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Danish in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar
Danish in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Draft comments welcome! Stefan Müller Bjarne Ørsnes [email protected] [email protected] Institut für Deutsche und Niederländische Philologie Fachbereich Philosophie und Geisteswissenschaften Freie Universität Berlin Friday 12th October, 2012 For Friederike ix Danish Danish is a North-Germanic language and belongs to the continental Scandinavian languages. Preface Its closest siblings are Norwegian (Bokmål) and Swedish. It is the official language of Denmark and also of the Faroe Islands (besides Faroese). It used to be an official language in Iceland, Greenland and the Virgin Islands. In Greenland Danish is still widely used in the administration. The aim of this book is twofold: First we want to provide a precise description of a large frag- Danish is spoken by approximately 5 million people in Denmark, but it is also spoken by mem- ment of the Danish language that is useful for readers regardless of the linguistic framework bers of the Danish minority in the region of Southern Schleswig and by groups in Greenland, they work in. This fragment comprises not only core phenomena such as constituent order and Norway and Sweden. Of course, there are also Danish-speaking immigrant groups all over the passivizating, but to a large extent also a number of less-studied phenomena which we believe world. to be of interest, not only for the description of Danish (and other mainland Scandinavian lan- Danish is an SVO-language like English, but it differs from English in being a V2-language guages), but also for comparative work in general. -
Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present (Impact: Studies in Language and Society)
<DOCINFO AUTHOR ""TITLE "Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present"SUBJECT "Impact 18"KEYWORDS ""SIZE HEIGHT "220"WIDTH "150"VOFFSET "4"> Germanic Standardizations Impact: Studies in language and society impact publishes monographs, collective volumes, and text books on topics in sociolinguistics. The scope of the series is broad, with special emphasis on areas such as language planning and language policies; language conflict and language death; language standards and language change; dialectology; diglossia; discourse studies; language and social identity (gender, ethnicity, class, ideology); and history and methods of sociolinguistics. General Editor Associate Editor Annick De Houwer Elizabeth Lanza University of Antwerp University of Oslo Advisory Board Ulrich Ammon William Labov Gerhard Mercator University University of Pennsylvania Jan Blommaert Joseph Lo Bianco Ghent University The Australian National University Paul Drew Peter Nelde University of York Catholic University Brussels Anna Escobar Dennis Preston University of Illinois at Urbana Michigan State University Guus Extra Jeanine Treffers-Daller Tilburg University University of the West of England Margarita Hidalgo Vic Webb San Diego State University University of Pretoria Richard A. Hudson University College London Volume 18 Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert and Wim Vandenbussche Germanic Standardizations Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert Monash University Wim Vandenbussche Vrije Universiteit Brussel/FWO-Vlaanderen John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements 8 of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Germanic standardizations : past to present / edited by Ana Deumert, Wim Vandenbussche. -
Greek Grammar in Greek
Greek Grammar in Greek William S. Annis Scholiastae.org∗ February 5, 2012 Sometimes it would be nice to discuss grammar without having to drop back to our native language, so I’ve made a collection of Greek grammatical vocabulary. My primary source is E. Dickey’s Ancient Greek Scholarship. Over more than a millennium of literary scholarship in the ancient world has resulted in a vast and somewhat redundant vocabulary for many corners of grammar. Since my goal is to make it possible to produce Greek rather than to provide a guide to ancient scholarship — for which Dickey’s book is the best guide — I have left out a lot of duplicate terminology. In general I tried to pick the word that appears to inspire the Latin, and thus the modern, grammatical vocabulary. I also occasionally checked to see what Modern Greek uses for a term. Parts of Speech The Greeks divided up the parts of speech a little differently, but for the most part we’ve inherited their division. • μέρος λόγου “part of speech” • ὄνομα, τό “noun” • ἐπίθετον “adjective” (in ancient grammar considered a kind of noun) • ῥῆμα, τό “verb” • μετοχή, ἡ “participle” (which we now think of as part of the verb) • ἄρθρον, τό “article” and also relative pronoun in the scholia • ἀντωνυμία, ἡ “pronoun” { ἀναφορική “relative” { δεικτική “demonstrative” { κτητική “possessive,” i.e., ἐμός, σός, κτλ. • πρόθεσις, ἡ “preposition” ∗This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. 1 • ἐπίρρημα, τό “adverb” but also covering some particles in the scholia • σύνδεσμος, ὁ “conjunction” but, again, also covering some particles in the scholia There was no classical word that matched the contemporary notion of a particle, which were described by their function as either σύνδεσμοι or ἐπιρρήματα. -
BORE ASPECTS OP MODERN GREEK SYLTAX by Athanaaios Kakouriotis a Thesis Submitted Fox 1 the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Of
BORE ASPECTS OP MODERN GREEK SYLTAX by Athanaaios Kakouriotis A thesis submitted fox1 the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 1979 ProQuest Number: 10731354 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731354 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 II Abstract The present thesis aims to describe some aspects of Mod Greek syntax.It contains an introduction and five chapters. The introduction states the purpose for writing this thesis and points out the fact that it is a data-oriented rather, chan a theory-^oriented work. Chapter one deals with the word order in Mod Greek. The main conclusion drawn from this chapter is that, given the re latively rich system of inflexions of Mod Greek,there is a freedom of word order in this language;an attempt is made to account for this phenomenon in terms of the thematic structure. of the sentence and PSP theory. The second chapter examines the clitics;special attention is paid to clitic objects and some problems concerning their syntactic relations .to the rest of the sentence are pointed out;the chapter ends with the tentative suggestion that cli tics might be taken care of by the morphologichi component of the grammar• Chapter three deals with complementation;this a vast area of study and-for this reason the analysis is confined to 'oti1, 'na* and'pu' complement clauses; Object Raising, Verb Raising and Extraposition are also discussed in this chapter. -
Orthographies in Grammar Books
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 30 July 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0565.v1 Tomislav Stojanov, [email protected], [email protected] Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistic Republike Austrije 16, 10.000 Zagreb, Croatia Orthographies in Grammar Books – Antiquity and Humanism Summary This paper researches the as yet unstudied topic of orthographic content in antique, medieval, and Renaissance grammar books in European languages, as part of a wider research of the origin of orthographic standards in European languages. As a central place for teachings about language, grammar books contained orthographic instructions from the very beginning, and such practice continued also in later periods. Understanding the function, content, and orthographic forms in the past provides for a better description of the nature of the orthographic standard in the present. The evolution of grammatographic practice clearly shows the continuity of development of orthographic content from a constituent of grammar studies through the littera unit gradually to an independent unit, then into annexed orthographic sections, and later into separate orthographic manuals. 5 antique, 22 Latin, and 17 vernacular grammars were analyzed, describing 19 European languages. The research methodology is based on distinguishing orthographic content in the narrower sense (grapheme to meaning) from the broader sense (grapheme to phoneme). In this way, the function of orthographic description was established separately from the study of spelling. As for the traditional description of orthographic content in the broader sense in old grammar books, it is shown that orthographic content can also be studied within the grammatographic framework of a specific period, similar to the description of morphology or syntax. -
Language Resources for Icelandic
Language Resources for Icelandic Sigrún Helgadóttir1,Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson2 (1)Stofnun Árna Magnússonar í íslenskum fræðum, Reykjavík Iceland (2)University of Iceland, Reykjavík Iceland [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT We describe the current status of Icelandic language technology with respect to available language resources and tools. The recent META-NET survey of the state of language tech- nology support for 30 languages clearly demonstrated that Icelandic lags behind almost all European languages in this respect. However, it is encouraging that as a result of the META-NORD project, almost all basic language resources for Icelandic are now available through the META-SHARE repository and the local site http://www.málföng.is/, many of them in standard formats and under standard CC or GNU licenses. This is a major achievement since many of these resources have either been unavailable up to now or only available through personal contacts. In this paper, we describe briefly most of the major resources that have been made accessible through META-SHARE; their type, content, size, format, and license scheme. It is emphasized that even though these resources are extremely valuable as a basis for further R&D work, Icelandic language technology is far from having become self-sustaining and the Icelandic language technology community will need support from partners in the Nordic countries and Europe if Icelandic is to survive in the Digital Age. KEYWORDS: Icelandic, Language Resources, Repositories, Licenses. 1 Introduction According to the survey of language technology support for European languages recently conducted by META-NET (http://meta-net.eu) and published in the series “Europe’s Languages in the Digital Age”, Icelandic is among the European languages that have the least support (Rögnvaldsson et al., 2012). -
Icelandic -Basque Pidgin
Icelandic -Basque pidgin J58E itiNA~IQ,~UAtDE ttJi\iversity ofIllinois) Abstract In this paper i present dn analysts fJ/What fe1iJii,tns ofit trade l~nguage born in the seventeenth cen tury as a consequence 0/ Basque fishing trips in Me North Atlantic. Since the data t~at'we have show a linguistic syifiiii in an early stage ofdevelopment and the lan gUages in contact are easily identifiable, "whichever characteristics arepr~sent £n the contact language 1 will be traceable to one ofthe initial languages or to unilvifsal tendencies • For this purpose, an analysis ofthe main typological features ofboth Basque and Icelandic is also provided. *' 1. Introduction The only remaining vestige that we have of what appears to have been used as a means of communication between Basque whale hunters and Icelandic traders in the seventeenth century is constituted by a few sentences, together with a word list. The existence of this p'idgin seems to have gone virfually unnoticed. Hancock (1977) does not mention it in his "Repertoire of Pidgin and Creole Languages" although he mentions an extinct Icelandic French Pidgin. My source of information is Nicolaas Deen's Glossaria duo Vasco-lslandica (Ams terdam 1937, reprinted in this volume), which' is a commentary and translation of two manuscripts written in Iceland in t4e'seventeenth century. Since the contact sit uation was interrupted in the 'first part of the eighteenth century and was of inter mittent nature, the contact pidgin probably never developed much further than the stage recorded in the manuscripts. The' first manuscript lacks interest for our pur poses since it is just a list of lexical items seemingly elicited from the Basque sailors ,by pointing at different objects and vaguely organized according to semantic fields. -
British Family Names
cs 25o/ £22, Cornrll IBniwwitg |fta*g BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Hcnrti W~ Sage 1891 A.+.xas.Q7- B^llll^_ DATE DUE ,•-? AUG 1 5 1944 !Hak 1 3 1^46 Dec? '47T Jan 5' 48 ft e Univeral, CS2501 .B23 " v Llb«"y Brit mii!Sm?nS,£& ori8'" and m 3 1924 olin 029 805 771 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029805771 BRITISH FAMILY NAMES. : BRITISH FAMILY NAMES ftbetr ©riain ano fIDeaning, Lists of Scandinavian, Frisian, Anglo-Saxon, and Norman Names. HENRY BARBER, M.D. (Clerk), "*• AUTHOR OF : ' FURNESS AND CARTMEL NOTES,' THE CISTERCIAN ABBEY OF MAULBRONN,' ( SOME QUEER NAMES,' ' THE SHRINE OF ST. BONIFACE AT FULDA,' 'POPULAR AMUSEMENTS IN GERMANY,' ETC. ' "What's in a name ? —Romeo and yuliet. ' I believe now, there is some secret power and virtue in a name.' Burton's Anatomy ofMelancholy. LONDON ELLIOT STOCK, 62, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. 1894. 4136 CONTENTS. Preface - vii Books Consulted - ix Introduction i British Surnames - 3 nicknames 7 clan or tribal names 8 place-names - ii official names 12 trade names 12 christian names 1 foreign names 1 foundling names 1 Lists of Ancient Patronymics : old norse personal names 1 frisian personal and family names 3 names of persons entered in domesday book as HOLDING LANDS temp. KING ED. CONFR. 37 names of tenants in chief in domesday book 5 names of under-tenants of lands at the time of the domesday survey 56 Norman Names 66 Alphabetical List of British Surnames 78 Appendix 233 PREFACE. -
Officer Selection (La S´Election Des Officiers)
RTO-TR-034 AC/323(HFM-023)TP/26 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION RTO-TR-034 RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION BP 25, 7 RUE ANCELLE, F-92201 NEUILLY-SUR-SEINE CEDEX, FRANCE RTO TECHNICAL REPORT 34 Officer Selection (la S´election des officiers) Final Report of the RTO Human Factors and Medicine Panel (HFM) Research and Study Group 31 on Officer Selection. Published May 2001 Distribution and Availability on Back Cover 7KLVSDJHKDVEHHQGHOLEHUDWHO\OHIWEODQN 3DJHLQWHQWLRQQHOOHPHQWEODQFKH RTO-TR-034 AC/323(HFM-023)TP/26 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION BP 25, 7 RUE ANCELLE, F-92201 NEUILLY-SUR-SEINE CEDEX, FRANCE RTO TECHNICAL REPORT 34 Officer Selection (la S´election des officiers) Final Report of the RTO Human Factors and Medicine Panel (HFM) Research and Study Group 31 on Officer Selection. Authors/Co-authors: F. J. LESCREVE (BE) (RSG Chairman) J. ARABIAN (US), M. BAILEY (UK), W. BIRKE (GE), S. LAGACHE (FR), L. MCFARLANE (UK), S. MEINCKE (DE), B. SCHREURS (BE), B. THOMPSON (UK), H. M. VISSER (NE), D. WOYCHESHIN (CA) The Research and Technology Organization (RTO) of NATO RTO is the single focus in NATO for Defence Research and Technology activities. Its mission is to conduct and promote cooperative research and information exchange. The objective is to support the development and effective use of national defence research and technology and to meet the military needs of the Alliance, to maintain a technological lead, and to provide advice to NATO and national decision makers. The RTO performs its mission with the support of an extensive network of national experts. -
University of Cincinnati
UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date: April 28, 2006 I, Kristín Jónína Taylor, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: Doctorate of Musical Arts in: Piano Performance It is entitled: Northern Lights: Indigenous Icelandic Aspects of Jón Nordal´s Piano Concerto This work and its defense approved by: Chair: Dr. Steven J. Cahn Professor Frank Weinstock Professor Eugene Pridonoff Northern Lights: Indigenous Icelandic Aspects of Jón Nordal’s Piano Concerto A DMA Thesis submitted to the Division of Graduate Studies and Research of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF MUSICAL ARTS in the Performance Studies Division of the College–Conservatory of Music 28 December 2005 by Kristín Jónína Taylor 139 Indian Avenue Forest City, IA 50436 (641) 585-1017 [email protected] B.M., University of Missouri, Kansas City, 1997 M.M., University of Missouri, Kansas City, 1999 Committee Chair: ____________________________ Steven J. Cahn, Ph.D. Abstract This study investigates the influences, both domestic and foreign, on the composition of Jón Nordal´s Piano Concerto of 1956. The research question in this study is, “Are there elements that are identifiable from traditional Icelandic music in Nordal´s work?” By using set theory analysis, and by viewing the work from an extramusical vantage point, the research demonstrated a strong tendency towards an Icelandic voice. In addition, an argument for a symbiotic relationship between the domestic and foreign elements is demonstrable. i ii My appreciation to Dr. Steven J. Cahn at the University of Cincinnati College- Conservatory of Music for his kindness and patience in reading my thesis, and for his helpful comments and criticism. -
A Short and Easy
A SHORT A ND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR C a r l W ied l o t A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. W ITH MMA TI A L D A T A EX E I GRA C A N CONVERS ION L RC SES, ID I MA TI PR VERBIAL PHRASES AND O C, O , B ULA Y F ULL VOCA R . FTER THE GERMAN OF CARL WIED MARY GARDNER WITH A PREFACE BY ERNEST GARD NER M A , . FELLOW O F G O VILLE A ND AIU O LLEGE AMBRI GE N C S C , C D , A ND R E BR F DI CTO R. O F THE ITISH SCHO O L O ARCHAEO LO GY A T ATHENS I onbon D A V ID NUTT 2 70 AND 2 7 1 STRAND 1 892 R I HAR LAY A ND O S IMITE C D C S N , L D , LO D B NDO N AN UNG AY . (Allrights reserved . ) ’ TRANSLATO R S PREFACE. MY very hearty t hanks are d ue to allwho have so kin dly helped V me m t t as F st m st t a Mr V ied an d t a e in y sligh k . ir I u h nk . , k the O pportunity t o ask his pardon for the amount of a lteration an d rearrangement of his text which I have found it impo ssib le t o a Mr L a h as a m an d t a s . e at e void . -
Gender Across Languages: the Linguistic Representation of Women and Men
<DOCINFO AUTHOR "" TITLE "Gender Across Languages: The linguistic representation of women and men. Volume II" SUBJECT "Impact 10" KEYWORDS "" SIZE HEIGHT "220" WIDTH "150" VOFFSET "4"> Gender Across Languages Impact: Studies in language and society impact publishes monographs, collective volumes, and text books on topics in sociolinguistics. The scope of the series is broad, with special emphasis on areas such as language planning and language policies; language conflict and language death; language standards and language change; dialectology; diglossia; discourse studies; language and social identity (gender, ethnicity, class, ideology); and history and methods of sociolinguistics. General editor Annick De Houwer University of Antwerp Advisory board Ulrich Ammon William Labov Gerhard Mercator University University of Pennsylvania Laurie Bauer Elizabeth Lanza Victoria University of Wellington University of Oslo Jan Blommaert Joseph Lo Bianco Ghent University The Australian National University Paul Drew Peter Nelde University of York Catholic University Brussels Anna Escobar Dennis Preston University of Illinois at Urbana Michigan State University Guus Extra Jeanine Treffers-Daller Tilburg University University of the West of England Margarita Hidalgo Vic Webb San Diego State University University of Pretoria Richard A. Hudson University College London Volume 10 Gender Across Languages: The linguistic representation of women and men Volume II Edited by Marlis Hellinger and Hadumod Bußmann Gender Across Languages The linguistic representation of women and men volume 2 Edited by Marlis Hellinger University of Frankfurt am Main Hadumod Bußmann University of Munich John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American 8 National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984.