0383-9] Insect Control in Tree Fruits (Art Agnello): • Park, M., Danforth, B., Losey, J., Biddinger, D., Vaughan, M., Art’s research is focused on solving insect control problems in Dollar, J., Rajotte, E., and Agnello, A. 2012. Wild pollina- tree fruits and assessment of seasonal management programs, us- tors of Eastern apple orchards and how to conserve them. ing a range of tactics: sampling and monitoring techniques, IPM/ Cornell Univ. / Northeastern IPM Center. 20 pp. http://www. biological studies, insecticides (efficacy evaluation of new prod- northeastipm.org/park2012 ucts under development), implementation of currently labeled selective reduced-risk insecticides, testing tactics and products Management of Arthropods in Crops and Natural Systems for organic apple production. He also does work on pesticide (Jan Nyrop): application technology, pheromone mating disruption (evalua- The broad goal of Jan’s research is to develop concepts and

24 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY tools needed to improve management of arthropods in crops a model for host specialization, 4) identifying volatiles from the and natural systems. He is especially interested in improving surface of plant tissues (shoots and fruit) that are produced by the effectiveness of natural enemies for controlling pests, in microbial agents and contributing to the volatile profile used by improving how decisions are made to control pests, and in ap- insects for host location, and 5) identifying below-ground vola- plying quantitative tools to better understand the ecology of tiles and their sources that are involved in insect herbivory. All arthropod pests and the plants they feed upon. Biological control projects are collaborative. work has focused on understanding the basis for an outcome of plan-mediated interactions between pest and predator mites. Food Science Research in decision-making has addressed the optimal allocation Food Safety and Good Agricultural Practices (Betsy Bihn, of resources to monitor invasive species. Quantitative ecology Senior Extension Associate): work has focused on understanding, through simulation and Betsy is the director of the Produce Safety Alliance (www. mathematical modeling, how pest attraction to a trap crop and producesafetyalliance.cornell.edu) and program coordinator for retention of these organisms by a trap crop influence the overall the National Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) Program. She effectiveness of trap cropping as a pest management strategy. will be actively involved in the new Institute for Food Safety at Jan has been co-teaching a course entitled “Invasions: Trading Cornell. Her primary focus is to help fruit and vegetable grow- Species in a Shrinking World”, in collaboration with Ann Hajek. ers implement produce safety practices to reduce microbial His extension efforts focus on biological control and developing food safety risks, meet buyer demand for food safety practices pest management guidelines that promote sustainability. including third party audits, and comply with new regulatory requirements that are part of the Food Safety Modernization Pesticide Application Technology (Andrew Landers and Re- Act’s Rule for Produce Safety. Her research focus has been on the search Associate Tomàs Pallejà Cabré): microbial quality of water used to produce fruits and vegetables. The goal of Andrew’s program is to develop methods to im- Betsy’s extension program in NY is known for its multi-day GAPs prove deposition within the fruit canopy and reduce off-target training program that includes growers developing their own drift. Research includes the factors affecting airflow, speed and farm food safety plans (Figure 1). This training is in collabora- direction within the canopy. They develop new methods to ap- tion with CCE and NYSDAM. ply pesticides precisely, such as the use of GPS, GIS, RFID, etc., • Bihn, E. A., Wszelaki, A. L., Schermann, M. A., Wall, G. L., and improve traceability and management of sprayers. Their re- and Amundson, S. K. 2014. Farm food safety decision trees search thrust is on developing precision spraying techniques for for fruit and vegetable growers (a training manual). 187 pp. horticultural crops. They have also developed a fully automatic Cornell University / National GAPs Program. sprayer controller for adjusting liquid and airflow on orchard • Wall, G. L., and Bihn, E. A. 2015. Recommendations to regu- and vineyard sprayers. They show growers, via field demonstra- lations: Managing wildlife and produce safety on the farm. tions, workshops and conference presentations how to monitor Food Safety Risks from Wildlife: Challenges in Agriculture, pesticide use, air direction and droplet penetration. Presenta- Conservation, and Public Health. Michele T. Jay-Russell, tions are made nationally and internationally each year. Andrew Michael P. Doyle (eds.). Springer, New York. prepares a chapter on application technology for six Cornell • National GAPs Program [www.gaps.cornell.edu]. This website Pest Management Guidelines each year. These are distributed houses a collections of educational materials to help grow- through regional extension offices and posted online at:https:// ers assess risks and implement produce safety practices on store.cornell.edu/c-875-pmep-guidelines.aspx. Website at http:// their farms. It also has a complete research and extension web.entomology.cornell.edu/landers/pestapp/. database with access to scientific literature and contact • Landers, A., Zhai, C., Llorens, J., and Larzelere, W. 2015. The information for GAPs Collaborators nationwide. development of a spray monitoring system for fruit crops as an aid to farm management and traceability. Julius-Kühn- Archiv 448: 74. • Pallejà, T. and Landers, A. J. 2015. Real time canopy density estimation using ultrasonic envelope signals in the orchard and vineyard. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 115: 108–117. • T. Pallejà, and Landers, A. 2014. Precision spraying in the orchard and vineyard: Measuring canopy density. New York Fruit Quarterly 22(4): 15–17.

Insect Behavior and Chemical Communication Systems (Charles Linn, Senior Research Associate): Current projects include: 1) Defining host fruit volatile blends for different parasitoid wasps that specialize on differentRhago - letis pomonella fly populations, 2) testing a protocol for rapid identification of cryptic Rhagoletis flies infesting different host fruit in the western U.S. to determine whether R. pomonella is infesting domestic apples in that region, 3) identifying host plant volatiles used by specialist and generalist moth species, testing Figure 1. Betsy Bihn conducting an outreach class on food safety.

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 24 . NUMBER 1 . SPRING 2016 25 Cornell Enology Extension Lab (CEEL) (Chris Gerling): • Nayak, B., Liu, R. H., and Tang, J. 2015. Effect of processing Chris is an extension associate in CEEL. He manages the on phenolic antioxidants of fruits, vegetables, and grains Vinification and Brewing Laboratory as well as the NY Wine –A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition Analytical Lab, and creates educational programs for producers 55: 887–918. of fermented cider, wine, and distilled spirits. Chris hosts cider workshops and is conducting a study of sensory characteristics Processing and Value-Added Products of Agricultural Com- of single varietal ciders in contrast to commercially available modities: (Olga Padilla-Zakour): ciders. He works with the wine, (fermented) cider and distilled Olga directs the NYS Food Venture Center, a major extension spirits industries, with the goal of increasing quality, profitability program of the Department of Food Science. She coordinates and sustainability. Chris focuses mainly on beverage produc- and develops outreach programs and activities to support new tion from the time the fruit is harvested until the final product and established entrepreneurs, processors and farmers intro- is bottled. CEEL activities include research fermentation trials, ducing new products. She provides guidelines and assists in evaluation of new varieties, service lab analyses, short courses regulatory issues to ensure the safety of food products and acts and workshops. as Process Authority to schedule process documentation to comply with federal and state regulatory requirements for new products (more than 1000 products per year). She develops Enology and Fermented Beverages (Anna Katharine Mans- and implements training programs for food entrepreneurs and field): organizes and teaches Better Process Control Schools annually. Anna Katharine’s work centers on wine production and sensory evaluation, but often overlaps with related activities, like She develops and maintains the Northeast Center for Food wine marketing and the production of other fermented beverages Entrepreneurship at the Food Venture Center website: http:// (cider, beer, and spirits.) necfe.foodscience.cornell.edu/ Olga’s research program focuses on applied research in support of her extension program to add value and safety to Food Safety, Microbiology and UV-pasteurization (Randy Worobo): agricultural commodities. Emphasis is on developing new Randy’s research and extension programs are focused on products/processes, improving or retaining quality in processed enhancing the microbiological safety and quality of fruit and veg- foods, increasing economic viability of farm-based ventures, and etable products. A large portion of his research is dedicated to identifying the key factors that affect the safety of specialty foods evaluating new food processing technologies, such as ultraviolet manufactured by small-scale processors. light, high-pressure processing, and antimicrobials, to enhance • Athiphunamphai, N., Bar, H. Y., Cooley, H. J., and Padilla- the safety and quality of post harvest produce. The primary Zakour, O. I. 2014. Heat treatment and turbo extractor focus of his extension and outreach activities is to provide food rotational speed effects on rheological and physico-chemical safety training and direct assistance to the food and beverage properties of varietal applesauce. Journal of Food Engineer- industries. His extension training program includes certification ing 136: 19–27. training for Juice HACCP, current Good Manufacturing Prac- Horticulture tices, and basic food and beverage sanitation. Randy developed a UV pasteurization system, widely used by cider producers to Apple Breeding (Susan Brown): produce safe cider products, without the influence on taste that The apple breeding program spans basic to applied research, heat pasteurization may impart. with an emphasis on improving consistency of quality in ad- • Usaga, J., Worobo, R. W., Moraru, C. I., and Padilla-Zakour, vanced selections as potential apple varieties. ‘SnapDragon’™ O. I. 2015. Time after apple pressing and insoluble solids and ‘RubyFrost’™ apples were released in concert with Crunch influence the efficiency of the UV treatment of cloudy apple Time Apple Growers to offer New York State apple growers an juice. LWT-Food Science and Technology 62(1): 218–224. exclusive license. Breeding goals included freedom from or • Dong, Q., Manns, D.C., Feng, G., Yue, T., Churey, J. J., and reduction in storage disorders, slow flesh browning for fresh Worobo, R. W. 2010. Reduction of patulin in apple cider cut, improved nutritional properties, exceptional quality, and by UV radiation. Journal of Food Protection 73: 69–74. where possible, resistance to disease (Figure 2). Susan is part of RosBREED, and benefits from genotyping parents for traits Food Chemistry and Human Health (Rui Hai Liu): such as acidity, bitter pit susceptibility, and other traits that allow Dr. Liu’s research program focuses on diet and cancer, ef- her to predict the best combinations for crossing for new variety fect of functional foods/nutraceuticals on chronic disease risks, development. This program benefits from collaborations with bioactive compounds in natural products, and herbal remedies Plant Pathology researchers, horticulturist Chris Watkins, and for anticancer and antiviral activity. Specific interests include: from access and research at the USDA/ARS. Graduate students 1) health benefits of phytochemicals in fruits, vegetables and and summer scholars add to the knowledge of genetic improve- whole grains; 2) food genomics and functional foods for disease ment. Kevin Maloney assists in all aspects of testing and trials. prevention and health promotion targeted at cancers, aging, and • Brown, S. K., and Maloney, K. E. 2015. Apple Breeding, Ge- inflammatory diseases. Some of his apple publications include: netics and Genomics. New York Fruit Quarterly 23(3): 5–7. • Boyer, J., and Liu, R. H. 2004. Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits. Nutrition Journal 3(5): 12. Nutrition Physiology and Stress Physiology, Sugar and Acid • Liu, R. H. 2013. Health-promoting components of fruits and Accumulation and Metabolism (Lailiang Cheng): vegetables in the diet. Advances in Nutrition 4(3): 384S– Lailiang’s group is focused on how nitrogen supply affects 392S. carbon metabolism and nitrogen metabolism in both apples

26 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY • Doerflinger, F., Rickard, B., Nock, J. K., and Watkins, C. 2015. Early harvest is a critical factor in decreasing flesh browning development of Empire apples. New York Fruit Quarterly 23(3): 30–34. • Gapper, N., Rudell, D., Giovannoni, J. J., and Watkins, C. B. 2013. Biomarker development for external CO2 injury prediction in apples through exploration of both transcriptome and DNA methylation changes. AoB Plants. 2013: 10.1093/ aobpla/plt021 . • Watkins, C. B., and Nock, J. K. 2012. Production guide for storage of organic fruits and vegetables. http://www.nysipm. cornell.edu/organic_guide/stored_fruit_veg.pdf

Sustainable Apple Production and Cider Research (Greg Peck): Figure 2. Tasting new apple varieties at a meeting of the Great Lakes Fruit Workers. Greg is a new faculty member in Ithaca who comes to us from Virginia Tech and has a focus on sustainable orchards production systems and hard cider. and grapes. Pome fruits of the Rosaceae family, such as apple, • Biggs, A. R., and Peck, G. M. 2015. Managing bitter pit in are unique in that sorbitol serves as a primary end-product of Honeycrisp apples grown in the mid-Atlantic United States photosynthesis and a major translocated carbohydrate in the with foliar-applied calcium chloride and some alternatives. phloem. Sorbitol is also implicated in responses to environmen- HortTech. 25: 385–391. tal stresses. Apple trees with decreased sorbitol synthesis are • Farris, J., Peck, G., and Groover, G. E. 2013. Assessing the being used to understand the role sorbitol plays in carbohydrate economic feasibility of growing specialized apple cultivars metabolism, organic acid metabolism and nitrogen metabolism, for sale to commercial hard cider producers. Journal of Ex- and stress tolerance. They are very interested in both primary tension 53(5) / 5FEA10. metabolism and secondary metabolism relevant to fruit quality • Thompson-Witrick, K. A., Goodrich, K. M., Neilson, A. P., during fruit growth and development, as well as their responses Hurley, E. K., Peck, G. M., and Stewart, A. C. 2014. Char- to nutrient stress and other environmental stresses. Sugar/acid acterization of the polyphenol composition of 20 cultivars accumulation and metabolism in apple fruit is one of the foci of cider, processing, and dessert apples (Malus x domestica of current work. On the more applied side, research addresses Borkh.) grown in Virginia. Journal of Agricultural and Food uptake, translocation, storage, and remobilization and demand- Chemistry 62(41): 10181–10191. supply relationship of nitrogen and other nutrients in apples and grapevines to provide a basis for optimizing nutrient inputs into Orchard systems (Terence Robinson, currently on leave; and both apple orchards and vineyards. postdoctoral fellows, Poliana Francescatto and Jaume Lordan The goal of their extension program is to effectively deliver Sanahuja): research-based, up-to-date information and expertise concerning Terence is an applied fruit crop physiologist, with a goal of nutrient management to the apple industry in New York through doing practical research and extension on tree fruit production collaborations with faculty, extension educators, and growers. problems to increase the profitability and strength of the NY fruit A current focus is management of nitrogen, potassium, calcium industry and fruit growers around the world. His research and and other essential nutrients to improve yield and quality of extension efforts are in: 1) Orchard Systems, 2) Rootstocks, 3) high-density apple plantings. Crop Load and Canopy Management, and 4) Extension Leader- • Li, M., Feng, F., and Cheng, L. 2012. Expression patterns of ship. His research and extension program is aimed at solving genes involved in sugar metabolism and accumulation during practical fruit production problems to increase the profitability apple fruit development. PLoS One. 7:e33055. and strength of the NY fruit industry. The program is largely • Wu, T., Wang, Y., Zheng, Y., Fei, Z., Dandekar, A. M., Xu, K., ... field oriented and of an applied nature (Figure 3). Six areas and Cheng, L. 2015. Suppressing sorbitol synthesis substan- of emphasis include: orchard systems, rootstocks, maximizing tially alters the global expression profile of stress response new tree growth, crop load and canopy management, irrigation/ genes in apple (Malus domestica) leaves. Plant and Cell fertigation, and economics of orchard systems. Physiology pcv092. Poliana Francescatto is studying the role and effectiveness of plant growth regulators. Jaume Lordan’s research is focused Postharvest Physiology (Chris Watkins, Professor, and Director on improving fruit tree orchard performance, selecting the right of Cornell Cooperative Extension): rootstock for each variety, and adapting their canopy manage- Chris conducts a postharvest science research program with ment such as planting space, pruning, irrigation and crop load a major focus on apple. His research and extension activities management techniques. are statewide and include development and conduct of harvest • Dominguez, L. I., and Robinson, T. L. 2015. Strategies to im- maturity management, postharvest handling, and storage tech- prove early growth and yield of tall spindle apple plantings. nology from both basic and applied aspects. His current projects New York Fruit Quarterly 23(2): 5–10. focus on the development of physiological disorders of apples • Greene, D. W., Lakso, A. N., Robinson, T. L., and Schwallier, such as internal browning, external carbon dioxide injury, and P. 2013. Development of a fruitlet growth model to predict superficial scald. thinner response on apples. HortScience 48(5): 584–587.

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 24 . NUMBER 1 . SPRING 2016 27 Kerik’s research and extension program focuses on the identification, understanding, and mitigation of fungicide and bactericide resistance to promote a culture of pesticide stewardship in fruit production. • Cox, K., Breth, D., Borejsza-Wysocka, E., and Aldwinckle, H. S. 2013. The presence of the fire blight bacterium Erwinia amylovora in asymptomatic apple bud wood: A potential threat to new apple plantings. Phytopathology 103(6): 31. • Tancos, K. A., Villani, S. M., Kuehne, S., Borejsza-Wysocka, E., Breth, D., Carroll, J. E., Aldwinckle, H., and Cox, K. 2015. Prevalence of streptomycin-resistant Erwinia amylovora in New York Apple orchards. Plant Disease PDIS-09-15- 0960-RE.

Figure 3. Terence Robinson during an orchard platform demonstration Virology (Marc Fuchs): with Champlain Valley growers. Marc’s research and extension program focuses on the biology and management of viruses of vegetable and fruit crops. Primary research goals are to determine the variability of virus Plant physiology (Taryn Bauerle): populations for advancing our understanding of virus spread, Taryn concentrates on perennial plants and has examined develop robust detection methodologies, and to study interac- drought responses in apples. tions between viruses, vectors, and plant hosts, with the aim of • Bauerle, T. L., Centinari, M., and Bauerle, W. L. 2011. Shifts developing innovative plant protection approaches. His exten- in xylem aperture and safety in grafted apple trees of dif- sion component focuses on the identification of emerging virus fering growth potential in response to drought. Planta diseases and the dissemination of information to extension educa- 234:1045–1054. tors, growers, regulators, horticulture inspectors, and agriculture service providers. Apple Genomics (Kenong Xu): • Gergerich, R. C., Welliver, R. A., Gettys, S., Osterbauer, N. K., Kenong and his group emphasize research and extension in Kamenidou, S., Martin, R. R., Gollino, D. A., Eastwell, K., tree fruit genomics. Their research goal is to uncover the genes Fuchs, M., Vidalakis, G., and Tzanetakis, I. E. 2015. Safe- underlying traits of economic importance in apple so that ef- guarding fruit crops in the age of agricultural globalization. ficient tools and strategies can be developed for apple genetic Plant Disease 99(2): 176–187. improvement. The current research focus is on apple fruit quality and tree architecture traits, such as fruit acidity, storability, and Dave Gadoury: columnar growth habit. They identified the fruit acidity gene, David’s research program focuses on discoveries that help dubbed Ma, and developed a DNA marker capable of predict- protect a broad array of crops from microbes that cause diseases ing fruit acidity levels at young seedling stages, making it useful with a special emphasis on powdery mildews. His efforts led for early selection in apple breeding. Extension program goals to breakthroughs in how important crops like apples, grapes, are to disseminate basic scientific information and information strawberries, wheat, and hops, are protected from attacks by about the latest advances in plant biotechnology and genomics powdery mildews in NY and beyond. David co-teaches a 2-credit in layman’s term for the fruit industry and other groups from the undergraduate course, “Agricultural Application of Plant Health general public. This will enable a better understanding of geneti- Concepts” (Figure 4). cally engineered crops and help the public to stay current with emerging biotechnology. Hudson Valley Research Lab, Inc.: Peter Jentsch (Director and • El-Sharkawy, I., Liang, D., and Xu, K. 2015. Transcriptome Entomologist), Dave Rosenberger (PPMB Emeritus), Gemma analysis of an apple (Malus x domestica) yellow fruit somatic Reig Cordoba (postdoctoral fellow and Horticulturist), and Dan mutation identifies a gene network module highly associ- Donahue (CCE) at the Hudson Valley Research Lab (HVRL) in ated with anthocyanin and epigenetic regulation. Journal of Highland, NY, are dedicated to solving agricultural production Experimental Botany 66(22): 7359–7376. problems, and emphasize communication of time-sensitive in- • Xu, K. 2014. Precision genome editing may ease debate and formation to growers. Research programs focus on disease and regulatory burden on genetically modified fruit. New York insect pest management and horticultural production practices. Fruit Quarterly 22(4): 29–32. http://www.hudsonvalleyresearchlab.org/ Entomology (Peter Jentsch): Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology The Jentsch Lab focuses on management of the beneficial Fruit Disease Resistance and Management (Kerik Cox): and pest complex of insects and mites in tree fruits, small fruits, Diseases severely compromise sustainable fruit production, grapes and vegetable crops. Expertise includes field testing of and in the absence of sustainable host resistance and cultural experimental and conventional tools through integration of pest management practices, growers need to rely on plant pharma- management of insects, employing biological controls and use of ceuticals such as fungicides and bactericides. However, the safest attractants to manage invasive pests in conventional and organic and most effective fungicides and bactericides are overcome by production systems. They study the woodland influence imposed development of resistance in pathogen populations. Therefore, on agricultural systems, coupled with a broadly diverse insect

28 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY The Network for Environment and Weather Apps (NEWA) serves up open-access, user-friendly tools for farms at www.newa. cornell.edu. Juliet Carroll heads NEWA, now reaching across 16 states in the US. Forecasts on NEWA alert farmers about risk from damaging insects and deadly diseases so they can make smart decisions about monitoring, timing and protecting their crops. Farmers know the value of weather data is greater when it can be shared. NEWA makes it possible for farmers to share weather station data—building tools for farm decision support. http://newa.cornell.edu/ and the You’re NEWA blog is at http:// blogs.cornell.edu/yournewa/

The Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management (Brad Rickard): Brad’s teaching and research focus on the economic Figure 4. Debbie Breth and Kerik Cox discussing apple diseases for implications of policies, innovation, and industry-led initiatives students during a summer field course. in food and beverage markets. His extension program is tied to his research, and focuses on answering economic, marketing, ecology and the warmer climate in Eastern New York’s Hudson and policy questions important to horticultural producers, Valley region, which imposes significant pressure to agronomic particularly fruit and vegetable growers, in New York State. As systems unique in comparison with other regions of New York part of his extension program, he works with researchers across State, with studies that are specific and critical to region produc- units in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences to study ers. issues in a multi-disciplinary framework. Extension activities include developing timely outreach • Rickard, B. J., Richards, T., and Yan, J. 2016. University licensing materials on seasonal pest management events, participating in of patents for varietal innovations in agriculture. Agricultural field and twilight meetings during the growing season, publish- Economics 47: 3–14. ing extension articles for grower organization newsletters and • Rickard, B. J. 2015. On the political economy of guest worker bulletins, presenting through webinars, CCE sponsored fruit programs in agriculture. Food Policy 52: 1–8. schools and workshops. Peter provides on-demand extension information using subscription based E-mail alerts linked to Food Marketing and Distribution (Miguel Gómez): interactive ‘blog site’ articles containing recommendations and Miguel’s research program concentrates on two interrelated guidelines for management of timely IPM topics. This platform areas under the umbrella of food marketing and distribution: provides access to audio and video, and detailed images. Peter’s 1) Supply chains competitiveness and sustainability, and 2) blog is found at Retailing and channel relationships. Here, microeconomic https://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/2016/01/. theory is combined with quantitative methods, emphasizing key • Jentsch, P. 2015. A new threshold-based management tool for concepts such as price transmission, demand response, buyer- brown marmorated stinkbug (BMSB) in New York. New seller negotiations, market power, customer satisfaction, and York Fruit Quarterly 23(3):19–23. retail performance. • Leskey, T.C., Agnello, A., Bergh, J. C., Dively, G. P., Hamilton, • Gómez, M., McLaughlin, E. W., and Park, K. S. 2014. Case G. C., Jentsch, P., Khrimian, A., Krawczyk, G., Kuhar, T. studies on local food supply chains: Apple case studies in P., Lee, D. H. and Morrison, W. R. 2015. Attraction of the the Syracuse, New York MSA. In: King, R. P., M. Hand, invasive Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to and M. I. Gómez (Eds.), Comparing the structure, size, and traps baited with semiochemical stimuli across the United performance of local and mainstream food supply chains. States. Environ. Entomol. p.nvv049. Univ. Nebraska Press. Plant Pathology (Dave Rosenberger): http://blogs.cornell.edu/ plantpathhvl/2016/01/ Agribusiness Management and Ag Economic Development (Todd Shmidt): Integrated Pest Management (http://www.nysipm.cornell. Cornell University Food and Brand Lab (Brian Wansink, David edu/program/default.asp) and the Northeast Center for IPM Just and others, at (http://www.northeastipm.org/): http://foodpsychology.cornell.edu/): Juliet Carroll (Senior Extension Associate, Fruit IPM Coordina- The Food and Brand Lab is an interdisciplinary group of tor): graduate and undergraduate students from psychology, food Julie educates farmers on using tools to grow healthy fruit science, marketing, agricultural economics, human nutrition, crops with the fewest possible pesticide sprays. Lowering inputs education, history, library science, and journalism, along with a while reducing the risk of crop loss from insects, disease and number of affiliated faculty. It focuses on better understanding weeds also reduces the risk to human health and the environ- consumers and how they relate to foods and packaged foods. ment. She delivers Cornell’s knowledge about fruit to farmers at Their research has driven the creation of the Smarter Lunchrooms www.fruit.cornell.edu. Juliet’s job is to learn from researchers, Movement [http://smarterlunchrooms.org/] and the Cornell help with research, and deliver research knowledge to farmers Center for Behavioral Economics in Child Nutrition Programs for IPM—balancing farms, food and nature. (BEN) [http://ben.cornell.edu/], two programs devoted to the

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 24 . NUMBER 1 . SPRING 2016 29 funding, conduction, and dissemination of research concerning children’s health. A few of their studies on apples include: • Just, D. R., Hanks, A. S., and Wansink, B. 2014. Chefs move to schools: A pilot examination of how chef-created dishes can increase school lunch participation and fruit and vegetable intake. Appetite 83: 242–247. • Tal, A., and Wansink, B. 2015. An Apple a Day Brings More Apples Your Way: Healthy Samples Prime Healthier Choices. Psychology and Marketing 32(5): 575–584. • Wansink, B., Just, D. R., Hanks, A. S., and Smith, L. E. 2013. Pre-sliced fruit in school cafeterias: Children’s selection and intake. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 44(5): 477–480.

Figure 5. Geneva apple rootstocks being grown in a commercial nursery USDA ARS Plant Genetic Resources Unit: (photo: Gennaro Fazio) The USDA PGRU maintains one of the world’s largest collections of apple germplasm (trees, cryopreserved buds, and seeds), including collections from the center of origin in apple (in • Merwin, I. A. 2015. Growing apples for craft ciders. New York China and Russia). The facility has over 3,900 apple accessions and Fruit Quarterly 23(1): 5–9. is often referred to as a living library. USDA apple researchers with adjunct faculty status at Cornell include Gan Yuan Zhong Web and Print Resources: (research leader), Thomas Chao (curator) and Gennaro Fazio •e Th Cornell Fruit website www.fruit.cornell.edu/ contains (rootstock breeder). links to Scaffolds Fruit Journal, IPM, CCE, organic guides, • Volk, G. M., Chao, C. T., Norelli, J., Brown, S. K., Fazio, G., Peace, the New York Fruit Quarterly, and many other links. C., McFerson, J., Zhong, G.-Y., and Bretting, P. 2015. The • Scaffolds Fruit Journal, a weekly update on pest management vulnerability of US apple (Malus) genetic resources. Genetic and crop development is available at http://www.scaffolds. Resources and Crop Evolution 62(5): 765–794. entomology.cornell.edu/. • The New York Fruit Quarterly is printed 4 times a year and Apple Rootstock Breeding (Gennaro Fazio): is a joint effort of the New York State Horticultural Society, This is a collaborative program between the USDA and Cornell University’s New York State Agricultural Experiment Cornell University. The focus in this program has been to Station at Geneva, and the New York State Apple Research develop size-reducing rootstocks that also have resistance to and Development Program. Michigan researchers also replant disease, Phytophthora root rot, woolly apple aphid, contribute reports. http://www.nyshs.org/fq.php. scab, and fire blight (Figure 5). Information on the rootstocks • 2016 Cornell Pest Management Guidelines for Commercial commercialized and their attributes is at http://www.ctl.cornell. Tree Fruit Production: https://store.cornell.edu/p-193115- edu/plants/GENEVA-Apple-Rootstocks-Comparison-Chart.pdf. 2016-cornell-pest-management-guidelines-for-commercial- Gennaro’s research has indicated the importance of rootstock tree-fruit-production.aspx. on apple mineral nutrition and has identified genes involved in •e Th Apple Research and development Program (ARDP) was apple dwarfing. established by the NY apple industry in 1990 in New York. • Fazio, G., Cheng, L., Grusak, M. A., and Robinson, T. L. 2015. In 2012, the ARDP voted to double research funding from Apple rootstocks influence mineral nutrient concentration just under $200,000 to nearly $400,00 per year. In 2014, it of leaves and fruits. New York Fruit Quarterly 23(2): 11–15. was successful in getting a $500,000 match from the NYS • Robinson, T., Fazio, G., Black, B., and Parra, R. 2015. 2015 legislature and the Cuomo administration. Many articles Progress report – Evaluation of the Cornell-Geneva apple in the New York Fruit Quarterly represent projects funded rootstocks and other promising apple rootstocks. Compact by ARDP. Fruit Tree 48(1): 22–25. Acknowledgments Other Faculty investigating aspects of apple: A special thanks to Julie Suarez and Theresa Sweeney for Joss Rose, a specialist in fruit skin (cuticles), is studying the starting this outline of apple resources to be used in Albany, and cuticle of apples to understand apple surface defects associated to Chris Watkins (CCE) for his feedback on that draft. with cuticle formation, such as russeting, wind-whip and weather- cracking. Susan Brown is the Herman M. Cohn Professor of Agriculture Retirees who have contributed to apple research include (in and Life Sciences and Director of the New York State CCE): Allison DeMarree, Steve Hoying, Kevin Iungerman, Mike Agricultural Experiment Station. She leads the apple- Fargione and (faculty): Alan Lakso, Ian Merwin, Harvey Reissig, breeding program at Cornell University. Kevin Maloney and Dave Rosenberger. We are sure this list is incomplete, so our is a Research Support Specialist who works with Dr. Brown. apologies if you were missed!

30 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 3 New York State Horticultural Society

NYSHSEDUCATING, PROMOTING and PROTECTING New York’s Commercial Fruit Industry

O R K Y S T A W T Founded in 1855, the mission of the New York E E N State Horticultural Society is to foster the H O Y T R 2 E T I growth, development and profitability of the IC C U S O LT U R A L fruit industry in New York State.

NYSHS accomplishes this by: • Supporting educational opportunities for members • Promoting the industry Figure 3. Modified sprayer and sensors in the trial orchard

• Representing the industry in matters of public policy

OBJECTIVES Education - providing education programs for members that include: • obtaining and disseminating information to the fruit industry

• sponsor and/or cooperate with other groups to provide and Figure 2. RR test site, Wayne Co., NY using Gala trees on M.9 rootstock planted May 3, 2014.

support tours • sponsor trade shows

• cooperate with and encourage others to provide educational opportunities Promoting the Fruit Industry by: • promoting ideas which will benefit the economic health of the fruit industry • educate the general public about the New York fruit industry NYSHS ISSUES Representing the New York fruit industry by: • Pesticide Registrations • Have cemented our role as legislative voice in both Albany and • Food Quality Protection Act Washington, DC for the fruit industry • Integrated Pest Management • representing the industry’s interest as well as other agencies and institutions • Agricultural Labor and Immigration • Fruit Industry Economic Development • Cornell Research and Extension • Education Public Officials • Educating Industry • Food Safety

NYSHS Membership, Continued on page 36

NEW YORK FRUIT QUARTERLY . VOLUME 24 . NUMBER 1 . SPRING 2016 31 NYSHS MEMBERSHIP INVOICE Yes! I will support the NYSHS and its mission to Educate, Promote and Protect the New York Fruit Industry. Yearly membership includes Hort Flash Newsletter, and the New York Fruit Quarterly. Dues are paid once a year, good from July 1st until June 30th. Please enclose check or cash. What the NYSHS Does for You: Growers Membship...... $225 Per Each Multiple Membership after 1st ...... $100 FRUIT INDUSTRY EDUCATION Growers w/50 Acres or Less...... $100 Industry Professional ...... $225 Sponsor/Cosponsor of: Academic Professional...... $100 • Annual Empire State Fruit & Vegetable Direct Marketing Expo Sponsors: • Industry Leadership Forums Bronze level...... $300 • Cornell Extension Events Silver leve...... $500 • Sponsor of Labor Conferences Gold level ...... $1000 Platinum...... $2500 and up Publisher of: • The New York Fruit Quarterly ADDITIONAL SUPPORT: • Hort Flash Newsletter AREAS YOU’D LIKE NYSHS TO SPEND MORE EFFORT ON: Presentations at: H2A Reform...... $100 • Growers’ Meetings Speaker Programs...... $100 • Discussion in Albany on All Labor Topics Your Thought______Achievements: ______$______• Twice awarded $500,000 for Applied Apple TOTAL AMOUNT...... $______Research • Cornell Apple Labor Survey Name______Articles in: Company______• Fruit Industry Publications Mailing address______FRUIT INDUSTRY PROMOTION City______State_____ Zip______• Empire State Council of Agricultural Organizations • NYS Berry Growers Association and NYS Ag County ______Affiliates Phone______Fax______Cooperate with: • The U.S. Apple Association E-mail ______• The United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association Thank You for Your Support!!! Membership dues are not deduct- • The New York Apple Association ible for Federal Income Tax Purposes. They may be tax-deductible FRUIT INDUSTRY PROTECTION under other provisions of the IRS Code. Please check with your Seats on Advisory Boards: tax advisor. • Agricultural Affiliated; make certain all understand Please remit to: our industry’s often unique concerns and needs. NYSHS 630 W. North Street www.NYSHS.org Hedrick Hall To educate, promote and protect the Geneva, NY 14456 New York State Fruit Industry.

Contact Us: NYSHS 630 W. North Street Hedrick Hall Geneva, NY 14456 www.NYSHS.org Ph 315-787-2404 Fx 315-787-2216 www.NYSHS.org [email protected]

32 NEW YORK STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY