GF Modern Greek Resource Grammar

Ioanna Papadopoulou University of Gothenburg [email protected]

Abstract whilst each of the syntactic parts of the sentence (subject, object, predicate) is a carrier of a certain The paper describes the Modern Greek (MG) case, a fact that allows various word order Grammar, implemented in Grammatical structures. In addition, the language presents a Framework (GF) as part of the Grammatical dynamic syllable stress, whereas its position Framework Resource Grammar Library depends and alternates according to the (RGL). GF is a special-purpose language for morphological variations. Moreover, MG is one multilingual grammar applications. The RGL 1 is a reusable library for dealing with the of the two Indo-European languages that retain a morphology and syntax of a growing number productive synthetic passive formation. In order of natural languages. It is based on the use of to realize passivization, verbs use a second set of an abstract syntax, which is common for all morphological features for each tense. languages, and different concrete syntaxes implemented in GF. Both GF itself and the 2 Grammatical Framework RGL are open-source. RGL currently covers more than 30 languages. MG is the 35th GF (Ranta, 2011) is a special purpose language that is available in the RGL. For the programming language for developing purpose of the implementation, a morphology- multilingual applications. It can be used for driven approach was used, meaning a bottom- building translation systems, multilingual web up method, starting from the formation of gadgets, natural language interfaces, dialogue words before moving to larger units systems and natural language resources. GF is (sentences). We discuss briefly the main capable of parsing and generating texts, while characteristics and grammatical features of working from a language-independent MG, and present some of the major difficulties we encountered during the process of representation of meaning. The GF Grammar is implementation and how these are handled in based on two different modules. An abstract the MG grammar. module provides category and function declarations, thus it constitutes a representation 1 Introduction of a set of possible trees that reflect the semantically relevant structure of a language, Greek is a member of the Indo-European family and one or more concrete modules that contain of languages and constitutes by itself a separate linearization type definitions and rules, therefore branch of that family. Modern Greek (MG) can managing to relate the tree structures with linear be easily traced back to Ancient Greek in the tree representations. The RGL contains the set of form of letters, word roots and structures, despite grammars of natural languages that are the fact that the language has undergone a series implemented in GF. The parallelism of the of transformations through the ages and has been grammars is inevitable, given that their a subject of considerable simplification. MG development is based on the same rules and th makes use of the Greek alphabet since the 8 functions that are defined in a common abstract century B.C. Today the language is spoken by syntax. At the moment RGL covers 34 approximately 13.1 million people worldwide. languages2 that originate not only from the Some of the general characteristics of MG refer European continent, but from all over the world. to the diversity of the morphology and the use of The common API defines around 60 hierarchical an extremely large number of morphological features in order to express grammatical 1 The other one being Albanian notations. Words are in their majority declinable, 2 http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/doc/status.html

126 Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with RANLP 2013, pages 126–133, Hissar, Bulgaria, 9-11 September 2013. grammatical categories, and a large number of all the specific features which may affect their syntactic functions. MG constitutes the newest formation. The creation of nouns includes 17 addition to the RGL and its implementation distinct functions that are categorized depending consists of 28 concrete modules. on the noun ending, the stress movement, whether the noun is parisyllabic or 3 Morphology imparisyllabic, or whether the noun augments its syllables when inflected. These functions also Morphology constitutes the most important handle specific phenomena of the MG language, aspect of the Greek Language. The words are in such as the change of gender of a noun in the their majority declinable, produced via a plural form, or nouns that originate from Ancient combination of meta-linguistic elements, such as Greek, and are still used nowadays, retaining a stem and an ending. The endings are assigned intact their form and endings. Similarly 6 proportionally with the part of speech and the functions create adjectives, where we also type, and act as carriers of grammatical introduce the degree parameter that creates notations, indicating the gender, the number, the additional forms for all three adjective genders. case or the person, or in the case of verbs the The formation of the pronouns is of special tense, the mood, the voice and the aspect as well. interest, as MG makes use of two distinct types, Appendix A presents the parameter types and the emphatic and the weak. The weak form3 operations that are defined in the grammar. The occurs more often, whilst the use is always in implementation of the GF MG morphology close connection with verbs, nouns or adverbs. started from scratch. All declinable words Our grammar introduces both forms of the needed to undergo a first simplistic pronoun, but it also alternates between them categorization in order to create basic declension when the syntactic structure requires the use of a tables, before moving to sub-categorizations that particular form. Greek proper nouns follow all allowed us to treat the various irregularities that the declension patterns and irregularities of govern the morphological structure of MG. One common nouns morphology, meaning that they of the main aspects of MG is the presence of a are primarily inflected for gender, case and dynamic syllable stress, a phenomenon that number. Moreover, they present a major created additional difficulties in the differentiation comparing to other languages, implementation of the morphology. A stress can which refers to the introduction of the proper move from a stem to an ending but in many cases noun with a definite article that takes its form the movement is realized inside the stem. Such according to the grammatical features of the issues are handled in GF with the introduction of modified proper noun. The morphology of the pattern matching functions and pattern macros. verb in MG consists of a complex inflection The MG grammar includes 25 pattern matching system, as shown in Appendix B. Whilst in many functions and macros that indentify stressed languages, the grammatical notations are vowels, while at the same time they perform over expressed with the use primarily of syntax, MG a string, checking the matches, transforming the uses the combination of a stem and an stressed vowels into their unstressed form, and inflectional ending to express grammatical assigning the stress to the correct character. They categories such as person, number, tense, voice, also serve to assigning the appropriate case aspect and mood. The fact that MG retains a ending or handle irregularities, such as the productive synthetic passive formation increases addition of extra consonants and reduplication drastically the number of possible forms of the cases. verb, as most verbs have a second set of 3.1 Declinable Parts of Speech morphological forms for each tense in order to express passivization. Whilst Greek verbs are All nouns, proper nouns, adjectives, determiners, divided in two main categories, the second one quantifiers, pronouns, participles, articles and subdivided into two smaller ones, (Holton et al verbs in MG are declinable and each category ,1999; Iordanidou, 1999), the creation of the verb presents its own characteristics and irregularities. morphology in our grammar imposed the The implementation of the above categories consideration of a number of specific parameters, follows a similar pattern: we first divide them among them the stress movement, the number of into the main conjugations that grammars syllables which affects on the creation of the propose and then we make an exhaustive list of all the rules that specify their creation, as well as 3 Clitic pronoun

127 imperative forms, the active stem forms upon oper which we create the passive stems, the formation Noun : Type = {s : Number => Case => Str ; g : of the passive perfective participle, reduplication Gender} ; patterns, internal augmentation phenomena. In addition to the above, we needed to handle mkNoun_agori : (s: Str) -> Gender -> Noun = \agOri, g -> various irregularities, which referred mainly to let the formation of the imperative or dependent agori = mkStemNouns agOri; forms, the passivization or not of the verb, the in { occurrence of a participle, the formation of the s = table { Sg => table { active or passive simple past with the use of Nom | Acc | Vocative|CPrep P_se |CPrep PNul => ending forms borrowed from Ancient Greek. All agOri ; the above parameters resulted in the creation of Gen |CPrep P_Dat=> mkGenSg agori} ; 26 main functions that handle the changes in the Pl => table { inflected endings of the verbs, and 39 smaller Nom | Acc | Vocative|CPrep P_se |CPrep PNul => functions that are connected to the main mkNomPl agOri; Gen |CPrep P_Dat=> mkGen agOri}} ; g = g } ; functions and help us handle the modifications that the stem is subjected to, when conjugated. mkStemNouns : Str -> Str = \s -> case s of { Moreover, we must emphasize on the necessity c + v@(#stressedVowel) + x@(_ + _) =>c + unstress to create a series of pattern matching functions v + x } ; that form and alter stems, for the production of the passive perfective according to the active mkGenSg : Str -> Str = \s -> perfective or imperfective, the passive imperative case s of and the participles. A separate concrete module {x + "ος" => x + "οσς"; ...... was created in order to deal exclusively with the x + ("ι" | "σ") => x + "ιού"; }; complex MG verb morphology. Finally, as in the mkGen : Str -> Str = \s -> case s of { case of personal pronouns, another alternation c + "άι" => c + "αγιών" ; ...... appears in the formation of the possessive c + v@(#stressedVowel) + x@(_ + _) + ("ι" | "σ") pronouns. Weak and emphatic forms of the =>c + unstress v + x + "ιών" ; ...... } ; possessive pronoun are both used in order to express possession. The first one being the stressedVowel : pattern Str = #("ά" | "ό" | "ί"| "έ" | enclitic genitive form of the personal pronoun, "ή" | "ύ"| "ώ" | "εύ"); while the latter one, expressed via a combination of the definite article, the adjective δικός dikós stress : Str -> Str = \x -> case x of { “own” and the enclitic genitive form of the "α" => "ά" ; personal pronoun. Both forms are assigned via "ο" => "ό" ; ...... }; two different functions, defined in the abstract MG Paradigms : Paradigms module syntax: mkN = overload { PossPron : Pron -> Quant ; mkN : (dentro : Str) -> N PossNP : CN -> NP -> CN ; = \n -> lin N (regN n) ; mkN : (s : Str) -> Gender -> N Table 1 presents an example of the main = \n,g -> lin N (mkN1 n g) ;...... }; procedure, based on which we created the noun morphology and it is also representative of the mkN1 : Str -> Gender -> N = \x,g -> process that was followed in order to handle the case x of {...... morphology of the main declinable parts of c + ("ι"|"σ"|"όι"|"άι") => mkNoun_agori x g ; speech. The example concerns the creation of ...... } ** {lock_N = <>} ; nouns of neuter gender, ending in –ι, such as the noun αγόρι agóri “boy”. Lexicon :abstract fun boy_N : N ; Lexicon MG lin boy_N = mkN "αγόρι" Common abstract grammar : categories Neut; Cat N ; Lexicon English lin boy_N = mkN masculine (regN "boy") ; MG Resource grammar : Resource module Param Parsing into the abstract categories Number = Sg | Pl ; Lang> parse –cat=N –lang=Gre “αγοριών” Case = Nom | Gen | Acc | Vocative |CPrep Prepos; boy_N Gender = Masc | Fem | Neut | Change; Lang> parse –cat=N –lang=Eng “boys’”

128 boy_N Future and denoting whether the action Generating the full inflectional paradigms expressed by the verb is viewed either as Lang> linearize -lang=Gre -table boy_N occurring repeatedly, as a completed event, or as s Sg Nom : αγόρι an event completed in the past, whose s Sg Gen : αγοριού completion is relevant to some other point in s Sg Acc : αγόρι time. Noun phrases (NP) represent the subject of s Sg Vocative : αγόρι the sentence and thus, they appear in the s Sg (CPrep P_se) : αγόρι s Sg (CPrep PNul) : αγόρι nominative case, while agreement rules pass the s Sg (CPrep P_Dat) : αγοριού grammatical features of the NP to the form of the s Pl Nom : αγόρια verb. For the creation of the predication rule in s Pl Gen : αγοριών our grammar, which forms a clause, we needed s Pl Acc : αγόρια to take into consideration the presence of subject s Pl Vocative : αγόρια NPs that present a negative connotation (i.e. s Pl (CPrep P_se) : αγόρια κανένας kanénas “nobody”) and impose the use s Pl (CPrep PNul) : αγόρια of a negative polarity in the clause. Accordingly, s Pl (CPrep P_Dat) : αγοριών we are making a distinction between the different Lang> linearize -lang=Eng -table boy_N moods, in order to assign the relevant particles s Sg Nom : boy that introduce the clause and which also vary s Sg Gen : boy's s Pl Nom : boys depending on the polarity. Interrogative s Pl Gen : boys' sentences do not defer from declarative Table 1: The Noun Morphology sentences, in the sense that they use the exact same rules applied in declarations, while they are 4 Syntax simply characterized by the addition of the question mark (;). Wh–questions are introduced The GF abstract syntax provides rules for all the with an interrogative word which may be common phrase structures: noun phrases indeclinable τι ti “what” or declinable for gender, (constructed of pronouns, proper nouns or number and case: ποιός-ποιά-ποιό poiós-poiá- common nouns and their modifiers), adjectival poió “who”. The selection of the appropriate and verb phrases with their complements. The gender of the interrogative word in our grammar MG grammar covers all the above structures and is a subject of interest. Whilst in most cases the successfully correlates the language with the masculine gender is used as an abstract gender various languages included in the RGL. Due to when introducing wh-questions, in particular the fact that MG is a highly inflected language contexts, when the gender of the subject under and given that the various morphological features question is known, the interrogative word should express grammatical notations, the word order in be labeled by the gender of the known subject, a phrase is relatively free. Although all six without that implying that the use of the logical permutations of the major clausal masculine gender in such cases in considered constituents are usually considered semantically incorrect. Relative clauses on the 4 grammatically correct (Tzanidaki, 1995), SVO other hand, present a more complex syntactic remains the predominant word order. The structure and a number of possible alternations, implemented rules in our grammar cover mainly as they are introduced by two main types of the most common word order, unless the relative markers: the indeclinable ποσ pou “that, syntactic mechanisms of the phrase itself require which” or the declinable relative pronoun ο otherwise. οποίος o opoíos “which”. The MG grammar provides both forms and utilizes the two different 4.1 Clauses relative markers, as the form alternates when its The formation of the clause relies on a number of syntactic function in the relative clause requires a parameters, namely the order, the tense, the genitive, or when it appears in a prepositional or polarity and the mood. In main indicative clauses adverbial phrase. The antecedent of a relative the tense defines the point of time of the verb in sentence might appear in the form not only of a relation to the time of speaking. MG has 8 noun phrase but also of a sentence, as in the tenses that are divided in three major categories: phrase “She sleeps, which is good”. When the those that refer to the Present, the Past and the antecedent is sentential, the relative clause can be introduced either with ποσ pou “that” or with the

4 Subject-Verb-Object relative pronoun ο οποίος o opoíos “which”,

129 which appears mandatory in the neuter gender 4.3 Noun and Adjectival Phrases, form. As Chatsiou (2010) notes, the use of the Participles neuter gender is explained by the fact that the As in most inflectional languages, where the relative clause does not actually take a sentence constituents of the phrase are carriers of as an antecedent, but it rather modifies an grammatical notations, MG noun phrases present omitted or implied noun, such as πράγμα prágma a consistency in the phrase terms that is realized “thing” or γεγονός gegonós “fact”. via the use of agreement rules: the gender, the 4.2 Verb Phrases number and the case of the noun or adjective should reflect in all the terms that define it. Verb phrases are constructed from verbs by Moreover, the use of the definite article presents providing their complements, whilst GF provides an extended necessity. Nouns are usually one rule for each verb category. Appendix C accompanied by a definite article, whilst this presents examples of verb complementation. applies even in the case of proper nouns. The Appropriate agreement rules are specified for the modification of NPs with participles is of special complementation of verbs that take one or more interest. In GF these constructions are assigned arguments, namely the accusative case for direct via functions that connect an NP and a transitive objects and a prepositional phrase or a genitive verb in order to create the participial NP (the for indirect objects. The lack of infinite in MG man tied). Although MG makes wider use of a created additional difficulties in the construction relative clause to express such structures, in the of verb phrases. While in many languages the presence of a participle, the syntactic rules would embedded clause is infinitival, the verbal suggest that it must be placed before the noun it complementation in MG is realized via the use of is attributed to. Thus, it would be necessary to finite subjunctive forms, which implies that in all split the NP in its constituents, in order to cases, the sentence should show a subject or introduce the participle before the noun and after object agreement. Phrases in English such as “I the determiner. To handle this construction, the want to buy an apple”, that use the infinitive MG grammar creates polydefinite structures form of the verb buy, without any marking for (Lekakou and Szendroi, 2012), where both the person or number, can only be attributed in MG noun and the participle are each accompanied by after considering the properties of the subject of their own determiner. the main clause, which becomes the subject of the verb of the subordinate clause. On the other 4.4 Idiomatic Expressions hand, in order to achieve object agreement, it The GF grammar deals with idiomatic was necessary to create an extra record type that expressions in a special module and manages to handles the object control complement. The handle constructions that are formed in fixed creation of phrases such as “I beg her to go” is a ways, such as generic and impersonal clauses. typical case. The verb beg takes an NP The copula verb είμαι eímai “to be” used in the complement, the direct object (her), which in third person of singular accompanied by an MG has the form of a weak clitic pronoun, adverb in the comparative form or by a neuter placed before the verb. In the subordinate clause, adjective used adverbially, can form impersonal the NP complement becomes the subject of the clauses: verb go, and passes its number and person in the ImpersCl vp=predVP [](Ag Neut Sg P3)vp ; form of the embedded verb. Although MG makes use of two main moods, the I beg her to go. indicative and the subjunctive, the latter one Εγώ την παρακαλάω να πάει. introduced with the particle να na “to” in Egō tin parakaláō na páei sentences with positive polarity and μήν min I her-clit,acc,P3,Sg beg to go-P3,Sg,subj “not” in cases of negation, our grammar required I beg her (that she goes) the addition of an extra mood form, the The same rule applies in cases of adjectival Hortative, in order to form imperative sentences complementation, where, similarly, the NP where the speaker makes a suggestion or a wish complement should agree in gender and number i.e. the English sentences “let’s go” or “let John with the adjective. go”, which in MG , according to Chondrogianni I paint them black (2011) are introduced with the hortative particle Εγώ τοσς βάφω μαύροσς ας as “let”. Egō tous váphō maúrous I them-clit,acc,Masc,Pl paint black-acc,Masc,Pl

130 5 Evaluation obstacles were encountered in the application of the MG resource grammar. The purpose of the evaluation of the grammar was not only to assess the correctness of the 6 Related Work grammar but also to provide a proof- reading and verify the coverage of the resource library. The Not many available computational grammars are evaluation was conducted with the use of a test noted for MG. One of the available grammars set, which includes 440 automatically – refers to MG Resource Grammar (Poulis et al generated test examples, utilized in the Synopsis 2005), built upon the theoretical framework of of the RGL5 as well as 27 test definitions used in Head Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (Pollard Khegai (2006). The test set provides linearization and Sag, 1994). The implementation of the of trees, as seen in Appendix D, both in English grammar is realized in the LKB grammar and in MG, in order to assess the correctness of development system (Copestake, 2002), whilst the MG translations, and it is organized in such the writing and testing makes use of LinGo way that it includes all the rules in the grammar Grammar Matrix tool (Bender et al, 2002) in and all possible combinations of the categories. order to implement quickly as many phenomena The evaluation revealed a number of interesting of the language as possible. The grammar findings. Some examples were indicative of the concentrates on the implementation of a number way a term can have a different lexical of phenomena, such as locative alternation, word linearization, depending on the context in which order, cliticization, politeness constructions and it appears. Such is the adjective old (παλιός/ clitic left dislocation and it comes with a test paliós), which was, initially, translated in our suite, whilst the system provides a syntactic concrete Lexicon bearing the sense of something analysis for the test items. Another attempt refers that is not new. That resulted in sentences such to the large-scale systemic functional grammar of as αστός ο παλιός άνδρας autós o paliós ándras MG, developed by Dimitromanolaki et al (2001), “this old man”, that, although syntactically in the context of M-PIRO, a multilingual natural correct, they fail in a semantic level, as the term language generation project, and based on παλιός is attributed to inanimate objects, whilst descriptions of museum exhibits, generated the sense of something that has lived for a long automatically in three languages from a single time requires a different lexical approach. database source. The grammar follows the Another observation refers to the use of the approach of systemic grammars that are definite article, mainly with the presence of the primarily concerned with the functions of the mass noun or in apposition constructions. Whilst language, and with the way that these functions mass nouns are marked by the absence of the are mapped into surface forms. article, certain constructions in MG require its use in order to render a phrase grammatically 7 Conclusion and Future Work correct. In addition, the test showed that some The result of the current work is the development constructions predetermined in the abstract and implementation of MG in GF. The grammar syntax, although they do not generate manages to correlate MG with the various other ungrammatical instances, they fail to produce languages in the RGL. The current work consists outcomes that would constitute the predominant of 28 concrete modules, covering orthographical, syntactic structure. Such is the case of the use of morphological and syntactic variations of the a relative clause, instead of a participial language. The testing and evaluation of the MG construction, when the semantic function of the grammar revealed a high percentage of accuracy verb requires it. The above findings concerned in the translation of English sentences to MG. At 15 of the sample sentences, out of which 9 the same time it verified the complexity of MG referred to the use of the adjective old (παλιός/ and the challenges in the implementation. Future paliós). With the exception of cases that are work refers mainly to providing a number of associated mainly with semantic and pragmatic possible alternations in some constructions, connotations, which nonetheless are not the namely the various word order structures or the focus of the resource grammar, not major different structures related to participial NPs. In addition, the coverage of language specific

5 features is desirable, namely phenomena of clitic http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/doc/synopsis.ht doubling and left dislocation, as well as ml fronted/focal constructions.

131 References and expletive determiners, Journal of Linguistics , Volume 48, Issue 01, March 2012, pp 107-149. Aarne Ranta. 2011. Grammatical Framework: Programming with multilingual grammars. CSLI Publications, Stanford. Appendix A. Parameter Types and Aggeliki Dimitromanolaki, Ion Androutsopoulos, Operation Definitions Vangelis Karkaletsis .2001. A large scale systemic functional grammar of Greek, 5th International param Conference of Greek Linguistics, Sorbonne. Case = Nom| Gen| Acc| Vocative| CPrep Aikaterini Chatsiou.2010. An LFG Approach to Prepos; Gender = Masc | Fem | Neut | Change; Modern Greek Relative Clauses. Ph.D. thesis, Agr = Ag Gender Number Person ; Department of Language and Linguistics, Mood = Ind | Con | Hortative; University of Essex. TTense =TPres | TPast| TFut | TCond |TImperf; CardOrd = NCard Gender Case| NCardX |NOrd Alexandros Poulis,Valia Kordoni, Julia Neu. 2005. Gender Number Case ; Implementation of a Modern Greek Grammar DForm = unit | teen | ten | hundr isVowel ; isVowel = Is | isNot ; Fragment, using the LKB System and the LinGO Aspect = Perf | Imperf ; Grammar Matrix, Documentation, Department of Order = Main | Inv ; Computational Linguistics, University of Saarland. Form = Weak |Emphatic ; VForm = Ann Copestake. 2002. Implementing Typed Feature VPres Mood Number Person Voice Aspect| Structure Grammars. CSLI Publications VPast Mood Number Person Voice Aspect| VNonFinite Voice| Anna Iordanidou. 1999. Ta Rimata Tis Neas Ellinikis. VImperative Aspect Number Voice| Gerund | 4, 500 Rimata 235 Ypodeigmata Klisis - 4500 Participle Degree Gender Number Case; Modern Greek Verbs [in Greek],Patakis Voice = Active | Passive; Publishers,Athens. Prepos = P_se | PNul | P_Dat;

Carl Pollard and Ivan A. Sag. 1994. Head-Driven oper Phrase Structure Grammar. Chicago: University of AAgr : Type = {g : Gender ; n : Number} ; Chicago Press. VP = { v : Verb ; clit,clit2 : Str ; comp David Holton, Peter Mackridge, Irene Philippaki- : Agr => Str ; isNeg : Bool ; voice : Voice ; aspect :Aspect}; Warburton. 1999. Greek: a Comprehensive NounPhrase = { s : Case => {c1,c2,comp : grammar of the Modern language [in Greek], Str ; isClit : Bool } ; a : Agr; Patakis Publishers, Athens. isNeg:Bool}; Noun : Type = {s : Number => Case => Str ; Dimitra I. Tzanidaki. 1995. Greek word order: g : Gender} ; towards a new approach, UCL Working Papers in Adj : Type = {s : Degree => Gender => Number => Case => Str ; adv : Degree => Linguistics. Str } ; Adv : Type = {s : Str } ; Emily M. Bender, Dan Flickinger,Stephan Oepen. Verb : Type = {s : VForm => Str } ; 2002. The Grammar Matrix : An open source Det : Type = {s : Gender => Case => Str ; starter-kit for the rapid development of cross- n : Number}; linguistically consistent broad-coverage precision PName : Type = {s : Number => Case => Str ; g : Gender} ; grammars.In Proceedings of of COLING 2002 Pronoun : Type = { s : Case => {c1,c2,comp: Workshop on Grammar Engineering and Str ; isClit : Bool } ; a : Agr; poss : Evaluation,Taipei, Taiwan Str } ; Preposition = {s : Str ; c : Case} ; Janna Khegai. 2006. Language engineering in Quantifier = {s : Bool => Gender => Number Grammatical Framework(GF). Phd thesis, => Case => Str ; sp : Gender => Number => Case => Str ; isNeg:Bool } ; Computer Science, Chalmers University of Compl : Type ={s : Str ; c : Case ; isDir : Technology. Bool} ;

Maria Chondrogianni. 2011. The Pragmatics of Appendix B. Verbs of First Conjugation Prohibitive and Hortative in MG, in Kitis E., Lavidas N., Topintzi N. & Tsangalidis T. (eds.) mkVerb1 : Selected papers from the 19th International (x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8,x9,x10,x11,x12,x13,x 14,x15 : Str) -> Verb = \paIzw, paIksw, Symposium on Theoretical and Applied Epeksa, Epeza, paIz,paIks, Epeks, Epez, De, Linguistics (19 ISTAL, April 2009)pp. 135-142, p, p1, Imp, Imp2, Imp3 ,part-> Thessaloniki: Monochromia. { s = table { Marina Lekakou and Kriszta Szendroi. 2012. VPres Ind Sg P1 Active _ => paIzw ; Polydefinites in Greek: Ellipsis, close apposition VPres Ind Sg P2 Active _ => paIz + "εις" ; VPres Ind Sg P3 Active _=> paIz + "ει" ;

132 VPres Ind Pl P1 Active _ => paIz+ "οσμε" ; as = vp.aspect VPres Ind Pl P2 Active _ => paIz + "ετε" ; in VPres Ind Pl P3 Active _ => paIz + "οσν" ; v.c3.s ++ "να" ++ vp.clit ++ vp.clit2 VPres Ind Sg P1 Passive _ => paIz + "ομαι" ; ++ vp.v.s ! VPres Con agr.n agr.p vo VPres Ind Sg P2 Passive _ => paIz + "εσαι" ; as ++ vp.comp! a ; VPres Ind Sg P3 Passive _=> paIz + "εται" ; c2 = v.c2 VPres Ind Pl P1 Passive _=> p + "όμαστε" ; } ; VPres Ind Pl P2 Passive _ => paIz + "εστε" ; VPres Ind Pl P3 Passive _ => paIz +"ονται" ; ComplSlash vp np = insertObject vp.c2 np VPres _ Sg P1 Active _ => paIksw ; (insertComplement (\\a => vp.c2.s ++ VPres _ Sg P2 Active _ => paIks + "εις" ; vp.n3 ! np.a ) vp ) ; VPres _ Sg P3 Active _ => paIks + "ει" ; VPres _ Pl P1 Active _=> paIks + "οσμε" ; VPres _ Pl P2 Active _ => paIks + "ετε" ; VPres _ Pl P3 Active _ => paIks + "οσν" ; Appendix D. Example of the Test Set VPres _ Sg P1 Passive _ => p1 + "ώ" ; VPres _ Sg P2 Passive _ => p1 + "είς" ; VPres _ Sg P3 Passive _ => p1 + "εί" ; mkUtt (mkNP (mkNP john_PN) (mkRS (mkRCl VPres _ Pl P1 Passive _ => p1 + "ούμε" ; which_RP (mkVP walk_V)))) VPres _ Pl P2 Passive _ => p1 + "είτε" ; John , who walks VPres _ Pl P3 Passive _ => p1 + "ούν" ; ο Γιάννης , ποσ περπατά VPast _ Sg P1 Active Perf => Epeksa ; VPast _ Sg P2 Active Perf=> Epeks +"ες" ; mkUtt (mkNP or_Conj (mkNP this_Det woman_N) VPast _ Sg P3 Active Perf => Epeks +"ε" ; (mkNP john_PN)) VPast _ Pl P1 Active Perf =>paIks+"αμε" ; this woman or John VPast _ Pl P2 Active Perf =>paIks+"ατε" ; αστή η γσναίκα ή ο Γιάννης VPast _ Pl P3 Active Perf => Epeks+"αν" ; VPast _ Sg P1 Passive Perf => De +"ηκα" ; mkUtt (mkNP or_Conj (mkListNP (mkNP this_Det VPast _ Sg P2 Passive Perf => De+"ηκες" ; woman_N) (mkListNP (mkNP john_PN) i_NP))) VPast _ Sg P3 Passive Perf => De +"ηκε" ; this woman , John or I VPast _ Pl P1 Passive Perf =>p1+"ήκαμε" ; αστή η γσναίκα , ο Γιάννης ή εγώ VPast _ Pl P2 Passive Perf=> p1+"ήκατε" ; VPast _ Pl P3 Passive Perf => De+"ηκαν" ; mkUtt (mkCN big_A house_N ) VPast _ Sg P1 Active Imperf => Epeza ; big house VPast _ Sg P2 Active Imperf =>Epez+ "ες"; μεγάλο σπίτι VPast _ Sg P3 Active Imperf => Epez +"ε"; VPast _ Pl P1 Active Imperf =>paIz+"αμε"; mkUtt (mkCN big_A (mkCN blue_A house_N)) VPast _ Pl P2 Active Imperf =>paIz+"ατε"; big blue house VPast _ Pl P3 Active Imperf => Epez+"αν"; μεγάλο μπλέ σπίτι VPast _ Sg P1 Passive Imperf=>p+"όμοσν"; VPast _ Sg P2 Passive Imperf=>p+"όσοσν"; mkUtt (mkCN (mkAP very_AdA big_A) house_N ) VPast _ Sg P3 Passive Imperf =>p+"όταν"; very big house VPast _ Pl P1 Passive Imperf=>p+"όμασταν"; πολύ μεγάλο σπίτι VPast _ Pl P2 Passive Imperf=>p+"όσασταν"; VPast _Pl P3 Passive Imperf=>p+"όντοσσαν"; mkUtt (mkCN (mkAP very_AdA big_A) (mkCN VNonFinite Active => paIks + "ει"; blue_A house_N) ) VNonFinite Passive => p1 + "εί"; very big blue house VImperative Perf Sg Active=> Imp2 ; πολύ μεγάλο μπλέ σπίτι VImperative Perf Pl Active => Imp ; VImperative Imperf Sg Active => Imp3 ; VImperative Imperf Pl Active =>paIz+"ετε"; VImperative _ Sg Passive = mkImperPassive paIks + "οσ"; VImperative _ Pl Passive => p1 + "είτε" ; Gerund => paIz + "οντας" ; Participle d g n c => (regAdj part).s !d! g !n !c}};

Appendix C. Verb Complementation Examples

ComplVV v vp = insertComplement (\\a => case a of { Ag _ n p => let vo= vp.voice ; as = vp.aspect in "να" ++ vp.clit ++ vp.clit2 ++ vp.v.s ! VPres Con n p vo as ++ vp.comp ! a}) (predV v) ;

SlashV2V v vp = mkVPSlash v.c2 (predV v) ** { n3 = \\a => let agr = clitAgr a ; vo = vp.voice ;

133