DOCSLIB.ORG

GF Modern Greek Resource Grammar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
GF Modern Greek Resource Grammar GF Modern Greek Resource Grammar Ioanna Papadopoulou University of Gothenburg [email protected] Abstract whilst each of the syntactic parts of the sentence (subject, object, predicate) is a carrier of a certain The paper describes the Modern Greek (MG) case, a fact that allows various word order Grammar, implemented in Grammatical structures. In addition, the language presents a Framework (GF) as part of the Grammatical dynamic syllable stress, whereas its position Framework Resource Grammar Library depends and alternates according to the (RGL). GF is a special-purpose language for morphological variations. Moreover, MG is one multilingual grammar applications. The RGL 1 is a reusable library for dealing with the of the two Indo-European languages that retain a morphology and syntax of a growing number productive synthetic passive formation. In order of natural languages. It is based on the use of to realize passivization, verbs use a second set of an abstract syntax, which is common for all morphological features for each tense. languages, and different concrete syntaxes implemented in GF. Both GF itself and the 2 Grammatical Framework RGL are open-source. RGL currently covers more than 30 languages. MG is the 35th GF (Ranta, 2011) is a special purpose language that is available in the RGL. For the programming language for developing purpose of the implementation, a morphology- multilingual applications. It can be used for driven approach was used, meaning a bottom- building translation systems, multilingual web up method, starting from the formation of gadgets, natural language interfaces, dialogue words before moving to larger units systems and natural language resources. GF is (sentences). We discuss briefly the main capable of parsing and generating texts, while characteristics and grammatical features of working from a language-independent MG, and present some of the major difficulties we encountered during the process of representation of meaning. The GF Grammar is implementation and how these are handled in based on two different modules. An abstract the MG grammar. module provides category and function declarations, thus it constitutes a representation 1 Introduction of a set of possible trees that reflect the semantically relevant structure of a language, Greek is a member of the Indo-European family and one or more concrete modules that contain of languages and constitutes by itself a separate linearization type definitions and rules, therefore branch of that family. Modern Greek (MG) can managing to relate the tree structures with linear be easily traced back to Ancient Greek in the tree representations. The RGL contains the set of form of letters, word roots and structures, despite grammars of natural languages that are the fact that the language has undergone a series implemented in GF. The parallelism of the of transformations through the ages and has been grammars is inevitable, given that their a subject of considerable simplification. MG development is based on the same rules and th makes use of the Greek alphabet since the 8 functions that are defined in a common abstract century B.C. Today the language is spoken by syntax. At the moment RGL covers 34 approximately 13.1 million people worldwide. languages2 that originate not only from the Some of the general characteristics of MG refer European continent, but from all over the world. to the diversity of the morphology and the use of The common API defines around 60 hierarchical an extremely large number of morphological features in order to express grammatical 1 The other one being Albanian notations. Words are in their majority declinable, 2 http://www.grammaticalframework.org/lib/doc/status.html 126 Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with RANLP 2013, pages 126–133, Hissar, Bulgaria, 9-11 September 2013. grammatical categories, and a large number of all the specific features which may affect their syntactic functions. MG constitutes the newest formation. The creation of nouns includes 17 addition to the RGL and its implementation distinct functions that are categorized depending consists of 28 concrete modules. on the noun ending, the stress movement, whether the noun is parisyllabic or 3 Morphology imparisyllabic, or whether the noun augments its syllables when inflected. These functions also Morphology constitutes the most important handle specific phenomena of the MG language, aspect of the Greek Language. The words are in such as the change of gender of a noun in the their majority declinable, produced via a plural form, or nouns that originate from Ancient combination of meta-linguistic elements, such as Greek, and are still used nowadays, retaining a stem and an ending. The endings are assigned intact their form and endings. Similarly 6 proportionally with the part of speech and the functions create adjectives, where we also type, and act as carriers of grammatical introduce the degree parameter that creates notations, indicating the gender, the number, the additional forms for all three adjective genders. case or the person, or in the case of verbs the The formation of the pronouns is of special tense, the mood, the voice and the aspect as well. interest, as MG makes use of two distinct types, Appendix A presents the parameter types and the emphatic and the weak. The weak form3 operations that are defined in the grammar. The occurs more often, whilst the use is always in implementation of the GF MG morphology close connection with verbs, nouns or adverbs. started from scratch. All declinable words Our grammar introduces both forms of the needed to undergo a first simplistic pronoun, but it also alternates between them categorization in order to create basic declension when the syntactic structure requires the use of a tables, before moving to sub-categorizations that particular form. Greek proper nouns follow all allowed us to treat the various irregularities that the declension patterns and irregularities of govern the morphological structure of MG. One common nouns morphology, meaning that they of the main aspects of MG is the presence of a are primarily inflected for gender, case and dynamic syllable stress, a phenomenon that number. Moreover, they present a major created additional difficulties in the differentiation comparing to other languages, implementation of the morphology. A stress can which refers to the introduction of the proper move from a stem to an ending but in many cases noun with a definite article that takes its form the movement is realized inside the stem. Such according to the grammatical features of the issues are handled in GF with the introduction of modified proper noun. The morphology of the pattern matching functions and pattern macros. verb in MG consists of a complex inflection The MG grammar includes 25 pattern matching system, as shown in Appendix B. Whilst in many functions and macros that indentify stressed languages, the grammatical notations are vowels, while at the same time they perform over expressed with the use primarily of syntax, MG a string, checking the matches, transforming the uses the combination of a stem and an stressed vowels into their unstressed form, and inflectional ending to express grammatical assigning the stress to the correct character. They categories such as person, number, tense, voice, also serve to assigning the appropriate case aspect and mood. The fact that MG retains a ending or handle irregularities, such as the productive synthetic passive formation increases addition of extra consonants and reduplication drastically the number of possible forms of the cases. verb, as most verbs have a second set of 3.1 Declinable Parts of Speech morphological forms for each tense in order to express passivization. Whilst Greek verbs are All nouns, proper nouns, adjectives, determiners, divided in two main categories, the second one quantifiers, pronouns, participles, articles and subdivided into two smaller ones, (Holton et al verbs in MG are declinable and each category ,1999; Iordanidou, 1999), the creation of the verb presents its own characteristics and irregularities. morphology in our grammar imposed the The implementation of the above categories consideration of a number of specific parameters, follows a similar pattern: we first divide them among them the stress movement, the number of into the main conjugations that grammars syllables which affects on the creation of the propose and then we make an exhaustive list of all the rules that specify their creation, as well as 3 Clitic pronoun 127 imperative forms, the active stem forms upon oper which we create the passive stems, the formation Noun : Type = {s : Number => Case => Str ; g : of the passive perfective participle, reduplication Gender} ; patterns, internal augmentation phenomena. In addition to the above, we needed to handle mkNoun_agori : (s: Str) -> Gender -> Noun = \agOri, g -> various irregularities, which referred mainly to let the formation of the imperative or dependent agori = mkStemNouns agOri; forms, the passivization or not of the verb, the in { occurrence of a participle, the formation of the s = table { Sg => table { active or passive simple past with the use of Nom | Acc | Vocative|CPrep P_se |CPrep PNul => ending forms borrowed from Ancient Greek. All agOri ; the above parameters resulted in the creation of Gen |CPrep P_Dat=> mkGenSg agori} ; 26 main functions that handle the changes in the Pl => table { inflected endings of the verbs, and 39 smaller Nom | Acc | Vocative|CPrep P_se |CPrep PNul => functions that are connected to the main mkNomPl agOri; Gen |CPrep P_Dat=> mkGen agOri}} ; g = g } ; functions and help us handle the modifications that the stem is subjected to, when conjugated. mkStemNouns : Str -> Str = \s -> case s of { Moreover, we must emphasize on the necessity c + v@(#stressedVowel) + x@(_ + _) =>c + unstress to create a series of pattern matching functions v + x } ; that form and alter stems, for the production of the passive perfective according to the active mkGenSg : Str -> Str = \s -> perfective or imperfective, the passive imperative case s of and the participles.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Greek Grammar in Greek
    Greek Grammar in Greek William S. Annis Scholiastae.org∗ February 5, 2012 Sometimes it would be nice to discuss grammar without having to drop back to our native language, so I’ve made a collection of Greek grammatical vocabulary. My primary source is E. Dickey’s Ancient Greek Scholarship. Over more than a millennium of literary scholarship in the ancient world has resulted in a vast and somewhat redundant vocabulary for many corners of grammar. Since my goal is to make it possible to produce Greek rather than to provide a guide to ancient scholarship — for which Dickey’s book is the best guide — I have left out a lot of duplicate terminology. In general I tried to pick the word that appears to inspire the Latin, and thus the modern, grammatical vocabulary. I also occasionally checked to see what Modern Greek uses for a term. Parts of Speech The Greeks divided up the parts of speech a little differently, but for the most part we’ve inherited their division. • μέρος λόγου “part of speech” • ὄνομα, τό “noun” • ἐπίθετον “adjective” (in ancient grammar considered a kind of noun) • ῥῆμα, τό “verb” • μετοχή, ἡ “participle” (which we now think of as part of the verb) • ἄρθρον, τό “article” and also relative pronoun in the scholia • ἀντωνυμία, ἡ “pronoun” { ἀναφορική “relative” { δεικτική “demonstrative” { κτητική “possessive,” i.e., ἐμός, σός, κτλ. • πρόθεσις, ἡ “preposition” ∗This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. 1 • ἐπίρρημα, τό “adverb” but also covering some particles in the scholia • σύνδεσμος, ὁ “conjunction” but, again, also covering some particles in the scholia There was no classical word that matched the contemporary notion of a particle, which were described by their function as either σύνδεσμοι or ἐπιρρήματα.
    [Show full text]
  • BORE ASPECTS OP MODERN GREEK SYLTAX by Athanaaios Kakouriotis a Thesis Submitted Fox 1 the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Of
    BORE ASPECTS OP MODERN GREEK SYLTAX by Athanaaios Kakouriotis A thesis submitted fox1 the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 1979 ProQuest Number: 10731354 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731354 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 II Abstract The present thesis aims to describe some aspects of Mod Greek syntax.It contains an introduction and five chapters. The introduction states the purpose for writing this thesis and points out the fact that it is a data-oriented rather, chan a theory-^oriented work. Chapter one deals with the word order in Mod Greek. The main conclusion drawn from this chapter is that, given the re­ latively rich system of inflexions of Mod Greek,there is a freedom of word order in this language;an attempt is made to account for this phenomenon in terms of the thematic structure. of the sentence and PSP theory. The second chapter examines the clitics;special attention is paid to clitic objects and some problems concerning their syntactic relations .to the rest of the sentence are pointed out;the chapter ends with the tentative suggestion that cli­ tics might be taken care of by the morphologichi component of the grammar• Chapter three deals with complementation;this a vast area of study and-for this reason the analysis is confined to 'oti1, 'na* and'pu' complement clauses; Object Raising, Verb Raising and Extraposition are also discussed in this chapter.
    [Show full text]
  • Interrogative Words: an Exercise in Lexical Typology
    Interrogative words: an exercise in lexical typology Michael Cysouw [email protected] Bantu grammer: description and theory 3; Session on question formation in Bantu ZAS Berlin – Friday 13 Februari 2004 1 Introduction Wer, wie, was? Der, die, das! Wieso, weshalb, warum? Wer nicht fragt, bleibt dumm! (German Sesame Street) This is first report on a study of the cross-linguistic diversity of interrogative words.1 The data are only preliminary and far from complete – for most of the languages included I am not sure whether I have really found all interrogative words (the experience with German shows that it is not do easy to collect them all). Further, the sample of languages investigated (see appendix) is not representative of the world’s languages, though it presents a fair collection of genetically and areally diverse languages. I will not say too much about relative frequencies, but mainly collect cases of particular phenomena to establish guidelines for further research. (1) Research questions a. What can be asked by an interrogative word? Which kind of interrogative categories are distinguished in the world’s languages? Do we need more categories than the seven lexicalised categories in English – who, what, which, where, when, why and how? b. Can all attested question words be expressed in all languages? For example, the German interrogative word wievielte is hardly translatable into English ‘how manieth’. c. How do the the interrogative words look like? – Have all interrogative categories own lexicalised/phrasal forms, or are they homonomous with other interrogative categories? For example, English ‘how did you do it?’ and ‘how long is it?’ use the same interrogative word, but this is not universally so.
    [Show full text]
  • Subject-Verb Word-Order in Spanish Interrogatives: a Quantitative Analysis of Puerto Rican Spanish1
    Near-final version (February 2011): under copyright and that the publisher should be contacted for permission to re-use or reprint the material in any form Brown, Esther L. & Javier Rivas. 2011. Subject ~ Verb word-order in Spanish interrogatives: a quantitative analysis of Puerto Rican Spanish. Spanish in Context 8.1, 23–49. Subject-verb word-order in Spanish interrogatives: A quantitative analysis of Puerto Rican Spanish1 Esther L. Brown and Javier Rivas We conduct a quantitative analysis of conversational speech from native speakers of Puerto Rican Spanish to test whether optional non-inversion of subjects in wh-questions (¿qué tú piensas?) is indicative of a movement in Spanish from flexible to rigid word order (Morales 1989; Toribio 2000). We find high rates of subject expression (51%) and a strong preference for SV word order (47%) over VS (4%) in all sentence types, inline with assertions of fixed SVO word order. The usage-based examination of 882 wh-questions shows non-inversion occurs in 14% of the cases (25% of wh- questions containing an overt subject). Variable rule analysis reveals subject, verb and question type significantly constrain interrogative word order, but we find no evidence that word order is predicted by perseveration. SV word order is highest in rhetorical and quotative questions, revealing a pathway of change through which word order is becoming fixed in this variety. Keywords: word order, language change, Caribbean Spanish, interrogative constructions 1. Introduction In typological terms, Spanish is characterized as a flexible SVO language. As has been shown by López Meirama (1997: 72), SVO is the basic word order in Spanish, with the subject preceding the verb in pragmatically unmarked independent declarative clauses with two full NPs (Mallinson & Blake 1981: 125; Siewierska 1988: 8; Comrie 1989).
    [Show full text]
  • A Short and Easy
    A SHORT A ND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR C a r l W ied l o t A SHORT AND EASY MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR. W ITH MMA TI A L D A T A EX E I GRA C A N CONVERS ION L RC SES, ID I MA TI PR VERBIAL PHRASES AND O C, O , B ULA Y F ULL VOCA R . FTER THE GERMAN OF CARL WIED MARY GARDNER WITH A PREFACE BY ERNEST GARD NER M A , . FELLOW O F G O VILLE A ND AIU O LLEGE AMBRI GE N C S C , C D , A ND R E BR F DI CTO R. O F THE ITISH SCHO O L O ARCHAEO LO GY A T ATHENS I onbon D A V ID NUTT 2 70 AND 2 7 1 STRAND 1 892 R I HAR LAY A ND O S IMITE C D C S N , L D , LO D B NDO N AN UNG AY . (Allrights reserved . ) ’ TRANSLATO R S PREFACE. MY very hearty t hanks are d ue to allwho have so kin dly helped V me m t t as F st m st t a Mr V ied an d t a e in y sligh k . ir I u h nk . , k the O pportunity t o ask his pardon for the amount of a lteration an d rearrangement of his text which I have found it impo ssib le t o a Mr L a h as a m an d t a s . e at e void .
    [Show full text]
  • The Interrogative Words of Tlingit an Informal Grammatical Study
    The Interrogative Words of Tlingit An Informal Grammatical Study Seth Cable July 2006 Contents 1. Introductory Comments and Acknowledgments p. 4 2. Background Assumptions p. 5 3.The Interrogative Words of Tlingit p. 6 4. Simple Questions in Tlingit p. 6 4.1 The Pre-Predicate Generalization p. 7 4.2 The Preference for the Interrogative Word to be Initial p. 10 4.3 The Generalization that Interrogative Words are Left Peripheral p. 13 4.4 Comparison with Other Languages p. 14 5. Complex Questions and ‘Pied-Piping’ in Tlingit p. 16 6. Multiple Questions and the ‘Superiority Condition’ in Tlingit p. 23 7. Free Relatives and ‘Matching Effects’ in Tlingit p. 30 7.1 The Free Relative Construction in Tlingit p. 30 7.2 Matching Effects in Tlingit Free Relatives p. 36 8. Negative Polarity Indefinites in Tlingit p. 38 8.1 Negative Polarity Indefinites (‘NPI’s) and Interrogative Words p. 38 8.2 Tlingit Interrogative Words as Negative Polarity Indefinites p. 42 8.3 The Use of Interrogative Words in Negated Expressions p. 48 9. Tlingit Interrogative Words as Plain Existentials and Specific Indefinites p. 58 1 9.1 Tlingit Interrogative Words as Plain Existentials p. 58 9.2 Tlingit Interrogative Words as Specific Indefinites p. 62 10. Other Uses of Tlingit Interrogative Words in Non-Interrogative Sentences p. 65 10.1 Question-Based Exclamatives in Tlingit p. 65 10.2 Apparent Uses as Relative Pronouns p. 68 10.3 Concessive Free Relatives in Tlingit p. 74 10.4 Various Other Constructions Containing Waa ‘How’ or Daat ‘What’ p.
    [Show full text]
  • Multi-Word Verbs with the Verb 'Make', and Their Croatian Counterparts
    Multi-word verbs with the verb 'make', and their Croatian counterparts Najdert, Igor Undergraduate thesis / Završni rad 2018 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences / Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Filozofski fakultet Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:142:440686 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-09-28 Repository / Repozitorij: FFOS-repository - Repository of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Osijek Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet Osijek Studij: Dvopredmetni sveučilišni preddiplomski studij engleskoga jezika i književnosti i hrvatskog jezika i književnosti Igor Najdert Višeriječni glagoli s glagolom make i njihovi hrvatski ekvivalenti Završni rad Mentor: doc. dr. sc. Goran Milić Osijek, 2018 Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet Osijek Odsjek za engleski jezik I književnost Studij: Dvopredmetni sveučilišni preddiplomski studij engleskoga jezika i književnosti i hrvatskoga jezika i književnosti Igor Najdert Multi-word verbs with make, and their Croatian counterparts Završni rad Znanstveno područje: humanističke znanosti Znanstveno polje: filologija Znanstvena grana: anglistika Mentor: doc. dr. sc. Goran Milić Osijek, 2018 J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Study Programme: Double Major BA Study Programme in English
    [Show full text]
  • Types of Interrogative Sentences an Interrogative Sentence Has the Function of Trying to Get an Answer from the Listener
    Types of Interrogative Sentences An interrogative sentence has the function of trying to get an answer from the listener, with the premise that the speaker is unable to make judgment on the proposition in question. Interrogative sentences can be classified from various points of view. The most basic approach to the classification of interrogative sentences is to sort out the reasons why the judgment is not attainable. Two main types are true-false questions and suppletive questions (interrogative-word questions). True-false questions are asked because whether the proposition is true or false is not known. Examples: Asu, gakkō ni ikimasu ka? ‘Are you going to school tomorrow?’; Anata wa gakusei? ‘Are you a student?’ One can answer a true-false question with a yes/no answer. The speaker asks a suppletive question because there is an unknown component in the proposition, and that the speaker is unable to make judgment. The speaker places an interrogative word in the place of this unknown component, asking the listener to replace the interrogative word with the information on the unknown component. Examples: Kyō wa nani o taberu? ‘What are we going to eat today?’; Itsu ano hito ni atta no? ‘When did you see him?” “Eating something” and “having met him” are presupposed, and the interrogative word expresses the focus of the question. To answer a suppletive question one provides the information on what the unknown component is. In addition to these two main types, there are alternative questions, which are placed in between the two main types as far as the characteristics are concerned.
    [Show full text]
  • Phrasal Imperatives in English
    PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(3): 1639-1655 ISSN: 00333077 Phrasal Imperatives in English 1Prof. Taiseer Flaiyih Hesan ; 2Teeba Khalid Shehab 1,2 University of Thi-Qar/ College of Education/ Department of English Abstract The present study has both theoretical and practical sides. Theoretically, it sheds light on phrasal imperatives (and hence PIs) as a phenomenon in English. That is, phrasal verbs are multi-word verbs that are generally composed of a verb and a particle. These verbs can be used imperatively instead of single-word verbs to form PIs. This study seeks to answer certain research questions: which form of phrasal verb can be allowed to be used as PIs? which type of phrasal verbs can be used “mostly” as PIs? in which function is the PI most frequent? It is hypothesized that certain forms of phrasal verbs can be used imperatively. Another hypothesis is that certain functions can be mostly realized by PIs. Practically speaking, this study is a corpus-based one. In this respect, corpus linguistics like Corpus of Contemporary American English (And hence COCA) can be regarded as a methodological approach since it is empirical and tends to use computers for analyzing. To fulfill the aims of this study, the researcher chooses twenty-three phrasal verbs which are used as PIs in COCA. These verbs are gathered manually through the wordlists of COCA. Using the technique of Microsoft Office Excel in the corpus analysis, it is concluded that PIs of the affirmative form are mostly used in the corpus data. As for the functions of these PIs, it seems that direct command has the highest occurrences there.
    [Show full text]
  • Hindi Grammar
    HINDI GRAMMAR. ELEMENTS OP HINDI AND BRAJ BHAKHA GRAMMAR. BY THE LATE JAMES R. BALLANTYNE, LL.D. SECOND EDITION. LONDON: TRUBNER AND CO., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW. 1868. [alt. bights reserved.] HERTFORD: STEPHEN AUSTIN, PRINTER. INTRODUCTION. In representing the oriental sounds in English letters, the system of Sir William Jones has been employed, slightly modified. The vowels must, then, be pronounced as follows: viz., a as in arise; a as in far ; i as in wit; i as in 'police ; u as in bush ; u as in rule; e as in they ; ai as in the Italian mai; o as in so ; au as in the Italian paura. The con¬ sonants must receive their usual English sounds, except that, as regards th and ph, the compounds must be sounded as in the words “poMook” and “haphazard,” not as in “Mis” or “Min” and “philo¬ logy” This impression differs from the first by numerous alterations and additions; but they are such as, it is believed, the Author would have approved. HINDI AND BRAJ BHAKHA GRAMMAR. PART FIRST. CHAPTER I. OF THE ALPHABET. 1. The Ndgari alphabet, in which the Hindi language is generally written, consists of forty-nine letters. It is read, like English, from left to right, and is as follows:—• Vowels. a, ^ d, X. i, t ^ «, gj «, ^ ri, rt), ft), $)) 41 au9 with • n9 l h (not initial)* Consonants. Gutturals ha, Vhha, Uga, q gha, (Vita). Palatals ^ cha, V chha, nja, ifjha. (’Two). Linguals Z (a. 7 (ha, ^ da, * dha. TJJ na. Dentals If ta, If tha, Tg da, V dha, if na.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short and Easy Modern Greek Grammar
    L EG E ise Boo and k , LI BRARY THE UNI VERSI TY O F C ALI FO RNI A SANTA BARBARA PRESENTED BY ED I TH ST I C K NEY nacxr e n racu i s itself co s is , n ting eith e r of a short s to ry or o f a des criptio n of some particu la r i o d f s ci et ep s e or ph as e o o y. “ rl — Amo st the mea s now ado d Literary Wo d . n n pte in orde r to i ncre as e the pleas u re an relie ve the dru dge ry of le a rning a ei la u a e one of the e is h for gn ng g , b st t e sele ction o f more i te es ti e x t acts for e adi t a was fo me l the ca e and n r ng r r ng h n r r y s , this te nde ncy is ve ry m arke d in The Wellington C ollege French Pu ils who av e it la ced in t e i a d l Reader . p h p h r h n s are great y ° vil ed in com a iso wit o s f eg p r n h th e o a forme r ge ne rati o n . to ies and s etc es f o m Erckmann- C hatrian u le s nde au r k h r , J S a , Al o se D au det and o t e w ite s who a e al to a co te m ph n , h r r r pp n rar e c - e a di u li c are de cidedl mo e e te tai in po y Fr n h r ng p b , y r n r n g t a the models of co ect w iti who we e fo me l in vo u e h n rr r ng r r r y g , while the a dvantage is gain ed o f be co ming accu stomed to Fre nch as it is s o e and w itte at the e se t da The Rea der is p k n r n pr n y.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Two Greek Dictionaries Language Problems and Language Planning, 26(3): 219-252
    http://www.diva-portal.org Postprint This is the accepted version of a paper published in Language Problems and Language Planning. This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof- corrections or journal pagination. Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Tseronis, A. (2002) Diglossic past and present lexicographical practices: The case of two Greek dictionaries Language Problems and Language Planning, 26(3): 219-252 https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.26.3.02tse Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-70098 1 This is the author’s accepted manuscript. Please refer to the published article: Tseronis, A. (2002). Diglossic past and present lexicographical practices : The case of two Greek dictionaries. Language Problems and Language Planning, 26 (3), 219-252. Diglossic past and present lexicographical practices The case of two Greek dictionaries Assimakis Tseronis Universiteit van Amsterdam, Graduate School for Humanities The publication of a dictionary is a means to describe, codify and ultimately standardise a language. This process becomes even more complicated with regard to the lexicographer’s own attitude towards the language one sets to describe and the public’s sensitivity towards language matters. The case of the recent publication of the two most authoritative dictionaries of Modern Greek and their respective lexical coverage prove that the underlying ideologies of the two publishing institutes concerning the history of the Greek language, as well as their opposing standpoints on the language question over the past decades, still survive, some 25 years after the constitutional resolution of the Greek diglossia, and affect the way they describe the synchronic state of language.
    [Show full text]