L EG E
ise Boo and k ,
LI BRARY
THE UNI VERSI TY O F C ALI FO RNI A SANTA BARBARA
PRESENTED BY ED I TH ST I C K NEY
nacxr e n racu i s itself co s is , n ting eith e r of a short s to ry or o f a des criptio n of some particu la r i o d f s ci et ep s e or ph as e o o y. “ rl — Amo st the mea s now ado d Literary Wo d . n n pte in orde r to i ncre as e the pleas u re an relie ve the dru dge ry of le a rning a ei la u a e one of the e is h for gn ng g , b st t e sele ction o f more i te es ti e x t acts for e adi t a was fo me l the ca e and n r ng r r ng h n r r y s , this te nde ncy is ve ry m arke d in The Wellington C ollege French Pu ils who av e it la ced in t e i a d l Reader . p h p h r h n s are great y ° vil ed in com a iso wit o s f eg p r n h th e o a forme r ge ne rati o n . to ies and s etc es f o m Erckmann- C hatrian u le s nde au r k h r , J S a , Al o se D au det and o t e w ite s who a e al to a co te m ph n , h r r r pp n rar e c - e a di u li c are de cidedl mo e e te tai in po y Fr n h r ng p b , y r n r n g t a the models of co ect w iti who we e fo me l in vo u e h n rr r ng r r r y g , while the a dvantage is gain ed o f be co ming accu stomed to Fre nch as it is s o e and w itte at the e se t da The Rea der is p k n r n pr n y. i de d for M iddle S c ool fo ms as well as for some fo ms o f nte n h r , r l The otes su leme t the o di a di cti o an U pe r S choo . n pp n r n ry n ” dif cu lt idio m ati assa e ari es y e x plaining fi c p g s .
L D 5 - N N : . U 59 L . O DO N TT , 7 , ONG ACRE A SCHOOL GERMAN GRAMMAR.
B . A. E . W EVE M y . ,
S V I N R V I S AND NL . E ENTH ED TI O , E ED E ARGED
l t 4s 6d . w v x viii 9 . c o . C ro n 8 o , , 36 pp , h ,
EX TRAC TS FR OM P RES S NO TI C ES . T We ave ca e fu ll com are d t is Practi cal e ach er. h r y p h amma wit the e ma amma s and we av e no G r r h bes t G r n Gr r , h es i tio in sa i a f r l cidit o f a a e me t u a tit of h ta n y ng th t o u y rr ng n , q n y ma tte and e e al ex ce lle ce it s u as se s ev e ot e G e m a r , g n r n , rp ry h r r n ” m ar w i v o m e d t m wi th h ch we h a e c par i . Go es v e t o o u l i to the su e ct Lite rary World . ry h r gh y n bj
h au o v l c m lete mas te . of which t e th r i s e ide nt y a o p r Mr . Eve has s u cce e ded i n produ cing a m os t complete and tho ro u gh Grammar e specially we ll a dapte d for ad van ced schola rs and for s elf-te achin he me t o ds in the a ccide ce and s ta x are S cotsman . h n yn e x ce lle t the e x la atio s e s icu o u s the illu s t atio s a t and n , p n n p r p , r n p lu mi ati ve il n . lm s er We co s id e t is a v e ood G e ma S ch oo a t , n r h ry g r n m ' a mma . The u les a a di ms and e x a le s are ve nwit gr r r , p r g , p h he u tmost cle a e s s and e se te d in a fo m w ell a a te d for t rn , pr n r p co mmittin to m e m o The i ti is ema a l cle a and g ry. pr n ng r rk b y r dis ti ct An admi a le featu e of the wo i s the mu ltitu de o f n . r b r rk s o t e x t a cts ma of t em small lite a e ms f o m e m a h r r , ny h r ry g , r G r n a u t o s e s e te d fo r th e u o s e of illu st a ti the u les o f h r , pr n p rp r ng r ” s ta x . s e a ate t a sla tio of t es e is ive inanA e dix yn A p r r n n h g n pp n .
An Abridgment of the a bove Work is A S HO RT GERMANACCIDENCE 81 MINOR SYNTAX .
C o w 8 v x v clo o 1 02 . t 2s r n , , pp , h , .
EX TRA ’T R M R TI S O S F O P ES S NO C E . Pr ic T h T o t o se who a re familia wi t the act al e ac e r . h r h la e wo th e ese t volu m e will sta d in no e e o rg r rk , pr n n n d f an i t odu cti o n r n . H a d a nd w ell a a e d Glasg ow Hera ld . n y rr ng c Us e fu l for u ils no t fa r a dva ced e ou S ots man . p p n n gh to " b e a le to co e wit h m x a ct b p h t e o re e ing work . “ Ed a i l i The u le s a re co cise and in e e al uc t ona T mes . r n , g n r cle a l ive and ot e x am les and a a di ms are well c r y g n , b h p p r g hose n . I t is qu ite re fre shing to me e t with a sh o rt gramma r bas ed on the w ole on scie ti c i ci les w ic h as also the me it of no t h n fi pr n p , h h r profe ssing to te ach Ge rm an conve rs atio n b y the means of impos ” s ible se nte nces .
- L : D U T 5 59 L . ONDON . N T , 7 , ONG ACRE WELLI NGTON COLLEGE SERI ES FOR TH E M STUDY [IFFRENGH AND GER AN.
ad M as te o f ive si t lle e . late H e U C o B H W EVE . y . . , M A , r n r y g D Mod e La u a e Mas te a t S c o ol L o do . D E BAU I S S h , n n ; F , rn ng g r
U i ve sit olle e S c o o l th e R e v . . H . D . WS H ea d n r y C g h ; J MATTHE , mm a o l e s M as te o f th e G a S c o Le d A . I . A A S B . L. r r r h , C L I , TH E WELLI NGTON COLLEGE FRENC H GRAM B H W V F D S S . e ve te e t B . E E & . D E S MAR . y . AU I n n h E i the era nces a o v Editi 1 . 48 . m od tol ed on . 908 ( b y ng ppr M st f du io I b th e e c i i o E cat . y Fr n h n ry n ) ACC DENCE ,
se a a tel 1 s 6d . S tax se a a tel 3s . 6d . p r y , . yn , p r y,
XE R E m a v H W . EV E and B . C I S S to acco p ny the abo e . y d th A W d o 1 8 I s . 6 . e Rev . H D S . Te t E iti . 90 . . J . . M TTHE n h n
K EY to ditto For Tea c e s o l 5s . ne t. . h r n y. TH E WELLI NGTON COLLEGE FRENC H EXERC I S E
B da h Wellin to olle e e c G amma OO . A te d to t e C K p g n g Fr n h r r , a nd containing co io u s Ex e rci s es on th e Accidence and the
Mi o x t fu ll o u la B A . I . A A S . ta . Wi ca n r S yn h V b ry. y C L I d C ow 8v o New Editio 1 905 . lot 38 . 6 . r n . n . C h ,
K EY to th e a ove b L . A M T su lied to Te ac e s b , y . CAU ON ( pp h r
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I X I S S TH E L S N X . B D TTO , E ERC E ON ONGER Y TA y A lo . I . S . C ow 8 vc . C t l s . 6d . CALAI r n h , TH E L I N T L F E READ ER WE L G ON C O LEGE R NC H . C ompri sing s tirring comple te sto ri e s a nd narrati ve e x tra cts f o m Al o s e D a u det Erckmann-C ha tri an u les S andea u r ph n , , J ,
Th u l d dt L . Garnera . G a tie A f. de i H . e B a r, V gny, J . r n , y,
E . S ou ve stre selecte d and a otate d b A . I . A A S . , nn y C L I
C ow 8 vc . lot 2s d 1 909 . r n C h , . 6 . New Edi ti on . A S CHOOL GERMA U ifo m wi N GRAMMAR . n r th “ ” he W H W T elli to C olle e e c amma . B . ng n g Fr n h Gr r y .
EVE . e ve t E i i S d t o 1 03 . 4 d n h n . 9 s . 6 . A S HORT GERMAN ACCI D ENC E AND MI NOR
S X A i d e m e m a amma B YNTA . br g d fro the G r n Gr r . y W EVE - H . . . C row 8v x iv 1 06 . clo t 28 . n c , pp , h , FI R S T G ERMAN EX ER CI S ES to a ccompany the G e ma Accid D E BA D S W VE and . e ce B H E S . r n n . y . . F U I Si x t Editio 1 1 1 o lo t 28 . 9 . ow 8 v 9 . . h n C r n , 9 pp C h ,
K EY to ditto . Fo r Tea c o l 5 e tt. he rs n y. 5 . n S ECOND G ERMAN EX ER CI S E S to ac compa ny th e Ge ma amma W EV E and D E BA D G . B H . S S . r n r r y . F . U I C ow 8 vo 1 40 lot 2s r n , pp . C h , . K EY to ditto F . or Teac e o l 58 e t. h rs n y. . n t FR ENC H AND GERMAN S ELECTI ONS FOR N I S L AT . B H D . ATT WS TRA AT ON S I GHT y J . . M HE and H A e a . BULL . 2u d e dn 1 wo v ols . c 1 s . . . 1 89 . T h A SH ORT AND EASY ERN GREEK GRAMMA R
A SH ORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR
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GRAMMATI C AL AND CONVERSATI ONAL EXE C R I S ES , I D I OMATI C PROVERBI AL P H RA E AND , S S , F L L AB LA U VOC U RY .
AFTER TH E GERMAN OF CARL WI ED
MARY GARD NER
WI TH A PR EFACE BY T RD NER M A NES A . E R G , .
S Y OF O Y ATES PROFES S OR OF ARC HE OLOGY IN THE UNIVER IT L NDON. LATE DIRECTOR OF THE B RITIS H SC HOOL OF ARC HE OLOG Y AT ATHENS
l onoon
D AVI D NUTT 57- 59 L ONG ACRE 1 91 0 F C S 85 C o . RAN I , ’ B REAM S B D GS H A C ER Y UIL IN , C N D LON ON ,
r (All rights rese ved . ) TRANSLATOR’S PREFAC E T O TH E FI R T ED I TI N S O .
MY very hearty thanks are du e to all who have so kindly d m Mr F an . el e e in m l a . ed h p m y s ight t sk irst I ust th k Wi , and take the oppo rtunity to ask his pardon for the amount of alteration and rearrangement of his tex t whi ch I ha ve fou nd m d L a de Mr. e a d has m it i possible to a voi . gr n also y gr titu and an val a le d c a e —F e c - ee th ks for his in u b i tion ri s r n h Gr k , and Gree k - French the ir ample information and clear arrange we l ment re a great he p . T N el am de ed hi s ldndness o Mr. o of Euboea I in bt for in putting an e x t ensive knowledge of the verna cu lar idioms to
u se l n e and c ec n e c ted an Mr . in ooki g ov r orr ti g thos i , d to William L oring for similar help with the vocabulary ; while al e Lea has m e d the ale i de tedne D r. W t r f co pl te t of my n b ss e who el me b y looking over the proofs . Oth rs ha ve h ped I need not mention b y name but it is not out of place to a w ed m a ck l e e e a s d Mr. E e no g h r y th nk to my husb n , rn st a dne w se c s a el al e the we G r r , to ho on t nt h p on book o s its
I hope that the book will b e usefu l to all who visit Greece:; 1 should ha ve been glad of somethi ng of the sort myself some a o years g . E MARY GARDN R. TH E S Nov 1 8 91 A N , . .
TH E widespre ad us e of this little grammar has bee n a source of lea e the w e and the e n n e e al ri e d p sur to rit r , b gin i g of s v r f n
s . M e a the w e the M de ee ship or th n rit r thought , o rn Gr k w language forms the connecting link be twee n east and es t . I t is spoken where Englis h and French are unknown in the ea and the We w e e T and Pe a do st , in st , h r urkish rsi n not A d r carry. Mo e n Gree k grammar ou ght to b e in every mm l ’ ’ c e c a a elle b a as well as e e c la . o r i tr v r s g, in v ry s ho r s
S R REY 1 1 . U , 9 0
PREFAC E .
I T is hoped that this translation of a Grammar of the Modern re e R ma c la a e as e in the L e a w ll G k or o i ngu g , it is spok n v nt , i l a eed E la The c the la a e supp y n in ng nd . ondition of ngu g re e me a le ffic l e e ve ee em e e p s nts innu r b di u ti s n to Gr ks th s lv s , much more therefore to foreigners who would learn to spea k and e a M e An h a c an fix e and r d od rn Gre ek . d t e bsen e of y d ec e d a da d amma cal acc ac acc de ce r ogniz st n r of gr ti ur y, of i n , a x ca la le has le d m a m a e of synt , of vo bu ry, or of sty , ny to k the a sse rtion that there is no su ch thi ng a s a Modern Gree k la a a m h e at ll. a sa a t e ee ngu g Str nge to y, it is ong Gr ks themselve s that this assertion has found the stronge st su p e T e me d e the M er ee port rs . h ir tho is to ignor od n Gr k or R ma c e as d alec cal and d and fi x me o i tongu i ti hybri , to on so a a a a d a me sa the e e the New rbitr ry st nd r of p st ti s , y Gr k of Te stament or e ven of Xe nophon they admit indeed that the e the nfi e and e a the da e a e alle n futur , i nitiv , p rh ps tiv , h v f u se e e e e e are a x e e and out of but v n th s th y n ious to r stor , , w e e e x ce e w ld ma e a e edl M de ith th s ptions , th y ou k prof ss y o rn ee a ma de cal all e and e w a Gr k Gr m r i nti , to int nts purpos s , ith amma K o wv An m b e ad gr r of the Ancient Gre ek } . d it ust mitted that many newspapers and books are published in Greece which are intelligible to any scholar who is familia r w A c e e e an has lea me few d m and e ith n i nt Gr k , d rnt so i io s p ri phrase s whi ch e ven the stricte st imitators of Classical Gre ek fin a the de who d indispe nsable in modern us ge . For stu nt wishe s to le a rn this artificial language the pre sent Gramm ar B h m ma e a he will find is not intended . u t e ust not i gin th t wl him a ll eece his kno edge of much u se to in tr ve ing in Gr , or P F RE ACE .
L e a H e a b a le c e e in any other part of the v nt . m y e b to onv rs with an educated Athenian who has learnt this same artificial n —an W al b ab a F e c to gu e d ho is sure so to e le to spe k r n h , I al a l Bu t w an serVants E . ee e d t i n , or ng ish ith shopk p rs , m le ee a me and ea a — all deed w w m he u t rs , bo t n , p s nts in ith ho will wish to speak in his tra vels outside the pale of European a a e and c l a he w ll find m el i e u a l l ngu g s ivi iz tion , i hi s f qu t n b e
to communicate . T amm a the e a d e dea eac his Gr r , on oth r h n , n vours to t h a s e b h c mm l The Modern Greek it is spok n y t e o on pe op e . a e m a d fi cul one e e a s has ee a d fix ed tt pt is if t th r is , b n s i , no a da d c ec e and the d alec cal a a r m st n r of orr tn ss , i ti v ri tion f o a Bu t a a a place to place is consider ble . pe s nt of the More a would not really have a diffi culty in making himself under d ii he d el m a C stoo foun hims f in S yrn or yprus , though his speech and pronunciation might seem peculiar ; and if this book can gi ve some notion of the common and living basis w c de e th e w le e e eece will hi h un rli s ho spok n tongu of Gr , it not b le the e w ll c ma e usele ss . Doubt ss stud nt i noti e s ll variations from the forms or ru le s here laid down in almost any place where he may find hi mself ; but these will seldom pre vent hi m e de d w e h e ea m ec m fro b ing un rstoo h n sp ks , or fro r ognizing
the mea w a he ea . T he e e th m ning of h t h rs hus , if r quir s e si ple st ’ ece a e l e sa ead and w e the w rw c n ss ri s of if , y br in , ords y p and ’ x pa cn will find them for him where ver there are Gree ks to ’ ea th e a c e w d ci r o s and o fvo s w c h w h r ; but n i nt or s p , hi h e ill find e and ew a e w ll a l in som books n sp p rs , i prob b y not b e de d e e he ma a sk an A e a un rstoo , v n though y in th ni n shop ’ with oipr o vro i ei o v or o ivom o keto v written in archaic letters
o ver the door . T a ma E l e d d his Gr m r , in its ng ish form, is int n e to b e useful e spe cially to classical scholars who poss ess alre ady some fami li arit w A c e ee and are anx lea h d y ith n i nt Gr k , ious to rn t e mo ern la a e e e th e a e ac l a ell m ngu g ith r for s k of f i ity in tr v ing , or fro P F ix RE ACE . interes t in the hi s torical de velopment of the language and its At the am e me w modern literature . s ti no kno le dge of A c ee a med e x ce deal w m n ient Gr k is ssu pt in ing ith for s , a e d m whi c e l el the cla cal us g s , or i io s h prop r y b ong to ssi a a e T the amma ma b e ed al b e l ngu g . hus Gr r y us so y thos w o w a e k wled e A c e ee w h , ithout pr vious no g of n i nt Gr k , ish to ac cal ac a a c w d acquire a pr ti qu int n e ith the mo ern tongue . A few words may b e a dde d as to the relation of the study and M d as m e e of Ancie nt o ern Gree k . I t h so etimes b n assert ed that a conversational acquaintance with Modern Greek would b e useful as a basis for the acquisition of Classical a l a a a l d Bu the ee t e s e . t m Gr k , or st h p to its stu y it ust in first pla ce b e remembere d that b y Modern Gree k those who a dopt this Vi ew do not me an the language as spo ke n b y the c mm e le a a t fi c al em - cla cal d ale c o on p op , but th t r i i s i ssi i t w e b me and e b a few l di alec . l e e ritt n y so , spok n y Sti , v n this t mi b a Bu ac a w e de c ght e t ught . t the f t is th t the hole t n n y o f Mod ern Gree k is so different from that of Ancient that it is much to b e doubte d whether a knowle dge of o ne would a l a c l a t e a c M de gre t y f i it te h quisition of the other . o rn ee w c m d e e and e l e d ca e an Gr k , ith its o poun t ns s r so v s s , is l al la a a l And e e e who ana ytic ngu ge just s Eng ish is . v n thos are most careful in the sele ction of a purely classical v o cab u lary cannot e scape the influence of French and German d m whi c de the c a a c e the la a e and are i io s , h stroy h r t r of ngu g , di f l d c m a l a T e e most ficu t to avoi if once be o e f mi i r . hus th r is little left of that e x quisitely perfect inflex i onal instrument e x e the A c e ee la a e and the el of pr ssion , n i nt Gr k ngu g ; int le ctual tra ining offere d b y its a ’ cu rate and scientific a cquisi c m le el d a ea b e a me el as an tion o p t y is pp rs , if it t ught r y a na lytical langu age in a transitional stage to the student of the hi story of la nguage such a stage is most intere sting and instru ctive ; but it would not b e so to a beginner whose mind is to b e trained in a ne w and a ccurate method of e x pression . F P RE ACE .
The future of the Gree k language will b e wat che d with the utmost intere st ; it is ex pose d to most serious da nger ; for there is some doubt whethe r it is strong enough to survive the attempt at a classical and artificial renovation that is now — be ing made an attempt not only to re j e ct all words of foreign e the acc de ce and the d cla cal origin , but to r turn to i n i iom of ssi c a de am a the w ea tim es . Su h ru put tion of gro th of y rs m d ld he a d a c a cal cannot safely b e pe rfor e . Shou t voc tes of l ssi al a a he ec e e ce e s w cea e to re viv tt in t ir obj t in Gr , th n Greek ill s b e all ell le the Le a ex ce an mutu y int igib throughout v nt , pt in artificially constru cte d diale ct ; and no pe ople has e ver yet c c l e ed a la a e e e d a dea d one the ons ious y inv nt ngu g , or r stor to l e la e ec a e had ll we d the di a c e if of popu r sp h , ft r it fo o or n ry ours of decay and a nalytical regeneration whi ch has produce d h a a da nearly all t e l ngu g e s spoken in Europe at the pre sent y . Many of the be st e ducate d Greeks are fully aware that any reform and purification of the R omaic tongue must st art ’ from the langu age now learnt b y the pe ople at their mother s ee and e c ca la w al e e e al kn , nri h its vo bu ry ithout t ring its ss nti nature and it is to b e hope d that the more moderate counsels of this body ma y pre vail over the rash e x pe riment of the e x treme purists . The analogy of another lang u age that has passe d through h am a e c I n h t e s e st g is instru tive . t e days of D ant e there we e m a who de e d the l a e I al r ny purists spis vu g r tongu of t y, and thought tha t ancient L atin was the only language fit for an e d ca e d man ea w H ad u t to sp k or rite . not the monu m ent al work of the great Florentine at once raise d the vernacu lar a l e a lan a e e e le a a d to it r ry gu g , it is v n possib th t frigi pseudo - classical L atin might have first strangle d the popula r e and e di e d a a al dea I n eece e e are tongu th n n tur th . Gr th r a and alla d and e e me e w w e m ny songs b s , v n so pros orks ritt n in the tru e language of the pe ople and the influence of all is needed to strengthen that language in the dangers it is now P F x RE ACE . i
a u T are al ead ma d ca ha p ssing thro gh . here r y ny in i tions t t the popular tongue is be ginning to pre va il in the struggle . I f de el me w i c has e e e a de d d the la fi its v op nt , h h b n r t r uring st fty ea b the cla cal ma i a b e ce a a all we d ee y rs y ssi n , on g in o its fr c e e e l le d a w ll e a d M dern ours , th r is itt oubt th t it i b e v ry r pi o Greek only re quires a little organization and academi c acknow le dgment on the part of e ducate d Gre e ks to take its du e place among the analytical modern languages of Europe and e w ll b e e he arin as d e alm th n its position i uniqu , g it o s ost the same relation to Ancient Greek whi ch the Romance la a e a L a ngu g s be r to tin . The di fli cu lt question of pronunciation cannot here b e e el a e d e e e c all as e who ad ca e lea ntir y p ss ov r , sp i y thos vo t rning Ancie nt Greek b y means of Modern often assert the identity
' c a e w e h wo n the c a o f of pronun i tion b t e n t e t . I pronun i tion c s a the d e e ce c le ea on on nts iv rg n in prin ip is not so gr t , though the wea kening and assimilation that has t ake n place in M de ee l e c de a le c a e and e con o rn Gr k invo v s onsi r b h ng s , is v ry s i a l a w he fi d h m ce e e e c. . e fu ng to rn r , h n g n s ust pronoun ’ 135/1 7 e as the Ge rm an name We be r or that Byron s name is e e e e d b Mn-a t wv w e he e c ni e the r pr s nt y p , or h n r og s s in m de 8éw o ee a a il a w d w i c the fi 8 o rn p (tr ) f m i r or , of h h rst a th w le t e e c d has l a e d d b is soft , hi h s on on y s v its soun y c a i w m Bu t two ch e a h ng ng its ritten sy bol. it is points i fly th t are matters of controversy the pronunciation of vowels and the o c a pr nun i tion accordi ng to accent . Tha t any should se riously assert that the Modern Gree k c a i wel w 7 t v a o n m are all pronun i t on of vo s , in hich 7, , , , , , a l el de cal d the a e as the Anc e ee k bso ut y i nti in soun , is s m i nt Gr c a ma eem c e d le an E l c la pronun i tion , y s in r ib to y ng ish s ho r ; et em A c e ee a c all eld as y this syst , for n i nt Gr k , is tu y uph c ec b ma ee s and me E l hme a ma orr t y ny Gr k so ng is n . so th t it y not b e superfluous to note o ne or two arguments on the othe r — de . F as e l an on ce a e the si irst , to uphony et y e pronoun ft r x ii P F RE ACE .
M de ee a hi o z vio i t i eta . w o rn Gr k f s on , or y ( hi ch may b e a l e a e d ee s e -e é ee - ee -cc - a and a tr ns it r t , y ) , then ssert , if h e can a ee hi m a la , th t Gr k in t s for is ngu age likely to b e tolerate d b y a pe ople with a keen appreciation for bea u ty e as am a le a was th n , to biguity , is it prob b th t there no di stinction in pronunciation between the first and second e l al the a we and ou we e p rson p ur of pronoun , th t y r ‘ id entical Y et according to the modern pronunciation fip ei s a nd t at; are m Bu t the a h both e e e é ss . un nswerable argu ment hi e e we e di c c a how is t s if th r r no stin tions in pronun i tion , did di s c ell a e and how we e e re tin tions in sp ing ris , r th y p s erve d ? Any student of e arly inscriptions knows that the G ee b a ad al and e a e ce a d e d the r ks , y gr u t nt tiv pro ss , opt P e c a m l e x e e eec acc din ho ni i n sy bo s to pr ss th ir sp h , not or g to l l cal ru le de a acc d t e d phi o ogi s of riv tion , but or ing to h soun ; a nd c ach di ale ct a dapte d the characters to ex pre ss the sound ed d d o u e . me ale c d it us g . so i ts enote b e b Y y 0 , oth rs y 0 , acc d t e e a d e c a Y et e e or ing to h br th of th ir pronun i tion . th r is not a shadow of epigraphi cal e vidence for any general con d the cla cal e d e we e the di ffe e fusion , uring ssi p rio , b t n r nt s m l d y bo s use to denote the sounds which in Modern Gree k have , b d al ec e e c . as t e c nf e a eec om i nti So soon h o usion b g n in sp h . e e a e d al w as was e a le K a i it p n tr t so into riting , in vit b ; thus e w I< a d D and l call a is oft n ritten E fter the thi r century A . o y l le e a l T a hi nf d hi e d e . c di a lac a itt r i r h t t s o usion t ke p e t t s p rio , and e e w m a b e a e as an a we a le not b for , in riting y t k n un ns r b did Y an e a e x e e e ec . et proof th t it not ist b for in sp h , str g to s a e ac e d b me e a cla cal y , this v ry f t is quot y so to prov th t in ssi d c the e times the pronunciation was confuse . Whi h is tru inference m ay fairly b e left to the de cision of any u npre
n a d a . and L w c m alwa u di ce d eade . t e e j r r O h oth r h n , hi h ust ys a e ee im la ds are c e d w B e a h v b n s i r soun , onfus in riting in o oti
C . a nd sometimes e ven in Attica as e arly a s the fo u rth century B . That a similar confusion does not occur in other sounds that x iv P F RE ACE .
l n and a wel m at ce dis a e a as o g short qu ntity of vo s ust on pp r , i n M de n ee w e e 0 and w a c o r Gr k , h r for inst n e are indis ab l c a d t ingu ish e in pronun i tion . The e vi ence of poetry se ems
c cl e ma e . I f ced b e a cc on usiv on this tt r pronoun y str ss ent , a ny Ancie nt Gree k verse is indi stinguishable from prose and in rea ding Ancient Gree k poetry the order of the words m ay b e and is often inverte d b y a Modern Gree k without any
d c m e e e a de ea e . T e ac a is o fort ith r to r r or to h r r h f t is , th t as soon as a stress accent b ecomes pre dominant in pronuncia all ca e e m b e b a and a al e tion , s nsion of v rs ust y th t th t on , as it is in English and in Modern Gree k and as it came to b e w e hi c a e h ad a And i n e e e lace . e e Gr k h n t s h ng t k n p th r fore , i n B a e w e as M de ee acce al yz ntin rit rs , in o rn Gr k , nt one rules ’ e e ce d b acce cle t he v rs pronoun y nt , Sopho s
a! I a! I c x / e x e ts T l. K e o novo a s 77 Ka i 9a m
’ i s e e and nl c a l e as T e e pur pros , o y su h in z tz s
I f A A I Ayopa x pt‘rtp x a p tr a s 7ro u u v r“ ep
an b e ca e d as e T a al cla a c s nn v rse . h t l ssic l poetry was sca e d b ana a em whi c ad la nn y rbitr ry syst , h h no re tion to the
.a c al c a the la a e el a a ad x tu pronun i tion of ngu g , is sur y p r o d And whi ch is not worth iscussing . this certainly would have b ee the ca e the c a the acce e d ll a l n s , if pronun i tion of nt sy b e i n Ancient Greek was similar to that heard in Modern Gree k
. spee ch . Thus mu ch has be en said upon some points of controversy b ecause they are usually raise d b y the advocate s of the a dvantage of le arning Modern Gree k ; and b y putting this d a al e e e e a ac d stu y upon f s footing , th y ith r ttr t stu ents for m a e ea e el em b a e s whi c a cla cal ist k n r son , or r p th y ss rtion h ssi c la w ll Now a a s ho r i resent . p rt from these erroneous con s de a M de ee the ea e l and i r tions , o rn Gr k is of gr t st uti ity interest F P RE ACE . x v
ma w a nd in its present developed stage it y ell attract many to
the l la a e . On the e a d a e study iving ngu g oth r h n , to h v remaine d years without change or de velopment in gram c a as me ma e b e the ca e w m ar or pronun i tion , so i gin to s ith w ld b e a dea a e a Modern Gree k , ou proof of th r th r th n of N i c ld b e m vit ality in a langu age . oth ng ou ore arbitrary c made b me the eec than the distin tion y so of purists in Gr e , who apparently de fine de velopment or improvement as a c hange whi ch took place in the classical age or in the prese nt ’ c u and c as a c a e w i c lace ent ry , orruption h ng h h took p m ’ during me diaeval ti es . I m a b e e u a dd a few w d m a t y not sup rfl ous to or s , fro cal ew as the l a n wle d practi point of vi , to uti ity of k o ge of lea the m de la u a I t Ancient Greek in rning o rn ng ge . is obvious wle d e m b e a e e a el and d that su ch kno g ust v ry gr t h p , is in ee d indispe ns able for a thorough and s cientifi c study of the a ad x cal m ma c e . Y et as a e em I ha e R o i tongu , p r o i it y s , v known se veral instance s in whi ch those who starte d without any knowle dge of Ancient Greek ma de e ve n more rapid progress at first than others who enjoyed the same facili tie s for learning wl d e the a c e la a e as well Nor d I a nd a kno e g of n i nt ngu g . o hi e ul a e e e du e e el acc d believe t s r s t to h v b n ntir y to i ent . e w le the cla cal de a s ac em O ft n , hi ssi stu nt is r n king his m ory for the ancient word or idiom whi ch seems to him most simple m l el e w le he fi h or ost ik y to surviv , or hi is trying to t t e ds he ea the e ll me a c e m soun h rs into sp ing of so n i nt for , his appare ntly less well - e quippe d compa nion will have learnt or i ed the w d c mm l ed b the e le he am recogn s or o on y us y p op is ong . To make quick progress in first be ginning Modern Greek two are ece s ar —first lea b ear and b e e things n s y , to rn it y not y y otherwise the confusing spelling and the variety of symbols that may denote o ne sound will m ake it almost impossible to ec e at fi an o e w d and ec dl e r ognis rst y sp k n or ; s on y , to forg t , u l the m a l a w ds and di m are ma e e d a nti ost f mi i r or i o s st r . th t x vi P F RE ACE .
an c la a e as cla cal x I n a y su h ngu g ssi Gree k e ists . short e c e e who are am l a w cla c tim , of ours , thos f i i r ith ssi al Gree k will find their knowle dge invaluable for enl arging the ir — vo cabulary and for e x plaini ng usage s not to speak of re ading Bu t a books and newspapers . it must b e borne in mi nd th t M de e e as now e a e e wee the two e x m o rn Gr k , spok n , v ri s b t n tre e s of classical Gree k and the various diale cts of popular spee ch and that a nybody who has studied both wi ll find he can b y the help of his knowle dge understand any compromis e or mix ture that he may come across ; while if he le arns only w a el a c m m e he alwa l a le m ee me h t is its f o pro is , is ys i b to t so speaker or writer who us es a language constructed on di fferent l e c m de d d e e The cla cal in s or o poun in iff r nt proportions . ssi scholar who has le arnt the tru e spoke n tongue nee d never b e a le e x la an the e me a he ma e e un b to p in y of ph no n y m t , or to unde rstand and make hi ms elf understood in any written or d alec w c he m a a e cca u se spoken i t hi h y h v o sion to .
ERNES T GAR DNER .
E S Nov 1 8 91 . ATH N , .
N T O E .
TH E twenty yea rs th at have elapsed since the abo ve p re face was ea c a e The i u e ce o f h writte n have no t prod u ced any gr t h ng s. nfl n t e e du cation u po n clas sical lines which goes o n in the ele me nta ry s choo ls may h a ve modified the v oca bu la ry to some e x te nt b y the su bstitu tion of classi cal words for those o f p opu lar or foreign o rigi n ; b u t the characte r a o f the langu age is not lik ely to b e lte red b y su ch mea n s. On the oth er fo m ed o u ci atio o f G ee in E la d ad vo ca ted a v h and the re r pr n n n r k ng n , bo e , some u ive siti es and sc ools and h has now be e n ad op te d b y n r h , as bee n l Asso ci a io Ou r si i officially recommended b y the C lassica t n . po t on in England as to this matte r is th e refore more logically te nable ; b u t it still lassical s c ola if he wi s es to ma e a id o remains tru e th at the c h r, h k r p pr gress ee mu st lea i t b ear as a new la u a e a nd mu s wi th Modern Gr k , rn y ng g t not idiom and v cling too closely to his knowledge of Ancient Gree k ocabu la ry . E R MARK S .
TH E following rules must b e borne in mind by any foreigner ce M de ee e e c all he b e al ad trying to pronoun o rn Gr k , sp i y if re y
fam iliar with Ancient Greek .
1 w ds are ced b acce a ( ) All or pronoun y nt , qu ntity being ed the acce a e acce M de ee ignor ; nt is str ss nt in o rn Gr k , and practically to a foreign ear lengthens the vowel on which
(2) There is cons e quently apart from a ccent no di stinction between short and long vowe ls whethe r so b y nature or the two m 0 one e s position ; thus of for s , is sup rfluou ; e d m l e and as wi ll b e e e k d e e le . n, s n , iff r in in , not r y in ngth
3 n c a e e d c ( ) I pronun i tion , th r is no istin tion be tween
a t and 6 e wee a a a t v w. the a c e d , nor b t n , , , , n i nt iphthongs a v all nk m l w l T nl prope r h e su to si p e vo e s . hus the o y Vowel
o d the la a e are the fi ve le wel a e a o nd s un s in ngu g simp vo s , , , , a ov ; all others be ing merely different manners of writing the same sounds .
(4) There is no distinction in pronunciation between the rough breathi ng and the smooth
NTE NTS C O .
PAG E
B E T
E AND TH E NOUN
‘ TIVE
IN C ONJ UG ATI O N
O NS AND INTERJ E C TI O N’ S
' 2 A S HORT AND EAS Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR .
VOWELS .
— h ll wi a le u a d fini wa the B . T e t e e N. fo o ng t b is p in t y for sake of cle arness ; though the vowe l- sounds vary irregularly we h wo e x t eme ds e ac cas e bet en t e t r soun given in h .
The vowels are se ven in numbe r .
T e ar ced a s ll w e ac wel a h y e pronoun fo o s , h vo v rying in sound a ccordi ng to accent and circumstances
dAa . acc d l a a e e . . m l ro n ala e e e . nt , ik in f th r , g y , i k p gh K a Ao m alle k . acce e d 0. . S d aloss un nt , Fr , , goo
’
m . . e c d l a a e e and ron. a acce e e . nt , ik in n , g x p , h p h iri m Soldex a w acce ed e et el e dhodheka . un nt , , , t v ; n
l k r n n d i e c m m e o . e acce te c ee r c . , in t , 1p , h ro p ros e m é i e e t . H m, nos l8a e . . a e é dha . g y , go t y - a oin e e m . p , y ti ém on vr é si a r . e s flp , fount in p . l i 15 k nacce ed e hi t wee hli e é ss . u nt , ik in , 9 , s t g
acce ed l e a n a m mi 1863 le t m e se e nt , ik in utu n , , o n na idhau pr . . acc d l ( Mo ll on e e e 0 s a r . un nt , ik in on . , p aul os .
I H H NG D P T O S .
The simple vowel- sounds are often repres ented in writing b y w l two vo e s .
a t ced l a i i n a a i c a m a d e . e n e . ro is pronoun ik in , g p x p , [knif , p . e l e is th refore e quiva e nt to makhairi .
’ "
ex ei vo a ron. k , th t ; p e e é no . t a ea z e. . o a e m é ra . or , g p p , f t ; e vZa fl é m a . n , y e
a o u m are e e e e vale 7 t v , , th r for qui nt to 7, , .
1 m i s mm an not co . A S AND S 3 HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR .
Q I a v a e s y , gg ha ron. a v p g . a im-d , the se ; h h fi w l h as I nt ese t e e ron. a a rst vo its p ft . al d the e c d d a éx w v el usu soun , s on soun s yy , gosp ; l e 1) e e wel and the van hé li on ik b for vo s g . e. g . c a 8 u v and efiAo ed mall- ox onson nts B, 7 , , g, , , , p, y , s p l e e the c n e e ro . v o hia ik f b for oth r onso p e l g .
a . eilx o l os e a n nts , sy ron é fkolos p . . fi a q p , I found n ro . é vra p e .
K o mii u d l 00 m e . v o ce e . I k a e ron. o ona is pronoun ik in oon , g , sh k , p u. e the e c d two v wel has a di ae v Wh n s on of o s resis o e r it , e ach w l ced as w ld b e al K a fi évo e e e. . s vo is pronoun it ou if on , g p , poor l k ma inos . ll w ron. a é fe o , p Any i -sound followed b y an a ccented vowel may b e pro nou nce d as the em - wel and e w a a s i vo y, is th n ritten , &c. C ONS ON N A TS . The cons onants are pronounced as follows
Lette s . P o u cia tio . Ex a m le s . P o u ci r r n n n p r n n ation. dAAw I r w fl , th o . V é llO . h a e al -wa g or r th r h f y dm cat. hé ta y , . e w e and g b t e n g y. a WO ’ M y b e fore . or . sou nds gggggf $235? / . (i d o n e e s a el an helos . g b for 5, X, 7 n , ng . g ’
8 ih h fla th. 8ex a dhé k t en. in thoug , , t a . 7 1 6 I d z es e . i ( 7 , ir tau 9 lh hi a th Gu a r é a da thi . e . h a a ir in t nk , sh rp y p , ught r g t a . K a AoS kal ss , good . o . Ich be fore 6 and c ' K v ta k hi é a . p , lady. re sounds . r ev x e zo v p , master ton girion. a e v and g ft r 7 .
new I mel lia , t . uno .
1 This i s a tru e di phth ong . Ano th e r e x ample may b e see n in s u ch wo rds as tb oho‘ to w e e the w ic i s no t ea d in ro u ciatio still se ve s to p y , h r g , h h h r p n n n , r
h v wel o i. f m coale s i a ee t e o s o c i to t. k p , r ng n " ND S 4 A S A . , HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR
L m a ka ta d l . [ . p m , go ' va t es n. , y m in the article b e XG w d r ay U O h w r tom b au lemo . fore a or begin M , t e a . ning with 7. 6 01 x . 5 , get out wa r d s e . i ‘ , pri st
1 and v. m e c a ib after 1 r h nt . d r d t s a l p trille . fi q m , t i or . U a civ'ra p , forty . (8 8 (hard (i s , as . l z (soft be fore , B E U OW m Zm n M / ) , S yrna . ir ee . 3 A l . , , H: a p r é a now p , . tora . ' - v. wév re fiv d . d after , e . pe n e d at the beginning} rd d d SE r a c td ec of a wo prece e V p f , it dh enderiahzi . ’ v Fd b y the of the oesn t fit. Bé a rticle or b y v. Ich d los a eh m loch . I e . . ( , or x , kh no I softer l e a u t , ik g al h e e e é c ha d tur b for x p , n . hairi .
and z so u nds . ; é w fé ro . q ¢ p , I bring. A h o d om é . S S w; brea . ps e d c s a ar w d le e m e e . T e e e . hough oub on on nts ritt n in o rn Gr k , g a ku ) h d l has e ec the c a B , t is oub ing no ff t on pronun i tion , ex cept in the case of yy. I S B S I P OTA U CR T . r; (and m in literary form s) is sometimes writte n with an
‘ w d vd. dc s a u c c ce . ha ou iot s bs ript , hi h is not pronoun yp py , t t y ma w e ron. na rafis . y rit , p g AND E ROUGH SMOOTH BR ATH I NGS . I n Modern Greek the ancient marks contin u e to ex ist in w i acc di the a c e a e are e d rit ng , or ng to n i nt us g , but ignor in
d to l on a - E . s r . h os g . y , ho y, p y . ’ ei8er e ou saw ron eé dh , y , p . ete . T s ail ron rahf fid n, t or , p . tis . ’ dvo m a h le r n n e o . a oi n , thoug t ssn ss , p sseéa . A S AND S HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. 5
E I S I AND C S I S : P S L ON RA A O TROPHE .
e two wel c me e e di fe e w Wh n vo s o tog th r in f r nt ords , it is customary in speech and also sometime s in writing that either elision or crasis should take place ; in either cas e an a e e a e ed w n postroph (or br thing) is ins rt in riti g .
0 13 e 3 E E . 7 7 0 1 ke e g. for y
0 0 5 r o w s. for 0 0 6 r o elrra
f oi l/ a. 7 6 Eva for .
EN I ACC TUAT ON .
The acce nt of a Modern Gree k word cannot b e place d fu rthe r m the end the w rd a the an e e l ma e lla le fro of o th n t p nu ti t sy b , or the penultimate when the last vowel is originally long b y nature .
An apparent ex ception to thi s rul e is found in such forms as ’ L ' e Se a o e e e came . B u t c w ds eta ro d , v ning on in su h or is p
l e . ou nced as one lla e . e vradh assa To n sy b , g y y . indicate thi s ’ - ma v e laced de the l e Sa a o e the rk is oft n p un r etters : d .
There are three accents : the acute the gr ave the circumfle x
The acu te ma a d an the hree la ll l y st n on y of t st sy ab es .
’ E ci t/ O e r a a m i s . m an I w . s s d . g p , , pw , thro , , goo
The rave ma l la d h l g y on y b e p ce on t e ast syllable .
I t is use d instead of the acute when a word with an acute acce ll wed b e w d the am e ce nt is fo o y oth r or s in s e s nten .
- — r t Om oir e h l le lai a 7 6 m d m afr o . E . . t e e d g p q , itt p , inste of y p
The circu mflex m ay only b e place d on the last and pen l ma e lla l the las l w e l and the u ti t sy b es on t on y h n it is ong, on nd h 1 penultim ate only when it is long a t e last short .
éi tf a o v w I . ea . yx p , forgive x w , rth
1 x ce t are u el lite a si ce it a ot All ru les a s to the circu mfle ac n p r y r ry, n c nn i a io b e distingu ish ed from the acu te in pro nu nc t n . 6 A S A ND S , HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR .
the e acce a w and the di For purpos s of ntu tion n, , phthongs c u as l lla le e and 0 w le a z and v ma o nt ong sy b s short hi , , , y b e e ithe r long or short .
N B — T di c l and lla le a . . his stin tion of ong short sy b s is al m a c e e e wh c was made ro surviv fro n i nt Gr k , in i h it in p n n i n n M de e x w nd u ciat o . I e e l a o rn Gr k it ists on y in riting , its u d di h acc a a The se in e ci ng t e entu tion is therefore arbitr ry . u le acce u a are as m b e e x c e d de the r s of nt tion , ight pe t un r c cu ms a ce e e l la e d lar e ee ir t n s , fr qu nt y vio t in popu spok n Gr k , espe cially when a word changes its accent from rule in deelen S i on .
PR OOLI TI cs AND I I ENCL T CS .
The few words witho u t accent falling into the class of pro ’ clitzcs are the e acce a co s de e d as , for purpos s of ntu tion , n i r ar the w d ll w m p t of or fo o ing the .
T 6 7 o i a t s i e are the a cle and the e s . h y rti , 5, ll ( ) , pr position
The e cl c w e a c h ce di w d n iti s thro th ir c ents back on t e pre ng or , nle e e a u ss th y b gin sentence .
The geni tive and a ccusative cases of the personal pronoun ar e x am l e e p es of nclitics .
R E —l f w m ex acce S . I t e ece d d has a c cu UL . h pr ing or ir fl nt
the la lla le an ac e . acce e e the la on st sy b , or ut nt on ith r of st wo lla l h l t e t e e c c l e acc . sy b s , n iti os s its ent
‘ ' ro x a mf o u ad 7 5 K a O i rof} m W e . p y inste of p p , y in 5 1ra c co i3 a 1 t 1 0 8 7 0 1! 7 0 6 7r 8 o i3 7 0 17 his ch ld . , of i - 6 mf a o r i d 7 e n (T g T G n a s u e . , your ho s
2 I f h he l m a e . t e preceding word has a circu mflex on t pe nu ti t lla le an a c e acce the a e e l ima e the e cl c sy b , or ut nt on nt p nu t t , n iti a e a cc he ecedi w d tr nsf rs its ent to the last syllable of t pr ng or , and ha acce ec m ac t t nt b o es ute .
E 7 6 a Adv ‘ o v dmt o v 7 0 6 a d . r a g . w sh/ instead of yp l n . his h n writing A S AND S 7 HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR .
I PUNCTUAT ON .
The semicolon is used as the mark of interrogation and for the semicolon a dot placed above the line is used
The he ma c a are s d E l ot r rks of pun tu tion u e as in ng ish .
EX I S I N R E I ERC E AD NG .
B —The ll w a s l e a b a d d N. . fo o ing tr n it r tion must e reg r e as me el a x ma e as the d in E l and M de r y ppro i t , soun s ng ish o rn Gree k di ffer so widely
i ' Eia vrkopévo s T a is U p?) dAAa ts ( is 7 559 Amix o vpa g r o g Xaplomainos t ai ss pro alless eess tees s Lyakooras s tooss Addmvs laufoo ss
‘ ’ ‘ 1 2 n v U AGU K U. o v s T o é t 1 g p x p , ma eem b laus ka mo oss ai y t to h ri ,
Edwin-60 9mm mils fip ow as efandasthi ka pa u ss eé moon m ay
v rpdcbo vs sindraufou ss
’ ' fazed) ; r pdir a 9 T o Amrépt kathauss prauta sto limairi ;
’ vo fiv u e i e 7 6 tv K a o'i a nui ty “ e Aa cppd. r ev yo x W p n elafra ton noon m oo e é hay to gliko krasse é sikaussi
’ ’ at e vfivp o zino v v 7 a nd kgd p a s K Zti a /Vi a s riyu R es 560 1. enthi moé moon ta palyamas ka ips ala steen kathe dhaussi
T I V A Q 0) T L ( Y GLVG V 7 0 1) ( LI/ (1 L a u tee a i-yinan poo é e nay
’ a i fwépa t p a s ex el va t
k na ay eemairay mass e eé y. 8 A S AND S G HORT EA Y MODERN REEK GRAMMAR .
I I l I A 3 I q u rpo o 'r a yo u 7 6 Ba Ar‘ ero' t r a te da qfiva ts ‘ro v e mb rostamo o Val e ma a dhafness efahni to t tsi y t iss too ,
’ - ' / K a i. O Md x os dr a v en e 7 OV a ni wv T o O T e fl i l L p fip np p d , ka Ma c a u a e e é ra a marte é ron stefahni y o r os t n p y t un to ,
’ K a i f ‘ A r)\a w a i a ii a t drro To fi x v w tdda t fis m 79 p p s p o s ed g, ka teess Amb lane és s a mavress a o ToOrko oss aidhi adhess y y p p ,
’ K a i Ti ; K Ae o a g a i déx a 7 631} A d8 wv tkwfda cs } B p , x , ka tees s K leé ssovass a d e a a Ar ava u nhil adh ess y y h k t un y ,
' ’ ‘ ’ K a i d K a a lo' x o g OT a v s r r r A oi o 8 a v vm ofio e p p p x , ~ , ka K a ai au a e e Arakhovan nikoOssa y o r skos t n st n y,
’ ’
K a i ev K oi r v K a i. O ro e w o fio e r m o d e p. p r ’ ka a u am airotoé ss e ka ca b os m air toOssa y t n g bon , y o m o y
‘I ‘ I 3, A T ( 0 T L GY GLVG V 77 0 1) sw a t au tee ai - yinan po o e é nay
’
a i. soa t a eK el va t fin/ p s . a m aira a e ke é na y ee y m ss y.
’ ' ( Q U np a ca ‘rfis EA/Mi das r a ka td K a i So ga o'p ém Au seemaya tee ss Elladh os palayaka v dhox azma inee
’ s K G AC‘ BG yo u (he mir e Oé va O 'T éx r) ; U K o v ém) s teeng galeé va m o o auss pautaythayna staikeess skoni zmainee ?
a fi e o v dvd e tw éve ( is “rev U T G GAO ro v e vdg p p n p n , p y p mavra mo o andhre eau maina ess stavlo moo ernahs s y y , e ton y
’ ‘ ' K l d co es 7 0 5 r o vc em o fi o u 7 9 1, o vr y v vd A c o r/ 69 ] px p y 7 Bp y nh , k arkhee sse ss to ofek é o m o o ee vronteé nna leesmonahs s y too y t n ,
l 'o v L f i e 711 39 K a fla kkdpw e s a l. o [ 6 x s x aikh assess pa u ss kavallaree n ees s teen rakh ee soo may eé khes
K a i U dv dvep o s ner ofio'es p i dyp twné va w kay sahn ahnemau ss peto ossess may aghreeau mainess
1 0 S S HORT AND EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMM AR . S AND S 1 1 A HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR .
FI RS T S I DECLEN ON .
de cle c a ma c l e a The first nsion ont ins s u in nouns ending in s, s e o v 1 9 69 0 6s and em e n and . 3 , , , f inin nou in
keleton D eclensi on o a Nou n o i rst D eclensi on S f f F .
n Si g .
F em. Nou ns .
Nom.
Acc .
Voc .
Gen.
a d the e h w d The al v The das h st n s for st m of t e or . fin l as h a l follows the same ru e in t e rtic e .
ma s ou s fo I t i s thu s vi sible tha t th e c. n n rm the Ge nitive singu lar b y
in f om Nc m. the fe mi i e b addi s to the o m o t ma sc . dropt g s r , n n y ng N . b h h m for t e A e . h n d v to the ste c t e oca tive i t mas . an a d iem. ad V n bo h c d
is sim l the s te m o f the word . The lu al is fo med in o t in the fe m. p y p r r b h m w b addin 6a m to the ste m for the sa e a ; y g No m. Voc . and A00 . case s » v and 60 yor the Ge ni ti e .
6 wa r ds h e . , t e pri st
n P u i . l r S g .
6 wa n-8 o i wa ndSa t m 9 h s e e . N . t e e th o , pri st . , pri sts
. r bv o b wa wdda t h r s s he es . e e . t Acc . t pri st , pri ts
a a dda t m m e . wa w s e . Voc . , pri st , pri sts - o 8 63 a ddwv n 7 0 6 fr m h 7 V r n the e . t e i e . Ge . , of pr st , of pri sts
dker ofi , the fo x .
f dka rofi t dker o uSa L ‘ N m . h x a o ) , t e fo . s
h f X dAe‘n' o u8a L9 Acc . t e O .
dhefro fi a c VOC . fo x . s
dkm o fi 7 631, dAf no uSwv Gen. T s s the fo x . fi , of 1 2 A S AND S MM HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRA A R .
‘ ’ m u d w d l e vo nx o x fi s ma e the h e Co po n or s ik pn, st r of ous , are similarly decline d ; the only difference be ing in the a cce wh ch the la lla le . nt , i is not on st sy b
E C O ND E E S I S D CL N ON .
The se co nd declens ion contains masculine nouns ending in 7 9 and em e w d e di a 7 7 , f inin or s n ng in , 7.
keleton D lensi S ec on.
in u lar S g .
N m o .
a ts Acc .
a VO C . t?
n o w d Ge . acce nte .
From thi s it i s visible tha t for the Genitive the mascu lin e nou n s drop
ei o m al s w ile the femini e ou s add a al s to the om. th r N . fin , h n n n fin N m add v he m for he A u sa v b oth masc. and fe . to t ste t cc i e and ha v e t , sim l the ste m for the ocative to fo m the lural o t ma sc . and fe m p y V r p b h .
ou s e a t: for om. Voc . Ace . and div alwa s acce ted for the G e n n tak N , , , y n n.
Ex am ples .
K Aé 7 é Murcra G the e . G h sea . q n, thi f ) , t e
in Plu r n u . i Pl r S g . S g . .
x ké f r s K Aé H 'a L Odka o v a edka o 'o 'a t d n d S Nom . s
K M cn' v 905Aa o v a v f n Acc . ( )
K Aé<>T 7 Gal/Mu m s . f I VO C .
K Aécrn K kec r‘ cllv Odka o v a s Oa ka ov div f ) fi Ge n.
7 x a d h a i i h e t e . 3 t , t e he rt . ; p m, nos
in . Plu r in S g . S g . ' x a 8cd K a SLa ts urr u‘ra l s uf f s p p No m . p ) p (p )
K a du v u‘r p fl ) Acc . p nw) K a SLd C 67 ? p VO . p ) ' K a dcds K a dwiv 1 157 1 9 p p Ge n. { 1 A S A ND S HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR .
Words e di in t are declined simila l t e diffe o l in s elli n ng r y ; h y r n y p ng ,
T e ave no e ni ti ve lu al. not in pronu nciatio n. h y h g p r — Norm Feminine word s e nding in c are o fte n wri tte n ts b y ed u cated ’ ee s x u e v ms ove me t and declined acco di l Gr k , e. g . fi p n , g rn n , r ng to c assical u sage .
7 fifn the a 5flp , spring (fount in) . in S g.
' uo l. fio a t No m . flp fip s
30150 1 Acc . [ 1 4 0
uo w VO C . flp
ucns Ge n. Bp
I S I TH RD DECLEN ON .
The third declension contai ns mas culine words in a s and i w d a femin ne or s in . The words be longing to this declens ion differ from those in d b ha v A the ec the ce . S and ha the s on y ving no in ing , ving (W h n P d nl f t e Ge . l . acce e a w of ur nt in o y e instances .
keleton D ion S eclens .
M as Fem c. .
o w m l acc d ost y un ente .
F o m is i t is see at the masc. words f h i o m t e s . Acc V r th n th r ng . , oc . , u i off the s he c tt ng ; t fem . ta ke s in the ge n. whi le the plu ral
m . are aw; for No A . p cc Voc. an u l , , , d ( u naccented most y) for the 1 4 A S AND S HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR .
’ i kzrida i vu ‘ e e , ra ) , hop ) x ,
in P lu r in S g . . S g .
’ M i a t u ‘ a ‘ e r S N m v r vé m c , S o . No m . x x g
Ac Acc . c. V V c o c . o .
’ Mrida vu ‘ a e s G n. r g Gen. e x
- 6 m é a 6 m r s h a e . s th p , t e f th r fil , e month .
wa r épa tg
URTH E E SI FO D CL N ON .
de c ma c w d o s nd The le c ai s . s a fourth nsion ont n s or in , w d o nd L neuter or s in a . d cl s c a h a m This e en ion ont ins t e gre test nu ber of words .
keleto n D c ns i S ele ons .
M w 0 9 w o a . d N e sc or s in . eut r ords in .
c ( v) ou s
A c w, ( w e wv A S AND S HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR .
c t Neuter words in Neuter words in . in in S g . S g
r Nom. ad A cc .
a i c Vo c . m
toil n toil aliw Ge .
<5 ii i/ O tim a; dO cmros he man ‘rb p ( p ), t .
in P u r i n S g . l . S g .
dv9 w7ros dve om'oc N m Bt Aio I p p o , l fi O) ' dv9 w7ro v dvfi um'ovs Acc p ( ) p .
d (i / v9 w7re i O ti m al. p p Voc .
3 I I a v9 w7rov a ve wnwv t kiov t kiwv p p Gen. fl fi fl fl
‘ré é t d ‘rb wovM h d wl the a . t e . x p , h n , bir (fo )
in u in P u r Pl r . l . S g . . S g
é t é ta. N m novAi wovkwf x p x p o .
Acc.
Vo c . Voc .
e tofi e u fw n novMov 7rov/\ u 3v Ge . Gen. x p x p
S I FI FT H DECLEN ON .
a 0 t LOV. Th e fifth declension includes neuter nouns in , 9, /
kele l S ton D ec ensi ons .
a Words in . in S g.
a. a r e. Nom .
' a r a. Acc . 0 9
“ a r e. VOC . O S
dr m u ovs ( ) Ge n. 1 6 A S AND S HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR .
d t o v Wor s in y . in S g . qu o v t/L OV ap ov
( a r a [ a f o v p s, p
Ex am les p .
7 6 r pawa
in P lu r S g . . wpdyp a npdyua ‘ra
vrpa y/ wfr wh)
7 6 at t i ov the w yp l / , riting .
‘ d t ‘ Nom . VO C . . b ov a t ia a ra Acc yp s u yp l l
n a iu a r‘ o a c o w Ge . l s n fi yp l l yp fi y h)
RD S FOR EXER C I S E I N TH E E S I S WO DECL N ON .
l st.
‘ 6 i zw ui a 6 K oo x was h si k / p s, the b ker . , t e evema er.
6 r a wov‘r s a 6 T evex és h ffi , the shoem ker . , t e tin . ' 6 K a c e f a t ri ot h a s h c ff . t e p , t e o ee ; p / , pe . 2nd .
’ t d w 7 crx a Aa 1 a e he ro . the a . ) p , t 5 , st ir
7 éki o v a 7 d r a n h h b ee . t e m 3u , t e 5 w }, mo ent .
7 AGO'cra 7 17 6m wdkts the w 5y , the tongue . 3 ( ) , to n
3rd
7 vva i K a h w ma 6 dé a s h ai r w d en. t e . t e . 3y (g o n p , , in
7 Aa u z'ciSa v ( ow iSa h ca 3 / , the torch . 6 fip , t e re .
1 8 A S HORT AND EAS Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR .
The most important are — a c w rd d im o fi k s e. . H ér os H er ( 1 ) to form m s . o s ” , n , g p , / a dw ofik oix s Pe e Pe e i (i t s, s, m an ma . p n, t r , t rk n ; m p n , nnikin
—0 3h a 5‘r a dOe/M dOGM ouAa 1 e . . 2 m fem . w ds , tfi, b , ( ) to for or — f , g l l e r ér a r a tr a e e le . sister , itt e sist r p , p f , ston , p bb
3 m e e w ds —aim d t h the m c mm ( ) to for n ut r or , p (t is is ost o on) , su dr o m a ni la la e l l la e na cdi wa cOa t c i ld l le e . . e g , , p t , itt p t , p , h , itt d chfl .
There are also several e ndi ngs for amplifying words
0 a o dd d w ds f m w d s 9 a e e . 1 m ma c . ( ) to for s or s , , or p , to or of os uf a o s b i e r m e e e de e . . , m , m , p p , y or n ut r g n r , g or g nos f o nose .
a a a O 17 K Aa m m w d 2 e e e . ( ) , p , to for f inin or s , g . é c m a d . fro x p , h n
I S PATRONYM C .
58 m ,
K ‘ i a x eiO s v w a vn v B g, e .g. i n, n
M I O F TH E FE I NI E FOR AT ON M N .
The common endi ngs for the formation from m asculine
' ' d m w r l. 0 0 a and a words of correspon ing fe ini ne ords a e p .
‘ ' OaO K a AO m Oa U K aALO O a . S h f . e . . eac e e g , t r ;
- ‘ wh im 1 9 w m wkucr r a . a ma fe . 1 , sher n p A S AND S HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAM MAR .
AD EC T TH E J I VE .
The a dj ective has different endings for e ach O f the three e de we di de a d ec e h ee decl s g n rs vi j tiv s into t r en ions .
FI S E S I R T D CLEN ON .
d d n 0 9 7 a o u . The a j ectives O f this e cle nsion e d in , 7 ( ) , ( ) The fe minine form e nds in a when the termination is pre ce de d b a wel d me e ca e y vo or liqui , but so tim s e ven in this s th di 7 e en ng is 7.
E m les x a p .
K a AOS‘ d , goo .
Plu ral .
m M as s Fe . .
K a ko i K a Aa ig
K a kous K a ka is
K G AO i K a ka ig
K G AOV K G AOV
d cos l y , ho y. l Plu ra . Singu lar.
m Neu t. Fe . M ass .
d i os d ta d tov Nom . y y y
d co v d ta v d co v Ace . y y ( ) y
d te d ta d tov Vo c . y y y
d wv d ca s ii Gen. y y w
The following are similarly declined
a fi o o r 6 w L Ci s lac . 9 . S l le . [ t ’ itt n p , b k v , kno n
dko K OK K K a k d d e s ea . W OS red . s b a . , p y , gr t , 0 2 20 S A ND S M A HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRA MAR .
E E S I O F J E I E S SECOND D CL N ON AD CT V .
Th e c d de cl s c a s a d c d 7 9 a e s on en ion ont in je tives e n i ng in 7 , ,
u <0 v d 7 9 L0 0 0. ( ) an in 7 ,
E x ktd . {n png j ealous .
in u la r S g .
F m u F M as o e . Ne t M asc em . . . Neu t . .
kta s r ttd a kta i k o v kcd a ts ktd a tg hcd m a N. {n pn ffl p {n p ( ) fn p {n p {n p
Mof A. Cn a )
kta kt a a V . fn pn ( g p
ktd r ktd a s kta m ofi kta div ta tBV r ta tmfiv G . {n p } {n p {n p fp p a p ( fi p
’ - a fiGoiS s head a fiOé Sw cra a i dotStK ov is l a l d cl d e e . n, strong , , , simi r y in
I R E E S I TH D D CL N ON .
Th e d de cle s c a a d ec e en i n 159 Gu i 15 thir n ion ont ins j tiv s , , ,
E x kvk us w . y , s eet .
in u lar S g .
F m N M M aso e . eu t asc . . . '
AvK us Ae w. AUK 15 Ae i g No m . y y 7 y ' kvm v kvx et a Acc . y fl ) y h) c AvK u Ae t a Vo . y y
‘ n ‘ ltvx fi Ae cds Ae LGV kvx etfiv Ae LGV Ge . y y y y y
The following are similarly declined
a us e a ( a 0 8159 ad B p , h vy t / , bro .
wa u fa a x us l s t . x , u p , ong .
The a d ec e 159 a e als a c lla e al m 69 j tiv s in h v o o t r for in ,
’
Av/«i kvx hvx o. e . g . y s, y n, y A S AND S HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR .
The a d ec e m i ss wo kkr I t decli ed j tiv has j for the fem. is n as follows
in u la r P lu ral. S g .
F m Neu t. M asc e . . ' WOKK O Z WO AAa LS WO AAd
no AAo i
rro Mtéiv WO AMBV WO AAGV — Ex erci se l . A .
‘ I w A A A 1 ' ' ‘ wa k o AOUA LG. l w w e Ta OUO e ve a o m . Tb O v1 7 T t 7 ou na rr ov r e o l pd ) fn n A A 0 Q A 7 I ' I I I AOO e 7 o u K O L‘ L U eva a t AL O LAO 7 ou 7 a 7 € a e w e p T CO K ko fl fl O . ( fi S r p w e A r A s r u ‘ ' a wm o . Ta w a i a WG L O Ata e o v H 7 a ve pp s p p B 7 ou pm Op . A I 3 N I ' I I I <> 3 a ve unro z e K eL. H OO a o w a ex a fiw e 7 7 11 Ac v7r7 o I e e 81 0 p x p s S 1 y , p I A Q I A I w K a e i t A1. a e a i m x v r e ovv a x t a ¢ 6a s yAe s. 9vy 7 p s 7 ou vo o p ) x p fi I 3 Q A fI I A t I ‘ e a A 1. a v e . (I mp p 7 a . v7 a t y va m a tg ew e (ptkq va da ts 7 ij s EA vrj s
7 6 kovhofiat the owe . ex ez t e e , fl r , h r . r dm how mu c o r h ow ma , h ny. ' d o os e . ex dflures t o u as t dwel . u q , pr tty , h h t
' ’ 7 6 a r n the ou se Al mrr os E t. n, h . y , gyp i fl a k/ 63 Old ( e i . 1 , . p p , br ng
i ve . 6 150 two . g , '
7 6 x o lr c the i l. 7 d a fl i a the dau te . p g , g r 5 w p , gh r
7 6 t hio the oo 6 voucox é s the ou se olde . Bfi , b k pn, h h r
6 £hos the fri e d . e ovv a ve . ¢ , n x , h
d wa r os ill. dx t é s dea . pp , fl , r ' p
(b a ios ea u tifu l d ess . p , b . r
7 6 m ma the a de a 67 a l a i t e se . a g , g r n . , h 6 e r o os the me c a 7 0w vd6a the f i e d u p , r h nt. ) ¢ 7 , r n ‘
r a ve we e Eké v H ele . g , r . n, n
—P d l lace d NO TE . rope r name s O ft e n have the efinite artic e p
before them. — Ex ercise l . B .
T e the l le l a he merchants have beautiful house s . Giv itt gir
w Ar u a a d u se the . pretty flo er . e yo not fr i of thie ve s ( sing nd d s a le ? a e . H a e ou l e l pron . v rb) v y iv ong in Con t ntinop 22 A S AND S HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR .
’ d nk l d a ac . H is a w L adie s clothe s are e r . I is b k h n riting is d h ill Th w a he b d - da S e . e e e a . not goo . is not t r is v ry to y da he a On the first y of t ye r .
6 6 ‘ are o u no t af aid of 5a o aa a i 7 lac a iz os. y r , ¢ fi b k , u p she i no t ell/ e e s . wi th A c. ,
— z n a mu c time time x a t é s . the wea t e 6 K a t ds. lo s y , h ( p ) h r , p
le a b el it to d a a e a . n ntino t s . s w in sta p , r n y h y, na p
. m l The G ee s u su all call on t a s si b Ace . A0 0 . r k y , r n p y y n l i ne st s ti o e w . C o n ta n p ) fir , i é an da i a a . the ink , 7 6 neh . y, ) hp p u p )
I M I D NUTI VES .
The most common dim mu tive endi ngs for adjectives o dr rx o 0 157 U K a kou'r m o K a kou7 m r K a kou‘r m o d Ex s a e . . f , f ) , g , r th r goo da n ofik s am ouka dovr ofikt w p n, p , p , hi tish . C P I S OM AR ON . The a c e c m a a e ffi x 7 e os 7 e 7 e o v ll ex n i nt o p r tiv su p , pn, p ( ) , sti ists , and is o ccasionally use d but has for the most part given way m d h a d h w d e lace e e t e ect e . to t e or or , p b for j iv m 6 (li o Ot o ll e . . e e . ma e . g n/ t , pr tti r s r The su ffi x fo rm i s prefe rred b y lite ra ry dialect w or 0 i s the n written h ie u le before the su ffix a cco rding to t e a nc nt r . The following adj ectives form their comparatives irregu larly e ako e a h T e o s a e a keifi os . p y s, great p y fi p , gre ter (p y p ) ‘ K G AG K a kr 7 e os K a kkh e o s . S, good j p ( p ) K a x ci et 67 e o s, b a d x p p s ' 7rO /\ v 1 re u m 67 e o . s, much p p s The English than after the comparative is usually trans 67 6 A me me b m 6 w the late d b y with the ce . or so ti s y p ith m No . a i 67 ko e iy e e ke fl o 6 7 6V o a a le . p y p s d , he is bigger th n Ch r s The supe rlative is e x pressed b y placin the defini te article ' g h c a a 6 K a /Uu r e o s 0 m ax a x é s the e . before t e omp r tive p , or , b st S A ND S HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GR AhI MAR . 23 R UN P ONO S . RS S PE ONAL PRONOUN . 1 st . in u lar S g . Unem hatic Unem ha tic p . p . d 3r . m a c E ph ti Form. M 6 8 0 Neu t. . I a 67 6s a vr o a 67 61/ ( e) a 67 6( vo l 3 A A a ffl ofi a 67 0 vvof3 a v7 0 v a v7 ovvov , , ’ ( a ifl nvo fi) Plu ral. Fem . I I ( a 67 77vo i) a u 'ra i s (a vr rj va cs) I I (1 67 0 159 a 137 0 vv0 159 a w a re a w va i s , ( n ) ( a ifl rj vous ) 3 A Q A A a A a liw OV G UTHN’ GI Ufl wv G UT wV a v7 mvwv ’ ( a irrryvuiv) — m a ic Form o u ou i s u s u all e clitic. B . The U e N. n ph t thr gh t y n A S AND S HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . 3 d e m a c r . U n ph ti Form. in u lar . Plu ral S g . M as F m Neu t M F m c e . . asc Neu t . . e . . Nom . Acc 7 6v e 7 r v e 7 a is 7 9 . ( ) j ( ) ( 9 ) n fl ; 7 63V 7 0 159 7 63V 7 0 159 7 63V Ge . } ( ) ( ) 1 . I f the e c the e a e al subj t of v rb is p rson pronoun , it is u all e x es e d as ade clea b the a l su y not pr s , it is m r y verb a t ermin tion whi ch person is meant . Aé w I Aé et M er e . a s h a . s a e e . g y , y y , thou s y st y , s ys The prono u n must b e insert e d if the subj ect is to b e empha d size . ’ ‘ é a. Aé w em) Ae et e . . I sa s tho u a e . g y y , y ; y , s y st d 2 . I n e e as e the the e m a c and or r to mph iz pronoun , ph ti the e nclitic forms are Often used together in the O blique ca e s s . ' é éva e e ecs d w me e . o ou ? g . g y f. p y kno 3 d h di c . When the pronoun to b e e mphasize is t e in re t i O ec the e O e e d w the e e s . bj t of v rb , it is ft n us ith pr position ’ ’ ’ et eo oi 67m 6 s in-a e . s s 7 7 d o u was u . I a o I g ( ) , s i it to y (it to y d s ai it) . 4 Th e O l c f em a c a d . b ique as es O the un ph ti pronoun st n m ed a el e e the e e e x ce w e the e i m i t y b for gov rning v rb , pt h n v rb the m e a e m d wh c ca e e ll w . is in i p r tiv oo , in i h s th y fo o it 7 6ve e a iSa Sév 7 0 e . e I w m . I n w hi m sa e g g p , k o ; , th ; ’ ikerrw I d 7ra 7 0 (i 7 ove hi b o s ee a e , s let e . B , not it p , t k it , m 5 n h l c . I t e compound tense s O f a verb the O b ique ases of the pronoun stand e ither betwee n the aux iliary and the l ar c e e e t e a x il ar . p ti ip , or b for h u i y 7 0 13 ei a e irr i oi e ei e . . ei e 7 ou in I had ld him . g x or x , to 6 . e a and an di ec ec Wh n verb has both a di rect in r t obj t , the d e c alwa c m in ir t ys o e s first . 7 0 5 7 6r m 5 7 6 Gina e . . 7 0 I ld him . g ( ) , to it to 7 0 159 7 0 36w0 'a I h m a e e . , g v it to t 26 A S A ND S HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . R E I E NS LAT V PRONOU . 71-0 6 d l who w c e cl a e . , , hi h (in in b ) 6 67ro tos 67 0 501 7 6 67 0 20 whi c al wri en la a e . , 6 , , h (usu in tt ngu g ) I E I E R S NT RROGAT V P ONOUN . - 1 1 569 7 56 7 56 who i wh ch i 9 , 9 , 3 ; i 7 5; what 7TO L69 is d l d a The e i e has the c lla e al e c ine regul rly . g n tiv o t r / m WO La VO O wo ea v s 7TO La l (3 V. 7 5 de cl a le w e for s , fi , is in in b ; h n it 7 5 K dvets w a r u d o ccurs alone it me ans wha t e . g . h t a e yo oing I n c c w a e w d me a al what kind onjun tion ith noth r or , it ns so ’ 7 15 LBAtO eive ( 1 137 6 o e . . w a d Of a w a f, g fi I h t kin book is th t , or h t book is that 7 7 ot i s d a and w r is use both lone ith a sub stantive . R E XI R NS EFL VE P ONOU . l Th e ex i e éa w é v e d the c m d . refl v pronoun is us in o poun ‘ e x e 7 6V ea vr 6 v o 1) m el 7 OV éa v ré v a ou el pr ssion ( ) p , ys f ; , thys f ; Ea 6 7 6V éa v7 6v 7 T O V v7 v m l el 7 9 l . T hi se f , its f , 7 , hers e f his form d d fads may b e intens ifie b y a ding . I 3 w t I eV7 e7rov La c a 7rc 7 0 V 7 cv ea v7 0 a ov. I m d e . a a a e g . p p l m sh of myself . Th e ex e u is nl e x es ed w e b e 2 . e r fl iv prono n o y pr s h n it is to e ha ed e w e de d the e . mp siz , oth r is it is un rstoo in v rb e . g . I wash myself . D E E R AND I J E E S I N EI NI T P ONOUNS PRONOM NAL AD CTI V . - 1 67 0 m 67m m 671 30 he she who w e e w a e e . . , , 2 ; or , , ho v r , h t v r 67roco a s 36 06 eM o w s w e e ees ou ll la . e . g . 37 y y , ho v r s y i ugh 677 0 Lo K a i (i v d w s sometimes has use together ith it . i é’Afi 67mm K a a w e ma c me . e . e g . g , ho v r y o A S A ND S HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . k a 9e d l le alw 2 . e e ec a a e d as an a d ec e , v ry (in in b ) , is s us j tiv , ’ y x 69e n a a a de é a K a e 1 e . . e e e e da fl 7 g p yp , v rything ; K p p , v ry y; , ’ e e thi a t9e 7 1 7 6V e eai ez e e a hi m . v ry ng ; K p f , v rything nnoys ’ ’ x a fieva s e e one c m d m e. and e v a 9 one , v ry , ( o poun of , ) . K a eéva 6 é ez e . s 7 n w . e e o e . g g p , v ry kno s it Kate. is also use d with other numbers to denote recur rence . K d9€ arr-ew e é a t e . s e e five da g . y p v ry ys . 6/\ os 6M 6Ao all has the a cle ll wi as l h. , ) , , , rti fo o ng in Eng is 66 a 6 r a a e . . 7 a r all he t . g p yu , things 6/\ oc o f. a d dda t s a ll d p m , the stu e nts . ari ar art- 3 . na o w n a K K , K , some o e ce a . i , rt in . - x d rocro s a e om x af rocro a ce a m e a d m , K y ) , m , rt in nu b r , goo a m ny . " ' - H 7 a ve K awn m r ic o ei 6a . e . . oa o 7 6 0 7 o v g j s p s s p There were a. d ma e le h h a K é a o s = n goo ny p op in t e t e tre . ( u Fre ch 7 67 0 0 9 7 67 0 14 1 T é‘rm o , , such a . 6c os 6c 60 0 ho w m c how ma w ho e a . r , m, , u h , ny , gr t 7 66 0 s 7 6m 7 60 0 m c ma e a , ) , , so u h , so ny , so gr t . a ’ t me e d the la w w ds K r , so , is us in singu r ith ne ute r or l the l al wi w d all ree e d on y, in p ur th or s of th g n ers . mi n 0 '1 7 0 v6a i o v 1 r e7ret v6 eive e . . b g p , it must e somethi ng a import nt . mi n 0 7 a 7 t137 a t ld K a n 7 c s me e . m e i . p , so so i rs , so th ng da 0 0 1) elm » a ‘ t 7 1 I w ll ll u m e o e . K r , i t y so thing 6 r Sei va 7 c Sei va ) , nd 0 a c an one . so , su h 6 7 a6e s 7 66e 7 0 7 66e ( ) , 6 , 6 862m m i 6 7 686 c an n nd , su h o e a such another . i e u s a i ‘ tx of e tx o s e me . np y p , p p , so K a véva 9 K a veis K a u d K a veva n n - n 4 . 0 r a o e o e e , , pf , , y (no ) is us d a and a e c l u cu n in neg tive interrog tive se nt n es ike the French a . ' - r e x a véva a 7 6 o m n d e . . s s di o u find an ne th g fip j , y y o in e house ( at home ) 2 62V K a vé va K a véva 63V r a I d - o ne b or flp , foun no , or ( y é a - ell K a v v one . ipsis) , no A S A ND S HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . ' 7 1. 7ro 7 e 7 i7 o 7 a a e d l (or r , nything , nothing , us ik e x a veva s. ’ ’ - cu e 7 1 7 o r e ? 21 mm 7ro e e . . s did ou sa a 6 1 7 1 7 I g r r ; y y nything , d 7 577 07 51 a h . s i not ing , or , nothing ' 6 i i61 a 7 6 h 5 . t e am e ) , s . 6 7 6 e i7 e e a d el r , h s i it hims f . ' dvos o vo il/ a e s ovd riva o al e p , “ , or m x , p x n, p x , on , is use d with the geni tive of the personal pronoun it me ans by m s l ou rs l c e e & . y f, y f, 7 o v 7 6 h did e . . e b g it y himself . dAA 61 6 0 n, , other . M E O E E S S OD ADDR . The se cond pe rson singular is commonly us ed in addressing a pe rson . I ncons e qu e nce O f foreign influence thos e who wish b e l e e e l u s h e 2nd l Th e t . e e to po it fr qu nt y pers . p ur . tru Modern Gree k form O f polite a ddress 1 8 to u se 7 0 13 /\ 6y0 v a ou to d fi 7rov evvr d x e 7 o v O'ov he e e . e e t e . s n p rson spok n to , g , y j n ; where were you born T e m 7 0 13 Aé ov 7 0 13 & c are al d h for s y , . , so use . 7 0 13 A6 v v i e ia d e . . 0 7 0 e v 7 s he a d c e lema g y p , is o tor (this g nt n d c is a o tor) . 7 0 13 eive e 1 7 6w0 '0 '1i a s s e la d y ” , h (or this y) is our neighbour . - Af e the e s eis a é i nto 81 1 or and 61 71 6 rom t r pr position ( ) , , , f , , f , th e a cle i e d i n h m d 6m t e e e a e 6 . . rti is omtt for m ntion bov , 9 /\ 6 0 v 7 ou a cx o I a w i y yp j , m riting for h m . 7 0 6 A6 ov 1 0 1 1 al e d as a x y 1 is so us refle ive form. a io davo a t 7 0 13 Ad ov ov p y p I feel better . Ex r i s 2 —A e c e . . ’ ’ MO 3 Aeve 77 13 owréda ve Aé ' 1 9 . v a e é a . E0 eis 96. 7rd7 e f els 82V j g p , u 1 96. 9 6 7 0 1 0 7 0 w ei v E a 7 i v v O6. mi c) a fi ( r Oof 9 s v g . 7 np n. n f A A I ‘ I I I I 7 o u 7 0 e m u) . H 6 ? 7 0 ! I a i e7 e 7 0 A T ve va ( v Ea eva m u s p l ! s n t yy. A S A ND S M HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAM AR . ~ ov ( a ive7 1 Tm /\ 6~ ov O'ov eV 7 6ve 6 e1 A tr p ; y § $ p a v7 o s ypa cpet K a i ’ ? , a 1 a 8 a e1 T ' e 1 ‘ ' 7 ovs 61150 9 7 a i kia Ma A1 0 7 a Ga 7 0 159 7 a 6050 s) . A67 6; 6 K 15 1 o s 17 fi fl , , p we 0 ' o v e v 7 s g o . M u s t e sa . é e o u ow w . , ( h y) y f p , y kn 7 635 t at ho w . d a he she w c ite s . , h , yp p , ( , ) r v h h 1 1 6.7ré 0a e e s e is de 6 11 6 he he ad . s eads . , ( , ) 6 3 , ( , ) r 6 V o I 7r h 6 n t . e e he s e sa id . , , ( , ) é a he sh e o s x s h w . e e she ca me . f p , ( , ) kn fi , ( , ) mi e u w ll 6 1 n 06. o i o o . r , (y ) g . x , wa 1 c we s all o . é 61 d a a e u e 06 s o ad . i , h g fl , (y ) r 06. 0 7 6 01 11 1 I s all se d . the i te o ati ve i s i dica ed b , ( ) h n ( n rr g n t y ' ei s i to to . the to e . , n , n ) m rna 7 6 ‘ h le E u v S . d a t e tte . a p n, yp /m , r ’ ‘ r aw he o 1 r7 a e ve 061 1 s I . I cei d . , 7p , r nd a h} e W i . r o f é s the da e f a o e es e da . fl s u , th p x , y b r y t r y ' 06 e l7rw I s all sa . va t es , h y , y é sa 661 6 1 11 v 7r d . s . 0 I a e ea , y 6 , h r wi e n wri te . 06 ou ll i ve w a , y g . dhw r a c ta i l A l . s e t e . , p , r n y 1 h a a 06. 6166 16 sh ll 1 6. a I a i v t s e m o aw . e . h t y g y , g h w 9 x 15 1 o e tle ma r ib s o s sir . p , g n n ( ) 1 ba lver a t it a ea s see ms . 1 16 6 7 69 u ov anac u ai a ce ofmi e g , pp r , 7 , , q nt n n . Ex ercise T6 Kpa a' i ew e K a AAi7 ep0 V a 7r6 7 6 S1 K 6 Av7 69 e w e p eya kei H ' a e r v Ele e7 e K a 77 1 0 V A 115V1 0 V A a 7 epo s a 7r6 7 6V d pdy j 7 0 . p 0 V7 v 0 7 a 0 1 a 6nv ' ” 71-0 5 évet eis 7 V E u v v AAAa i 1 3A1 a 6eV e e7 e Tov 1\ 6 0 v 0 'ov p 6 p p n ; Z [ , x , 7 ‘ ' ’ " - SEV efo a i l e a vo s O 1 e1 a a 1 A H 7 a ve nOAvs d o s 7 6 pp , x , , p s ' ’ K OV7 e 7 o . Ti d5 a ei ve H 0 1 o s (ra g 7 0 e 1 7re H 0 1 0 1 ew e e1 V60 1 TO O 66111 0 1 ; 7 1 7ro 7 e 0 1 7 1 7ro7 e. AeV a o v e 1f7re 7 1 7ro7 e 61 6. «Ta g . , x , j ' ’ 1 Ae e1 a K a eVa 3 e1 7 V vé 7 0 v. H 0 a vov 7 0 a r e V 7 0 7re K vev6 d s x 6 y a s. ’ ' e et 61 3 1 K a fle 7 67 0 s x 7 9 W7 ou . ' 7 6 K a a l the wi e . di a o u . p , n p , h r ’ ’ 7 ae he sis te 7 1 dJ a. elve W at o clo c 1 8 it ? ) d pefi t r . p h k he i é e r e ou o w . 6 I 1 W he s t sa id Ep , y kn , ( , , ) . ’ e va he she e mai s sta s 6 veas the o u n man. a , ( , ) r n , y . , y g 3 16 e er e o u have . 6 6 6 o u ave . x , y , y g ela a t ou a re . 61 6 for. , y , e e c h e she it ha 1 no s . 6x , . x , ( , , ) 11 16 1 1 he o i io el a t a m. t . n , I 7 1 7, p n n ' 6 os the E lis ma 6 r é vros the lace . w , ng h n . , p 7 a ve he she i wa s 7 6 301 1 0 V the cu s tom fi , ( , , t) . / , . ' ‘ 7 6 K ovr e r o the co ce t. f p , n r 3 0 S AS R AM A HORT AND E Y MODERN GREEK G MAR . ’ To w m a e ou e the Tell it to me . ho h v y giv n wine 2 Are you not from Constantinople ? Do you know thi s gentleman ? d e e ou H e i el Who rea th lett r to y h ms f . I shall give you I a e e . D id ou find an n a nothing . h v no oth r books y y o e t T e e ar w e a o o ne . e e m home N h s p ns ors th n ine . We will w ll ell ou me n . As k go with you . I i t y so thi g him what ’ o clo ck it is . ’ ’ me 7 r 61rd wit Ace . at o s 6 m r c fro m, h h , o i . the en r é vva rea d 61 151 01 6 6 . p , . , 6 a sk 167 7 17 6 3 cv (I ) have . , 6 7 , x , f u d if e e. you o n , v p r — Ex erci se 3 . B . alwa a H e who has money is not ys h ppy . We will give n has No o e ee . he le e ou . I l e l both t tt rs to y s n us ov on y you . w ou do w . We o M le e e e We kno it , but y not kno it g to yti n v ry H a e ou an ac a a ce three we eks . v y y qu int n s there Z The d m c . H e e eel well H lady there is y ousin o s not f . e is as c stupid as he is ri h . ‘ we o r a lu w r a daa cs. o . money , p ( ) g , ny i h ) ‘ e e ex ei alwa s wdvr or e . , . y , th r the lad x v l evr v s. a . happy, x fi y, p the cou si é a é l i ve 661 a b . we shal g , n , f pg n she 1 8 m cou si elv é a 6 150 . e e u both 7 6. 6 y n , $ ¢ny o . , p the a ticle i not u s ewe. s ed in s he sa w , ( r ca se like ( , t i I love h s . ) , 1 1 he S he doe s no t fee l 63V l v l 1 61 0 1 . ( , ) a a Od er a u o n y, 1 , sa in G ee fee we ow ( y, r k , l himself ( ) kn , ' ‘ well x a d k . ee f e i s. , thr , p ’ stu id x ovr é é 6o o1 6a . s. we e k , fl p p , ic 1 1 71 0 1 1 17 0 . l Acc. 1 to , e s Wi th r h , S S R AMMAR 31 A HORT AND EA Y MODERN GREEK G . THE VERB . — Voi ces The verb has two voices d m) w h a . e T e c e e . I . tiv , g yp d , rit dc e‘ra c w The a e e . p ssiv , yp p , it is ritt n — M oods There are three moods é w di ca . w e e . I e . I n tiv , g yp d , rit c e 11 6 6<> a he ma w Subjun tiv , 7 p f37, th t y rite . m a ci c e w I e e e . p r tiv , yp b , rit t e x d There is no infinitive prope r . I is presse b y means of ’ win 62V 1 3 v6 w he c e e . o 1 the particle ith t subjun tiv g . p r p d f w I ca w e . Two a e a e d infini tives are yp y , nnot rit bbr vi t in u se as participles the se will b e discusse d under the formation d of the compo un te nses . —The e are e e m le e e T enses . g thr si p t ns s . . é c w w P e e e I e . r s nt , g yp t , rit I e e c E a m I was W mp rf t , yp d , riting . z a a A I w e . orist , yp sfi , rot There are four compound tenses 3 1» of c . l e P e c e . I a e w e e . rf t , g x yp k , h v ritt n Pl e e c ef a d e1 I ha d w e up rf t , x yp ¢ , ritt n . B i e 96 d bw I all w e . tur , yp s , sh rit ' e Pe e c 96 E w au a I all a Futur rf t , x yp k , sh h ve written . There are two participle s oi bo vr- a A e . s P e e c e . w n r s nt tiv , g yp q , riti g . Pe ec Pa s e a u é vo s w rf t s iv , 7 p l p , ritt en . 32 A S A ND AS R AM HORT E Y MODERN GREEK G MAR . — C lassi cation T e e are two d e 1 m le fi h r kin s of v rbs ( ) si p , and 2 c ac e d ( ) ontr t . I n contracte d verbs the a or c pre ce di ng the t ermination l w w h e a e 6 1 1 6 13 c a e ce the el t e m . . (i mate o s s ith vo of t r in tion , g 1 for n , I ea sp k . The letter imme di ately prece ding the termination is calle d the c a ac e c l h r t risti etter . P ersonal Endin s o the erb g f V . d P P e e I i ca e . e e c r s nt n tiv r s nt Subjun tive . Plu r in in . . S g . S g 10 o l1 e ov e w , ( p ) a s e7 e 379 o vV ( cvvc) 17 ov V ( ovve) — i no diffe e ce in o u ci t N. B . T e e s a io e twee I h r r n pr n n n b n ndic. Pres . a nd u P e s S bj . r . Fu I m e e c ndi ca e . e di ca I p rf t I tiv tur n tive . in Plu r S g . a 06 is placed before the S u b j unc e ex e t e F tiv to pr ss h uture . d al Con ition . 1 6 e1 300 1 with infinitive ending in . — Nor m The English conditio nal may also b e tran slated by the particle ct l v m e f ct r lu e fe ct e. . 06 a I s ou d a e . 06 wi th I p r e o P p r g x , h h e d fo m of and V6 I i s l 06 comes fro m ( a s ho rte n r . t a so u sed in ll s ee . . 06 v6 ké vrw I s a i s fo m e . th r g fi , h —e e I m e a e 2nd e . . l . 7 . I s ead p r tiv , p rs sing p ur n t of e e and the e e s 11 6 69 w the th s forms , for oth r p rson , or ith sub d junctive is use . P e e Pa c le r s nt rti ip . 0 V7 a s A A A AND S K G R MM R . . 34 S HORT EA Y MODERN GREE — Ex erci se 4 . A . " é "E E x t» 7 6 Ex a s 1 7 a 7 3pa K a i. pm pa ; x “ 77 0 6 6 0 69 " ' - ' q ov . E O e V 6A1 0 v i ra of6a 1 . AE1, 3 e7 e 3va (ii a io K v d s X p y s p s x p O kofm . ' Ti 3 ovve o i. ( 56 0 1 era AEV e1 a a 7 1 . E1 e 7 1 V a 6eca 7 cv x 6 s ; x x p x s ) . i a K a 1 a a a 6. . M1 6 e1 3V0. a 1<1 K a E e 3v 1 7 1 67 0 3v 1 r 0 i3V1 . e 7 x np Mo he ' 7 6 1 t oo . ” -“ a o d a fl fl , b k El P t t y° 1 mo e - 1 7 0 6 the t . 6 6 m to mo o w. 1 7 6 , h r p , rr 6 D\ os the f i e d . 7 6 d a he le e ¢ , r n 7 p /m , t tt r . (b a i os ea u tifu l. 61 7 0 1 0 11 1 tie ce . p , b 1 5, pa n 7 6 o k dm the little do . 63V not , g , . ‘ 7 6 a rl the a e . m i ss ma e le x p , p p r ny p op . ‘ ‘ 1 6615 16 the e mi ssi o . ex ei e e ) , p r n , th r . 7 6 1 1 67 0 the la te . 7 6 a 1 f , p ¢ 7 , the ood . 7 6 r ofiw the fo . 7 6 m mo e a the . np , rk ma , n y 1 6. o d o ce one ime 7 6 0d os he u a e p ¢ p , n ( t ) . pp , t co r g . 7 6 h i 11 6 2 t e l ttle ca t. , a nd . 6 K a t ds the time 6 06 20 s the u cle p , . , n . ‘ ' V6 to o . Bu VV ie a . g q , V nn 6 the o e br th r . Ex ercise has ni H e has a H ad Who the best k fe no p tience . they much to do Will you have time to - morrow Whe n shall w a e the le e i I f I had m e me I ld a e m e e h v tt r or ti , shou h v or H a e ou c a e ? e e e e a e le money . v y our g W r th r m ny p op in w a a and nk - w H a the the atre She ill h ve p per i to morro . ve you not time now i This e veni ng I shall not have mu ch to f ha d d w d a d e e e l h e e a e . o . e I th y fri n s , th y ou v gr t r hop s d he a d d a e lu c . H a u Goo luck to him (trans . m y h v goo k) yo 3 M ov ( ro v 7 0 a u e 3 Y es a e ll. H a e ou ( y ) not ho s , I h v it sti v y c Y a c e H ad 2 N t e e es I e . he 0 h ti k t , h v it in my po k t it , d ha . T a a he not here is not b etter book th n yours . A S AND S R AM MAR 3 5 HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK G . he ife 7 6 a i c t a . v i kn , p x p thi s e e n ng . m u c to d o sa m h r k ' u c wo eM wa . h , y . hope , w k i Bat/M i o a . ood lu c 7 6 v . r , ; g k , x 7 i a 1 me 6 x 6 . t s e t 6 11 6 1 7 . , p y , 1 7 h 7 6 t e t ea t e 036 7 0 V . 4 17 0 01 h r , p ( ) the ticke t, 7 6 1 37 0 . he 7 6 t ink hdm. es va l o r h u na , m y , nd . 6 31 11 1 1 , I am . P es e di ca Pre e c e . r nt I n tive . s nt Subjun tiv in P u r in S g . l S g . ' 3 6 m ei a m e va m mi o r e I am. 1 ma b e . ( m p , p ( ) 5p , y ) fio a t fio'f e yve five I d ca e . I mpe rfe ct I ndicative . n i tiv in Plu r Plu r. S g . . o vv o v Va ao'fl 96 a fl e fip (fip ) , fip fip w I as . a o vV a ovVa 7 0 11 17 7 3 fi , fi 7 ’f 7 a v T a ve 7 o ve r a v i r a ve fi , fi , fi fi , r Conditional . 06. ow a ld b e . fin , I shou I mperative . r Singu la . mi aw -re let gn , us b e . Va 6 V6 a a c b e 0 7 b e e . fi , . 25 , y 1 win ve 1 6 V1 let hi b e . let em b e . 15 , m fi , th (i s 17 01 1 &c . or 5 , 3 6 A S AND EAS Y RAM MA R HORT MODERN GREEK G . The missing tense s of «sf/u m are some time s supplied from the ’ o n x o a t d d a A a . S ee e he re l orist of p , to st n ( un r t ir gu r verbs . ) ’ ’ ' em ci é x a n , I Was , 3 0) e ee x I hav b n . ’ ef a. cr7 a 6 d ha ee . x fi, I b n ' 0u é w o r a O all a e ee . x fi, I sh h v b n Ex rcis 5 —A e e . . T ’ A ‘ ' ‘ I I o u z Ew e 6 0 77 7 1. H u z v K a f e ou s 7 17 o J e M ir ?) 7? u pt E ve (W ; y . ’ t h e (1 137 6. 7 6. 7ra c6wi I I ofx r a L 711 1 c H OG a ovva és , fi ¢ - 2 3 pfiva ts 77 0 5 96 ( fa a t A67 6? fi7 a ve p eya ke h epo s (i1 ro o é va ve. ’ ” ' ’ - ' ( fil e 7 6 (Tn n a fi to Av cf a u e c 7rmi a wir e 0d 6 6. s fi p x yv m g x s ’ ov va a i7 v s 26W 7 a ve véa 7 d a hh ta “f fl w e a fi a 7 03 fly x n. fi , p i p p m ’ ’ h 7 6 e dovr a . Tov Ao o v 0 0 1) S crovva o a 7 o u M c a a v p y W fi p w. ¢ p s x n " m r n H ov va a a n x os u a m e fi ; p yp pp nl ' A t a i a N a t ” o v o a wm o c v o v 7 t3 . £863 a. o s. pp . p s s p ” . fl q x ” " A ve ékefifie o A nroT e vol ovva e d ! H ui V7 0 7 e voi . o a c ; fi p s . p fip y p s fi kd K a . ’ ' s 7 6 0 7 7 7 a t ome . vé u ou n i l. 7 5 h , y g g r 1 x v ta the lad . 7 6. khtd the ai . } p , y m , h r oth ov m f i e d a f ie d of mi e . a fi os lac . g ; g , y r n , r n n p p , b k fello w r o 7 6 m e t the c ild ou do s W ite . , h , y ng , p , h ‘ waite &c. 6 a L a n x os the sec eta cle . r , yp / fl , r r rk z t l wa to call 7 6 t h or w efou wofio a c r ofi sto u u su a h the o o s 0 . , y fi fi , b k p ai d wo m ill a w te . s . r pp , ’ ‘ ’ l J é s e s te da . s 7 a ls é c é a ts a t six o cloc . / , y r y E p , k z ' o é in here a er . o v os u iet. , ( fl ) fi x , q ‘ r els t ee . é he é de os f ee . p , hr p , r e a keh e o i e olde . d ff /rare if o l . fl y p s, b gg r , r i , n y h e u i a ce e o t ac a t . s s t o . 15 q n n y p , r ng ’ eim z s fo tu ate lu c . r at/ 7 07 6 alwa s x fi , r n , ky , y . 0 6 V w e . ahd well. , h n K , Ex r is 5 — e c e . B . was at e e e da Wh s e e e H e not hom y st r y. y is h not h r e do u c m m a now Wh re yo o e fro I come from Germ ny . At c a e e W ll b a e . I was very ill . su h tim th y i not e t th ir shop a a Mr Ar r l s No was the he el e . o ou o he Was not r tiv of gy p , A D G R MMAR 3 A S HORT N EAS Y MODERN REEK G A . 7 A e w lla e x - a M c ael the a e . as a five e son of i h , b k r th ns vi g si ty y rs n w a la e a nd a l c Ma u alwa b e a o o e . o g , it is rg b utifu ity y y ys well and happy I f he were not so une ducate d he would now a lac e e the e le ma wh was e have p e . Wh r is g nt n o in your hous e e da H m d I all b e at the at y st r y e is fro Lon on . sh shop ’ fiv cl c w a h a w m e o o k . We ere t t e the tre ith the ? ' Wh 6¢a 7 l 1 a 7 ! v v A7 a . e s A0 a. ¢ 1 y 7 Ath n , fi ( 7 fi ) ' - - f m w e 6 7 6 7 00 six fiv 663 i é vra. o e t e ea s a o d. 7r 4 m r h r y y r g , gfi ma Pe v Ge la . i r w r ny, ppa é e ve 1 r )\ 6 he vi la e w c o . t l 7 6 é . ry, g , x p ' u me 7 ér o¢ u3 the i 7 a t s c a ti a a . c t 7 67 m h , p y, 5 / the s o 7 6 a a t. u ed u ca m h p , n y f n ted , dypofpa os. the ela ti ve 6 o ev now no r , m fis. , pe . he ma 6 x é co the t e tle s. lace Oéo t g n n , p p , 75 . ’ ' l fiv l 7 r v t . no 6 . at e o c oc 6 é re fi a s , x k , s : p the so n 6 vié s i d he awn s . t a e 6 ag. , (y ) b k r, sl / ” - Note the following idioms : Ex er e fl o aty K a tpbv $863 (H ave yo u much time here H ave you bee n here long H a m K a tpbv ' I ’ é xe7 c 38m H OW long have you bee n here H AOe 9 7 6 m rfifl . ou Aév H e came e H e has ee m e . y ( into my hous ) , b n in y hous ’ ’ 1 6 96 x a ve cs No n has h E7r o. ( is 7 6 0 77 1 7 1. 7 o u I 3 , o e bee n e re . fiy 7 , ’ ’ ‘ a e e e his Em a r e s 7 7 v Poi ix H a e ou ee h v b n in house . §y 7 / m v y b n in Ro me 2 TH E R EGUL AR VEB BT 0i<>w I w e . 7 p f , rit Active Voice . I d ca e M d n i tiv oo . P msent T ense . in S g . I w e d V °05 rit Vp d ) . 7 7 v i 7 P‘f¢f ‘9 7 p< ¢>e7 e 7 mm I m er ec Te se p f t n . f m I was m vmd . iting ’ 3 i d mfl e f me 7 mm ( np d , w d f e f m v ) wwfi vmd . (67 1 d 38 A S HORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . A orist . ' é a tza w yp l , I rote . 3 é i ef f e M “ 7 mm (dw fi . ( n/ W ' ' ' éypa gbe éypa ¢a v P c P r l e e . e fe ct . up rf t ’ 3 0) d €t I a w a a I had w e . x 7 p ¢ , h ve ritte n . x ritt n Fu ture . or 6a I all w e . a w 23gig: } sh rit w s , n e 96 04 6 9 i l ? 901 i t " 7 1 9 21 , m k) w h 96 4 ' an m 7 9 627, 7 d na e F P c uture erfe t . 06. g w ofbet w I a e e . x yp y , h v ritt n d al Con ition . ’ ’ 06 é o ta I ld w 95. f d x e d bo v f yp q , shou rite . VP d w (Yp s p ) 5 7 m¢es 37 70466 7 6 37 Pa fieeka 7 pec fieekomv ypoidx c flee/k s flee/M1 7 6 fieeha v (fidéka ve) ypofcjx c Pa d al st Con ition . ’' 7 96 6 a I ld a w 7 066 0 1 6 ofl a 7 shou h ve ritten . 3 4 yp fi fifiekes fidéka n fieeka v (fiOéAa ve) ypoifil ec 06 a a oi ec ld a e w e . or k yp sfi , I shou h v ritt n M d Subjunctive oo . P e e r s nt . é v6 a a w v6 e d mv ( ) th t I m y rite . ( ) Vp dw (Vp d m) wade) ? Ypddm e 7 mm A S S R AMMA R 3 HORT AND EA Y MODERN GREEK G . 9 Aorist . Va oi zw v6 of w t e t a I ma wr e . t é bov e ( ) yp l , th t y it ( ) yp p f , yp s y l i 7 70053967 6 7 9mm wa sfiovve) I m e a p r tive . P ese r nt . 06 6 x 1 “ 6 w te . 9 w e e . 7 1 , ri 7 1 ? rit (y ) (i s oi x e w i ts“ i t e e . yp fi , rit w s . w h 6 i 6 ‘ ai z 9 o n let hi w e . 5 l ovv e yp h) , m rit yp / ( ) I fi e e d l the c m d s n nitiv (us on y in o poun ten es) . d a it z P e e . c . A c r s nt yp t orist . yp h . f P e e Pa c le . o c ovr a s w r s nt rti ip yp p , riting . Voice. P re se nt . in P u r S g . l . ‘ é m t a t d ov w I am w e &0 a mfi m f 6 9a rp d f . Vp ¢ f s ritt n . . vp q fl (7 m6 m ) ypoi cpecra c ypé ¢eo 7 e (ypoi cfx o Oe) ypé qSe ra c ypdcfio v w a t (ypé dmw a t) I m ec pe rf t . ’ I w -w f w wfi a w e as ritten ( h p f fl . é mv w a v (Qyp d , — Note The ancient forms are also use d évmdfi mv {Vpogfbé fl f 9a ’ cypdcfio v eypa cfieo ee ’ éypaf¢e7 o eypoidmw o A orist . a t m I was w e (w sm ) . ritt n ’ 77a (f a c fi ha e w P e I ee e . erf ct . w yp t fi, v b n ritt n ’ ec a a > 9 d P c I ha ee w e . l e . upe rf t x 7 p d fi, b n ritt n 40 S R AMMAR A S HORT A ND EA Y MODERN GREEK G . e Futur . (96. oi mu a t a 9¢3 96. a 90 i3 e yp d l , or yp ¢ , yp ¢ p I al w sh l b e ritten . a ‘ a 9 9 a 07 7 5 , 7 P ¢ 25 7 P ¢ 3 d e7 a t oi wv7 a t a 90 5ve yp ¢ , yp ¢ , yp ¢ 66 E t.) a 9 w e P c l a . u e e e . I a l e ee F tur rf t x yp ¢ fi, sh h v b n ritt n di al Con tion . en P lu r. S g . 6 9 3 a <>o o v d 96. 7 p i p mI shoul b e written . ’ eypa qSflO'ov v ’ eypddmvv'ra v 1 96 6 0. a 9 d w shou l b e e . or 3 7 p ¢ fi, I ritt n ’ ' Pa d 66 el a a 0 w al. I ld a e ee e . st Con ition x yp ¢ fi, shou h v b n ritt n e Subjunctiv . P e e r s nt . v6 d a z a I a b e w a a W E ( ) Yp t n , th t m y ritten . yp MH . ypa ¢m§p a o 7 e ' ypondx o a t ypddx ov e ypaf¢e7 a t ypofcpq vvra t A orist . y a a I ma b w v6 a 9o fi e v ( ) th t y e ritten . ( ) 7 p ¢ a ( ) ypa aq wa te r s 7 pa ¢0n 7 pa ¢90 5ve i a évo s w . 7 yp pp , ritten 42 A S AND S R AMMAR HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK G . I a e mper tiv . P e e . A r s nt orist , ’ ' ‘ 677 67 a 6 o. 17 - A dwa ‘r c u P tim e (Bu m s I e . P . a c le orist nfinitiv fi res rti ip . . Pa ce ssive Voi . P e d ca e res nt I n i tiv . dr a r ofi a t d d I am ece e . p , iv 02711 1 7 80 1 1 6 9 A a t m I pe rfect . d I was be ing dece ive . d1 7 a 7 0 150 'ovv(a ) ’ owra 7 o ziv7 a v h ll w d he P e I d c Some verbs ha ve t e fo o ing en ings for t r s . n i A I I — — — — ' tov .a i t6 .a t tov .a a 7 6 to u a 0 7 6 p , p p , , —i 60'a t — tofv —t67 a t e a e sLa t b e wea . .g . fl m / , to ry P d ca e resent I n i tiv . t a té a t a to ri a m c a td aa f e a tofi a I am Wea . fl p p , B p p , ry fi p p , fl p p ' éo'a t a tofia fl a téo n Ba pt B p , B p fia pt67 a t fla pto fiw a c W a I was e ry . S A ND S R AMMAR 43 A HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK G . dr a r fidq x a 6X6 ) dr a mdfi F e P r c Fu e e e . tur . utur f t dfl a nfi a i 6. 9 p - 96 6 6 ) (ind 7 7 97 ’ x 1 3 dd ou ra nydtfi l Pa d al . Conditiona . st Con ition ’ ’ i 9d 6 i a o. 1 7 a 7 7 9 dwa m vpovv or fideka ou ra mdfi x , j Subjunctive . ’ ' P Vei oi1 7 a 7 oi3 a c va ou ra r dui resent . p q I mperative . dna 7 7§ a o v fl a s a 1 7 a 7 779y ’ dwa r e vo ; e 61 7 01 7 1 97 Pe ec Par c le . I nfinitiv . 7 3 rf t ti ip np VEBB S I N I el e b i ve . Active Voi ce . da ppo fiyev da pp6 i7 e da ppofiv Pas si ve Voi ce. té m t & d Thi s all has the o m c . c e a e . s u u y f r s in f , , it bov O ccasionally the following endings occur — 0 131 0 0 7 6 0 15;1 6 9a ) 6 20 7 6 0 6 11 7 6 1. The ema m ll w the do c a r ining for s fo o onjug tion . 4 4 A S AND S R AM HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK G MAR . . i EXERCI SES I N C ONJ UGATI N O . ON TH E PRES E NT TE S E AC TI E N ( V ) . Endings for uncontract ed forms one ovp e ) ( i s 6 7 6 o u v( e) The Ac e P ese the ll w e c a e d as tiv r nt of fo o ing v rbs is , onjug t above (like ypdclx » ) Sta é w I ad fl f , re . e» I w fi v , thro . Endings for contracted forms for the forms in i t» we have 63 mi l/ ( 6 ) Both the forms in aim and (6 are c ited used indifferently in the singular ; verbs in 60) are only used in the contract e d forms . ’ f Conjugate the following verbs like om'a 'ro w ' ask I lau d a ‘zroiw I l e a t 6 1 oiw I I gh y , ov x p , a a The la two are s lute ; I spe k ; I kiss . ( st m e e c a d l e 9a t3 or oft n onjug te ik pp . ) do) I l e c a ed as ll w 6 1 9 oo s ( , iv , is onjug t fo o s ( , (3 , (fi, ( p , n (fi , The c e am as the d ca e e x ce a Subjun tiv is the s e I n i tiv , pt th t a w ene e cc the e a w e . for , h v r it o urs in t rmin tion , y is ritt n a A S A ND S R AMMAR HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK G . Ex ercise 6 —A . . kio 6 iV6 a 67 6 77 0 1? dta d et Fta 7 i 7 6 6 t ‘ I I O t6 fltfi fi f g ; p x s ; 2X0 ! “ K a cpé (i x d n . T6 é et a 67 6 Pta 7 i 86V 7 0 86V 6 iV6 oipyd. p ) f p s fiix vets Kano A I I V I I I ‘ 2 a 1 7 6 t a et a v7 0 O t 66 V L6 1 7 6 t a 6 t a 9o )tou . I oi ; , K ma e K gfee p f x [ p f p d l ’ ’ ’ a a a M i )t w a m of 5 6 m p6pa s 7 6V 1 7 7 6p p s. é s fi y ; p Aé y 7 a ‘ ’ (311 t K a ka. I ta 7 i 86v 7 0 v 6 w7 i s A a 77 87 6 a 67 0 6s 7 0 69 véov , p g ; 7 s ; ¢ ‘ Max i m a 7 0 69 d a zro ii e 1 7 0 6 15. H a ré a m? (7 6 a t 6 ie 7 o t. , y y p r p p x p Tf ' / a mi i 6 L 6 i V6 K G M K kd 6 iV6 ev a tm tii . T6 K o i7 ta ekofiv n , x p p f y e. a d E a ‘ a “ I l o ii 7 6 6 7 6 At ovv v afu . Ti G a s oi m. 6 1 7 a 6 p X fi f yp ‘ p yp d 7 pa g ’ - oi - - o a g Ti a m g s 7 6 é l, Ti K wa g s ic a i x a koi K a ka fi a to r a fl a x p / g x p . / Ti K d l ( T e 6 26 7 6 m i d K a hoi ( rd; 6 6 a tcr7 0 ii 6 . y , x p p V dx é not et. K a hci well. 66 p n, y , é a 7 65 k e la te . I a s . ew . ( )p , ’ I ow. 6 vé os the ou man $ev , kn , y ng . i e) I t o w . sth m a ce a i l es i deed pp , hr a , rt n y y , n . / ‘ m lo w dow . K an w I d o . T L x a v t m , be , n i , n e s, 7 i x dvets ' im e so al it ma te s . h ow d o ou do vretpdget ( p r n ) , t r y V a fié hov no t at all . 6 6 a w7 6} t a ou 66 x , x p , h nk y ' e ve da . 7 6 K o ir t the i K d9e ry y p g , g rl. ' w a i x d mode G ee . 36 6 7 6 I old ca fi n , rn r k ( , h , rry. little . ( 6Rh os, Ex ci 6 — er se . B . a manwho la H e m c Who is th t young is ughing is y ousin . Do you like music H o w do you know that Ne ve r mind H ow ? (I t doe s not matter) . is your brothe r I s he well ? T w ar The re he is just pass ing . o hom e you writing I am w n a le er Mal a . a do ou wa ma riti g tt to vin Wh t y nt , da m ? d D u t We pass his shop e ve ry ay . o yo spe ak Mode rn Greek i Y s I ca e a the fine la a e e a e , but nnot sp k ngu g th y h ve in the n A e s . ea e ne ws a ers i th n I sp k v ry little . D o o u like p p . y d wine Who is kno cking at the oor Be er spoils my ll ou c a e me a Tu d appetit e . Wi y h ng rkish poun What do a they ask you for H e love s you . Wh t are you whispering e do ou u The l k e her m Wh n y shut yo r shop gir iss s other . e cou si 6 e dae os. t e e he i s u s t assi th n , g w h r j p ng, mi 77 0 0 / = u sic i ovo tm . we t tier vd there he s the m , ) p j p ( i ) . ? the lad K v ia how i rd3s. y , p . v 6 ss 1 7 6 vciw. e 1 7 06 . to pa , p ry, 46 A S AND S R AM M R HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK G A . the la u a ‘ Mo ' e cro a . the a e tite o e ng g , y pp , p n. fine cb a to s. to c a e a i va , p h ng , x . t h ws t ioa e e a e é e . Tu is u nd a Ai a o 7 ov . n p p r , fmnp rk h p , m pa pmx 1i ' the W i e 7 6 a a i . to w i s e x vc o afw n , kp h p r, p p t . t he d oo 7 6 7 a M . to u t U G. r, p sh , W t o e il vG. s x e , a to kis , a . t he . 1ri 1 a . r, 7 p p ON TH E I MP ER FEC T . To m the e e c the a e t 6 all la ce d for imp rf t , ugm n is usu y p e e the e a nd the e e m a e el w b for v rb ; prop r t r in tions , giv n b o , a fi x d i a c a . re a e . e . f g . yp p E x ceptions l d a e lec a a Contracte verbs usu lly n g t the augment . B I kept for 2 . Of the c ac e d e e e a wo un ontr t v rbs , thos of mor th n t lla e d h a x a m ka a i vw l all o a e t e e . sy b s usu y not t k ugm nt fi , I understand e m 3 . V rbs be ginning with vowels com only neglect the au g m e t e le w e e e d a the al wel nt but h ru , h n obs rv , is th t initi vo le ngthens from a and 6 to and from o to w while a c always ema c a e d x l r ins un h ng . E amp es Pres . I mp . ’ mo vw dK UO. x va . o ea . O o , I h r or fl ‘ i i w E t a t a I c . yy g , tou h . yy f or fiyy f 6 u\ &i (L mina . ea . p , I sp k or a ' 6 6 i0 x w find di w x a ii w x a . p , I . p or np F i e x ce v a the nl e rom th s list of ptions , it is ob ious th t o y v rbs w all a e a me ar e w c are d lla c hich usu y t ke th ug nt e thos hi h issy bi , a nd also b e in with a consonant but most of the verbs in o r d n c M w 66 6 4 1 i ar e l la . . y u s ong to this ss y , 7 The augment 1 ) is use d in the verb 966 0) (originally ke a a a . e . . a nd also in many other c se s from fals e nalogy g fi y , m fiypa d . —~ a c de d w e o NOT E . I n the c se of verbs ompoun ith pr p sitions , the a e if u e d a fi x ed e e the e ugm nt , s , is f b for pr position ; not as a c e e . afte r , in n i nt Gre k ' R AM R A S H O R T A ND EAS Y MODERN GREEK G MA . . ER E T END I NGS O F TH E I MP F C . For c rac ed For uncontracte d verbs . ont t verbs . in P ers . ; P u n Plu r. l r. rs i . P e . S g S g l a a p e l c io a 0 150 a p 6 2 6 9 a n or 67 6 2 0 50 6 9 0 150 67 6 3 3 0 60 6 0 80 0 11 d un I m e ec l e ar m I mpe rfect like yp d . p rf t ik ' w w n e I la . vo . wi . 1 thi k y , ugh 1 7 0 7 t 3 I e i vw e . 77 d . , I rink p w , pr f r d we wa f tfi wal a 6 » I . St 3 ea . / 0 , I r p , k ’ K o o vcfi v t w I . I e . y p f , turn ng , forg t a e) w ( e a . t p , I r K a ‘rtfi d I l . p , ho The I mperfe ct is used like the French I mperfect to denote an a ction or st ate in past time which is repe ate d or lasts a certain time . d wal I use to k . wal d I ofte n ke . e . 17 6 1 7 a 7 0 i30 a . p g a e d I was walking for some time . [h ppe n I was walking at the time when something else i a c a d w e &c. yp fi , I use to rit , — Ex ercise 7 . A . ’ T6 1 7 wi 1 7 6 t1 7 a 7 0 ii0 a v 6150 (S a ts 7 6 em é t 6 a <>a v a ta 7 a p p p , y w p yp f yp pp . ‘ ’ ' ’ ko vfra n x a i 6 6 0 150 a 7 6 A1 7 6 x e ivo 7 6V k a i 6 a ii a 0 6u a 7 a t 7 . p p p ¢ p l ’ 0 6 . K ti 6 1 7 wi 6 1 7 6 v 80 6 (i1 r6 6 a a i a T v (S a 1 7 0 13 ¢ 0 p i50 9 p p 0 7 ny f p s. fi p i dtd a e 7 d d a 7 a 66td a a 7 1 V 6< r 6 i6m fl f yp yp , fl f 6 pm p ‘ 7 6 17 wi in the mo i . fi os lac . p , rn ng pa p , b k (s a the ou 6 6 a d e ss . p , h r. ¢ p n , r 660 w 1 re cal in , t o . v I l ( ) a t. ‘ 7 6 a 46 a t mid -da 7 1 v di a 1 7 0 0 w ile m n/ m, y. 7 p , h . 6 17 6 si ce . , n 48 A S AND S R AMMAR HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK G . — E x ercise 7 B . ve n we e d ead the ew a e we E ry morni g us to r n sp p r , then ’ d an c e e At e cl c we we a wal r k off . ight o o k nt for k in the " d a Was he n garde n an spoke of v rious things . ot we aring a w hat We calle d at e e e e da hi l u hite th ir hous v ry y. W e yo w la and al I was ea d and w e re ughing t king r ing riting . When I was e i m the i lla e u e d m e a c a r turn ng fro v g , I s to s ok ig r . ’ w ite 6.0 77 0 t e 677 6 t7 a . . h n, h , p he ff t the hat 7 K a n t co ee , 6 w ans. , 6 éko. ’ ’ w e I was e u at ei t o cloc s 6 7 6; t m. t i gh k , x p h n r rn ng, the pres . the a de 7 6 ne t él u. a . o f u ! o) . g r n , p fi p rt y p t i a I smo e ov oi w diffe e ca os. . r nt, ¢ p k , ¢ p p . h i a 7 1 7 0 th e t i 7 6 1 r a u a . t e c 6 0 0 . h ng , p y, g r, p I s ea o f 66 t p k , , O N TH E Aos rsr . ' ar he ame as the o The rules for the a ugment e t s in l mpe rfe ct. d Aorist en ings . e in P rs . S g . 1 0 a 2 3 0 a v The characteristic letter of the verb unde rgoes a change when brought into conjunction with the 0 of the e nding 1 7 < c m e w the 0 m 9 1 , 6 o bin ith to for 5 B , , w I d 6 a u e . . e g v fl , hi ; v ¢ dc w I d e fi fi , y — NO T E The ve rbs in having v (in pronunciation=¢ before 0 ) as characteristic letter also form their aorist in xix 677 50 7 6 a I beli eve ¢ . é li e a I seek ; y p si , 50 A S A AMMAR HORT ND EAS Y MODERN GREEK GR . (b) Ve rbs whose characteristic letter in the Present is 7 ece de d b < v e ce de d b lose the 7 v and the pr y 6, or pr y x , or , <6 or x combines with the 0 of the Aorist termination to form we r e «663 01 6K o a e . 7 I cu t . g 1 , ¢ , 66 i vco I w 666 1 0 x , sho 5 “ MM» 6 . Ve 0) w and me we a e 0 the rbs in , N , p , so in , h v no in Aorist the characteristic letter rem ains the same as in the P e e 6 th e e e ced is e all c a ed r s nt , but if is e l tt r pr ing it g ner y h ng to 6 6 ' 0 7 6 6 6 01 d 60 7 6 tka e . . I s n g , e ; , ( 6 m I i 6 a 6 p , bring ¢ p . ew i ewa r main . n , I e ; p OT E — 06 N . Verbs in and p have a popular form for the Present in mo 0 7 66 11 06 0 66 6 01 e . 7 g . for . 6 vw 6 w ¢ p ¢ p . ’ 6 i v a 0 vw m I d a A a . p v , r g orist p Ve d ivw a va 7 . rbs in have in the Aorist 6 07 a ivw 6 60 7 a va I wa . ( , rm 5 Ma i a nd e e a e a c lla e al 8 . e a m ny v rbs in ( , so oth rs , h v o t r form for the Present in raw but the Aorist always comes from the first form 1 0 5 0 v va w e 9 7 4 0 , y p , I o m kz w o a kva w I e a m e. d c , e , shut ; (s s e a vw f va w I e é a o a g x , f x , forg t ; g x me e e a a a l the m w e the So oth r v rbs , g in , h ving on y for in P m A as m a P e e m a im a ve) resent , for their orist fro r s nt or K e va w I e W e 6 6 a 0 a . e . e g p , s rv in ; K p ' u vw I a u ( lfl fl a . e j , h ng p q A S AND S G R AMMAR 5 1 HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK . US E o r TH E AORI S T . - A di a d a 30 1 6 1 6 6 I The c e efi e a c : e . . orist in t s in nit p st tion g , d e . I t di e d the one a the m e ec s nt is stinguish on h n from I p rf t , w c de e e e c i a ce and the e hi h not s r p tition or ont nu n , on oth r m the Pe e c w c de e a c c m le e d a t the fro rf t , hi h not s tion o p t pre sent tima I t occupie s therefore the same position as the ass e i ndé ni and e d w e h E l French p fi , is oft n use her t e ng ish 30 1 -6 1 6 6 6 ot1 1 6 d m e e the Pe e c : e . . 7 I a e i io pr f rs rf t g w / , , h v sent the letter . n e w e P e e e x e a a e c di the I v rbs hos r s nt press s st t or on tion , Aorist e x presse s the beginning of that state as past 1 7 6 1 16 3 I am 67 6 516 0 6 I a e ot I am , hungry ; ; h v g hungry, ’ vv0 7 6 w I a lee 6 V150 7 6 6 hungry f , m s py § , I n particularly vivid spee ch the Aorist is use d to e x press fut u re action the action is repre sente d as so ne ar and cert ain as to b e practically past ’ ’ 15 6 i 0 6 o x i rwo a w ll ll ou e . . o a a e a g 6 7 f , g y, or I ki y (or you r d d man ea ) . E ise 8 —A x erc . . ” ’ ’ ” 120 16 11 66 K a i 6 0 1 x w0 6 7 6 i 6 t0 Ava l/ a v 7 6 K toi Pta r i 66V 3 j Bfi . i np . ' 661x 1 7 6 7 6 x ept 0 ou ; 7 6 ’ ’ ( é t a 0 6 1 7 6 6 6 2 6 ' L ‘ Ei 6 t 6 w0 7 0 ° pop j ra. 9 0 9 7 O X CGT G 0 pp 9 , v 0 6 636 6 6 1 7 6. ( 6 16 T6v £ 9 € a Me i ei 3 56 6 7 . 7 p ¢ y p k " K a veis 0 1 86V 0 6 9 6 151 6 96 K 6 V6 i9 Aév 7 0 677 50 7 6 66 9i s x , 7 1 5 . 5 . ( x ) ’ ’ 6 1 6 1 6 f t 6 o 6 6 66 T v6 7 6 I I d0 . a t EA l é x p ¢ y ) fi x . 9 p p s p 52 S AND S A HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . 0 K 15 7 w I e d stoo . kd br w I i u e . ¢ , b n , p fi q , nj r x é vw lift. d w0 7 os ill. a n , I pp , d vd 7 w I li t. a é s e a v . ¢ , gh fi p , h y 7 1 he ca dle . v e é w I loo for ask 6 mp , t n y p , k , e m 1 7 6 71 7 0 0 e ve w M 1 7 6 th la e e . 6 , p , ry h r x 6 7 w I cu t o e liw I da ce . ¢ , x p , n d 7 y u 7 u th 7 6 é c the a . e i . x p , h n 7 x , n ght I se w . HM S , all. - 7 6 6 6 u a the d ess . Reta w I a m a se t. ¢ p , , r , b n 6 x 1? I tear . Ex r i se 8 —B e c . . t e la m Wh a e ou w She light e d h p . y h v y not ritte n the lette r 2 n H a e ou ew h d I ha ve cu t my fi g e r . v y s n t e ress The he avy a m d w nd wine ha s done you h r . I bent o n a lifte d u p the d 2 e one a e ou . H ow l di d ou da ce ticke t . Som sk for y ong y n u e a d the H e did el e e T e we e H ave yo h r story not b i v it . h y r ' ‘ he e 6 r vM s. the ea 6 é v t os. fing r , d y r , x p he sto la r o ta t ry, p Ex erczse 9 — A . . ’ r a a r e é w I cle a ma e clea . 6 7 4) ei t. p , n , k n x , gh dse va t. (re l w I ess u aoax a the ma i s e eze . , r n p w , pr , q ' 7 6 a rl he ca d the a e . d w I c a e . x p , t r , p p r k , h ng h r w l . ( e the a ea a ce . x é d r , I s tea W , pp r n ' v ' 7 6 tb ohé c the wa tc cloc . d ol w I o e . p y , h , k y , p n 7 6 T VL the s tic . 7 6 moUN the b o x fl M T OU , k m , . v a the Wi dow. 7 6 i n he r a t e e . 7 6 1 ra p6 015pr d p ) , n m , y 0) f a r cb I u s . 85 6 17 6 ou t o . p w , h , p a m a) to ee to u a d . 7 6 d v the do . g m , k p, g r , g ‘ 7 6 n x é th e sec e t . x vr rd w I se e . p vcr , r f , i ts tid u . w henx a kai v e well t o u ma I u t to , y p , r , h ro hl . m, p r gh y g y ‘ 7 0 L w df I am a f a id . f a the oo m. p / , r x dp p , r l soo . qu ick y , n A S AND S 53 HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . — Ex erci se 9 . B . We e e d all the d and w d w c l d hi m I T e a le . op n oors in o s . h y all c a e m cl e H a e we h c a sh h ng y oth s . v not kept t e se ret I m le e u se the A e w h d s py ( orist) . Sh thre the book on t e groun . he c ld e ran T d T me . he m f ca e her he hi r n ho s oke suf o t . S e d and e e e d m ha d a h ll We e ee er at a . sigh squ z y n . h v not s n The ma d e a e a d th and was a a d i s rv nt h r e noise fr i . n h u d d ov o t e o . I s uffoca te gr n , x u , ' ‘ ome f f? 7 6 o wln 7 6311 i r vci w u a a I s c e . Ao c re . h , . gh , g r. é f he s mo e 6 x a w é t s. the o ise 6 x ér os k , n , p . Ex is 1 —A erc e 0. . ’ ’ ' " E6wi36 0 6 7 6 d r u a 16 6 Ax e 2 7 6 0 1.0 6 7 6 60 L0 6 . ow s , yp / l x ( X ) ’ ’ " ' o w A86 ui 0 6 6 7 6 77 07 7 i E660 6 7 6 0 6 6 0577 0 7 6 . flp fi p 7p . 5 p L 6 I I 0 L69 686 0 6 6 137 6 7 6. BB6 56 Pi 6 7 i (bwvcifa 7 6 T6 867 16 0 6 ’ ” ’ ’ K UAL. E77 1.6 0 6 7 6 0 K v6 i 6 6 6 6 i Ti (S a é fi w e 7 6 O 77 7 6 7 . p y p s " i 6 A w a v 7 6. 0 17 737 1 ; Ti yvp6 156 s ; 6X6 0 7 6 1 7 0 p7 o 6 6 6 6 1 7 7 V 7rd 6 K a i 6 6 6 16 6 i 61f. H 7 6 6 96 0 6 9 66 6 7 6 . 6 p7 X 0 6 7 6 6 7 6 36 77 <5 1. , p ’ ’ he t u d e r i t e . 7 6 a tm the a . ; h n r , ’ M a d » e m t ! loc . I . 7 di a w a t o c a , p y p , h k 7 6 wor t the lass 7 6 1ro 7 66 r the tfolio u se fip , g . p 0¢ , po r , p r . 6671 61 i l w i I d . 6 I e . , b n px f , b g n 7 6 6 6 0 0 the o se 7 6 601 6 the lesso 7 , h r . 6 76 , n . ' 2 m e e 0 6 6 9 s to . 7 6 e xa th k . ( , ) , , y i 61 637 0 1 6 the doo the ate 7 6 mro t the stea m oa . ) 3 0 , r , g . fl p , b t m du w I se ize . 0d I a i ve , ¢ , rr . 617 6 e e on. , (h r ) Ex r — e cise 1 0. B . d h l a D id ou e ea ea d a hi H e turne t e e f . y e v r h r or r nyt ng H e like that 2 We emptie d the glasse s and fille d them again . ’ l cl c The la came back from the market at e e ve n o o k . g ss is We a l T e a e e . The e the . broken . h v ost ring h y h v forgott n it la h e di d ou the p y as not b gun yet . When y shut shop Whe re did you b u y the se cigars Hi s fathe r arrive d yester H a e o u u t the l H a e o u e the da y . v y p out ight v y forgott n ? H e has le hi s a d c e e na me ft h n ker hief h r . A S HORT AND EAS Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . ' v b u 6 0 16 6 I . I u l w. t rn , y p f y, 7 1 3 1 i 7 r ofi he lea f 7 6 1 1 66 0 . c a 6 o. t , 6 g r , p h li 7 6 1 fill 6 1 61 1 1 . t e 61 I , 7 1 3 ght, 6 9. 1 I re ll 6 11 6 6 1 1 0 . I u t ou t 0 61 6 1 . fi , 5 7 1 0 p , 3 ’ ’ at ele ve o cloc s 1 6 29 811 66 11 6 the a me 7 6 n k , n , 1 the ma t 1 d o d. the a d e c ief 7 6 1 1 06 rke , ; y p h n k r h , 1 6 6 . ' ea (7 1 d i s o e I lea ve 6 vw I br k , ( br k n , , ¢fi . the i 7 6 66 7 v6 161 . e e 6661 r ng , x h r , . he la sa the e ese a io t p y ( y r pr nt t n) , 1 7 6 60 7 6 0 1 p . Ex rcis I I — e e . A . ' " t ' A611 0 0 1) K 6 V6 1 . 0 6 1 7 0 66 1 11 6 H 1 6 6 9 p q 9 0 51 610 . 11 77 p ’ 1 ME o6 1 6 v 7 6 7 . 7 0 61 7 6 1 V 2 1.15 v 79 p ) 7 6 1 p nv. ’ ’ H a 1 7 1 0 6 1 6 7 6V véo v. T6V 6 11 1 7 10 0 6 6 6 2 6 6 [31 6 1 6 10 y § 1 5 5 6 9 7 9 7 0 0 611 1 9 . 1 9 6 9 " 7 6 961 6 130 136 6 10 6 A6V 60 6 1 160 6 1 6 T‘ 'f l K of 1 6 E w 1 1 1 p 1 pa. x ’ / i 1 616 156 10 6 61 1 11 6 7 6. I I 0 1 6 K / 0 v1 c 1 9 6 o151 1 0 6 7 6 7 1 6 1 7 6 . H 60 6 x , 1 1 1 0 " ' ' 1 1 6 1 67 1 6 6 1 7 6 6 1 7 6 111 630 6 7 6 61 6 7 6 11 17 0 ; 1530 7 6 1 6 6 9 7 6. yp61 6 7 0 137 p 16 " ’ ' ’ ’ ’ E0 v 6 6 0 d1<1 ‘ d é w 6 1 65 to be late . 611 11 6 7 6 adl lit. s o l . py , 1 7 , , b y ( tr ng y) - 0 1 1 6 1 6 to da OUVQ I move . 51 1 , y . K , le I love . Ao ist I av ot 7 6 7 1 6 1 7 6 the ta . r , h e g 1 0 , b fo d o f. 1 7 6 1 61/ w I a . n 1p , p y 6 vé o 6 r s the ou man. 61 6 1 fo . , y ng , 7 , 11 1 7 163 I wa 0 7 66 11 6 1 I se d . 5 ken . , n 61 0 00616 0 I co e ct. 6 0 6 1 mm the sac . 1 , rr , k 7 6 06 1 6 the ex e cise . 61 7 10 6 1 e i d . 1 , r , b h n ov / w I seal sto 68 0 66 610 6 6 0 7 1 6 7 1 637 1 9 the soldier B , , p 3 , I 1 7 . ave had a too t sto 66 m I s t i e ea t. h ( h) pped. p , r k , b 1 7 6 661 7 1 the oo t 6 6 0 7 1 9 the o e . , t h . 17 5, r bb r ' 0 6 1 616 0 I swee . 7 6 1 7 6 17 0 177 1 he oot s oe . 1 , p f , t b , h 7 6 vv6 1 1 -ma e 0 the co ld in the e 6 1 7 6 1 7 0 1 7 0 9 the s oe . x , h ad . 37 , h k r é vw I ca tc cold v , h . — Ex i I I B . erc se . did We aske d the gentleman if he was a German . When you w n ? d a H ake this mor ing They st aye out l te yesterday . e had a d H d H ll d a e ca c l . e e tooth stoppe . ught o pu my h ir . We a e e i We a d we - five h v k pt th s book for hi m. p i t nty dr ma . Mr ia d a ac il no u lo s has e . e h s . St po sol his hous I h v e t e le H a e the ew a ? not s nt h tters ye t . ve th y brought n sp per T a ll d hey qu rre e . S H O R T AND S A EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . w f dv ee x 6 7 é . i . I , k p , p he e ma v we t fi ve ei x oa' m é u r e t G 6 Fe a é s. t . r n , pp n y , e ? 1 7 67 6 he d a c ma 1 6 6 m wh n t r h , } p x 1 7. ’ ? at w a o cloc 7 1 631 6 I se ll 1rov)\w. h t k 1 , is mo i 7 1 r wt u e l 14 66 0 6 6 1 . t 6 . I a 1 h rn ng , p q rr , 1 ai 7 6 a hh td the h r , fl . UB UNC TI E MPER AT I E CO ND I TI O NAL S J V , I V , . On the com ou nd tens es and the co n u ncti ons which intro c p , j du e h m t e . Both the present and the Aorist Subjunctive have the same e din as the P e e I d ca e al w e n g s r s nt n i tiv , but it is usu to rit 77, w a d the a o the di ca he c e e I . Th in t Subjun tiv inst of , , of n tive e Aorist Subjunctive has the same characteristic letter a s the I ndi cative . — The a cle u é all ll we d b the c e and p rti is usu y fo o y Subjun tiv , may b e translate d into English in the following various ways 1 B the I fini e w w to e ce di . . y n tiv , ith or ithout pr ng it ’ 86 V é u1 v6 7 0 v 1 mi. 1 6 0 w o awa 4 7 . I ish to g y . B a 2 e m e e . . y th I p r tiv 6 K v K 6 6 6 K 6 66 ! v 7 6ve 7 7 6 9 a c hi well. § 77 W t h m, v6 7 0 1 6 1 w 7 1 477 Let hi m rite it . ' E — n h ca e and the ll w v6 ee Nor . I t i s s fo o ing s ms to 7 m m . aft er some verb understood like 1 (il faut) . 3 B me e ale the e . . y so quiv nt of v rb ought u é 7 0 ypoicfx o am I to write it 2 v6 7 o ve r oa x a kecrw I e him p , ought to invit a o v 61 6 6 7 6 1 6 1 1 6 7 v cr 18 0 77 7 1 1 1 ; I s he to read the letter to you . 4 B me e i ale the e w h . . y so qu v nt of v rb to is v6 0 V 1 7 6 1 6 6 15m d ce 6 66K os =wolf 7 1 77 ; The eu take him ( ) . 56 A S O R T S H AND EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . w a als b e e x e e d w v6 d A ish m y o pr ss ith omitte . 6 06 61 G d d o forbi . v6 cc a o urs in o ths . v6 Xa pcfi 7 6 11 67 1 6 14 0 1) Bless my eyes ! The a cle 06 w the c e d p rti ith Subjun tive is us for the Future . SEV 96 7 O V e ofim 7 0 7 6 I all e e i g x sh n v r forget h m . The Subjunctive is also use d after a large number of particles 1 6 v6 d e . . e a a . g 7 , in or r th t , so th t V6 i p f, lest . ’ 0 6v f , i . and a e the defi e and ad e ft r in nit pronoun v rb , w e e ho v r . 677 0 11 w e e , h re v r . ' d f io-ws a d an a e e s ea the re . t r , p rh ps , in t of futu 0 0 13 0 1 6 i 1 1 11 0 6 6 1 7 63 K a k 6 6v9 w1 7 0 e . . 7 v ; s 9 . g 7 1 } , n p I ell ou le ou ld hi a he a b ad man t y , st y shou t nk th t is . 730 0 ; 66 9 617 6 66 he w ll e a c e e n e . 77 5 , i p rh ps om this v ni g ( I orro eo v 1 8 ; 7 69 7 0 11 7 639 w e e o u se e ell im a 77 ho v r y , t h th t The c m d e e e e c l e ec e e e c are o poun t ns s (p rf t , p up rf t , futur p rf t) e d the e e E w and t e A form from t ns s of x h orist I nfini tive . Th e d the and A fi a en ing for present orist in ni tive is . The di al e x e e d b the a cle 96 P e Con tion is pr ss y p rti or ( r s . 6m d . nl b the m e ec the e 9 I w I m Con o y) y i p rf t of v rb , ish ( per " e e 1 OeAa A and the I e e c Pl e c f t 7 , orist mp rf t or uperf t of t cca all d h he verb . O sion y the thir pe rson of t e I mperfe ct of 966 61 d d he cl 96 is use ins tea of t parti e . 96 6 6 v ei e . 7 s g . x w ld b e a e shou h ppy . 7706 6 6 } The I mperfect Conditional of a depe ndent clause in English is a d d ca transl te b y the Greek I mpe rfe ct I n i tive . I f w 6 11 1 1 0 11 11 I e e . r , 71 58 S AND S A HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAM MAR . 6 16 7 1 69 the doc d to € t K G e ma . 1 , r. 7 pfl , r n ‘ 17 0 1561 0 1 the sa le . 60 K 1 1 6 w I tr taste 7 , / f , y, . ‘ (i 1ré os ou fo r me . é 6 6 1996 0 9 f ee Mp y , p , r . 1 ra a x a 6é w I b e e u e s 7 6 7 6 0 061 the so p g , r q t, p 7 , ng. wa a m m f m for l 5 6 o ease . 6 1119 o t e wi se p ( r p ) , h r . Ex i se l 2 — erc . B . Ma ou a a W van 2 l e a . y I bring y g ss of in (tr ns b y and Subj . ) D o ou w 66 a nd d y ish ( Subj . ) to rea the book that I have bought When will he send you the money D o not forge t win i Ta d e h . e ca e t e o wi f e ( ) to invit m k r h g ll bite you . I h d e a e all a e - As o s not p y m I sh h v no money to morrow . soon a s ou a e ead ou w l As u se y h v r it y il believe it . ( soon Aor n . C a he swim H ave yo u not cu t your hand R u n ckl as c e a e We w l ell the qui y, so not to om too l t . i l not s e c H e as x k e a . e fi As hi hors so h p h forgott n to the hour . m w e e e a Pe a a T l c ' h th r h is rsi n or urk . We cannot be ie ve su h a . H e a e the le e he Ma she e thing must t k tt rs to t post . y op n w d w h d 1 7 6 1 1 1 7 6 1 63 l t e t e w w c . h in o Shut in o . Go ( 1 ) qui k y ’ ’ D cu la if t t a . H e w ll b e a on t he p per Don t ugh . i ngry 37 6 11 nd ? a . a e w ll l ( Subj ) he he rs it . Wh n i the e ctures begin I all a n ui e i G . a all sh sp k to h m ( e ) bout (y ) them . C your D c c a x e o e l . a c e m broth r . not on it When m I to e pe t th -m w a e ca e a c d Let o to orro You must t k r not to t ke ol . us g a a 2 quicke r . Wh t c n I offer you I ta e ca e 1 r oaré w I cu t x 6 1 w. k r , p x . , ¢ I swim I am a 0 6 611 111 . , ngry, 6 o m ‘ ni w t co e to o la ai w o cea l x . te é . I c , py n , p fl ' c 7 1 v x 1 r u. é vw Aor . 67 1 60 1 6 11 6 . ea c1 . I e e ct o0 . h p , ¢ 7 p , p , 1 1 the e sia 6 H é s Aor. é x a 7 6 1 0 a . P r n , pa n. ( ) p p 7 su c a t i 7 67 0 1 0 1 7 1 6 1 6 . I o ffe r oa fié w. h h ng , 1 7 1 r , p q p ‘ he o s 1 7 2ov t t 60 7 6 7 6 7 6 v5 0 s . p , , x p 6 R PAS S I VE FO M . a Ma The Passive proper seldom has its origin l me ani ng . ny e cc l and e a e m l an v rbs o ur on y in this form, th n h v ost y 3 o a 1 a c e ea e . . I c me . tiv m ning , g px p , o e Some verbs occur in both a ctive and passive form . Som of these have the ordinary active and passive signification of the verb but the majority have S O R T S A H AND EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . ' 1 ex ce : r evi w I c m 7 6 1/ 1 ov ba t I c m . A refl ive for x f , o b ; x f p , o b 2 l ce 616 6 6 1 60 1 6 we et e ac e . . c ca A re ipro for 0 1 , m h oth r P resent . 1 611 60 7 6 (611 6 96 ) 2 60 7 6 (6 0 96 ) 3 6 7 6 1 Endings for contract ed verbs in 601 1 2 3 contracte d verbs in 60 and many in do» in P lu r S g . . 1 0 511 6 1 1 611 6 1 ) 1 611 60 7 6 1 0 1511 60 7 6 ) 1 60 6 1 1 60 7 6 1 67 6 1 I mpe rfect . P lu r. 0 1511 6 0 7 6 1511 6 0 7 6 ) 0 150 6 0 7 6 60 6 0 7 6 ) 0 v 1/ 7 6 1/ o vV7 6 v 61/ 7 0 v0 6 v) For contracte d verbs in da P s n er . i S g . I o fiyovv 2 0 150 ov1/ (6 ) 3 0 15a (6 ) For some contracte d verbs in 61 1 and 60 above W t fix d — tofi ovv 1 0 150 0 1 'V e e e . . & C ith pr , g p , , . 60 1 A S S HORT AND EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . Conjugate the Present and I mperfect Passive of the follow ing verbs wa wa I sh myself I sh) . i vo m ci c I a l e vw l e . x p , m ost , I p rish ( x , I os ) 16 0 1 0 13 6 1 l S e e . 6 6 , I p o r evo w ofiL a b d o r evo w éw a a e e c m el . x p / , I m str it n ( x p , o p ) 16690 6 1 6 , I sit down . A orist . Endings (I ndi cative) P ers in Plu r . S g . . 1 91716 6 OfiK a fLG 2 91716 6 9 9616 67 6 (915166 7 6) 3 97716 6 97716 6 1/ The Aorist Passive is formed from the stem of the Aorist Ac e the a e Pa e e i a e ed tiv , bov ssiv t rm n tions b ing substitut 0 6 era s A nd n r the & c . t e c e a a ec e e for , , , of h tiv , ff ti g th p ce ding consonant differently from the Active Aorist 0 . The following table shows these differences P A A P e e . A a . r s nt orist ct. orist ss x 9 1 6 01 61 rei a a e . 1 7 6 I a g . p § p § nnoy . ¢ 41 9 I 1 0“ e a za 6 1 6 1 91 16 6 I t w . e . e g . 7 1 w yp j 74 6 7 , rit 0 1 ?» I a e . e .g. x 2 t r * vowel or v 0 9 d 6 6 0 6 I e . e . g . x X los 6 6 1 7 13 6 61 7 1 0 6 6 6 17 7 9 f a v 9 I e . wa m . g . r 6 and p 6 and p 6 9 and p9 e ( 6 m 6<1 6 6 é<>é 07 K a I ca . g. 6 p f p l p 7 , rry . f f NUrn—Ex ce cc c as a x ovw 6 16 0 11 0 6 6 16 0 110 91 16 6 ptions o ur , su h , , 7 , e to list n . S AS M 6 1 A HORT AND E Y MODERN GREEK GRA MAR . B C TI E SU JUN V . The Pre se nt has the same e ndings as the I ndicative in pro nu nciation but in writing it is customary to substitute to o t e fi e u la acc di e a c e for in h rst p rson sing r , or ng to th n i nt l ru e . The Aorist has the following in S g . T e e e din are a fix e d the e a e the d ca e h s n gs f to v rb , ft r I n i tiv ’ 1 m w I d a o moé trfi x a I d has e e a e a a e . . c e en ing 1 b n t k n y , g n i tiv , n , w d v6 dx ov0 9c3 as hear ; Subj . . The Passive Subjunctive is use d and the Fu ture forme d in the 06 616 0 1 1 613 d ame W a as the Ac e e . . 0 I all b e e a . s y in tiv , g , sh h r I MPER ATI V E . Aorist The se cond person singular of the Passive Aorist m a e ha s t e ame c a ac e c le e as the Ac e I per tiv h s h r t risti tt r tiv , w a l 0 L . hen th t etter is , ( , or 5 P A A m ra Aor . a . ct . . t . Pre sent . orist I pe ss 6 6 wa dw 6 7 1301 b vm‘I/ ov w a e ac e a e s the Aor . Verbs hi ch h v no tiv t k , (L, or 5 in m wa e A Ac e w ld a e a e Pa . t e a e t ss in h s y, if h orist tiv ou h v t k n one of the se letters . P Aor . a . d m erat . A Aor e . Pre s ct. . (not us ) I p ss ' 16 1 é K fLG O ‘ a K o 1 c10 0 v 0 1 0 13 1 6 1. O e . g. 1 1 ’ p 6 a 0 Verbs in , p t ke A r Pa . P A A t. m erat . o . re s . ct . oris I p ss 6 1 6 6 ( 1 61 0 0 11 e . 1 g. 4 1 1 1 6 2 A S S Y HORT AND EA MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. The second person plural is the same as the Passive Aorist c e S ubjun tiv . — w b d B . t ll e e a m a d N. I i obs rve th t this I per tive is erive d c ddl A the a e M e and m t e Pa e . from n i nt i orist , not fro h ssiv I NFI NI TI VE . e A e d the a c d e e and Th orist is us in form tion of ompoun t ns s , is the same a s the third person of Aorist Subjunctive in pro nu nciation the the c e ec 1 the I n , 37 of Subjun tiv b oming ; in fini tive . fi P A e . res . orist I n nitiv ’ 86 V6 1 0 1 6 1 Sou/ 6 1 0 9 w e . g . f 1 6, to borro . C OMP OUND TENS E S . e e and t e d al and The formation of th s h Con ition is obvious , e m ay b e seen in th table . PER FE C T PARTI C I PL E . 1 6m The Pe e c Pa t c le The ending is 1 ) . rf t r i ip is form ed from the Passive Aorist in the following manner 6 9 e Pa e A ec me the Pe ec 1 . in th ssiv orist b o s in rf t Participle Aor P P P Pa . . e . a . a . Pres . ss rf ss rt 0 1 0 1 61/ o s 0 i m I ea . e . . x 1 g x f , t r 9 ec me 2 . x b o s ' 61 7 6 1 6 6 1 7 6 1 6 1 61/ 0 17 6 1 1 6 11 I a . 9 e . g . 1 0 , nnoy p 5 p 71 1 9 ec me 3. 4 b o s ai f m I w e 3 a a 5 04 59 “ 0 01 1 1 6 0 9 e . g . w / , rit vp ¢ 71 9 1 7 1 1 1 0 all ec e LéI / OS 4 . usu y b om s [ 7 0 17 01 1 611 0 I e . ? e .g . pr ss 1 S H O R T AND S R AMMA A EA Y MODERN GREEK G R . 63 Some verbs in do) have o pé vo g dw Su . fi , I thirst dw r etv e . , I hung r The Perfe ct Passive Participle is ofte n use d inste ad of the a c e a e c d e s e Aorist I nfini tive in tiv or p ssiv ompoun t n s . I nste a d ’ a a é be e w a e ef a a u év0 I had w of x yp g , e h v x yp m , ritten ; and ad cf e a fi we m e c mm nl a e f a ve a évo v inste of x yp d fi, or o o y h v fi yp pp , it had bee n writte n . I ntrans itive verbs may ha ve a Perfe ct Pa ssive Pa rticiple m wdw we t/ cit» r e a é nd a e . a c u vo . c. . a I has ( f bov ) p , p ss , p n s Ex ample s of some verbs in the Passive Voice (where the Active is not give n there is none ) Aor. P P I m . e . a Ac p rf rt . tive . do ov a é vos‘ d x x p x , I l ose . ' r a t o fi a c T a ov T a f vo s 7 a 3 ¢3 p fl p p flfif p flnyp p , , “rpa flo fipa t I draw ’ o vkh o c o a c w kko fo ov o vkho ccr évo ‘ y f p y y y s, a o vkko to fi c I c s de . l e s ( y p ) , on i r (thoughtfu , p n ive ) . w o w ( 3) ¢ofifi9nx a (I am a fraid) - x o t o fi a c K O t o o u p p , wf ee I sl p . ' f vo a c c f vo s f fi x p fi yp fiw , I w thro . ' x o v d o u a t K O U G O é l/ OS x ov ci w p f l p H p f , I tire . The e d 97 m e nced 7 m e all n ing 1 is oft n pronou m , speci y a e ft r x , 64 A S HORT AND EAS Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . ' a év ' 97 ml (n ofo ov m os O cx atvopa l. 1 x x p l a me (I di sli ke ) ( o thso ) ' ' v Ae o évo s As en/ w Xe um o p p p , Aspvoyo u. p l I soi . ' {G a non ov fo ov ov pe vo s sou p( coll a r. n f p f I shave . Ov o ov 01 pm. pfi ( é) x pew'9nK a - ‘ o a trh ficrov a wko u évo s em hom . g g l g I stret ch . — Ex erci se 1 3 . A. - ove ( o o fi a c K a fiokov . Tov K a c o 671 0 1) Tove o 360 m a e SEV T t fi p p (t / x , dkkd £86 T OV E m v fi x a , SEV T O V Ec o o fi ov v, d ar ou r/ a s T ? x u o fi fl y fl j q m ) p d " ° t On K a i 07. 6 e R a kes dv9 w1 ro s 83V 9 0 w , M T O V ( o fio a c efve p p fy fi b fl ” a d'ra t 6 ddek x is G ov O L 82V o fi a L. K o u , 380) 83V 06. ( o l d X dv fi B p ' ’ a o u vo v6. K o c fl g . K o o ov. A<>o i3 ( fo a l. K o v s mfi é x o n fi x e dx o n. f p y pnfi q fin p ’ / A ' u fve utom a t T ov S m. To a l 815 ; c o e ‘ ‘ Ae we w efve A e s pa p K ur ra ge ( "I p fi a e ac x a d M y Nd. ! To a s x fis, p p fi Ae w évo. p n ’ p ’ - ‘ v “ a of . ' 6 r a zré c am Z9d fi v g 7 d d a r a 9 7 p f , y x d Mo gs yp yp ' ' ‘ i u . T5 (rvkko céo a c Ev K Ao t o a t rb v <1) l o o v. ; y f p y 7 1 V x d o po. p y 7 p - ' 6 K M rr g 35 07 “ 57 d T ov fvw wh o x a mf 7 6 d n 1 x 1 Aév m p ' ’ e v ia a t T ov véo v eK eZyo y ’ ‘ T5 di a 9d K o e s ; e. K a i T OV éo orwo p q mfi w f ’ ' bv A e vmd H 0 ]? K at ao re T ov K a tp 13 uko w e 7 d p p 77 0 fl p ’ ’ é r a ve s 7 9 B tévv . efipco x 7 n e s a cu se ma ou b e los t . yd x a fi , r ( y y ) no . (by , — m as ma sh e foo l za . 6 m p , r , ny t ov 81rov w e . m K a p , h n — ll wh o no m o e . be , r os S o s . Z ép , yr é rr the t ie f o e . 6 x k cj m, h , r bb r and bu t. , ' or é vw I ill. O K , k v w e e ve . 61 1. K a i d , h n r A me ia . 7 6. r n n I loo k . ( eé pid x oua t) I am (J e me r th e mu d. 4; Mi c o, tr ou ve . oad . ) os th e wa , 6 opép , y r Bcé vv ie a . d e c ief. n, V nn / ch the a 7 6 pa no , h n k r h A S AND S M 6 6 HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAM AR . Contracte d Aorist Contracte d form. Subj . form . v6 ( d w riw u se d as Aor ( ) p y ¢ , . Subj . ' T ai w of p y . (“Vets (I) ? ri ¢dya (b ef. (pdya pe (pag e (pdyer' e (bar e ¢dyovve Contracte d Aorist Contracte d m . . . I ndi e . for Subj form ' ' ' GeAw K Aa Lw K h a t w Wee . , I Wish . ( y ) I p OéAa s‘ K Aa fGLS M a ts ' ' GeAa M a la nAa E ‘ GéAop e K h a ioue K h a ip e ' OéAer e K Aa lfer' e K Aa Er' e Géo s ) M a fovve K h a Eve ( ra fw w c ac e d l M a ia) . p , I am rong , is ontr t ike Ex rci l 4 - e se . A . ’ ' ‘ 0 6 6d m dwdx f G d mi ca T o ' ' 11 i s l e 9 Hea rpo 2 s0 Oé a rpo ’ ' ’ ' E 7 5 Ge a r o T s E7re fva o a ° wa e vd ( a p fij n p g e. T 5 6a( ave o e a Afir ol 631) r éi ve 770 7 ? ( ofrra A ca f ' p fiy p p pp . r ( o ofivra ; I I I I I p fi I I ' T ovs T l. 06 9 GeAw va wkvo w Ta e ta L W] ov. T K Aa Es x p p , ‘ M E é Bd‘ x a o e T o O'K U‘ I J Eb K o fr z . ( r a ts 5 p f ; y b , 7170 6 77 6 vd TO I ( I JI t I 3 A I k ‘ ( m co s. H ows e e non « ea c e 0 w ov o s E a s T O Ac e p fy p py p n. ‘ rd o iir a th e f u it. mr cb I u s ¢p , r p w , p h . / ‘ wh iz w wké vw I was . 6 fnrov é s the ca i e t m ( ) , h py , ( b n ) inis te r. I bite . A S A ND S 6 HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . 7 i s e 1 4 — B Ex erc . . n a a 7! Le t us go a d di ne (s y e t) . Where is he going H e is d a are ou ea going to get shave . Wh t y ting I am eating ’ ” a w l d ou l e n 663 eat 4 all o frui t . Wh t ou y ik ( ) to Sh I g home 3 n w ? a are ou c . We a e l o Wh t y rying for h v ost our money. a do o sa 21 sa a ou You di ne ve ry late . Wh t y u y I y th t y are No e are w . w . rong , your broth rs rong RR E ULAR ER B S I G V . Ao ris t Ao ri st I m e a ti ve p r . S in g . P lu r. dva tfla lvw ua tfi rre du a c cfi du a l dva alvw) I o u fi fia. l ( fi g p ‘ gva tfiar e ( du nfla fvw) I di e r edd dfl ooa u u y ' ' é og d a w I lease d é a w pé , p p ’ 7 u w I lea ve d 7 o w d a e d o r e df y o d¢ 7 , ¢ § ¢n ¢fi pnné g d¢ 77k m d¢e s cigb fi're as fldj'w ‘ d I u t la é a ka 8 0th .) i ke a ku é vo (fl ) p , y fi 7 B fl l g é dhd x a (Bdu w) Pas s . ( m n 1 x I a m weary ( é )fiapé 0 7 a. fgfigg“) ' ' g’ fiydzg (fiyd ) I pu ll o u t { M a ker fiydkr e ' (fl yd ) Pass . ' a ivw I o ou t é x a. fly , g ( )67 fi fiflva ' ké frw I see elfia. fi , é w I wet flp x , nvpa. I find fipfix a ( e vpnx a ) ss é fi x a, Pa . fip n N TE 1 8 de e d b me a e r m é AAw and O riv y t th sis f o d , ’ ’ a cvw ex a ww similarly fiy from fl . 68 A S AND S HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . Ex e is l 5 —A rc e . . ' ‘ H mog ( I ve K frw Eiye 6 K v M t dk s. As a ve 3 u nt m c , p x n / 77 p ypq . ’ p ‘ v Aeu r o w va dva c rfi ta ri 7ro vei T b 1 ro $a t ov E ov a eo e o p p fl y p p . p ’ ' ’ ' MoiMcr‘ra o u a eO e 1 ro )\ v Tb a weko tov a 7 4< 7re c1 ra 1 o . 9 e s , K C6V p , y p p X ) ’ T O a e 7 11 K a a 7 0 flkemo cpno s s T 1 p po. p ov ; v e¢e ' ' Ae a K a i ~ . v o 7 v Se v d T O v0. o T b T 7no revw on 9 T o T fipgs ( flpq s) 7 p flpw. ’ kec d t N vka a e a T b ui 6. a o. T o 7 So T O s 6 s s 7 6 1 41 01 . 7 x fl pp p . d 7 7 0 ‘ ’ - T w a a tov a c va. 1 mm ew e a x eca . Ba e97 4 L h r w do w sta i s . T o d d l t e cu oa K d , n r p/ p , pb rd. ni a eviatio of K v tos. a x e td far. p, bbr n p p p , 7 1 1 11 7 the mo me t. 7 the life . ) 0 7 7 7, n ) womb I a m in a i . 7 6 the ail . , p n n dov v 7 6 the e i . T o r odd c th e foot. e p , fip , n ng 6 1 re £1 ra r os the wal . I dr . p , k ’ say - m u on s ow e e dwr (356) m l ova é wa two ea s a o , n h r x p . y r g . 7 1 rws e a s . p 7 , p rh p Ex r s l 5 — B e ci e . . H ave you found my ring What ring I ne ve r saw you w a . Y e s I a I ha d w ou I ith ( ) ring , forgot th t not sho n it to y ; a e le bought it ye sterday e vening . I h v ft it (lying) a bout some don e e e w e D id e find where but I t r m mb r h re . h l T e we lea e d e e m c the way a one h flo rs p s m v ry u h . I shall d A w have a tooth pulle out (u se ctive ) . We sa him ye ste rday T l a e . a e a e with his f th r h t is impossib , his f th r is not here ; 0a 7 7 0 e ee e & c . e w ll ou o it must ha v b n his broth r ( 7 , Wh n i y g out to - morrow eveni ng I shall not go out I have too - much to do (translate much work) . Do you se e this scarf pin am l e d a I s it not pretty I thorough y tir of th t sort of thing . the to o 1 147 1 M61 t 6 66 . i 7 6 6a r v . r ng , x h , — r he 6ovhe td W o 7 . v Bey wo e. t ne e r , rk , ) dav ca f- in lr a e te da e ve i s 1 6 . s x a . y s r y n ng , a fip r p , p¢ § o we T o o x ofioc. the fl r, A S A ND S HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . I RR EGUL AR VERR s Ao i s o i s Aori st. r t A r t m i v S u I at e . bj . pe r S in r g . P lu . ‘ I a e e wa lvw ei ve ‘ ww é vo: ‘ h pp n , y y y y y lvo L y ya ’ { be co me } ( e)7 elvv74 Pas s. w do ma e ex a a x d er e K a w é vo zifz} , k y y y y s x a 7 a kafla lvw] I u nde r ( i l““f m fia x w i apw I sta nd x a ra a lvw I o dow li e dva a lvw fl , g n , k fl x ka lw I wee a . / , p m y fl ail r e M yfid re ce ive A afia M fla‘yf fi M er r r y , I say fi e 1 ré 7 e elrrfi're elrré r e a fia lvw I lea y rn , ydOer e ya d vw ex pe ri e nce “a “a ware Ma tes/M os I collec ' t ya i evw} e fiw I e t d u e avo T y , g r nk y e M OW /i f” ? y r a lvw 1 go 1 “ (éyfia lvw) } w é ‘rro a L I fee l sh p y y, ' ’ vr r ‘ ' 7rL3 (é pé oy a L) I a m eVrpdr q K a V7 pa. asha me d i — Ex erc se 1 6 . A . H 67 e gym/ e Ta vrop7 oya )u\ La Sev efve a4<6y17 yww eva (ripe ) ”" y’ ' ' 0 . 9 a 4re Se p a v 7 0 viys 0 e K a veva A60 6 yo v eva a 1 r 01137 0 . 7 - ' é a 6 a . Xe ev a L0 7 43 Ee vra a x a k43 La 9 6. 0 0 v 8460 40 A x p . p p " ’ ' va ov 8460 7 9 7 6 m ALe7 7 o. A1 rb 7 0 3 Z eo a L E o a L drrb 7 6 y 7 y pX , pX y A ’ ' 0 7 m 4a m 1 7 a m 7 b O O XGLG. Ae v AOa v 0 L ( AN O L m 9 X n M X , ’ 8e v 1 A0a v. I I e a a L Eka e 843 96. (re 1 7 43 mi n 7 L 67 0 9 v e 8 9 7 . 7 p 779 y 3 , , ' ’ ‘ ‘ 4 ( ' H ov x 69e0 a L 7 46 K fio a L s 7 61 P a x o a a kka . K a 7 0 e 6 AL o m , y p y y x ( ) y " o ‘ ' ya (y ou 8La a 0 '4n eva rro f a H 60 'o v K a L bv ex a ew es s 7 r v I e a vw w fi q y . p ) py 7 0 A S AND S A HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GR MMAR . ’ K oh / e a 1 1 7 0 7 0 d a Ld v0. r 7 0 K a veis K a i 7 0 0La 8 6 0 . T0 l yp yy y y ; flpfi , 77 ' ’ o vr n T L 90. K d s drr6 e 8 d eivw 7 0 o rr fl A fi yy ¢ y s fi . év 1 A I [ I T ‘l‘ I e w 7ro v va K Aa 3e 7 L c om m. 0 M s 0 1. eu o. a 6 p l r ) km a ” ’ \ \ A r I I ' I - I K a a A. a 4i o a a 41 4 7 v A XX. 8ev rro w v0. O e a rt 41 1 7 7 0 40 . 9 a 7 0 1 , y p 7 7 779 fl I f f A A V ' I Q [ U ov Ma AL a 90. T ov 7 0 77 40 I I T O T . ov e a 9e9 7 a w a LK a , y p y ’ ’ ’ Tot1 41 90. 7 0. 7 1 WH 6/\ L K a i 7 d A97 va Bi d / ( s 1 9 ; § g. ve ppwm o s " 6 ’ ' 41 137 09 6 dve m ros O L e ive vo v edvo evo s Katee 5800 6 0a 0150 p X , y y y , y " " ( m a le E rra éo a ! O L v7 evro a L vd vrw. PLa 7 i i p y y X , p y y vdV7 pa 1 rz7s ; ' f 7 0 r o r o dM L the o a e . 6 b a x o a a x x as the a i p y , r ng p y y x , Fr nk sh qu arte r . 7 7 La v7 4i vM o the ose . 7 0 1 roir a th e oe m 0 p ¢ , r 7y , p . t a . I a sw I h nk n e r . 7 0 a ohe th e sc ool. 7 é 00 4i 0a the wee x g , h ) fi y , k . — Ex rcise 1 6 . B e . You have come (too) late I ha ve no time now to speak to ’ 1 6 ou ome me sa (with 7 ) y . C to ( y to my house ) at ten o clock - d m w o e the u . C an o u tell w r to orro , but not forg t ho r y me he e Za aco oul os l e e w e a nd w l w Mr . m p iv s Com ith m I i l sho you T ll i c me - m w u s the hous e . e h m not to o to orro ( e Pick u p all the letters that are (lying) on the ground and burn ’ e me the ke . H a e I e them. Giv y v n t giv n it to you - ‘ Shall I say anything else (an . T erm e ) to your brother i Y es e hi s le w e and ask hi r We h t . , giv m t i bott of in , m to y it d w a e d H e did not understan h t h sai . speaks so quickly tha t ’ em u on can de a d hi m x a veLs—Bé v ( ) no e un rst n ( ) . I learnt - c was d w D to day that the chur h burnt ( o n) . o not go in the ‘ d Tell me are the ladi e o w ll e ou . a ea i u i g i bit y , s of Smyrn b ut f l ’ I ndee d (eLve dAfiHeLa 67 1 ) I ha ve ne ver se en prettier wome n A u a nd e d e le we e a e e d anywhere . bo t hu r p op r g th r together w e m d la d on the spot her the ur er took p ce . We have live fou r d w a l l ea i e . e ! T a ou y rs in th s hous Sit o n for itt h nk y , I ’ ’ m e d w w d w a e e . m a ee on t sit o n , I h v n t ti Co o n out of th t tr sa m ou a cal I w ll e ou the c ( y fro ) , y young r s , or i giv y sti k . vd e and a Please give ( and subj . ) m ink p per I want to write lea e the w e the a le k w to my brother . Do not v in on t b I no cn o fi a e will et dr n e fi d quite well ( y p ) that h g u k if h n s it . ’ ’ h mu de 0 vo 7 41 1 067441 é a Ls. t e 6 s. at te n o cloc k, s 9 p r r, ¢ u 1 di a . fo u r ea a a a . the ho r , ) p r , p ' r Bom ci w. the t ee 7 0 0é v0 o I t y , y g r , p ' ' ' ' a u d ed x a ca e x a 7 00 7 a td. I i ve the stic o a rri w d7r abo u t h n r , yy p g k , f 0 fé hov. h s t 7 0 e os. t e po , p p A S ND S HORT A EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . 7 1 I RR EGUL AR VERE s a da lvw I su ffe w , r r a i vw I ta e p , k r apyé vos Pa ss i ve ' ‘ we vdw r e u b I ass é 1 re a 0 a p , p , p ( ) p I fl a wa y y, W W wh é mi a I I thro w away i atu re I o m , g 1 rivw I d i , r nk ‘ r é 0 ' ww, I fall 1 ré cre 1 re 7 e r a éw wA fi a , I sail e a e wh eé er e 77 14640 I ea t r veiia'e wveva er , br h e e I s ell r pfia'x oy a { y } 0 1 4461440 I lift u G r mac e 0 7 16150 7 45 7 , p i 7 Pass i ve . ' a x é vo a L I 0' 043 a x u mov o x wd r e n y , ge t u p a n n fi a fix ov 0 64401 0 7 0 114 40 I e ec r , t a c e o r a g47 7 770 0. rfi fi ere a rnyé vos ( 0 7 771440 ) { se t u p a r é x w I sta d n , é k fl wfl x a 47 7 6 N ov 0 7 41 0777 6 0 7 6x oya L I stand stillh l m . a r Pre s . pe r é x a 7 é w I ou ri s O é t e O é i zer e O e é vos p ¢ , n h p p p l p yy 7 é w 7 é e 7 é e7 e p x , I ru n p £ p $ m a tiv P es . I e r p r e . T péx a 7 pex 67 € ' 7 r w € a e 4i e7 e o vos pa y , I ea t ¢a 7 Wy ¢ y (pay yé a c607 4ea ( d. ar e Pas s. ( é )¢ 7 7 p ¢ Tv a lvw I a er v a x , h ppe n x ' 7 vr w e e thr e L w vr éo o a L I o mise br oa é d x a. 0 60 0 11 a fl o e : x y , pr x q x x n / ai vo a L I a 456 7 1 440. a voii a vrre ¢ y , ppea r ( 0 7 7 ¢ ¢ r I go away e¢ 1rya ¢ 157 € WY “ ? I m ative P e s . e r p r . ¢e 177 a pc ev'yfi r' e x 0 [paya L I ”9 50 109 ( é ) x dpnm x apofi x a pfir e x a lpw i I a u x op7 a lvw x opr ci o'w x épr c we x opr‘ do r e x opr aa yé vos {satisfidd ND S A A S HORT A EA Y MODERN GREEK GR MMAR . — Ex erci se 1 7 . A. " ' ' Eweo a K a 7 4o x a L e 7 61 7 1 0 0. 7 0m 4>d o v TL «7 0 96 9 a has x 7 f y . (Wh t ’ ’ ' ha e e d to ou 2 I I O L0s w e 7 a G L a a o u Aeu 7 0 . 7r e K a vei pp n y ) np y p y ; fip s. M7 77 41 7 0 G L a a L H 6o'a K ov06ALa v 3 eL 7 p (L ALS yLa 7 L 7 0 x peL foy . yo X s rra eva 40 9 7 46 a ’ vr erreL vd eLve x a d 0eK a L4i I I oLLve o a l py p , p n p . fiy ypfiy p " ’ Aev eXoye K a Lp0v Me 4 ' o v v7roo e97 4 r w a i 0 eq h eedle I s t e . 7 t e . x , r k B , n 7 0 ice th e ea d a dv w e . h . , h n 7 0 o L‘ d ii de . o the i a ette . x w I i y p , c g r p fi , h ‘ 7 0 z« Mo é e LL L he a e t . t sci sso s . to / , r p g , g h r 7 0 x ovao arrw me w at. m the e n. K s so , p , h K ai L ra 0ex a Ld te n r a d evos wo de fu l . / y p , abo u t . p g , n r x evr dw I sti 7 0 177 0 in s ite of a . , ng . , p th t a fl yé wo , the b e e . — Ex ercise 1 7 B . Ta e d n l n Ta e ca e a k the knife I o not want it a y o ger . k r th t ’ ou don a T r r a d a a . y t f ll . here is no l mp on the st i s You h n is w m d 7 A b ee e . s ollen . What has happene to you st ’ Why 1 s he not u p yet 7 I t is past seven o clock ( w e 0 4. £ 67 0 we a o' eva Ls m at si x p y ) . H e ust get u p e ve ry morning ’ NO on cl c . e e are ou i 7 e o o k Stop . Wh r y go ng all w d D o c l ou w ll e o e e . is o to g in th r not run so qui k y, or y i all d di d ou ee u f . You promise me to come . Why y not k p yo r word 7 Make no promises (promise nothing) that you cannot b e an e e . H e a ea k p I b eg of you not to go away. pp rs to E l ma w r i do ou do 7 a well a . H o m e ng ish n ( ) y I v ry , th nk ou . am lad T a e w de l e . y I g (to hear it) . h t s ems on rfu to m the sta i s i o x ciha . I ee rc a 7 43 x a 7 é w. r , 7 k p, p , p ’ 5 " ' sev e o cloc 4 37 0, 43 m ; the E li s ma 0 A kos 0 n k, 47 p ng h n , w , no one i s e mitted 00V e1rL7 é 1rer a L well a hd p r , p , k . a e x a vé va . 74 A S AND S K HORT EA Y MODERN GREE GRAMMAR . Nu mE RAL s . Ld 1 . 7r 467 o s 77 467 7 y , p , p 7, 7r 437 o v fi p ( ) , rst 060 8v6 2 . 66 67 e 0 9 r o v ( ) p , ) , ( ) ' 3 7 ei s 7 ioL . , p 7 i7 o s 7 o v p p , 7, ( ) 7 0 ' 'e L ' ' ' 4 . 0 0 7 eo o a a Ls 7 e0 0 e oL 7 7 a 7 o 7 o v p p , p s e e p , 7, ( ) 7re v7 e 5 . r ec 7 0 9 r c v p , ) , ( ) 6 3 4. . 5 3x 7 0 ; 64 7 6. 7 . 0 8 6 7 6 . x 0 7 60 0 9 Evvea 4 4 9 . 31 1 0 7 0 ; K a 1 0. 0€ 0e4 0460e4 0ex a 1 3 . 7 ei s 0e4 ' ' 7 eo o e a Ls 0ex a 7 e0 '0 'a a p , p 1 Sex a rrew e 5 . 1 6 0ex u L Sex u e L . 5 , S 1 Sek a yrd 7 . d 1 8 06 K 0 7 46 . X 0e4 ' ' 24 . ei x oo L 7 é o o a 0 L 7 e47 4ra es p ( p , 7 eo'o'a pa ) ' iK 'L 25 . e OO 26 3 4. . 5 27 . 28 6 7 0? . x ’ i 29 . evveo ' 7 LoiV7 oL 7 La K oo 7 6s 30 . p p ' o a oiw a 7 e0 '0 'a a K oo 7 6s 40 . p p 50 r el/7 147 41 7T€VT 7 K O £TT 6€ . 3 7 e V7 a 5 7 x 0 07 6? 60 . gfi 57 ' e So w a e 6 x oo 7 69 70. fl yfi fl q A S AND S 7 5 HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . di Car nals . 4 4 4 80 6 0431 7 0. 4 00 1 7 41 . 7 ( 3 3 ) ’ 0 evev l wa 9 . fi 1 éK a 7 6 00 . 1 1 0 . 6La K 60 'L0 L 0La x 60 'La Lg 6La K 60 'La Baa x om oo v'd , , s 7 a x 64T LO L & C T La K oo Loo ‘rd p , . p s 7 e7 pa K 60 ' L0 L T e‘rpa x om o crr os 7ra f7 a 14 64e wew a x om ocr rds efa k 64r L0 L Ega x oo wo 'rdg e 7 a k 64rLO L éfl 'f a x oo 'coo f d 700 . ¢ g ' 6x 7 a x 60 L0 L 6K T G K OO‘ LOO ‘ 7 '69 I ’ w ea ' ' ‘ e x oo LO L . e vvea x om om ds x iALO L x cMoo ‘rdS 0150 XLAL6041 L9 829 x ckaoo‘ f og 7 peis 7 pis 7 é4ro'a pa Ls XLALoiSa Ls 6ex a yvpL0 0 '7 69 ’ ex a 7 0 é K a T O VT a K tS yvpLoo'7 6g 3140 p tALO iI l/ L p t Atovl/ LOO 'T GS ° x L e1 The a di al 1 —4 are decl e d and als m 2 wa ds C r n s in , o fro 00 up r . ’ é va ; has al e a d ee de cl e d as he de ni a r y b n in t in fi te rticle . A150 011 0 144311 7 ei s 7 é0 0~ a es ar d d has a genitive . p , p e ecline as follows M asc. d 7 ei s Nom . an Acc . p 7 L43v Gen. p M 0 8 0 . 7 eo'o 'a 0 L Nom . p Acc 7 e0 '0 'a ovs T ecro'a a g . p ( p ) n 7 e0 -0 6 40 v 7 e0 '0 6 40 v Ge . p p The r d cl d la l nu mbe rs abo ve 200 a e e ine regu r y . 7 6 S A ND S G M A HORT EA Y MODERN REEK GRA MAR . The ordi nals a bove 30 are most commonly e x presse d b y h ca a means of t e rdin ls . Numeral nouns may b e forme d b y addi ng one of the suffix es - - 4 1 m a a a l. fl i s p , p , p , pn. dwdex a ta a d p , ozen . O'a a w a ta e — wo c e p p , numb r of forty t s or . - r ew a a m vr a c a ece e five le a a al p or p ( pi of mon y of pt ) , h f Sex a l. tenle a a e . p ( pt ) , p nny ca ‘ a r v r s a e hi ea old . p pn, p rson t rty y rs m vm s a fif a d e e ol . m pn, p rson ty y rs I S TRI B M ER D UT I VE AND FRACTI ONAL NU ALS . D istributives are ex presse d b y means of the cardi nals with ’ ’ ’ ’ om' o d ou rb 8u é wo onrb eix ocn the e efix e e . . t a ece pr position pr , g , pi , , we a e t nty pi ce . Fractions are ex pre sse d as follows ' 50 0 9 al ad T o urc he al 7 0 f cfr o t e . t h ” , h f ( j p , h f (noun) ; p , ’ d 7 6 T er a r o h a al 7 6 K a T O ’ T b thir ; p , t e qu rter ( so p ) fif &c the th ; . Th T e D a e M . h ys of the Week . onths ’ d w K v ta x nda 6 l a vov s a a . p fi, Su y. p , J nu ry f Aew é a 6 ( Pe ova to M da s e a . p , on y. flp p , F bru ry n Md o T fr T e da 6 fl s Ma c . d p n, u s y . p , r h fl ‘ ‘ Te ra ed e da 6 A l . d pm W n s y. pri fi ' H er rr T da 5 d s Ma . d b ) hurs y. , y n 1 H a a ' 6 fl out/ co o x ev s e . 7 p q , Frl da , Jun 7 6 a da 6 To d/Mos u l . S tur y. J y A v o 6 fi o ov s Au . y , gust - ’ 6 Em ré L ws Ee yré co s / fip , d pflp , m Septe ber . ’ 5 O K T oi 3 Los O c e . , p , tob r 6 No é w N em e pflp s, ov b r . 6 Aex é ws ecem e . pflp , D b r S S 7 8 A HORT AND EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . w id o w o v f ive H e a Old 6 311 6 o a dvr a o wfiv ( x p is forty ye rs ( p xp ) . a e t e e T e ea has H e will rriv on h ightee nth of Fe bruary . h y r wel e h the m da the da we - t v mont s , onth thirty ys , y t nty four r the x u e and t e i e x e c ds . hou s , hour si ty min t s , h m nut si ty s on H ow much di d you give for it I ave six ou nds — g p it (s ay for how much did you b u y it I bought it for six po u nds) . - the lass T awor L. the se c 7 6 dew s oker r o g , fip ond , p . ‘ I o to b ed r x a cd w. the ou d mo e 1 M a g , y g p n ( n y) , ) p . he mi u te 7 6 M 71 7 6 I b u d o d w wa i u w. t n , , y, y p f p PREPOSI TI ONS all a e t A All usu y t k he ccusative Case after them . ’ Av1 'i i s d ea . W . n t of M, ith ’ é Wa d cu . a r , of , from p , th n . Su i d 7r 6 acc ur . e e . , on ount of , ing p , b for 2 . 7r 6 6 9 at b 9 wa d . , , to , in , for, y p , to r s ' - L Sf K an oi b . s W . , y p , s , ithout a d W . p , ith ’ v 1 Z d d o. w nd S s e a u e Ace . a cca all Gen. , in t of , s ith o sion y a e t e (i l/ 7 159 c With the Accus tiv h form oc urs oftenes t . ’ — o wwfs Lani rev 1 a 6 dSeAbé s T OU is e ca e s ead E . g . 5 g h broth r m in t of him. Li n/7 59 is also used in conjunction with the preposition L ’ ’ e é a o ‘ l Ld Ex i . E dkkwo e v wr s e vo v he c lde d e s ead E g . p p 7 s o m in t ’ dvn- s or (i l/ 7 29 ywi is often us e d with wit and the subjunctive ‘ ui i Sta d w i e dw is m , ead ea di he la . e. g. y fi gy f inst of r ng p ys 7: 6 has several di stinct meanings it is use d to indicate ’ 1 lace onrb 7 7 Aé vr a I c e m ( ) of p , from, ) p , om fro d L on on . : ’ ’ ‘ r 2 of e r a e since s 7 01 29 8150 cm ) 7 0 efi a two ( ) tim , f om, ft r , , y p , d nn hours after i er . A S HORT AND EAS Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . 7 9 ' 3 a - ' a e e s e e ém a ' m e. Li n ( ) p . o in rtitiv s n , so of , g 7 5 K a O L p , I dra e i m nk som of th s e . 4 a di e e s e e . . x a déva s éw ( ) in stributiv s n , g fipe are 8150 T dAA a np , e ece e d two d llar a e th y r iv o s pi ce . ‘ 5 ma e al a de K o firra m e . . dm) ( ) of t ri , of , g p dkka a a cu m p , p ade of ld go . ’ 6 ca e ’ ‘ ' e 7 0 é ' ( ) of us or origin , of , from, . . Aa a owrb n w r g B 7 a 1 e a, ’ p ov c - p , I e e e d m m a e dwe fia r iv it fro y f th r ; ve (i no 7 7 oké a } x p , he d e d c le a i of ho r . ‘ 7 c m a ’ ‘ ( ) , a e . . 7 0 137 0 eZve x a of o p rison th n , g AALr e o dm) K eivo p , thi e e a s is b tt r th n that . I di oms ‘ ' wepvd; de b T opa a t I call at a y f , sho . ’ ’ p ' er é ao a om o T o Mova O V I a e d p X , p ss h M n c ’ ’ t rough u i h . r ape owrb 8 A L (i Ld a e th (y ) t k s e accusative and me ans I cc Ld a ‘ a e . 7 ( ) on ount of , . u a ra z Lva g y v fl y v {Ma a vr d all , that; a e e d a cc m e h pp n on ount of on y. ’ ' ' 2 e VO LK La O a - m j j . ( ll e . T b n (T n Ld. ( ) g , g fi y dvo owa d x p , I hire the e i wo a hous or t ye rs . I di oms , ui. S 7 1 (7 46. Why (Sui vof , so that . Sui. vd le m) , st , so that not . ' 7 6 Ld T Lo. T dkk a y p np , I sold it for h ee d lla ’ t r o rs . Ld é v y 0 a I am eaki ou , sp ng of y . 061 15 4> yw yLd 7 971; H dAL I all o aw , sh g ay to a l ’ Const ntinop e . 86V o v éAet - p y yL «1 131 6 I t d e c c , o s not on ern me . as. wo to v T o Aé yer e ; w m do ou mea ho y n (of whom do you tha t i) 8 0 A S AND S HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . ’ e Z9 s 6 0 6 o é a e d ed ( , ( 0 , ) t kes the Ac . an is us for ' ’ 1 l 7r7 a Lvw 9 T v Ma v o fa v I am a ace e. . ( ) motion to p , g ry fi y n , n Ma goi g to g ne sia . ’ 2 atee- a n T o m r n 7 0 13 ( ihov v e a lace e . r 9 o ( ) r st in p , g . K fi t p , he ’ l e d iv s in my frien s house . ’ 3 e s the t e ul . ( ) tim , on fif e nth of J y ’ ' 4 e 9 T b ( a L we sat d w a le ( ) purpos , p y , o n to t b d (foo ) . ’ 5 a 9 7 6 015 6 d b Go . ( ) in o ths , , y I dioms ’ iSés T o 9 7 0 ( ons t look at it in the light . ' 2 e va v o 9 T o ( e a I a wal b l . a y p fi / 7 m, took k y moon ight ' ’ ‘ ’ K a OGT a L 9 7 0 13 I ewpyLov he lives at Ge orge 3 house (T o ovr ‘rL l s de d fi un rstoo ) . ’ 9 T 9 V 01 3018111 7 1 , in turn . ’ 9 7 9 1 0 9 h nd t e e . , in ” K M of. a e t A d ed t k s he ce . an is us for ’ 1 di em a w e a ‘ d T v w o x v a fa v he we ec e . ( ) r tion , g . fiy K r fi p p , nt along the j etty . ma e K a r a. T fi v 2 e . ce . . b c a ( ) nn r , g , x n, y h n 3 defi and d a r‘ a ovs T dfl ’ ov s acc d c e. . ( ) nition istin tion , g K T , or in the e e c e lac a ‘ a r ev K a L O V acc d the g to r sp tiv p es ; K r p , or ing to weather . E —K a m w d e a and l e d ale c NOT . hen use in the lit r ry po it i t L a e a all a e n and e a a a e . . occ sion y t k s the Ge . m ns g inst , g w M ami G o v K he e a a s ou . , spok g in t y e 1 d p. is not common in the spoke n tong u e . - a éi t i e rd. s ll I t t ake s he Geni tive in the ex pression p X p , joyfu y o (with j y) . S 8 2 A HORT AND EAS Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . " ’ 3 A a LA v V Akk v (S a y 00. d o o 0 7 0V Adyo v 8 fi e . n p p fi p e BL 137 0 7 ? ' ( I ’ a K a d a a Eé r d a . vk e 7 0 A } . 0. a r o re ? w v fi kk} . 7 1 p yp g 7 p ) x fi. p p ) 39 - Ava 7 o k 3 ovve 7ro 13 eiy e Lin0 7 0 137 0 Ee fi9 x . ’ ’ ’ i. K a eZ e 0v e u5 L 0. 0 7 K a L o m 77 0 01 eL T v 0 9 7 8L. O Ze e o i p , y p § x p ’ ed>v ya v 7 0 83V Ex eL v0 K d/L y p e e K eZva 77 0 i} ef‘n' e di T01 0. eLda a a v o a v7 . 7 e 7 Mi n . . Ae v r 0. 9 80. ( ) p [ p o p p v pre a v7 0 7 o w9. Me 7 0 V ya 1 e 7 1 V e So a aa e VO LK L0 0 e9 7 1 V a a ¢ ph ) H 7 fi p 7 K mp , I l N L f Me o K a o v 0. K o v 1 7 9 Le 7 e7 0 La v a 7 v 9 e a m a L a v7 o . 0 [ j x p , p Ex ) um i ce I t avel 7 6 oos the a t e io . p , r . M , p r , r g n ’ m 6 6 os the fea . 6 e fi é s the e e . ¢ B , r x p , n y - 0. 15 m 7 0 1r wt e a l to mo ow 7 0 o15 Lov th e fo t. p p , r y rr ¢p p , r m 565 o i . 7 6 9 the li t. rn ng 0 , gh 6 M o h e v a he cold s t e a so . 7 b t . y , r n ) g x p , s e e 83. p . E — i se 2 . B x erc 0 . We a d I w d m e e hi m w e h e w a . e sk her as (tr ns is) . ork fro ight ’ cl c h H e we o o k in t e morning till se ve n in the e vening . pt for o s I ne e a hi s o I e c i e d him b ce . j y ( y , for j y) . r ogn z y his voi v ry e e e we e n ldi I ew a e e a ou . hous th r r te so ers . kn th t b tt r th n y i c 1 o hi wa H e Wh h of the two is your brothe r L e t us g t s y . we b a T e l him a he m a a wi me a t nt y Vienn . l th t y spe k th ’ 0 m H e e cl c H e d es do he a e e . ight o k . o not it for t s k of on y we a w ew e h ow l ‘ u l nt a ( an hour ago . For ong (y ’ y m x r o v x a Lpé v) have you hi red the room H e is going to m a x 7 0 V dAAO va H e w ll b e e e ten S yrn ne t month ( pfi ) . i h r in d w e . T e w ll o w ou H e e minut s h y i neve r g ith y . o s it ith his own h a ds s a d do well i e the m b n ( y han ) . You will to h r roo y the m I n i d te 090 7 1 V em eK eLa 7 c v onth . spite of his n ustry (p ) 7 p ) he di d c d ll ou le d m e a s a d d a c ma not su cee . Wi y n thou n r h s at er ce . sa the dr ed four p nt ( y, for hun ) u til 0 I co nize i w 9. e . n , r g , v p f m i n the m i t h v oi ce 7 cne . o 7 6 1 r w . t e rn ng , p , ) i a in the ve i 7 i e a BLé vv . e c dev. n ng , fip V nn , n the o 1 a d to su ccee d x a 7 o 06m . j y , ) x p . , p A S AND S M O D E R N R HORT EA Y GREEK G AMMAR . 8 3 A ERB DV S . Many adverbs of time and place are used as prepositions a e a e o u w m l m ll e . . e e e . O a c g , p g , tog th r ; p g y , ith n y onosy bi s we e are w the e e e pronoun , ho v r , thro n into G nitiv in oth r he ad s ed e e w a ca e t e e e e . s s v rb is u tog th r ith noth r pr position g. .a 15 e 7 0 0 W h p ( p 9 ith t e others . E RB F ADV S O PL AC E . ’ ’ - 1 rd e duo) dwo r d 2M 7roi vw m u a e u . c e . , bov , p , ( h ( ) , o p ’ efve 7r K d 7 w d wn 137 0 x 07 01 d 077 0 e l w . W , b o , o use ith 2M x dm m ll wi as a e e l w e e a . c e fo o ng pr position , b o , b n th , o , d w 7 6 d L a 1 7 m m 0177 0 mi 7 w 5177 0 7 0 BLB/Vo the le e was o n . yp / p 7 [ I , tt r d h un e r t e book . ” E m ( 17 6 01 017 6 e fu e 5 01 d . h e e . e . g out , 5 , outsi of , g 5 , is out Lin-6 1» (i71' 0 7 b m r n d 5 fi , outsi e of the house . ’ ’ ’ I di m a a Oa Lvw ou r 2 0 I o atic us ge p 5 , le arn b y he art . ’ M 60 11 d ( in?) reo a eo a EM c a e 9 e . . c m , in , insi , p , p , g p , o e in ’ i ' - 7 15efu e éo a 9 7 0 7ro7 L w a he la e Lve K a 0 l. ea a p fip ; h t is in t g ss p p , Wi K om a o ‘re le a e c me there is ne in it . p s ( o ) in ; this wa le a e . y, p s ’ ’ - E un o wa d O 7r 0 9 77 o<7 7 a cL9 9 e e o e e . p p , for r , b for , opp sit ( p p , p p ) , g. ’ ’ éva 17 0 15 9 eo e e ou i e e ce . , or , b for y , nyour pr s n ’ 0 m r o a a 157 bv e' w Se 0 0 7 01 9 7 0 7 e e the e . cr r 9 v 7 p m , b for hous p p y eL a L 7 L7ro're m a W hi p , in co p rison ith m I am nothing . forwa rd ! come in ! go on ! ’ 3 O 7rL0 'w 171 57? w 61 77 0 e d ac a e . ( e d b hin , b k , ft r , b hin , ' - 0 ( in Lo w 0 77 0 7 0 0 7 m 1 7 a. ve e va T G L O AL e g 77 m y P B , be hi nd the house ’ w ” de . v L c e e was a a I e a . th r g r n y p g r turn , turn b k i 0177 0 a x eLé H M 0. x e L c éo o far d s a . r m p , , i t nt p p , f o a far . ’ d. f wo kkd x .La x eL e ve how far 2 0 1 a ewi e far [ p , is it p p , v ry . ’ / K O V 7 0. a n?) R O I T a ea K o v7 d. 9 cl e al as an , , n r , , os to ; so / A ‘ w a Leo n7 0. w w wO K a ve K OVT G. 7re 1 V7 a ad e me T u no . V v rb of ti , p , j st ny n ) , 0 2 8 4 A S AND S K M HORT EA Y MODERN GREE GRA MAR . n arl fi we e w de d . K 0 V7 e15w I am a K o w evw a; e fty r oun ( , ne r ; y ’ - e x d e / a - “ K a ma w I a e e a l fimshe d w l vd. r ec w I ea l , h v n r y ; s , n r y fell. ) A Loi e the . g , to right ’ ' ‘ f A L0 7 e a e o the le . p p (f pfi ) , to ft ’ E813 e e e . , h r , hith r e e e . th r , thith r . m (i va e7 a 15 e wee a e . . 7 ov 82V Z vv b t n , ong , g p g 9 x o x d c e e w e m vo n a e e e e . p , they h v no s r ts b t n th ' A15 o13 e 7 , ther . " 0 13 w e e els ewhl ther 5m oi11 11 0 13 , else h r , from e lseWhere ‘ K dzro v 6001 0 8 w e e l e . , any h re s K (i 7: 0 v w e e a w e mew e a e & c . , ny h r , ny hith r , so h r , ' 1 1 0 v 6 e v «i I l o 157re1 a a w e e mew e e e ( ) ny h r , so h r (in int rrogative w e e e a i e e e ce . sente nces) , no h r (in n g t v s nt n s) I I 0 13 , where . " ' ‘ br u K i 0 1 7 0 15 ela e e . . o a é w ve , where (r tiv ) , g fi , where ver he may b e . ‘ ’ 0 mm l ed e w s i L71 2> as far as c e s e . . 7 9, , o on y us tog th r ith , g 9 9 ' ' 0 m a m 0 1 7 77 L far a s the e . 9 al e a e v e as . . 1 , hous so ns bout , g fi ' £e 09 eix om (i vO m rm e e we e a we e l p , th r r bout t nty p op e the re . Tg fl é a e e d ed w £813 and éx ei e p , ov r , b yon , is us ith , ov r here , 7 b We a é o 9 the e d over there p p p , furth r si e . AD ER B s o r I ME V T . ' E e a G e ov -da fip p ( fip p ) , to y. Afi v - m w p ( ) , to orro . Me9a 15 Lo v the da a e - m w me me p ( ) , y ft r to orro , so ti . ’ E 7 € 969 e e da x 9 ( x ) , y st r y . H o 7 é9 17 o 069 the da e e e e da la el p x ( p x ) , y b for y st r y, t y . ' li a l p s e r y. ’ A o€ py , late . ’ EJ05 a la p 9 te . 86 A S A ND S HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . AD VERB s o r D E RE E G . 11 0 105 77 0 1 10 m c e . , 0 , u h , v ry l ittle . l l e e a . v ry itt , r the r ’ A x e7 d e le a l p , nough , to r b y. Mo va x d ’ only . Mc vo } K a fié x ov at all e a ve s e e ce all , (in int rrog ti nt n s) , (in e a e e e ce n g tiv s nt n s) . i AD VE RB S O F I R I AND NEGATI ON AFF MAT ON . N0 5 es ’ Nd €0 K e y MdALw a ce a l , rt in y . ” e a a no , not (in n g tiving gig“ , } not this . ' Aev no l e a e , t (on y to n g tive v rbs) . 0 137 51 , nor . ’ ’ 0 157 e—o 1i7 e — , neither nor . I T m “ 1 20:l Per ? — Ex erci se 21 . A . ’ ’ " T0 0 1 7 7 L 7 0 13 K v fov T L0 V7 0 <>vAAf87 elve L0 L0 01 7 £86 O L fi p p I 7 p e 5, X , ’ / 0 0. 8e wfi l K ci K a 0 0 a v 0 Af a . H 0 “ 01 7 7 e ve ov7 . i 7 p0 7 p Lg ) § 5 0. f ci va e7 0 1 a . H 60 o v K 0 Lp0v zx eT e 3813 A07 0 1 7 0 1? 0 0 9 eu ro. 0 p e vn p $ p s H O G eLve 7 0 V 0AL EK eL 7 0 a 0 e9 . Aev 3 L0 K w 7 0 1 7 0 1 7 0 157 0 M § , mn , p 0 ’ ' ’ r v Aev 0 e K a eL 0 L e K a v 1 0 E 15 e 1/ e po . 7 1 7 1 ) p v 9 0 e v 1 ro 9 7 0 0 17 17 y p 5 9 ’ ! 1 7 0 V7 0 v M0 /\ L0 7 0 e 15 e / 0. 9 0 /\ 0 L9 7 0 L 0 000 86 1 7 0 ez80 , , y p V 9 ‘ ’ ke7 e v0 v Me 0. 0 5 a Lov. 9 e 1 7 0 0eV0 . v 11 0 7 c v 15p ( 15 e7 e 7 05 0 K a 0 0 7 e 0K 0 7 83V efve 1 7 0 000 05 1 9 TO S p 7 p fi p ) 05 0 . ' ' ' ' 1 7 e ' ‘ I l e v0 L ei a Le p0 8x 7 0) fip pui v 01 7 0 7 67 e 8eu T O V el80 . p x p ’ ‘ 1 7 0 000 o137 a . c a e81 08 0 0 e 7 ? d a ¢p v p , yp pw . 6 006 601 I s e d . u é vw I e mai 7 0 7 0 1 7 0177 1 the s oe oo t. 5 , p n , , r n . 3 , h , b A S HORT AND EAS Y MODERN GREEK GR AMMAR . Ex ercise 21 -B . I s aw h er m cff I s he cle e e a e 2 Far fro far . v r r th n his broth r w l d ll I h ad a We a e a l a . ay from he re . h v ost ne r y eighty o rs Mr. a H d he e . I s lmost forgotte n the affair . e turne to t l ft Manos downst airs What is unde r the plate 1 I s my e the ffi ce No h e has e awa mew e e el e . broth r in o , gon y so h r s I all find him w e e e he ma To -da a e n b e . I sh , h r v r y y h v nothi g do - m w m w e ns The weddi lace to , to orro y ork b gi . ng took p d o b e d l nd l e e a I ea a et u e a . y st r y . g to r y , g p r y Finish your w 1 7 u37 a Te ll him a h e fi e I all e a o u . ork rst ( p ) , th n sh sp k to y th t h H a e ou e e e a d an must bring me t e book at once . v y v r h r y ’ thing like that Will you go to Ge rmany thi s year D on t m m -L-LS c l W a do e call 77 139 Aéve go ( p ) so qui k y . h t th y ( ) this in mode rn Gree k H ow will you bring that to pass r u the weddi 0 le ve ox o é os. c r , p yu ng , the affai 1 01 7 606 0 1 . I ta e lace lvw. r , ) k p , y ‘ l 7 h L vw I tu v w. I i s e e 6 . rn , y p f fin h , ' f ce 7 0 ‘ ei ou the o a c . fi , yp p TI CONJUNCTI ONS AND I NTERJEC ONS . ’ K 0 L nd I a c mm e e d m c o d a , a . t is o on Gr k i io to o r in te two mud di a n clauses with , inste ad of subor n ti g one of the m with ’ ‘ w e W le w B o vr i 9 K a i 00. K o L 08 ma h n or hi . , y , p g pn , ke no noise ' nd w ll 0 80V ef a K a i. 1 re<>7 eL 7 0 0 1 7 1 7 a I i slee p . d q x f 3 0 ’ h d I w e the e ll 7 0V Li x ovcm K a i ca cel a e e . s r y gon out , h n hous f 7 6Ae e d y , I hea r him s ay so . ’ K a i 7 L m i 1 6 m a e . 1 e d e e . ow d I is us to giv ph sis , g 3 h o d 0 0V 82V ef a L 1 rz\ o150 L0 0 0V K a t know I t is als o use afte r , e .g . p 9 a fvré v h , I a m not as rich as e . 1 7, or . 1 —1 — r 7 7, e ither o . ' ’ 0 157 e —0 1 57 e — , neithe r nor . ’ ( iAAa , but . ' - Lofi ef1 7 0 v 1 7 139 07 L gr m e. T ld m h a . e e a th t e g. [ , ( ) i y h y to t t wa he had gone a y . 8 8 ' A S A ND S R AMMAR HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK G . ' ’ 07 L al me a 67 L e 7 000 as as so ns as soon as . p 7 , soon ou c l d me ca m y al e I e . m m (in d 190 9 ca cel 77 0 13 e e a ds ea . So ti s st n inst of 0 , just , s r y ' ? e lve 0 dSGAdNiS 0 c v (in Where is your brother H e has e just gon out . M’ ’ ’ 0A0 v 07 L o ko vé n alth ou h is ll we d b the I d ca e . (p ) , g , fo o y n i tiv ’ ' ' '‘ LL 0o 07 L 8e1/ 0 0 9 L w 00 0 0 8050 01 7 0 r 0 7 0 . , v p g , 9 x p jp Al I do w ou I w ll e ou the m e . though not kno y , i giv y on y AO L1 7 0v w , ( ell) then . ' ' 0 1 7 o v w e e c 7 05 0 01 7 0 v 01 7 07 r 0 e Emi l/ 0 9 7 L 0 , h r , sin e , p j 2 d wp ev what shall we do now that he has be traye d us ' m m ( 150 1 1 7 00 0 1! 580 1ike e 017 0 v I t so e ti es stands for , (S O ) that . ¢ Li 700 7 7 “ he w d m w p/ 7 , orke so uch that he as ill . ” A H a ( I 0 0 0 11 3 8 . o 1 r o v A p p. 0 w e as as ce 0 730 9 d 0 5 h n , soon , sin , ( ¢ ) ’ ’ A< o 13 3 1 0 0 0 7 K 0507 K 0 K a i. Ec v a w e had e a e I ot u p 0 7 ) 7 t y , h n I t n , g p ’ nd w w A So 17 7 0 V i8 7 e 7 0 1 7 L0 7 e e7 e as as ou a ent a ay . q fi ¢ , soon y ’ ' A K 0 9 05 70 1 005 ov e fwa v d m 9 t e l e . 9 as as as e . . as , , soon , g p , h y to K 0 010 0K ov0 0 0 07 0 s - 9 , as soon a I a d a he r th t . 1 2 0. v 0 0 7 0. 0 0 1 7 03 0 0V 7 0 1 7 0 L8Lci ov I l e e m as ( ) as . 7 p , ov th m own c dr 0 0V cca all h as a e al ce y hil e n . o sion y pr position for ’ and e h A c a 0 737 0 0V 7 0 09 é o u 9 e l e l e gov rns t e c us tive . ( m , th y iv ik a a s v ges . 2 the e ll w a h ( ) if ( v rb fo o ing t kes t e Subjunctive ) . G‘ av 3109 h ld c m e e he c me . 37, if shou o , if o s ( 3 w wi ll ovva é0 e . v 9 w e was ) h n fip , h n I young . ' ‘ mi v voL as 0 0V v0 7 as a dv w n 7 0 e e a h , if , p 5, if not . fl j fif p , s if e did w not kno . ” ’ A v Li v (i v 7 0 e a n . he c m I ew , if if o es figp , if k it (or had w kno nit) . 90 S AND S A HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . E r i se 22 — x e c . A . ’ ’ ' e 1. e e éka a emf a o e T d r E fipw 57 y y o v. p a / m (7 e7 p0877) 82V ’ ’ ‘ ' ei a r héov 61 1 7 530 v0 em w é b . Q M K GZO dv Va 7 7 0 6 Eo vA i v x p yy I 5 fl os. ’ 2 0V EK G? d wer e 7 0 1) mi e n/ J) ; 577 0 1) em 0 '7 é bw ) y y p g . ' K a tt é '7 7 0 ' U ?) e s f anpw e 0 7m69 7x K a i édwya . p 7 0 13 v0 W ei/Mr); 7 d ' d w wa 86 0 13 7 0 voi 7 0 Ota da w. 9 0 K 0 7 7 0 w di O K 0 1) yp w s 0 fl p 5 p Oyl. 7 ' ' ’ “ (i) ; 677 0 v e irk av . A x 0 )\ d efve véo s 6 m. Oovkecd 7 ou m i d y np y y 5 p . y - ’ Ek a bsv 7 6 d A 0 i d vd i 71 60 9 7 d é ca 7 ou dw o g yp / p y p ) 7) x p p pn. ' the da ea s. 6 cio 7 o s the m s y br k s pn, a te r. x a r é w I a e osses sio of. p , t k p n Ex ise 22 —B erc . . ll - m w They say that the king wi arrive to orro . Where is your I t m a father H e has just gone out . is ny ye ars (ago ) since 01 6 50 the ea e was . H e l l e an I di Th e ( 9 ) th tr burnt ooks ik n an. y l l la I f ou a a hi Of 3 ll ive ike s ve s . y he r nyt ng it (7 te it to m As s w hi m I d e w m l m m e . a s I a c e soon r y pisto fro y po k t . Be e he came V e a he di d w a w d ma for to i nn , not kno or of Ger n . As as h h ad lea r A he w e his a Pu soon e nt ( orist) , rot to f ther . t ma l the awa a e b e . buttons y, so th t th y y not ost he istol 7 6 r w r i 6 w ckeé s. t é kc the k ng , fi p , . he et T é r x a lw. t oc 1 a I bu rn , p k , ) n. ’ v I le a a Ga lvw. he I dia 6 I 569 . t n n , rn , p the sla ve 6 Oofix os 6 a x kci os. th e u tto 7 6 x ou 1r£ , , fi b n , , : w o u t 8 d dvré . I dra , 1 7 E ETI TI O N OF AD J E OTI VE S AND AD ER B S R P V . Adje ctive s and adverbs are often repe ate d for the s ake e mphasis . 7 1 6 i w wt. 3 0 p p H e came very early . efve min» K d7 w. I d w l w t is away o n be o . ' x éO 'K O c éO K o 7 3 t w l f ive ( Th e e ad e f e . / p tp tp . br is quit r sh R POS I TI ON O F WO D S . The position O f words in modern Greek is much the s ame as d all e laces a all wi the in English . Wor s f into th ir p n tur y thout fe w le a e ee e de the aid Of rules . A ru s h v b n giv n un r pronouns , and a but one learns most from O bse rvation pr ctice . AND S R AMM AR A S HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK G . D I I OMS . s l e c m I . a , ov 7 L what do you re quire 2 0 v 0 0 7 0 7 9 if you like . e a md d ai r w . p g , 0 v7 0 ew e AoyLa g (these are words to a m th t is e re t alk . a x o vw I e a . , h r e w 0 k om 7 a . a e 7 0 x I h v it on he arsay. ’ a x o vw 0 v7 0 . w 86 V 7 I on t he ar a word of it . I alte r. 0 dkhd a . a 07 0 f th t is a different thi ng . dhko s e . , oth r dAAO 1 0) w i . 90 3 0 x p g I shall come in any case . a va a ww o u . fl , I g p ' a a i veL o s the ll am o koya pmo pb s a v fi bi ounts to ' ’ a 7 peig XLAL0 80 LS ALp Lg. ’ ' a ve x a v 7 0 v0 LK L0 e has e u . fin . r nt gon p o a v w he W d q s, t in . m w d . 0 S 7m ); 9 7 0V a vepo . he ay go to the deuce ( in ) ' ’ - O M; 17 wepLovo La 71 777 6 7 ou the whole prope rty is s q u an a vep ov de red (scattere d to the wind) . ' 0 VO L (0 I , ope n . a a o f eL l a w v c ad . v7 o 7 b x p p y . this o our f e s ' fivmge 7) o peé Ls p ov. I am hungry 0 1 rO<>0 0 L the de c . f , ision 0 w 0 1 ro <>0 0 L w th w a e as 7 0 7r v f . I kno e orst (I t k it l fina ) . u a u r row . d , t n , ’ 0 0 8 ci a Oa a v 0 0 80 . cce el one a e p p , p m p in turn , su ssiv y, ft r the other . w a t/ l » I de . h g , stro 0 o evo da b I am ed d a a a 'L K ovp o . e h a m p} ddni vw 13 t e he t is killing e . dcpfvw I le ave . , / d b 0 m 6 7? d G ov I lace m el a ds . a 0 , p ys f in your h n ’ ' O o ow m ff 1 r00 ov 90 p. utflw; h uch will you t ake O for me l used in is ex e ssio On y th p r n . 9 2 A S HORT AND EAS Y MODERN GREEK GR AM MAR . 3 I I I 90 a t mn 7 0 eveLa u ov w ll let m e a d w . q n y , . I i y b r gro w v! 9 3 I a >r 0 e O7 L e Lve 0 0 0 7 os m e a he u n d 1 7 p pp . not to ntion th t is educated . 1 a m v m e a . 5 x n, s ok fo " 8e v e a he 0 v1 d fiy x 7 he di d not say a wor . 011 1 0 a u t 3 I l ce , . , p p 0 K 0pq' 8e 03 0 06 9 ‘v 0 L have you not yet got sense 90 d w 7 0 8vv0 7 0 ov wi do all can. fi f p . I ll I 7 0 Boi w K 07 w I w d w m , f . give in (I thro o n y 2 1 d w 7 0 g ( 1 01 1 0 59 . ll fl f 1 I ca out . ’ 8eu 7 0 Gaf eL 0 m ile ov a e a s me m m d can , f p . th t b t ( y in t t ake it in) . 7 0 0 50 0 . he h as alle w ou he ” 0 9 f n out ith y , h as a crow to plu ck with you . 0 0001 7 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 I u t m 3 157 0 . p y boots on . ’ 3 0 0 7 0 K 0 )( 0 L 0 vov e 7 V v a d Of . , s t ke goo heed it 0 ov 3 0 9eL0 ee , , d p . / K O L LO 15v7 0 1 e 3 0 9eL0 . was l . p , he fas t as eep 3 0 159 ea , p , h vy . eLve 0 w0 7 0 3 0 9 eL0 . ill . pp , p he is ve ry ’ a Lo v a L V0 7 mm. fl p p I don t care to go . ’ 8e v 30 Le0 0 L li ou don le , p nonsense ( t . y t troub yourself) . a ij K 0 0 15. w fi p p strong ine . a eL0 0 50 0 7 eL0 e e ll e s . B p pp . se v r i n s 0 7 o ko v8L e eL a a eL0 l we has a ce . x p d. B p the f o r strong s nt L0 pv 8 . 0 0 7 01 I ca l £ , rry, ho d . 0 0 7 m 7 7 V 0v0 7rvm ov 7 ) y . I hold my breath . 8ev 8 0 0 7 0) a 1 s 7 V bv a v. d l . , 7 ( x p I cannot be a r the co 8c v 30 0 7 10 e7ra vw m . 7 0 080 L m [ p p s I have no money on e . 0 v7 8 7 0 w a 8e v 0 0 7 c l a . Xp p B 0 . this o our is not f st 86 V 90 0 3 0 7 0 51) 77 K a p8L0 [LOU I cannot find it in my heart to V0 7 0 Ka m y . do it . 77 60 61/ K a L O 3 0 0 7 7 8 0 eL8L 7 7 h ow l d e the e a e . p , 0 § ; ong o s journ y t k Le O /\ 7 v 7 o v 7 1 1» ALK La v 3 0 0 e a a e he [ ) 1 n , in spite of his gr t g is n e w K 0 )\0 . w still a ctive (we a rs ell) . CLO ‘ T LGT Q L Ka ka l ha m e me a . B . (also) he s a p ns S H A S R A 94 A ORT ND EA Y MODERN GREEK G MMAR . f f 3 7 0 K a hkw epo K p0 0 L yLve7 0 L eLs the best wine is grown in 7 V K 151 7 o . 0 p . Cyprus A I t l 90 w o o l 77 0 1. y y yap s ; where wi l the we dding come off ' ‘ h e h as ed m z Lve Z fl o o . e c y p p s turn r hant . " 8eV e LV0 V a x o 7 0 0 7 0 1 0 0 0 the a e are e y pn 0 gr p s not rip ye t . LVLD eVO s e . y—p . rip , born Av ré vw e ca e et Ofi rescu e . y , I s p , g , 7 0 7 m 0v o50 0 e. we o Off c a (p7 ) V 7 5 7 7 p g t he p . ’ ’ p OALs eyk157 w0 e eis 7 09 A975V0 9 . scarcely had he arrived in Athens . f o) c I w e c e . v p f , kno , r ogniz ' v p eLs 0 77 0 8L0 p oLV7 L0 ; are you a judge Of di amonds wov L0 91 K 0 7 e w e e di d ou et a c a ed v p 7 , h r y g qu int with one another if 5 L0 e 7 0 é veLa 7 ov L0 V0 he h as a ed e a d as $o 1 p y y sh v his b r , so ' b e e c ni L 0 ed . pi) v p ce7 L. not to r og z 7 0 yo vBL mortar 0 ‘ o v8o e L l 7 e e . y x p , p st lwa h m l 0 ov8L 7 0 ov8o e L a t e a e O d . 7 y y x p . ys s story a ) I w e . 7 p c , rit ' v he ll e a e ca ead and 8eV gei peL ypa pp 0 7 0 . is i it r t ( nnot r write ) . was m a 717 0 yp0 ¢7 0 p o1) it y f te . how do o w w as ypa cf> e0 0 L ; y u rite your name f w w AL O L a e e e e e ed . 7 p0 ¢9nf<0 v O y . r nt r 80 I w e ac e em . w , sho , t h s I w ll hi m a l ey0) 90 7 ou i give e sson . 0V V0 ve w 7 0 K p0 0 L 8ev eL 0 n the ine se ems as if it were V e 0000 m x ed w a 0V0 K 0 7 wpe VO p i ith nother . 50 ( 0 7rOV I l w m a O V 7r ( e e . 8eLx VL1) ( p ) p . su k (sho t p r) 50 ( 07rO V a d c ( e e e . 8eLXV0) K 0 )\ 0V 7rp . I giv goo r ption to ex d l l 0V v s ou e a c e . 0 v 8ev e Ls ( 00 p . y ook ik orps o) d 8e v I . , bin 8evo) BL Aio. I d a . , B bin book 8éV0) 80 7 vki8L I set a w ewel . X . ring ( ith j s) 38e0 e K 0 )\0 7 0V y0 t80 p0V 7 ou . he h as feathered his nest (he has d tie u p his donke y well) . V« 0 0 e O K O V m b 7 0 V e8e0 I a e d hi a . p p . h v boun y o th R AMMAR A S HORT AND EAS Y MODERN GREEK G . e Loi he r 8 t . § , to ight 7 0 77 0 0 7 0 7 0 13 090 V 8e Loi e e we well w him . p yp fi $ , v rything nt ith I re ad . 80 1 80 1) 1 7 0 L8L0 I eac c ld e . 4 0 , t h hi r n ’ ' 0 am a i le r m s o 8L0 fidgw eLs EV . I t k ng ssons f o d - an so . ’ ’ 0 0 i 0 A97 V0 L . A 37 0 V e8Loi,8 { e s 7 s § s whe n I was studying in thens . 81580) I give - 6 O77 0 V. m wa 8 80 ) 7 I ake y. - 84580) 7 a 1 re L I e a di e a . p f . giv nn r p rty 0 90 09 V0 ? 7 0 8050 God d . p ) 77. forbi 7 0 86V7 L o , t oth . ’ 7 0 77 0 L8i 8 0 eL 80V7 L0 the c ild c n hi s ee . 1 7 £ , h is utti g t th 0 157 0 82V efve 8L0 7 0 80V7 L0 0 ov a ou mea . th t is not for y ( t for your maste r) . I w ork . 8o v0e150) 7 0 v I ee the w d e a e nyfi . k p oun op n , irrit t w a ound . ’ 0 e 0 1 L o u 82V 8o v0e15eL n 7 0 7 7 d e . p7 5p . his shop is oi g no busin ss 0 L 7 0 ( 0 00 L 7 o u 83V 8o v 0e15e hi s wa c h as ed . p 7 , t h stopp 1 7 07 7 0 1) v0e15eL n f 7 80 e s . ) 7y § . his sor ru v0 i 8o eLo e w . , busin ss , ork 2 0) 80 0 00 02 w a e do . X . I h v ork to eive 8a m v 80 11 00 0 m wn o a o affa . ) p , th t is y ir ’ r a LVe eLs 8ov 0 eL0V o a e fiy g bout your busin ss . 0 (S oi c drac m m 7 e a e . p p , h ( sur ) ’ Sé v é eL S ai L 0 0 0 00 h has a f e a O s e . x p p 1 . not gr in sen a e I t k out . 7 0 77 0 80 L 7 o u . h di l d p he as s ocate hi s foot . ’ 7 0 f ov. I e m d 37 d (m p arn y brea . ’ 80V B of e L 7 L77 07 e he a i b , y f , g ins noth ng ( y it) . 38 0 0e 7 0V 80 130OV m he dis ed hi s e a . , y . iss s rv nt z a 0a v 7 0 V ey s et hi m ee . fiy . th fr ’ 90 0 e 000) e157 v I 11 w r I ¢ n . ou a e a l a , w ll B7 sho y , i r i k prove you to b e mis ta e n . 3 0 06 ( 0 137 0 . he u t the a le ro 6 7 pp p fruit on t b , p du ced fruit . 90 B 000) 80V7 L. I wi ll a a O , y h ve tooth u t . ‘ 0 d w 80V 7 . I ca nd a d fly f nnot u erst n it . 0 d 0) . 77 0 1 7 0 5 0 7 1 7 . I am a Off m fiy ( 0 t king y boots . R AMM AR 96 A S HORT AND EAS Y MODERN GREEK G . ’ e a vc) I o . fix f , g out 0 1 7 a v7 1y7 7) 0o v 0eL0 83V flya lve L nothing will come of that 57 0 1 e . 7 1 . busin ss 7 £ 8 77“ What came of that i L 1 2 ’ i 150 7 0 povx o v 187 0 0c (Su 3 the stuff won t run to two o ecrL0 Ls d e e b e e two ¢ p . r ss s ( nough for d e A re ss s) . e8u) , here . ” 805 K 15 L0 0 71 3 . l m p 9 1 thi s ge nt e an . 0 ’ , 0 K ov0 e80) ! l look here ( isten here li t . ) L 0 L m I a . p , e i e 1 1 15 0 “ c ld V / x p 6 it is o or hot . 0 v ef0 0 L is it you vro ios e fve who is it I T 7 0 1 7 0 L8L0 0 o u eLve are the se your childre n T I eLve SL0 V0 ( . he the t e ofi twp is on poin of s ttin . A 0 g I eLve L00 V0 a 9o) . e0 7 e p I e ask how he was . ' s nt to 7 1 K a veLs . a n V0 0 10 1 0 17 it is e nough to send one cra zy m n li t . a e o e ( k burst) . 9, o vo a e a a o . a n w a s x p s . y r g 77 6 9 ei0 0 L how are you I I o 11 . e a Lvu) 0 17 0 v , I o 1 pB , 1 g 0 0V 9 0nro s 7ra fveL a man e e e e e w 0 157 09 p p th t int rf r s v ry here . ' 77 0 V7 o1 3. ' x e ei 7 0 he h as a e d 7 0 13 pnfi s t k n it into his hea . ’ v 7 1 9 . m épfia ivw eyy n 5 I be co e sure ty. A I j 3 V K eV eL 7 1 V 8ov 0eL0 . w a v7 o s ea s 7 he s et to ork . ’ ei 7 0V K iV8vVO V . ou ar x o lf epfia iveLs s y e e p sing yourse to da nger . u fi g he set u as a l . epfifix e p f n. p t i or c 1 ) ’ é vvo za 0 0 1) mind your own business out . 0 17 1 0 . I w b a 25° 5 kno it y he rt . d $550) besi e s that . 0 7 o 9 the . 0$ . ghost e1 ra va) a e . , bov 1 10 e1 7 0 V0) 10 1 7 a e e a o . . bout (th r b ut) m e o a L I co e . px p , 8eV po v epx e7 0 L K 0 it doe s not commend itself to me no t c e e , it is onv ni nt to me . 98 S S A HORT AND EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . I wish . ' OéK ec 7 0 K 0 /\ 0 V ou . he W e me w ll y ish s e . ' ' e 0 m 7r)\e0 v 7 c7 o e B v ( 7 0 11 0 7 . I ow ou m r e y nothing ore . ' iSca cT e o s e c al . p , sp i ’ ’ 7 6V e7r e c8c0 c7 e ws him a fip p he took side . t I c8 o vw I w a e . p , s t [that . 3 3 I I f ’ 0 17 0 0 7 0 7 0 o wn ou 8ev c8 0 vec y p . I don t trou ble myself about ’ - ia ca . e x ac l just t y . ' ' ei e90 c0 c0 eis 7 0 ovca . w ar h am y x p e e t e s e age . ' io ca eis di a v. m p just in ti e . v ' I 0 7 1 0 c0 c0 a u 7 0 Ae w. a w a I am y th t is just h t s a in . ' y g el e90 fo ca 30 1 0 . r y we a e quits . K a dka h fi , on orseback . 3 r I 7 0 mxopa o e he bought it without looking at h a i a e it ( e bought p g in pok ) . x dfie e e e ac . , v ry, h Katee 7 c or K dee r d a . p yy e verythi ng . atee 8150 e a c e er e da . K y p s. v y oth r y I I I K 0 9€ K a c Ac a x c w e e no and e . y . v ry th n K d9e Ao s e e i d . yfi . of v ry k n K d ovo v. Oe e e ea ea l . x p v ry y r , y r y K a kd w ell. , DI A K 0 A0 K a c ovv ex ec l l c w . ny . u ki y I as there ’ K a kd 0 'e 7 0 1 7Ae a y I told you so . x a ké s d I , goo . I ca K a c K a k . ll y q once for a . ’ ei 7 b K 0 )\ 6v s a ewell au revocr. f r , ‘ I I e w w o a c a ko S d y y y K . I stan surety (go I I ‘ K 0 Ke 7 c e Aes d ea e w a are ou , y goo h v ns , h t y telling m e x d I ma e v , k . ' w do o do 7 c K dyveT e ho y u ' ek a e 7 ef e a c vd e he was ee da the wa . y p s y p s p y. thr ys on y I can et w hi m K dv K a i x wpi s 0 57 61 4 g on ithout . ' m all the a e . i8co K dy vec. it is s 861i o u K d vec a d e me . y y . th t o s not suit SEV K d vec d . y . it is no goo 77 60 0 1/ K dyve cs 7 6 ¢dpey0 how mu ch do you charge for that dress «dye ypfiyopa l b e quick make haste S S 9 9 A HORT AND EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . ‘ ' I K a fl vc w I m g , s oke . A 3 I I 7 0 1) ex a m / acre v0 <> 1 cc d him o aw l W it o urre to to g ay . K a wo u me w e e , so h r . - mi n0 1) K d‘ tro v. no w and the n . ‘ I I K CLI TO U Sex a a So cs . q p a bout te n tim e s . K I bring do 86 V 90 K 0 7 0 1 8 0fo ' 7 Z7ro 7 e . h w ll l we he c 1 y e i not o r t pri e . ’ ' * 90 7 0 1) K 0 7 0 c 00 w c0 V . I w m b x r fi y ill give hi a o on the e a . «0 7 6711 1 a 3 fte r , efi eo e K 0 07rcV 0 1 1 7 7 . he dogge d his ste ps . ’ ’ ' ewa c vec 0 cwvcw K 0 67rc s 7 y . y p . he is always following m e about I ‘ K a r w e l w b o . - topsy turvy . K 0 V7 0f ne ar . ' ' K v7 d V0 Ba o cketv 0 kco o e. l e e e . , y fi short y b for suns t ’ 7 0V 7r e 077 0 K 0 V7 0 m he ran a e hi . fip . ft r ’ 0 0V VO G K 0 V7 7 V l . 9 . of course obvious y K owcd w I e x e m el . f , rt ys f ' K 0 7r c0fO 7 e m le a e c e e e . o h r , p s micn u) I cu t. / , ‘ ‘ o 0 ex a bv d a 137 17 80 0 21 0 0 9 r this affair will cost a hun red ' 8 0 0 cg a c . p x y . fr n s - ll h a me him . S6V 7 O V «001 0 , that is a t e s to fi K ovw I a e . , sh k K v e'ra c 0 137 0 7 0 o . the tooth is loose . x v7 7 d w I l . § , ook ' v kecd c ou o v m d e . K fr7 0 § e 7 1) V S . in your busin ss x 157 7 0 $e K a kaf look out b e on your guard 7 0 M 90 0 m a e . , ist k 0 ou are m a e . 3x e7 e A 9“ . y ist k n Adx x a le , ho , it ' 1 ) Adx x a a 7 1 . l c 7 0V ddmo a v s 7 they left him in the ur h . t i M10 7 7 d . ) ) , irt ' d m-a c 3 01 A a . exec wo kka ig s 5 . it is ve ry muddy out of doors 7 0 ex otbe Ado he has cu t and ru n. - d da n7 1 So vkec . a e a A ) ) it is poor busin ss , it is l fai ure . ‘ ’ ’ ‘ v will ma e I f apa x m u is u nde rstood with y ca the ph rase mea n s I k ’ m off him ta ke a drach a . S S M 1 00 A HORT AND EA Y MODERN GREEK GRA MAR. Aé w I s a . y , y ’ ’ 7 c 90 77 9 0 11 7 0 what does tha t mean ’ a 0 e e 0 007) wp 7 K y . we ll talk a bout tha t another time . ' Ko m ov 7 0 eir a e. w ll a l d e e e . , y , th t is s tt Ms d o you think so 77 139 7 0 V Keve what is he calle d ’ ' ’ as wa 1i e 87 1 efve é c. let e a y rf us suppos th t it is so . 7 0 d a 37 ZAe e le e he a d . yp yy g y . so t tt r s i 7 0 Aem é v ce me e a a ee e al a , nti (t nth p rt of Gr k p nny) , so m e m inut (of ti e ) . ’ ‘ SEV E ec Aezrr ov. a a e x h e h sn t p nny. o fi mi n M77 7 0. e we me a m all u y h o s s s m . m ed Ao s No . d yfi not us kin (of) , sort (of) . ' 7 5 Kpa a i. wha t kind of wine ha ve you 2 Ao s Ao s d yfi yfi . all kin s . ’ i K o u s s . y yfi one kind . Ao o 0 s the w d . y , or V E ec 06 W 82 x 7 . it is ce rtain (the re is no nee d al a t k bout it) . ’ x M o e e s . m Byfi y the ru our h as spread . ’ m f ve. (i1 7 0 Ad o v. w a p y h e on t listen to re son . ’ a 0 137 0 elve Ev ; Aé o s. a ea l a d y th t is si y s i . M o v . I ma e a e y k spe ch . ( ; 06 1 0 MN . le us c a e h e c 7 t h ng t e subj t . d c A0 0 .) v . e x am l 7 x p for p e . e Aé o v y y . reasonably o o 7 0 9 the a p , b th ’ ’ - ci c o ev eis 7 a a 7 0 0 le m t y fin v he ft e i n he lurch . /\ 0 v7 0 1 1 p . ’ 7 0 Aw c a a es p , str p , thong , h rn s e8w 77 0 c ec Aw c l § p . he is p aying false . a evw a o vw I c lle c . y f , y f o t - 0 0 0 7 0 w d a mf ou u 0 5 p yy y . I am pa cking p . a x ecoi far di a y p , , st nt . ’ ' ec0 0 c a x ecd ou are w de the ma . y p . y i of rk 7 0 a k/V y , hair . ’ ' 0 a kkcd e ld e a c e 3m 00 917x 0 V 01 7 0 7 y . th y took ho of h oth r s hair (the y fought like two cats ) . 1 02 A S A ND S HORT EA Y MOD ERN GREEK GRAMMAR . 8cd yv , the smell. ’ '’ 1 7 0 7r1 e 1 w8cd. he h as o w d yp y p g t in of it . 1 h 3 t e nose . 0 1 K e 7 157 1 7 ou 5 0y 7 . he turns u p his nose (he has ot he g on t high horse ) . Bci ec 7 o u . he e e e e e , f int rf r s in v rything . ’ ' é 1 c/\ i 1 7 7 . h e e a y g y y ] sp ks through his nose . I 7 0 ve o he wa p , t ter . ’ 7 0 eé w 0 0V ve o I . a e m f p p h v it at y fingers ends . t I 0 e 11 7 1 1 80 v0ec0 cr x ovec ve o . e a has oten ) ) n p this busin ss p ys , p li w tia ties (raise s ater) . a Q A 0 Vo u s . A T I 3 A 0 vo u ec 77 V 0 K ec ou ar alwa . s ve 0 7 7 e e . y e ys thinking of it ’ Eke a 0 u I w 7 vo v o a d m el . y s y . s i it to ys f ( its) ’ ‘ 77 0 11 e cx es‘ 7 0 V0 v where were your thoughts I c A 8e K 0 > u 7 ec 0 m 7 o u he e a . d m . is not v ry sh rp f 7 0 vv c the mal l x , . ' 0 1 - 0 K o v 03 c0 o . 77 c r 0 1 . i t e p p) 9 7 V x from he ad to foot . [t p ) ’ 7 e 77 0 7 ec s 7 0 V15 ca h m l wal r p x . e give s hi se f airs ( ks on ' ec o m wo I l ad . g p p , un o ec o mi o' o v e l m l e . g p p y . eave e a on ' vvc w I g g , turn sour . ’ 7 0 15Vc0 e 00 5 0 l a le . l e . § 7 . he is upset a itt [ b ’ 0 K a c 0s 7 0 15vc0 e m fa p $ . the we athe r be ca e un vour 0 c 0 87 vv o eva . a ac y p g y sour f e . vvé s g , sour . ’ ' o fi 8 K e 0 V? 0 137 1 f SLG O K é a le a e has c me dea . y , 7 fi 5 ) } ) th t p sur ost r 80 m . 30 0 9 all , . é 7 0 y in e arne st . 6001 00 0 l he m a . . the w e t on ho , in in ’ ' 0 K a z\ 0 A cec he e c . . ke ps on rying e600 11 m l m . 9 . a a a y in ss , in u p ’ e0 3 0 o 7 0 1 7 . w ele . y ho e ve r , ne verth ss ' e0o 077 0 13 . l y a though . ’ ' ' 0o 07 c efva c au o s. W y t ise as he is . ’ 0 c0 c0 e ec y , sp h . ' ’ ’ (i 0 0 vo c w c0 c V . I y y begin a spe ech . é o x o é} I c fe a m y y , , fi . are al e on ss f r [ t king nons nse . A 0 y I 0 SW c77 0 ‘re 7 l ou are ro vm i u y p g noth ng , yo D S 1 03 A S HORT AN EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . ' 0vo a m 7 0 the a e . y , n ' o r e a E ec 7 0 0V0 0 7 0 v - da h jy p x y . to day is his name y t e festiva l of the saint after whom he is named) . ’ ' K 0 7 0V0 0 m y . b y na e . ' 7 e0 0 0 0 0V0 0 7 0 . p y four persons . the appe tite . 0 1 d e c 0V 3 0) 00 7 p g 8 x . as if I had nothing else to do (I ha ve no othe r ta st e ) ’ 10 0 c 5 7 10 7 1 V e V . I a e a wa the a 0 7 p $ t k y ppe tite . I d fi e c mma d fix e . n , o n , A t I ' K a kws w c0 0 7 e ! w lc me n &0 e i . p o [ , ' 0 c0 '7 6 p . what is your ple asure come 37 c ca cel . , s r y, Just V o n e bv e . q y he h as just gone out . f I su fer . 5 31 7 0 9 7 6 what is the matt e r with you V 1 V e1 7 0 e 7 9 . c m I 7 he h as o e to grief . vra c w la I . f , p y I A 0 00 ov 7 7 V e K 17 0 c e . y 1 he la e d me a ce c . . f ' p y ni tri k 1 7 0 c vw I a e p , t k . 77 0 5 0 5 ou . m p 0 0 y I t ake with e . w 0 17 17 0 c v 0 7 01 . p I a e ac . ' ' t k b k 1 7 0 c vw 0 17 c0‘ w 7 0V 00 0 ov . w p 7 y I t ake back my ord . 7 0 17 0 01 e1 7 0 V0 1 ov . el . c y I t ake it upon me . [s f 7 0 1 7 0 c vec e1 7 0 vw 7 o u p . he a e m c him ' t k s too u h upon 1 ra c vw ecg 7 0 e c. p x p I cheat . ’ ' e 1 r e 0 51 r o 1 V s. y fip I fell a sle ep . y 0 I 0 1 7 a v7 a e u 8e V 1 7 0 01 ’ . y c I won t ha ve that . 77 0 e 7 0V 2m 7 151 7 0 7 0V 0000 d he e p x . the one is as goo as t oth r (take one and strike the other) . ’ 0 1 7 0 cin- e a o 'c 7 d . fip p I resolved . ’ ' 1 7 0 1 0; e17 fipe (7 0 1 7 0 cc 8c) who won (the game ) a “ v ”1 1110 6 7 0 w s! cm h e re ce ived my lette r . ’ 1 2 7 0 1 7 1 0 77 0 )\v ( 7 1 1 01 o e c ea . a ) p 0 7 . I g t it v ry h p [th t 1 7 00 0 90 yov 7 0 pm h ow much will you t ake for ' f 1 7 0 c vw a a . p y I have myself bled . ' 1 7 0 c vw 8a vecK 0. p I borrow money . ’ ’ ’ ' en e 7 1 V eV7 0 1 7 1 V l lit . fip 7 p 7 . he took the re sponsibi ity ( m sha e ) . 1 04 A S A ND S HORT EA Y MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR . 1 7 0 0 K 07 w l we p , o r . ’ 0 0 K 83V 7 0 8c8€ c 1 7 07 w. he w ll e p i not giv it for less . 0 1 7 0 7 € 0 9 the a e . p , f th r eis 7 0V 1 ra 7 e a o the de c p g to u e . r ec d w n I e a . p f , provok , noy c 82V wec d e . d e m p f it o s not atter . ‘ efve wec a évo s . he a p yy is ngry . 1 7 e 0 0 '7 cK os a p , tr nsitory. 1 7 e 0 0 '7 cK 0 p . I hope you will soon b e well aga in . 1 7 e V13 I a p , p ss . 3 f, 3 I ' 7 ovs e1 7 e 0 0 e o ko vs 0 1 7 0 7 0 h e u t em all the w d p p th to s or . 0 7 7 0 95 A 3 77 e V01 7 1 V K 0w0 '7 1 0 1 7 0 7 0 I ead e p 7 7 thr a n edle . flekovc. A I 1 7 e 0 7 0 V K a c o ov . I a m me c p y p ss y ti . I ‘ ~ 8c0 V0 1 7 e 00 0 K 0 c 0 5 . a he me m p y p to p ss t ti (to kill ti e ) . ' k ’ 7re V63EV0 c co . I ead p Bfi r a book through . ' fwe a a e 7 0 1 7 eV1 V7 0 p j . h e e a fift ( e ars old . is ov r (p st) y, y ) ’ 1 7 139 1 7 epV0s how are you ge tting on 2 how ’ d ye do ’' 1701 7 cfe V0 1 7 ep0077 ye 7 pc0v7 0 h e hoped to ge t as far as Me gara b d K a 659 7 0 Me a a i a c . g p y y p . for th rty fr n s I Q I 1 7 e 0 0 e 0 K a c os the me e a a . p p . ti (s son) is p st ’ 7 o . 80V e1rep0 0 e 3V0 9 x pdvos. not a yea r ag A I 0e V. 1 7 e . 1 7 0 0 137 9) y0 V€80 82V pvg this money is no longer current . 0 0 m e 1 re 0 cre 0 1 7 0 V0 K e > 0 e ada c e e . y p d $ . y h h is gon ' ' 7 38 0 080 . w 77 ep0 0 ye v j v , 8 y la st e e k . 1 7 e 3 0 '7 evo w 0 I a e le e et c x p . h v troub nough to g along (I am in stra itened circumst ance s) . C 1 1 re7 wi the e - w ; p , ston thro . 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B R EAM B D R C S co , S UI L I NGS , C H ANC ERY ve H . W . and Ba u i s s F . d e h llin n ll E ( ) d ( ) , T e W e g to C o e g e e c G a m mo ma . 1 th Editio . R evi sed an E la e . l 2 Fr n h r r 7 n d n rg d . lo . 1 908 . C th Th e sa me l 8 Acci se a ate lo . 1 . . de nce . C p r y th 6d . The sa me e n s a a tel . o 38 . t . 6d . S y a x p r y C l th . and M a h e w . H D . x i s to accom a the Fre nc tt s (J . ) E e rc s e p ny h mma 1 h Editio . 1 2mo . lo G a . 0t 1 . C t . l1 8 r r n 908 h 6d . S ee also C AL AI S . u l e s C as K e o th x rci . lied o to teac . y t e E e se s S pp n y h r h 58 . A S ch l G e rm an G ra mm a r. 7 th Editio Revi sed an oo n , d l 48 E a ed 1 2m . . . . o 1 x vii 3 . lo t . n rg 909 . ( 79 pp ) C h 6d ’ ‘ A compani onvolu me to th e Au th ors French Gra mma r for th e u se of ’ Wellin to n oll e g C eg . A S h r G e rm n Accid in S n a x a id ed o t a e nce a nd M or y t , br g m . he a o ve . h Edi i 1 0 . 1 . x v l t o o w 8 909 1 . b 7t t n . C r n ( 06 m ) gloth . g8 . ’ n f r w i U i o m ith the Wellingto nC olleg e French Acc dence . x rci n F w vo . C lot . 1 e s e s o h e re nch r C o 8 8 . . E t Ve b s . r n h 6d H . W . and B a i . i s x rci s e ada Eve ( ) F . de u d ss F r t G e rm an E e s pted to the G e ma A ci e ce h i vo 1 . 5t Edit o . ow 8 . 904 r n c d n . n C r n (99 p1) l C o th . 2 ? K e o a v fo l t o e r Te ac e s o . C as 58 y b ( h r n y) h . l c nd G rm a n x ci s 8 vo . 1 899 . 1 40 . C o t 28 S e o e E e r s e . ( pp h . a o ve fo r Teac e s o l . as K ey to b ( h r n y ) C h 5s . F Ne w G rm a n e a e r S electio s of P ose and Poe t au s se t e R d . n r ry , i i i l s . with Ph on et c Transcr p t on . ’ F e cke r J . Th e S ch la r s I a lian B k . A G u ide to the S tu d l , o t oo y f i te a I talia . 58 o L r ry n . i rice n . re nch C rre s o nd e nce S o cia l H olth o r ( Be a t vo ) F o p , a nd l Pe o l 1 mo 2 d Edi io o al for E i s e . 6 . t . 1 Pe rs n , ng h p n n 906. Printed d m . e wed in red and black onh an ad e pap er S . 1 3 u de s u r la Pr n nci a i n cla ss i H o rta ( M ad a me L . ) Et s o o t o q u e d e la L a n e francai se ; su i vi e s d e p ages ch oisie s des rands é cri vains ’ g du Xl fi siecle p ou r l e x e rci ce de la lectu re ex pressi ve e t de la reci o 8 170 . 1 89 . viii . 1 8 C lo t . e tation. C r wn 7 ( 7 pp ) h 38 . n t F H is ire d e la e lu i n F anca i e 1 8 - 1 Mig ne t ( . to R vo t o r s , 7 9 8 1 4 . 1 91 0. C lot . C rown8vo . h ’ U de the G e e a l Edi Nu tt s S h ort Fr e nch Re a de rs . n r n r torshipof - i L m ee clot Fca . 8 v PAY E N PAY NE . . o . 1 903. D E V . p gr n h p Ea c 6d h . ite d b W WALTON M A Al x nd D u mas . acom d F . 1 . e a re J o. E y . W . R L LES T N d . E dited b O O B A. 3. Alph o ns e D a u et C ontes ch oisis. y , M ou ette s. E di e u le s S a nde a u E iso des f om L a R och e au x t d b D E V. 4. J . p r y Y - Y NE P A EN P A . W LL ES ns d i u es Edite d b . R O TON B A. 5. Al h o e D a u et C o tes histo p , n r q y , rc kma nn-C b atra i n é he mi a cu leu se a nd L e Talon. Edite d b 6. E . La P c r y LL P R . H . A R ES S , M . A, W . D ENNI S M . L . G a rne ra . Adve tu es eh comb ats . Edited b A. A, 9 . y n r y , D r . . Fre nch C n e r a i r 1 h 3t Edi ti . tto ( E ) o v s t on G a m mar. on . R vi se . L B C o w 8vo e d b C TA OT ONI ONS 1 . x 4 r n y , 905 ( . 08 p C lo t . 48 . net. K e . 6 . Boa ds 88 h y ( 7 pp ) r . . a e ria l fo r Fre nch Pr e m Wit G a m M t s os C o pos ition. h r n o c u l ma i cal No te s a d a a . 5th Edi i o . 8 v t t 1 . C lo t . V b ry n c . 906 h and S . F. C rk ra n Fre ch a nd n lis h D i a lo u 8 vo o , n E g g e s . , . 1 . C lo t . 1 890 66 pp . h r r ma n B k co tai i I t od u cto L e ss h Fi s t G e oo , n n ng n r ry on s to t e e ma u Wi R tu d f the G L a a e . t c S y o r n ng g h eading L e sson s . Vo a a tio R e - b u lar and C o ve rs s . 9th Editi o . a a an y, n n n rr nged d R evised b . L ANC E . 8 vc . 1 906 . 1 03 . C lo t . 1 8 . 6cl y F ( pp ) h . An le me tar G ra m m a r o f th e G e r m a n L a n u a e wit E n y g g , h E x e cise s Re adi s and C o ve sa tio s . 9th Editio R e vised r , ng , n r n n . WR I GH T . 8 vo . 1 909 . C lo t . 28 . b y D r. J . h h mm r 28t Editio . 1 vo G e r m a n C n e r a i n G ra a . 901 8 . o v s t o n . lo t . 8 . K e to the Ex e cises . Bo a 28 . C h 5 y r rds . A S electio o f Readi s in G e ma L ite Th e G e rm a n Re a de r. n ng r n ra u W Ex l a o No te a a t e . it a t s nd o ca u la . 3 P ts . lo t r h p n ry V b ry r C h . L A ecd otes Fab le s D escri tions S tori es 61 0 . Ei hth Edition. 1 906 . n , , p , , g v . ( iii . 208 pp. ) 28 . M m te a u e n 1 v i 1 . 11 I I . S ele ct Re a din s inG e a Li t . 5th Edi tio . 1 90 . i i . 2 9 28 g r n r r ( pp ) . 6 . Wi M at e ria ls fo r T ra nsla ting Eng lis h i nto G e r m a n. th o l . . . E 2 d a ca u 8 vo lo t ac 8 . Grammatical No tes nd Vo b ary 2 Parts . C h h 6 I d v l o6 1 . r . 7 th E ition. 1 895. ( iii . p K ey ( 1 0 pp ) Boa ds . 28 . ns V i o u En lish nve sa ti o o n a u s S b ects. Ada or T a sla t o i I I . g C o r r j pte d f r n i n nto di o 1 viii . 24 G 2nd E ti . 884. 3 . erma n. n ( pp ) An Aid a i ve sa io to P ct cal o t . 4th G e rm a n D ia log u e s . r C n r n Edi i . i R NG E 8 vo . . . lo U . 1 8 . vii 1 t . 1 8 . 6d . t on R e v sed b y H . 99 ( 20 pp ) C h acke l rs The Fre ch G e nd e r in h me . 8 vo . 1 879. L i m u .) n s R y p crlr o t 1 8 . Fre nc h Rh ym e s fo r th e Nu rse ry . C o ntaining mo re tha n 200 mi . . lia 2n E iti 8 vc . 1 24 o od cu ts . l t 1 8 a d d o 88 . w C o . F r Nou ns . n 7 h a ns c I dio ms n v s A C o m io to ye Payne (de Fren h a d Pro erb . n n ’ h v ised an nlar e D eshu mb e rt s D iction a ry o f D ifficu lties . 5t Re d g d Edi tio . C ow 248 . C lo t . 38 . 6d . n 1 907 . r n ( p p ) h A M anu al o f re n h i e a u re . C o ta i i loetz ( R. F c L t r t n n ng S electio ns fro m the b es t Fre nch Write rs fro m the Earlies t Time s to Wit o t Bio a ies nd a S e tc o f the he P ese t D a . S a t r n y h h r gr ph , k h l th . i . . l c L a u a e . 8 1 0 . 1 vii 80 H isto ry o f the Fre n h ng g 878 . ( 7 pp ) Ige gfi8 , H m i l n and Le r s . T h e I te rna io na l Fre nc h mith . a to , g o n t - i nd E li s e c D ictio a w it the P o u cia tio . Engl sh a ng h Fr n h n ry , h r n n n 2 . ew 2 vols . R oyal 8 vc . 1 90 pp . ) S e d . Ne t £ 1 58 . st o l o u d in 1 vol . H alf mo occo . The sa me , r ng y b n r T h e B k o f u h . AnI t od u cti o to the S tu i te wa rt ( Re v . J . ) oo R t n r n y 38 . éc lo t . o f H ebre w . C h w 8 vo . S rie s fr m A u le i u s . C ro trang e w a s a nd Wood . to o p n 1 91 0. lo th . NUTT’S POCKET VOOAB L E U ARI S, W R I TH FI GU ED PRONUNC I ATI ON. L m clo e a c olu 2 i p th , h v me 8 . - - 2 ol Eng lis h Fre nc h a nd Fre nch Eng lis h . v s . - - 2 l Eng lis h G e rm a n a nd G e rma n Eng lis h . vo s . - - 2 l Eng lis h S pa nis h a nd S pa nis h Eng lis h . vo s . - - l n 2 ol . Eng lis h I ta i a n a d 1ta lia n Eng lis h . v s - - s i n a n u i 2 ol . Eng lis h Ru s a d R s s ia n Eng l s h . v s - - 2 l Eng lis h Portu g u e s e a nd Po rtu g u e se Eng lis h . vo s . ’ A full List of D AVI D NUTTS PUBLI CATI ONS and I MPORTATI ONS for the Stu dy of FOREI GN LANGUAGES sent post free upon receipt of a Penny Stamp. 5 - L d : AV I NUTT 7 59 Ac e . L on on D D , , ong r P UBL I S H ED BY A V I D N D U T T . BAG NAL L ( 0 ) AND M I C H AUT FR E NC H C O M O S I T I O N. G ra du ate d C o u rse with re r n l t io n. I n a s at Two . P , Pa rts Ea ch ’ BART E LS M O D E R N L I NG U I S T ve . C on rsatio ns in n lis h Fre nch a nd erma n w ith R u les fo r ro nu ncia tio n V o ca b u lar , , G , P , y , E l f i W 3 ges C o ns e i hts a nd M e as u r t . n o es e c S e ve te enth di i . . g , E t o n 1 90 7 . u ar 6mo lo th a Sq e i . C , s. 6d . M O D E R N L I N I S T in E lis GU , ng h and French nl . S e ve nte e nth Editio n. 1 o 1 0 . 1 6mo . y 9 C loth, 1 5 . 6d . B AUMANN JUNI O R FRE NC H C O M PO S I T I O N BO O K fo r all u b lic ex aminat i o ns c ons istin o f ane tes b i r hies and p , g cdo , og ap , n fr n e x am a e rs w N cts . ith otes and Vocab u r . r 8vo . 82 . p p , la y C . ( pp ) a0 ti 1 s gé , S E NI O R F RE NC H C O M PO S I T I O N BO O K for a ll u b lic ex a mina tio ns . C r. 8vo 1 8 2 1 l h a p . 9 . ( 48 pp . ) C ot , s . 6d. D R C . A B UC H H E I M ( . F RE NC H READ E R S ele ctio ns in ro se a nd o e tr Wi th N o te s an V l Nine tee nth P P y . d oca b u ary. wn 8 v . v1 1 1 1 i E ition. C ro o 0 L m l h d ( , 9 pp ) p C ot , rs 6d . B E RT M D I D ES H U M ( . ) C T I O NARY O F D I FFI C UL T I E S M ET W I T H I N R EAD I N WR I T I N T R ANS LAT I N G, G, G, “ A ND S EAK I N FRENC H b e in th e Ei hth Edition o f The P G , g g ’ N ” nt Fre n o tes . 8y o . 1 0 8 1 h S tu d e s ch 9 . ( 65 pp . ) C lo t , as . 6d. T H E PU BL I C EXAM I NAT I O N FR E NC H K b e in mate rials f r R ea in H AND BO O , g o d g a nd T ranslati on, e sp e cially e d fo r Adva nced u ils a nd andidates f r l E x a mina ti a rrang P p C o Pu b ic ons . Fifth Editio n. e m 8vo . x ii 0 2 th 5 D y ( , 3 pp. ) C lo . 4 . 6d. ALPH ABET I C AL FR E NC H -E NGL I S H L I S T r M i v 1 8 1 3 6d . i l M ili T e ms fo r lita 8 8 . . o f T echn ca tary ry S tu de nts. o . 4 pp 90 D R L E R D E RAN E E T D U MAS (AL EXAN E) . O I F C V A R R E . Edi e i h te u e stio nna i r L E RO I D E NA t d, w t Vo ca b u la ry , No s, Q e, Ex e rcise s o n the D ire ct M e tho d, a nd m ate ria ls fo r free C o m po s ition. By i . . 6d M . D RA PER r ce F W . . P E T I O N F A . H I S T O I RE D E LA R O LU M I GNE T ( . ) V - m e w . N AI S E 1 8 1 8 1 x z o . N E tio n. 1 1 0 5 6d . FRA . di o . C , 7 9 4 9 C l th, 3 ’ H O RT F RE NC H R E AD E R Lim G e en NUT T S S S . p r ’ ca . 8 vo. ice 6d. each . C loth. F p Pr — W AL EXAND RE D UMAS AC O MO . Edi te d b . . 1 . , J y F WALTO N, M . A. D — N E A D E Ed. NT E H I I . b AL PH O S U T . C O S C O S S 3. y M . A. W. Romss ron, D EA —E ‘ M L A R O C H E L ES S AN U. 1 I S O D ES RO 4 . JU F - ES Ed. b D E V ar as aw n. AUX MOUETT . y . P P AL PH O NS E D AUD ET . C O NT ES H I S T O R I UES . 5. Q W LLES TON Ed . b y . RO , A M ANN H AT R I AN PE H E M I RA K C . L A C U 6 . ERC C A N E AL I O L P M . L EUSE A D L T . Ed . b y R. H . AL RESS , . - NERAY A ENT R M BAT . Ed . AR . E ET C O S L . G U S 9. V W D r u m s. b y A. . R N H O N E R AT I O N RAM O TT O (D R . E . ) F E C C V S G E i i B s irtee nth t v loth 5 . K a d 2 5 . M AR . Th d on. 8 o . C , 4 ey , o r , FRE N C H E D UC A TI OM A 000 6 57 607 8 D R . E M AT ER I AL R E O T T O ( ” ) S FO F R E NC H PR O S N W C O M O S I T I O . ith G ramma tica l N Fif h o te s and V b u lar t P a oca y . v Bo ar 2 E di tio n. 8 o . ds, 5 . 6d. P M R T H E FR E N D I N AC KER ( S . ) C H GE N E R S m R H Y M E 8 vo . 1 8 0 . L i lo th x s . 7 p c , . F R E NC H R H YM E S fo r the N R Y o n U S E R , c o fa miliar i ta inin m re than zo o N S ec nd E d ti . 8 . g ou ns . o o n 8vc . 1 7 7 w . 2 4 o o dcu ts C lo th , 1 5 . PAYE N- PAYNE ( D E F RE NC H I D I O M S AND ’ ” V m ani n to D e sh m r D i n i RO E R BS . A o o u b e t s ct io ar o f D iffi u lt P C p y c es. Fifth Editio n re vis e d 1 e nla r e d. 1 2 mo o 5 , 90 7 , g . C l th , 3 . 6d . ’ PL O ET Z M ANUAL O F F R E NC H L I T E RAT U R E . C o ns is ting o f C hro no logica lly arrang e d Ex tra cts fro m the b e st Fre nch i s N e r w svc . l 65 . Au tho rs with I ntro du ctio n B i o ra h e and o t s . o n C o th . , , g p . C M AD A M E E L E B N PE T I T H E NR I . S EG U R ( D ) . O di te with Vo cab u lar Not nd u estio nna ire . B F . W . M . D RA PER . d . E d, y , e s, a Q y 4 H I L E R T E NT E R S M I T H , AM L T O N, AND G O S . H I NAT I O NA L FR ENC H ENGL I S H AND E NGL I S H FR E NC H N R with i n T w v l R o 8vo . e we d D I T I O A Y the ro nu n t o . o o s . al S C P cia y , lf- i 1 6s . 6d . tro n b o u nd in n l m h a mo m clo th s de s 2 5 . S g y o e vo u e , , , 5 WAN H C O L L O I AL FR E NC H FO R T RA E L S ( . ) QU V R I dio matic re nch hra se s wi th the ex a ct ronu ncia tio n o na Ne w L E S . F P P ste m . w di io With A e ndix fo r clis ts Amate u r hoto S Ne E t n. C y pp y , P ra he rs and A to m b ilists 1 l t 1 g p u o . 6mo . C o h, 5 . T H I R BEA R I E V F R E N H C O R RE S H O L O ( T C O N) . C P O ND ENC E S O C I AL AND ERS O NAL FO R ENG L I S H , P , la ck o n . . . rinte d in r a n b P EO PL E i om o S e co nd editio n 1 90 6 . P e d d - hand m a de pa pe r . S e we d, i s . AR LY L E T H E H E R O A S PR PH E T M AN O F C O , L ET T ER S AND K I N . F ro m L e ctu re s b T . C A RL Y L E o n H e roe s H e ro , G y , W r h h o s ip , and t e H e ro ic in H isto ry . Edite d , with I ntro du ctio n and No tes, A M A . . W . b y G T ENTY N C ro wn 8vo ( p p x x i C lo th . as T RAN E WAY R ND W D R I S G S L . A O O R T O E S ( . ) ( . S F RO M AP UL EI US . P ri ce as T his b oo k p ro vide s Fo rms I V . and V . w ith a fe w sto ri e s which are no t diffi cu lt a nd ye t a vo id be ing du ll . ’ u s P o cke V o cab u lar e s w h F u re d N tt t i , it ig L m l l m 2 . c t . Eac e 5 P ro n u nciatio n . i p o h h vo u , - - 2 vo ls . English Fre nch a nd Ft ench English . - - 2 vo ls . 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