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Apple Varieties in Alabama 3 Notes on Patented Are Patented Are Usually Sold by Prove to Be of Commercial Or Certain U.S

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Apple Varieties in Alabama 3 Notes on Patented Are Patented Are Usually Sold by Prove to Be of Commercial Or Certain U.S ALABAMA A&M AND AUBURN UNIVERSITIES Apple Varieties ANR-1138 in Alabama he apple, rich in folklore This publication primarily Currently, the Chinese have as well as history, was a provides an overview of the an estimated 8 million acres of changing apple variety picture; apples planted, 40 percent of favorite food of the however, it is worth noting that which are nonbearing. This com- T the production and marketing of pares with about 0.5 million Europeans who settled the New apples globally are currently un- acres under production in the World. And today, no other fruit dergoing the greatest dynamic U.S. According to the Washing- is more widely grown around changes recorded in modern ton Apple Commission, some history. For many years, the U.S. estimate that new plantings since the world than the apple. Many has dominated worldwide pro- 1990 could double Chinese pro- books have been written on the duction of apples and continued duction in the next decade. to do so until 1990. However, as China may account for nearly 40 history of apples throughout the a result of agrarian reforms car- percent of world production world as well as in the United ried out in the 1980s and ex- (nearly 27 million metric tons) tending into the 90s, China has by the year 2005 (World Apple States. The story of Johnny become the world leader in Review) compared to about 10 Appleseed, for example, de- apple production. In 1990, the percent in the early 90s. U.S. produced 4,380,000 metric As a result of changes in scribes one reason why so many tons of apples, while China pro- the global apple picture, growers varieties (over 4,000) were avail- duced almost as much, recording must pay special attention to 4,332,000 metric tons (reported selection of varieties to provide able from the mid-1800s to the by the World Apple Review). In what the market demands, early 1900s. Because seeds from 1997, U.S. production increased whether wholesale or retail. to 4,639,000 metric tons, but Therefore, a thorough understand- so many different fruits were China produced 18,009,000 met- ing of the changing dynamics of planted across the country, and ric tons, almost four times as apple production and varieties is much as the U.S. because apples are heterozy- gous, a new variety was born each time a seed germinated and developed into a bearing tree. In spite of the many selections that have evolved over time and be- come named varieties,ARCHIVE only a few have made it through the rigorous test of becoming a com- mercial variety. And even today, although hundreds of varieties are available, only 10 to 20 are Figure 1. The Cumberland Spur, discovered as a sport in Jackson County, Alabama, regularly seen in supermarkets. could become the most outstanding Red Delicious in the East. Visit our Web site at: www.aces.edu a must if growers are to remain Table 1. Suggested Apple Varieties—Standard Selections1 competitive and profitable. Variety Commercial Home Area A number of noteworthy Wholesale Farm Retail Garden Adapted2 changes that have occurred dur- RED DELICIOUS ing the past 40 to 50 years are fundamental to understanding (spur types) RedChief (Campbell strain) X X X C,N the ever changing apple variety RedChief (Mercier strain) X X X C,N picture. Among these changes Oregon Spur II X X X C,N are the use of spur-type varieties (nonspur types) (Figure 1), the change from large Early Red One — X X C,N to small tree size, and the mar- Sharp Red — X X C,N ket acceptance of some poorly GOLDEN DELICIOUS colored, rather unattractive but (spur types) highly flavored varieties. Goldspur Delicious — — X C,N When spur-type trees were Starkspur Golden Delicious — — X C,N first discovered by producers (nonspur types) some years ago, they were dis- Smoothee X X X C,N carded because the goal at that Firmgold X X X C?,N Lysgolden (Goldenir) X X X C?,N time was for 30- to 40-foot trees Stark Ultra Gold ? ? X C?,N that could produce 30 bushels or Stark Golden Delicious ? X X C,N more. Spur-type trees grow slow- Grimes Golden — X? X C,N ly, are compact, begin fruiting at JONATHAN only 2 to 3 years of age, and ulti- Nured X X X C?,N mately produce small trees that Jonnee X X X C?,N yield only 2.5 to 15 bushels, de- GRANNY SMITH pending on the rootstock used. Granny (Standard) X X X S,C,N However, the current trend Spur Granny — — ? S,C,N worldwide is to move toward ROME smaller tree size and higher-den- Law Rome X X X N ARKANSAS BLACK sity orchards to reduce labor in- Arkansas Black puts and overall cost. One of the (Standard) X X X C,N primary ways to maintain small, Spur Arkansas Black X X X C,N compact tree size in commercial EARLY GREEN TYPES as well as home plantings is to Lodi — X X C,N grow spur-type varietal strains Twenty Oz. Pippen — X X C?,N such as RedChief Red Delicious. Horse — — X C,N In addition to the use of Winter Banana pollinator pollinator C,N spur-type varieties, the other ap- only only OTHER VARIETIES proach to maintaining small but (unless indicated, all are nonspur) productive trees is the use of Ozark Gold X? X? — C,N dwarfing rootstocks. Among the Mutsu (Crispin) X X X C,N common temperate tree fruits, Dorsett Golden — X? X ES the apple is the only one that Anna (spur) — X X ES has truly effective dwarfing root- Mollies Delicious — X X S,C,N stocks. This is important because Saint Clair — — X S,C,N many popular varieties do not Wiregrass — — X S have superior spur types, so the Brogden — — X S use of dwarfing rootstocksARCHIVE is the Yates — X X S,C,N method of choice for maintain- Black Twig — X X C,N LuraRed X X X C,N ing small tree size. Spur-type va- Melrose — ? X C?,N rieties are also propagated onto 1 some of the dwarfing rootstocks, X means variety will work in these categories; X? means there is a good pos- sibility variety will work in these categories (based on preliminary data or creating rather small but highly other information); ? indicates outside performance is promising, but variety productive trees. is untested in the state. Market acceptance of new va- 2Refer to Figure 2 for zone map of adaptation (N = north, C = central, S = rieties has also changed apple south, and ES = extreme south). 2 Alabama Cooperative Extension System production. For many years, Red However, the consumers proved selections. Thus, it appears that Delicious and Golden Delicious them wrong, and today, Granny the American consumer is no have been the varieties of choice Smith is the third-leading com- longer buying apples just on the in the wholesale apple business. mercial variety in the U.S. basis of appearance, but rather on After their introduction as promis- The next challenge to the their flavor and other attributes. It ing dessert varieties, Red dominance of Red Delicious and should be noted that in Alabama, Delicious and Golden Delicious Golden Delicious in the market- apples are normally harvested at soared in popularity, and im- place was the introduction of va- the tree-ripe stage and are there- proved sports of these two selec- rieties that produce some rather fore at least equal and usually su- tions have helped them maintain poorly colored, unattractive, and perior in flavor to fruits harvested dominance in the industry. There somewhat small fruits but that less mature and maintained in are currently over 100 different have superb to outstanding fla- long-term, controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. For this reason, Red Table 2. Suggested Apple Varieties—Recent Introductions1 Delicious and Golden Delicious Variety Commercial Home Garden Area Adapted2 selections are still highly favored Wholesale Farm Retail in Alabama. RED DELICIOUS For discussion purposes, we Scarlet Spur X X X C,N can divide apples into three cate- Cumberland Spur X X X C?,N gories: commercial wholesale, FUJI commercial farm retail, and home Fuji (Standard) X X X C,N garden. Table 1 lists some stan- Red Fuji (B.C.2) ? ? ? C?,N dard selections that are suggested Red Fuji (Nagafu for each of these categories. #12) ? ? ? C?,N Table 2 lists some of the more Red Fuji (Nagafu #6) ? ? ? C?,N popular recent introductions from Myra Fuji ? ? ? C?,N several other areas. A number of Lynd Spur Fuji ? ? ? C?,N these are already proving popular UltraEarli Fuji ? ? ? C?,N among growers while others con- GALA tinue under evaluation. Gala (Standard) X? X X S,C,N The wholesale market de- Royal Gala X X X S,C,N mands apple varieties that are Gale Gala ? ? ? S?,C,N Ultra Red Gala ? ? ? S?,C,N fairly attractive, that have rather Galaxy Gala ? ? ? S?,C,N widespread consumer recogni- Imperial Gala ? ? ? S?,C,N tion and acceptance, and that Buckeye Gala ? ? ? S?,C,N have a good shelf life, meaning Big Red Gala ? ? ? S?,C,N that they are quite firm and can OTHER VARIETIES be stored for weeks to months. Jonagold X X X C?,N As a result, it is quite common Braeburn X? X? X? S,C,N for consumers to see no more Ginger Gold X X X S,C,N than 5 to 10 varieties in super- 1X means variety will work in these categories; X? means there is a good pos- markets at any one time.
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