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A Grower's Guide to Organic Apples

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A Grower's Guide to Organic Apples http://hdl.handle.net/1813/42886 A Grower’s Guide to Organic Apples NYS IPM Publication No. 223 Integrated Pest Management New York State Department of Agriculture & Markets A GROWERʼS GUIDE TO ORGANIC APPLES PRIMARY AUTHORS AND COORDINATING EDITORS Gregory M. Peck*. Cornell University, Department of Horticulture, Ithaca. Ian A. Merwin*. Cornell University, Department of Horticulture, Ithaca. CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS AND REVIEWERS Arthur Agnello*. Cornell University, Department of Entomology, NYSAES, Geneva. Insecticides; Common Apple Arthropod Pests Brian Caldwell*. Cornell University, Organic Cropping Systems Project, Ithaca; and farmer of organically managed orchards at Hemlock Grove Farms, West Danby. Site Selection and Orchard Design; Insecticides; Disease Control Materials Paul Curtis*. Cornell University, Department of Natural Resources, Ithaca. Wildlife Damage Management Ron Gardner, Sr. Cornell University, Pesticide Management Education Program, Ithaca. Pesticide Regulations; Pesticide Safety Michael Helms*. Cornell University, Pesticide Management Education Program, Ithaca. Pesticide Regulations; Pesticide Safety David Rosenberger*. Cornell University, Department of Plant Pathology, NYSAES, Hudson Valley Laboratory. Site Selection and Orchard Design; Disease Control Materials; Key Apple Diseases; Harvest and Postharvest Handling Elizabeth Thomas (New York State IPM Program, Geneva) Christopher Watkins. Cornell University, Department of Horticulture, Ithaca. Harvest and Postharvest Handling *Pesticide Information and Regulatory Compliance Funding for this publication was provided by the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets and the Department of Horticulture, Cornell University. The information in this guide reflects the current authors’ best effort to interpret a complex body of scientific research, and to translate this into practical management options. Following the guidance provided in this guide does not assure compliance with any applicable law, rule, regulation or standard, or the achievement of particular discharge levels from agricultural land. Every effort has been made to provide correct, complete, and up-to-date pest management information for New York State at the time this publication was released for printing (December 2009). Changes in pesticide registrations and regulations occurring after publication are available in county Cornell Cooperative Extension offices or from the Pesticide Management Education Program Web site (http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu). This guide is not a substitute for pesticide labeling. Always read the product label before applying any pesticide. Always check with your organic certifier before using a new product or material. Trade names used herein are for convenience only. No endorsement of products in intended, nor is criticism of unnamed products implied. Updates and additions to this guide are available at: http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/organic_guide. Cover design by Karen J. English A GROWER’S GUIDE TO ORGANIC APPLES TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 2. ORGANIC CERTIFICATION ......................................................................................................................................... 1 3. SITE SELECTION AND ORCHARD DESIGN ................................................................................................................... 2 GEOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 CLIMATE ............................................................................................................................................................ 3 CLIMATE CHANGE .............................................................................................................................................. 4 WEATHER.......................................................................................................................................................... 4 SEASON EXTENSION........................................................................................................................................... 4 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS...................................................................................................................................... 4 TABLE 3.1. SOIL MANAGEMENT GROUPS ............................................................................................................. 5 EFFECTS ON PEST CONTROL .............................................................................................................................. 6 LAND AND BUFFER ZONE RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................................... 6 LEAD ARSENATE, DDT, AND COPPER SOIL CONTAMINATION................................................................................. 6 APPLE REPLANT DISEASE ................................................................................................................................... 7 ORCHARD TRAINING AND TRELLIS SYSTEMS ........................................................................................................ 7 TRELLIS POSTS .................................................................................................................................................. 7 RECLAIMING ABANDONED ORCHARDS ................................................................................................................. 8 A MULTI-YEAR STRATEGY FOR RENOVATING NEGLECTED AND OVERGROWN APPLE TREES ................................... 8 4. ROOTSTOCK AND CULTIVAR SELECTION.................................................................................................................... 9 ROOTSTOCKS .................................................................................................................................................... 9 TABLE 4.1. APPLE ROOTSTOCKS....................................................................................................................... 10 CULTIVAR SELECTION....................................................................................................................................... 11 LIST OF DISEASE-RESISTANT CULTIVARS........................................................................................................... 11 ANTIQUE OR HEIRLOOM APPLES........................................................................................................................ 16 CIDER APPLES ................................................................................................................................................. 16 Table 4.2. THE STANDARD EUROPEAN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR CIDER APPLES .......................................... 16 5. SOIL FERTILITY AND CROP NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................... 18 SOIL ANALYSIS................................................................................................................................................. 18 LEAF TISSUE ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................... 18 TABLE 5.1. LEAF ANALYSIS STANDARDS FOR TREE FRUIT................................................................................... 19 SOIL PH........................................................................................................................................................... 19 NUTRIENT INPUTS ............................................................................................................................................ 19 COMPOST ........................................................................................................................................................ 19 TABLE 5.2. NUTRIENT CONTENT OF COMMON ANIMAL MANURES ........................................................................ 20 - ii - A GROWER’S GUIDE TO ORGANIC APPLES COVER CROPS................................................................................................................................................. 20 TABLE 5.3. ESTIMATED BIOMASS YIELD AND NUTRIENT ACCRUEMENT BY SELECTED COVER CROPS..................... 20 COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS ............................................................................................................................... 21 FOLIAR FERTILIZERS......................................................................................................................................... 21 MICROBIAL STIMULANTS ................................................................................................................................... 21 TABLE 5.4. ORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND SOIL AMENDMENTS ................................................................................ 22 6. GROUNDCOVER AND WEED MANAGEMENT.............................................................................................................. 24 COVER CROPS................................................................................................................................................. 24 BIOMASS MULCH.............................................................................................................................................
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