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Collins Collins French Crammar Harpercollins Publishers When you buy a Collins dictionary Westerhill Road or thesaurus and register on Bishopbriggs wurw.collinslanguage,com for the free clasgow online and digital services, you will not CONTENTS G64 2qT be charged by HarperCollins for access to Creat Britain Collins free Online Dictionary content or Foreword for language teachers V Collins free OnlineThesaurus content on First Edition 2oo4 that website. However, your operator's Introduction for students vi charges for using the internet on your Reprint 15 14 13 12 11 10 computer will apply, Costs vary from Glossary of terms vill operator to operator. Harpercollins is not 1 o HarperCollins Publishers zoo4 responsible for any charges levied by online service providers for accessing Collins free Using nouns 1 rsBN 978-o-oo-219644-9 Online Dictionary or Collins free Online 2 Thesaurus on www.collinslanguage.com Forming plurals 9 Collins@ and Bank ofEnglish@ are using these services. registered trademarks of Articles 12 HarperCollins Publishers Limited HarperCollins does not wafiant Different types of 12 that the functions contained in The definite article: le, la, l' and les 13 www.collinslanguage.com www.collinslanguage.com content 't9 will be uninterrupted or error free, The indefinite article: un, une and des A catalogue record for this book is avaiiable that defects wiII be corrected, or that The partitive article: du, de la, de l'and des 22 from the British Library www.collinslanguage.com or the server that makes it available are free of viruses 25 Typeset by Davidson Pre-Press, Clasgow or bugs. HarperCollins is not responsible Using adjectives 25 for any access difficulties that may be Making adiectives agree 27 Printed in Italy by Rotolito Lombarda spA experienced due to problems with network, web, online or mobile phone connections. with adjectives 32 Comparatives and superlatives of adjectives 34 Acknowledgements Demonstrative adjectives: ce, cette, cet and ces 37 We would like to thank those authors and PUBLISHING DIRECTOR publishers who kindly gave permission for Lorna Knight adjectives 39 copydght material to be used in the Collins Indefinite adjectives 4'l Word Web. We would also like to thank EDITORIAL DIRECTOR Times Newspapers Ltd for providing Michela Clari 42 valuable data. Personal pronouns: 43 MANACING EDITOR Personal pronouns: direct 47 All dghts reserved. No part ofthis Maree Airlie Personal pronouns: indirect object . publication may be reproduced, stored 49 in a retrieval system or transmitted, in CONTRIBUTORS Emphatic pronouns 51 any form or by any means, electronic, WendyLee Possessive pronouns 54 mechanical, photocopying, recording or Cadlle Amiot-Cadey en and y otherwise, without the prior permission Di Larkin 56 of the publisher. This book is sold subject Using different types of together 59 to the conditions that it shall not, by way We would like to give special thanks to Indefinite pronouns 60 of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired Di Larkin, Foreign Languages Consultant, Relative pronouns 62 out or otherwise circulated without the and Irene Muir, Faculty Head, Belmont publisher's prior consent in any form of House School, for all their advice on Demonstrative pronouns 65 binding or cover other than that in which teaching practice in today's classroom. 69 it is published and without a similar Their contributions have been invaluable condition including this condition being in the writing of this book. The three coniugations 69 imposed on the subsequent purchaser. The 71 The present tense: regular -er (first conjugation) verbs 72 Entered words that we have reason to present (second believe constitute trademarks have been The tense: regular -ir conjugation) verbs 74 designated as such. However, neither the The present tense: regular -re (third conjugation) verbs 76 presence nor absence of such designation The present tense: spelling changes in -er verbs 78 should be regarded as affecting the legal The present tense: irregular verbs status of anv trademark. 82 The imperative 85 Reflexive verbs 88 The tense 92 The 98 FOREWORD FOR LANGUAGE TEACHERS The conditional 105 The perfect tense 111 The pluperfect tense 1't9 The fosy Leorning French Crommar is designed to be used with both young The passive 122 and adult learners, as a group reference book to complement your course The present participle 12s book during classes, or as a recommended text for self-study and lmpersonal verbs 127 homework/coursework. The subjunctive 129 The text specifically targets learners from ab initio to intermediate or CCSE Verbs followed by an 133 level, and therefore its structural content and vocabulary have matched "t37 been Other uses of the infinitive to the relevant specifications up to and including Higher CCSE. Negatives 138 The approach aims to develop knowledge and understanding of grammar and 142 your learners' ability to apply it by: How to ask a in French 142 r defining parts of speech at the start of each major section with Question words 146 examples in English to clarify concepts ',52 e minimizing the use of grammar terminology and providing clear How adverbs are used 1s2 explanations of terms both within the text and in the Glossary How adverbs are formed '152 o illustrating all points with examples (and their translations) based on Comparatives and superlatives of adverbs 155 topics and contexts which are relevant to beginner and intermediate Some common adverbs 157 course content Word order with adverbs 160 Prepositions 162 The text helps you develop positive attitudes to grammar learning in your How prepositions are used 162 classes by: i, de and en 163 o giving clear, easy-to-follow explanations Some other common prepositions 17'l Prepositions consisting of more than one word 177 o prioritizing content according to relevant specifications for the levels Prepositions after verbs 178 . sequencing points to reflect course content, e.g. tenses Prepositions after adjectives 183 o highlighting useful Tips to deal with common difficulties Conjunctions "184 . summarizing Key points at the end of sections to consolidate 184 et mais, ou, parce que and si learning Some other common conjunctions 186 The conjunction que 187 In addition to fostering success and building a thorough foundation in French Numbers 188 grammar, the optional Grammar Extra sections will encourage and challenge Time and date 190 your learners to further their studies to higher and advanced levels. Some common difficulties 193 The alphabet 198 Main index 199 Verb tables 1-94 Verb index 95-105 Note on trademarks Entered words which we have reason to believe constitute trademarks have been designated as such. However, neither the presence nor the absence of such designation should be regarded as affecting the legal status of any trademark. INTRODUCTION FOR STUDENTS rtp lf you are in doubt as to which form of you to use, it is safest to Whether you are starting to learn French for the very first time, brushing up on use vous and you will not offend anybody. topics you have studied in class, or revising for your CCSE exams, the fosy Leorning French Grommor is here to help. This easy-to-use guide takes you through all the basics you will need to speak and understand modern, Key points sum up all the important facts about a particular area of grammar, everyday French. to save you time when you are revising and help you focus on the main grammatical points. Newcomers can sometimes struggle with the technical terms they come across when they start to explore the grammar of a new language. fhe Eosy Leorning French Crammor explains how to get to grips with all the parts of speech you Key points will need to know, using simple language and cutting out jargon. y' Wittr masculine singular nouns + use un. y' Witn feminine singular nouns i use une. The text is divided into sections, each dealing with a particular area of y' witn plural nouns r use des. grammar. Each section can be studied individually, as numerous cross- y' references in the text point you to relevant points in other sections of the book un, une and des * change to de or d'in negative for further information. sentences. ( tne indefinite article is not usually used when you say what grammar Every major section begins with an explanation of the area of jobs people do, or in exclamations with quel. covered on the following pages. For quick reference, these definitions are also collected together on pages viii-xii in a glossary of essential grammar terms. lf you think you would like to continue with your French studies to a higher What is a verb? level, check out the Grammar Extra sections. These are intended for advanced A verb is a 'doing' word which describes what someone or something students who are interested in knowing a little more about the structures they does, what someone or something is, or what happens to them, for will come across beyond CCSE. exampfe, be, sing, live. Orammar Extra! lf you want to use an after quelque chose, rien, quelqu'un and Each grammar point in the text is followed by simple examples of real French, personne, you link the words with de. complete with English translations, helping you understand the rules. quelqu'un d'important someone important Underlining has been used in examples throughout the text to highlight the quelque chose gl'int6ressant something interesting grammatical point being explained. rien d'amusant nothing funny l lf you are talking about a part of your body, you usually use a word like my or his in English, but in French you usually use the definite article. Finally, the supplement at the end of the book contains Verb Tables, where 93 Tourne la tete i gauche. Turn your head to the left. important (both regular and irregular) are declined in full. Examples show you how to use these verbs in your own work. lf you are ll s'est cass6 le bras. He's broken his arm. unsure of how a verb declines in French, you can look up the Verb Index on J'ai mal d la gorge. l've got a sore throat. pages 95-1 05 to find either the conjugation of the verb itself, or a cross- reference to a model verb, which will show you the patterns that verb follows. ln French, as with any foreign language, there are certain pitfalls which have to be avoided. Tips and Information notes throughout the text are useful We hope that you will enjoy using the Eosy Learning French Grqmmor and fnd it reminders of the things that often trip learners up. useful in the course of your study. CON|UNCTION a word such as and, window?' -'He did.' Also called GLOSSARY OF GRAMMAR TERMS becouse or but that links two words stressed pronoun. or phrases of a similar type or two ENDING a form added to a verb, for ABSTRACT a word used to example, wolk, have, be, go. Compare parts of a sentence, for example, example, go-> gogg and to refer to a quality, idea, feeling or with infinitive. Diqne and I hove been friends for adjectives and nouns depending on experience, rather than a physical CARDINAL NUMBER a number used yeors.; I left because I was bored. whether they refer to masculine, object for example, size, reoson, in counting, for example, onet seven/ CONSONANT a letter of the feminine, singular or plural things. hoppiness. Compare with concrete ordinal ninety. Compare with alphabet which is not a vowel, for EXCLAMATION a word, phrase or noun. number. example, b, f, m, s, y etc. Compare sentence that you use to show you ADf ECTIVE a 'describing' word that CLAUSE a group of words containing with vowel. are surprised, shocked, angry and so tells you more about a person or a verb. CONSTRUCTION an arrangement of on, for exampfe/ Wow!; How dore thing, such as their appearance, COMPARATIVE an adjective or words together in a phrase or you!; What o surprise! qualities, colour, size or other for with -er on the end of it or sentence. FEMININE a form of noun, pronoun example, pretty, blue, big. more or /ess in front of it that is used or adjective is refer a DEFINITE ARTICLE the word the. that used to to ADVERB a word usually used with to compare people, things or actions, living being, idea Compare with indefinite article. thing or that is not verbs, adjectives or other adverbs for example, slower, less importont, classed as masculine. more corefully. DEMONSTRATIVE ADTECTIVE one of that gives more information about FUTURE a verb tense used to talk NOUN a the words this, thot, these and those when, where, how or in what COMPOUND a word for about something that will happen or used with a noun to point out a circumstances something happens, living being, thing or idea, which is will be true. for example, quickly, happily now. made up of two or more words, for particular person or thing, for GENDER whether a pronoun example, tin-opener, roilway stotion. example, this woman, thot dog. noun, AGREE (to) to change word endings or adjective is feminine or masculine. according to whether you are CONCRETE NOUN a word that refers DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN one of IMPEMTIVE the form of a verb used referring to masculine, feminine, to an object you can touch with your the words this, thqt, these and those when giving orders and instructions, singular or plural people or things. hand, rather than to a quality or used instead of a noun to point out idea, for ball, map, opples. for example, Shut the door!; Sit down!; changing word example, people or things, for example, Ihot Compare with abstract noun. Dont go! endings according to whether you looks fun. IMPERFECT one of the verb tenses are referring to masculine, feminine, CONDITIONAL a verb form used to DIRECT OBTECT a noun referring to used to talk about the pasf especially singular or plural people or things. talk about things that would happen the person or thing affected by the or would be true under certain in descriptions, and to say what was APOSTROPHE s an ending ('s) added action described by a verb, for conditions, for example, I would help happening or used to happen, for to a noun to show who or what exampfe, She wrote her nome.; I shut you if I could. lt is also used to say example, I used to walk to school; It someone or something belongs to, the window. Compare with indirect what you would like or need, for was sunny at the weekend. Compare for example, Danielle's dog, the object. example, Could you give me the bill? with perfect. doctor's wife, the book's cover. DIRECT OBTECT PRONOUN a word CONIUGATE (to) to give a verb IMPERSONAL VERB one which does such as me, him, us and them which ART|CLE a word like the, o and an, different endings according to not refer to a real person or thing is used instead of a noun to stand in which is used in front of a noun. See whether you are referring to I, you, and where the subject is represented for the person or thing most directly also definite article, indefinite they and so on, and according to by it, for example, lt's going to ioin; affected article and partitive article. whether you are referring to past by the action described by It's 10 o'clock the verb. Compare with indirect a verb such as be, present or future, for example, I hove, INDEFINITE ADIECTIVE one of a object pronoun. hove and do when it is used with a she had, they will hove. small group of adjectives used to talk main verb to form tenses, negatives CONfUGATION a group of verbs EMPHATIC PRONOUN a word used about people or things in a general and questions. which have the same endings as each instead of a noun when you want to way, without saying who or what BASE FORM the form of the verb other or change according to the emphasize something, for example, they are, for example, several, oll, without any endings added to it, for same pattern. ls this for me?; 'Who broke the every. INDEFINITE ARTICLE the words o and for example, Whsls hoppening?; PART OF SPEECH a word class, for person or thing. Compare with an. Compare with definite article. Who's coming? exampfe, noun, verb, odjective, singular. preposition, pronoun. INDEFINITE PRONOUN a small INVARIABLE used to describe a form POSSESSIVE ADf ECTIVE one of the group of pronouns such as which does not change. PARTITIVE ARTICLE the words sorne words m1q your, his, her, its, our or their, used with a noun to show that everything, nobody and something, IRREGULAR VERB a verb whose or eny, used to refer to part of a , one person or thing belongs to which are used to refer to people or forms do not follow a general pattern thing but not all of it, for example, another. things in a general way, without or the normal rules. Compare with Have you got Sny money?; l'm going saying exactly who or what they are. regular verb. to buy some breod. POSSESSIVE PRONOUN one of the words mine, yours, hers, his, ours or INDIRECT OBf ECT a noun used with MASCULINE a form of noun, PASSIVE a form of the verb that is For theirs, used instead of a noun to verbs that take two objects. pronoun or adjective that is used to used when the subject of the verb is I gove show that one person or thing example, in the carrot to the refer to a living being, thing or idea the person or thing that is affected robbit, the rqbbitis the indirect object belongs to another. that is not classed as feminine. by the action, for example t we were and carrot is the direct object. PREPOSITION is a word such as af, NEGATIVE a question or statement told. Compare with direct object. for; with, into or from, which is usually which contains a word such as not, PAST PARTICIPLE a verb form which INDIRECT OBIECT PRONOUN when followed by a noun, pronoun or, in never or nothing, and is used to say is used to form perfect and a verb has two objects (a direct one Engfish, a word ending in -ing. that something is not happening, is pluperfect tenses and passives, for and an indirect one), the indirect Prepositions show how people and not true or is absenf for example, example, wotched, swum. Some past object pronoun is used instead of a things relate to the rest of the I never eat meot; Don't you love me? participles are also used as adjectives, noun to show the person or the sentence, for example, She's of home; for exampfe, a broken watch. thing the action is intended to NOUN a'naming'word for a living a tool fel cutting gross; lt's from Dovid. being, thing or idea, for example, benefit or harm, for example, me in PERFECT one of the verb tenses used PRESENT a verb form used to talk womary desk, hoppiness, Andrew. He gave me q book and Cqn you get to talk about the past especially about what is true at the moment me a towel? Compare with direct NUMBER used to say how many about actions that took place and what happens regularly, and what is object pronoun. things you are referring to or where were completed in the past. happening now, for example, /'m o INDIRECT QUESTION used to tell something comes in a sequence. See Compare with imperfect. student; I trqvel to college by train; l'm also someone else about a question and ordinal number and cardinal PERSON one of the three classes: the studvino lonauqses. introduced by a verb such as osk, tell number. first person (1, we), the second person PRESENT PARTICIPLE a verb form or wonder, for example, He osked me OBTECT a noun or pronoun which (you singular and you plural), and the ending in -ing which is used in whot the time wos; I wonder who he is. refers to a person or thing that is third person (he, she, it and they). English to form verb tenses, and affected by the action described by which may be used as an adjective or INFINITIVE the form of the verb with one of the the verb. Compare with direct a noun, for example, What ore you fo in front of it and without any group of words including l, you and for to wolk, obiect, indirect object and subject. doing?; the setting sun; Swimming is endings added, example, they which are used to refer to to hove, to be, to go. Compare with easy! OBIECT PRONOUN one of the set of yourself, the people you are talking base form. PRONOUN pronouns including me, him and to, or the people or things you are a word which you use ADIECTIVE a them, which are used instead of the talking about. instead of a noun, when you do not question word used with a noun to noun as the object of a verb or need or want to name someone or PLUPERFECT one of the verb tenses ask who?, whqfT or which? for preposition. Compare with subject something directly, for example, lf, used describe something example, Whqt instruments do you pronoun. to that had you, none. happened or had been true at a ploy?; Which shoes do you like? ORDINAL NUMBER a number used PROPER NOUN the name of a point in the past, for example, /'of INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN one of to indicate where something comes person/ place, organization or thing. forqotten to finish mv homework. the words who, whose, whom, what in an order or sequence, for example, Proper nouns are always written with and which when they are used first, fifth, sixteenth. Compare with PLURAL the form of a word which is a capitaf letter, for example, Kevin, instead of a noun to ask questions, cardinal number. used to refer to more than one Glasgow, Europe, London Eye. QUESTION WORD a word such as described by the verb, for example, NOUNS why, where, who, which or how which My cqt doesn't drink milk. Compare is used to ask a question. with object. REFLEXIVE PRONOUN a word PRONOUN a word such as SUBTECT What is a noun? ending in -self or -selves, such as l, he, she and theywhich carries out A noun is a 'naming'word for a living being, thing or idea, for example, myself or themselves, which refers the action described by the verb. womont happiness, Andrew. back to the subject, for example, Pronouns stand in for nouns when it He hurt himself.; Toke care of ypunell. is clear who is being talked about, for a verb where the example, My brother isn't here ot the Using nouns subject and object are the same, and moment. He'll be back in an hour. D In French, nouns are masculine where the action 'reflects back' on Compare with object pronoun. all either or feminine. This is called their gender. Even words for things have a gender. the subject. A reflexive verb is used SUBTUNCTIVE a verb form used in with a reflexive pronoun such as certain circumstances to express D Whenever you are using a noun, you need to know whether it is mascullne myself, yourself, herself, for example, some sort of feeling, or to show or feminine as this affects the form of other words used with it, such as: I wqshed myself.; He shaved himself. doubt about whether something will o adiectives that describe it REGULAR VERB a verb whose forms happen or whether something is o articles (such as le or une) go follow a general pattern or the true. lt is only used occasionally in that before it normal rules. Compare with irregular modern English, for example, /f / . pronouns (such as il or elle) that replace it verb. were you, I wouldn't bother.; So be it. t) For more informotion on Adjectives, Articles or Pronouns, see pages 25, 12 a word such as SUPERLATIVE an adlective or adverb and 42. thot, who or which, when it is used to with -esf on the end of it or mosf or link two parts of a sentence together. is /eosf in front of it that used to D You can find information about gender by looking the word up in a SENTENCE a group of words which compare people, things or actions, dictionary. When you come across a new noun, always learn the word for usually has a verb and a subject. In for example, thinnesL most quickly, the or o that goes with it to help you remember its gender. writing, a sentence has a capital leqst interesting. o le or un before a noun tells you it is masculine letter at the beginning and a full SYLIABLE consonant+vowel units o la or before a noun you is stop, question mark or exclamation that make up the sounds of a word, une tells it feminine mark at the end. for example, co-the-dral (3 sylloble), D We refer to something as singular when we are talking about just one of SINGULAR the form of a word which im-po-ssi-ble (4 syllobles). them, and as plural when we are talking about more than one. The singular is used to refer to one person or TENSE the form of a verb which is the form of the noun you will usually find when you look a noun up in the thing. Compare with plural. shows whether you are referring to dictionary. As in English, nouns in French change their form in the plural. part past, present STEM the main of a verb to the or future. ) Adjectives, articles and pronouns are also affected by whether a noun is which endings are added. VERB a 'doing'word which describes singular or plural. STRESSED PRONOUN used instead what someone or something does, of a noun when you want to what someone or something is, or emphasize something, for example, what happens to them, for example, ls this for me?; 'Who broke the be, sing, Iive. Remember that you have to use the right word for the, o and window?' -'Hs did.' Also called VOWEL one of the letters o, e, i, o or so on according to the gender of the French noun. emphatic pronoun. u. Compare with consonant. SUBIECT the noun in a sentence or phrase that refers to the person or thing that does the action described by the verb or is in the state 2 Nourus Nourus 3

Gender ',21 Nouns referring to animals

tr Nouns referring to people > ln English we can choose between words like bull or cow, depending on the l Most nouns referring to men and boys are masculine. sex of the animal we are referring to. In French too there are sometimes separate words for male and female animals. un homme a man un taureau a bull un roi a king une vache a cow F Most nouns referring to women and girls are feminine. Sometimes, the same word with different endings is used for male and une fille a girl female animals. une reine a queen un chien a (male) dog ) When the same word is used to refer to either men/boys or women/girls, une chienne a (female) dog, a bitch its gender usually changes depending on the sex of the person it refers to. un camarade a (male) friend une camarade a (female) friend rrp When you do not know or care what sex the animal is, you can un Belge a Belgian (man) usually use the masculine form as a general word. une Belge a Belgian (woman)

Words for other animals do not change according to the sex of the animal. Grammar Extn! Just learn the French word with its gender, which is always the same. Some words for people have only one possible gender, whether they refer to a male un poisson a fish or a female. une souns a mouse un b6b6 a (male or female) baby un guide a (male or female) guide 11] Nouns referring to thinqs une personne a (male or female) person ) ln English, we call all things for example, toble, cor, book, apple 'i( . ln une vedette a (male or female) star - - French, however, things are either masculine or feminine. As things do not divide into sexes the way humans and animals do, there are no physical D In English, we can sometimes make a word masculine or feminine by clues to help you with their gender in French. Try to learn the gender as changing the ending, for example, Englishngn and EnglishwpmsL or prince you learn the word. and princess. In French, very often the ending of a noun changes depending on whether it refers to a man or a woman. L There are lots of rules to help you: o words ending in -e are generally feminine (une boulangerie a baker's; un Anglais an Englishman une banque a bank) une Anglaise an Englishwoman o words ending in a consonant (any letter except e, e, i, o or u) are un prince a prince generally masculine (un a6ropo{ an airporf un film a film) une princcssc a princess D There are some exceptions to these rules, so it is best to check in a un employ6 a (male) employee dictionary if you are unsure. une employ6e a (female) employee

+ For more informotion on Masculine snd feminine forms of words, see poge 7.

For further explanation of grammatical tems, please see pages viii-xii. 4 Nourus Nourus 5

) These endings are often found on masculine nouns. -on I un champignon a mushroom Masculine ending Examples un ballon a ball le citrgn the lemon -age un villaqe a village BUN un voyagg a journey une maison a house un 6tage a floor la saison the season le fromage cheese BUT: > The following types of word are also masculine: une image a picture . names of the days of the week, and the months and seasons of the year une page a page le lundi Monday plage beach la the septembre prochain next September -ment un appartement a flat le printemps Spring un b6timent a building o the names of languages le ciment cement un vGtement a garment le frangais French le portugais Portuguese -olr un mirqL a mirror un couloir a corridor Tu apprends le frangais depuis How long have you been learning le sqL the evening combien de temps? French? un mouchoir a handkerchief o most metric weights and measures -sme le tourismc tourism un gramme a gramme le racisme racism un mdtre a metre un cadeau a present un kilomitre a kilometre un chapeau a hat o English nouns used in French un gdteeu a cake le football football le rideau the curtain un tee-shirt a tee-shirt BUT: un sandwich a sandwich la peau skin lleau water D These endings are often found on feminine nouns. -eu un leu a oame Feminine endinq Examples -anGe -ou un cheu a cabbage la chance luck, chance -anse une danse a dance le genou the knee -ence la patience patience -rel le cahier the exercise book -ense la d6fense defence un quaillel an area BUT: un escalier a staircase lc silence silence -ton une r6gion a region -tn un magas!4 a shop une addition a bill jardin garden un a une r6union a meeting un dessin a drawing la circulatlon traffic le vin the wine BUT: BUT: un avion a plane la fin the end -t6 une sp6cialit6 a speciality une main a hand -ti6 la moiti6 half BUT: un 6t6 a summer For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. le p6t6 p6t6 6 Nourus Nourus 7

Grammar E>

Masculine Meaning Example Feminine Meaning Example un homme a man une femme a woman un livre a book un livre de une livre a pound une livre poche sterling un taureau a bull paperback a pound a une vache a cow sterling un mode a method le mode la mode fashion d la mode un neveu a nephew d'emploi in fashion une nidce a niece the directions for use > Many masculine French nouns can be made feminine simply by changing un poste a set un poste de la poste posr mettre the ending. This is usually done by adding an -e to the masculine noun to (TV/rodio)' professeur a the post quelque form the feminine. a post teaching job office chose i la un aml a (male) friend poste (job); une amie a (female) friend an extension to post (phone) something un employ6 a (male) employee une employ6e a (female) employee un tour a turn; faire un tour une toul tower la tour a walk to go for a Eiffel the un Frangais a Frenchman walk Eiffel Tower une Frangaisg a Frenchwoman

> lf the masculine singular form already ends in -e, no further e is added.

Key points un 6live a (male) pupil y' Vtost nouns referring to men, boys and male animals are une 6live a (female) pupil masculine: most nouns referrinq to women. oirls and female un camarade a (male) friend animals are feminine. The endiig of a French- noun often changes (female) depending on whether it refers to a male or a female. une camarade a friend y' Generally, words ending in -e are feminine and words ending in a un colldgue a (male) colleague are masculine, though there are many exceptions to une colldgue a (female) colleague ;;,:t""T:.", y' These endings are often found on masculine nouns: -age, -ment, -oir, -sme, -eau, -eu, -ou, -ier, -in and -on. rtp y' These endings are often found on feminine nouns: lf a masculine noun ends in a vowel, its pronunciation does not -ance, -anse, -ence, -ense, -ion, -t6, -ti6. change when an -e is added to form the feminine. For example, y' Oays of the week, months and seasons of the year are masculine. ami and amie (meaning friend) are both pronounced the same. So are languages, most metric weights and measures, and English lf a masculine noun ends with a consonant that is not pronounced, nouns used in French. for example, -d, -s, -r or -t, you DO pronounce that consonant when an -e is added in the feminine. For example, in 6tudiant (meaning student), you cannot hear the U in 6tudiante, you can hear the t. For further explanation of grammatical tems, please see pages viii-xii. 8 Noutrts Nouls 9 Ttp Forming plurals Some masculine nouns, such as voisin (meaning neighbour), end t I Plurals ending in -s in what is called a nasal vowel and an -n. \Mth these words, you pronounce > In English we usually make nouns plural by adding an -s to the end the vowel 'through your nose' but DO NOT say the n. When an -e is (gorden + gardens; house'+ houses), although we do have some nouns added in the feminine - for example, voisine - the vowel becomes a which are irregular and do not follow this pattern (mouse mice; normal one instead of a nasal vowel and you DO pronounce the n. - child * children). trl Some other patterns l Some changes to endings from masculine to feminine are a little more rtp complicated but still fall into a regular pattern. Remember that you have to use les with plural nouns in Any adjective that goes with the noun has to agree with Masculine Feminine any pronoun that replaces it. ending endinq Example Meaning -f -ve un veut/une veuve a widower/a widow * for more information on Adjectives, Articles ond Pronouns, see -x -se un 6poux/une 6pouse a husband/a wife pages 25,12 and 42. -eur -euse un dansegr/ a (male) dancer/ une danseuse a (female) dancer Most French nouns also form plural an -s -teur -teuse un chanteur/ a (male) singer/ their by adding to their singular -trice une chanteuse a (female) singer form. un acteul/unc acldce an actor/an actress un jardin a garden -an -anne un paysan/ a (male) farmerl des jardins gardens une paysannc a (female) farmer -ten -tenne un Parisiea/ a (male) Parisian/ une voiture a car une Parisienne a (female) Parisian des voitures cars -on -onne un lion/une lionne a lion/a lioness un h6tel a hotel -er -ere un 6trange/ a (male) foreigner/ une 6trangire a (female) foreigner des h6tels hotels -et -ette le cadet/la cadette the youngest (male) > lf the singular noun ends in -s/ -x or -2, no further -s is added in the plural. child the youngest (female) un fils a son child des fils 50n5 -el -elle un professionnel/ a (male) professional/ une professionnelle a (female) professional une vorx a des voix voices Key points un nez a nose y' ly'rany masculine French nouns can be made to refer to females by adding an -e. lf the masculine singular form already ends in des nez noses -e, no further e is added. l/ tne pronunciation of feminine nouns is sometimes different from l4 Plurals ending in -x that of the corresponding masculine nouns. ) The following nouns add an -x instead of an -s in the plural: y' Other patterns include: -f * -ve -teur * -teuse or -trice -er * -Ere . nouns ending in -eau -x + -se -an, -en and -on > -anne -et + -ette un chapeau a hat -eur + -euse -enne and -onne -el - -elle des chapeaux hats For further explanation of grammatical tems, please see pages viii-xii. 10 Nourus Nourus 11

o most nouns ending in -eu un jeu a game rtp des jeux games The plural of un eil (an eye) is des yeux (eyes).

o a FEW nouns ending in -ou (MOST nouns ending in -ou add -s as usual) un bijou a jewel 3I Plural versus singular des bijoux jewels D A few words relating to clothing are plural in English but NOT in French. un caillou a pebble un slip pants des cailloux pebbles un short shorts un pantalon trousers un chou a cabbage des choux cabbages A few common words are plural in French but NOT in English. les affaires business un genou a knee les cheveux hair des genoux knees desrenseignements information un hibou an owl des hiboux owls Grammar E>

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. ARncus 13 ARTICLES The definite article: le, la, l'and les t The basic rules What is an article? > In English we only have one definite article: the. In French, there is more ln English, an article is one of the words the, a, and on which is given in than one definite article to choosefrom. All French nouns are either front of a noun. masculine or feminine and, just as in English, they can be either singular or plural. The word you choose for the depends on whether the noun it is used with is masculine or feminine, singular or plural. This may sound Different types of article complicated, but it is not too difficult. D There are three types of article: t f For more informotion on Nouns, see page 1. o the definite article: fhe in English. This is used to identify a particular thing or person. with masculine noun with feminine noun (l') (l') l'm going to the supermarket. Singular le la That's the woman I was talking to. Plural les les

o the indefinite article: a or on in English, some or any (or no word at all) in the plural. This is used to refer to something unspecific, or that you do not really know about. le and la change to l'when they are used in front of a word ls there a supermarket near here? starting with a vowel and most words starting with h. I need a day off. > le is used in front of masculine singular nouns. . the paltllyc article: some or any (or no word at all) in English. This is used to talk about quantities or amounts. le roi the king le chien the dog Can you lend me some sugar? le jardin the garden Did you buy any wine? Do you like chocolate? > la is used in front of feminine singular nouns. la reine the queen la souris the mouse la porte the door f is used in front of singular nouns that start with a vowel (a, e, i, a, or u), whether they are masculine or feminine. I'ami (masculine) the friend leau (feminine) the water f'6tage (mqsculine) the floor [] Note that l' is also used in front of most words starting with h but some others take le or la instead. llh6pital the hospital le hamster the hamster la hi-fi the stereo For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 14 Anncus Anrrcus 15

When i is followed by les, the two words become aux. rtp aux maisons to the houses It is a good idea to learn the article or the gender with the noun aux 6tudiants to the students when you come across a word for the first time, so that you know whether it ls masculine or feminine. A good dictionary will also give When ir is followed by la or l', the words do not change. you this information. i la bibliothdque to/at the library dr l'h6tel to/at the hotel les is used in front of plural nouns. whether they are masculine or feminine and whatever letter they start with. les chiens the dogs le and la change to l' when they are used in front of a word les portes the doors starting with a vowel and most words starting with h. les amis the friends les h6tels the hotels 3 I Using de with le, la, l' and les a Note that you have to make the noun plural too, just as you would in English. In French, as in English, you usually add an -s. > The French word de is translated into English in several different ways, including of and from. There are special rules when you use it together with + For more information on Forming plurals, see poge 9. le and les. rrp t t ) For more information on the preposition de, see poge 166. When les is used in front of a word that starts with a consonant, / > When de is followed by le, the two words become du. you DO NOT say the s on the end of les: les chiens the dogs. du cin6ma from/of the cinema When les is used in front of a word that starts with a vowel, most des professeurs from/of the teachers words starting with h, and the French word y, you DO pronounce the s on the end of les. lt sounds like the z in the English word zip: > When de is followed by les, the two words become des.

f es amis the friends, lefh6tels the hotels. des maisons from/of the houses des 6tudiants from/of the students E Using i with le.la.l'and les D When de is followed by la or l', the words do not change. de la bibliothique from/of the library ) The French word ir is translated into English in several different ways, including ot or to. There are special rules when you use it together with le de I'h6tel from/of the hotel and les.

+ For more informqtion on the preposition d, see page t 63. T'P le and la change to l' when they are used in front of a word ) When is followed by le, the two words become au. i starting with a vowel and most words starting with h. au cin6ma to/at the cinema aux professeurs to the teachers

For further explanation of grammatical tems, please see pages viii-xii, 16 Anncus Amcles 17

lf you are talking about a part of your body, you usually use a word like my Key points or hrs in English, but in French you usually use the definite article. y' Wtfr masculine sinqular nouns , use le. Tourne la t6te d gauche. Turn your head to the left. y' Wittr feminine singular nouns , use la. ll s'est cass6 le bras. He's broken his arm. y' Wi|h nouns starting with a vowel, most nouns beginning with h gorge. and the French word y , use l'. J'ai mal d la l've got a sore throat. y' tntn plural les. nouns ' use > ln French you have to use the definite article in front of the names of y' i+ le=au countries, continents and regions. i+les=aux la Bretagne Brittany de+le=du l'Europe Europe de+les=des La France est tris belle. France is very beautiful. J'ai achet6 ce poster au Japon. I bought this poster in Japan. Je viens des Etats-Unis. I come from the United States. E Using the definite article Note if name of the country comes after the French word L The definite article in French (le, la, l' and les) is used in more or less the [J that the you is same way as we use fhe in English, but it is also used in French in a few en, meaning to or in, do not use the definite article. en used places where you might not expect it. with the names of countries, continents and regions that are feminine in French. } The definite article is used with words like prices, flu and time that describe qualities, ideas or experiences (called abstract nounS) rather than something Je vais en Ecosse le mois prochain. l'm going to Scotland next that you can touch with your hand. Usually, the is missed out in English month. with this type of word. ll travaille en Allemagne. He works in Cermany. Les prix montent. Prices are rising. I ) For more information on the preposition en, see page 168. J'ai la grippe. l've got flu. Je n'ai pas le temps. I don't have time. ) You often use the definite article with the name of school subjects, languages and sports. trtote that there are some set phrases using avoir, avec or sans @ Tir aimes les maths? Do you like maths? followed by a noun, where the definite article is NOT used. J'apprends le frangais depuis trois l've been learning French for avoir faim to be hungry (literally to have hunger) ans. three years. avec plaisir with pleasure Mon sport pr6t6r6, c'est le foot. My favourite sport is football. sans doute probably (lite ra lly. wi thout d o u bt) [J Note that the definite article is not used after en. Gomment est-ce qu'on How do you say in English? } You also use the definite article when you are talking about things like coffee dit'fils' 'fils' or computers thatyou can touch with your hand (called concrete nouns) if en anglais? you are talking generally about that thing. Usually, the is missed out in Sophie est nulle en chimie. Sophie's no good at chemistry. English with this type of word. L When you use the verb parler (meaning to speak) in front of the name of Je n'aime pas le caf6. I don't like coffee. the language, you do not always need to use the definite article in French. Les ordinateurs co0tent trds cher. Computers are very expensive. Tu parles espagnol? Do you speak Spanish? Les professeurs ne gagnent pas Teachers don't earn very much. parle beaucoup. ll bien I'anglais. He speaks English well.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 18 Anncus Anncus 19 ) You use le with dates, and also with the names of the days of the week and The indefinite article: un, une and des the seasons when you are talking about something that you do regulady or that is a habit. t I The basic rules

Elle part le 7 mai. She's leaving on the seventh of May. > In English we have the indefinite article o, which changes to an in front of a Je vais chez ma grand-mdre I go to my grandmother's on word that starts with a vowel. ln the plural we say either some, any or le dimanche. Sundays. nothing at all. D French, @ Note that you do not use the definite article after en. In you choose from un, une and des, depending on whether the noun is masculine or feminine, and singular or plural. En hiver nous faisons du ski. In winter we go skiing. with masculine noun with feminine noun L You often find the definite article in phrases that tell you about prices and Singular un une rates. Plural des des 6 euros le kilo 6 euros a kilo 3 euros la pidce 3 euros each > un is used in front of masculine singular nouns. On roulait d 100 kilomitres We were doing 100 kilometres an un rol a king d l'heure. hour. un chien a dog un jardin a garden points Key > une is used in front of feminine singular nouns. y' The definite article is used in French with: une reine a queen abstract nouns . une souris a mouse . concrete nouns (when you are saying something that is true obout une porte a door .;:[fi^z':::l des is used in front of plural nouns, whether they are masculine or . countries/ continents and regions feminine, and whatever letter thev start with. r school subjects, languages and sports des chiens (some/any) dogs des souris (some/any) mice : ::;:t"t the week and the seasons (when you are tolking obout des amis (some/any) friends something that you do regularly or thot is a habit) [J Note that des is also a combination of de + les and has other . prices and rates meanings, such as saying who something belongs to or where something is from.

+ For more information on des, see poge 166. T'P When des is used in front of a word that starts with a consonant (any letter except o, e, i, o or u), you DO NOT say the s on the end of des: des chiens (some/ony) dogs, When des is used in front of a word that starts with a vowel, and most words starting with h, you DO pronounce the s on the end. lt sounds like the z in the English word zip: des amis (some/any) friends, des h6tefs (some/ony) hotels.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii, 20 Amcus Anrrcus 21 A The indefinite article in negative sentences lrr questions and negative sentences des means any, or is not translated at all. } f n English we use words like not and neverto indicate that something is not Tu as des frires? Have you got any brothers? happening or is not true. The sentences that these words are used in are pas called negative sentences. ll n'y a deufs. There aren't any eggs. I don't know him. Avez-vous des timbres? Do you have stamps? I never do my homework on time. T'P ) In French, you use word pairs like ne ... pas (meaning not) and ne ... As an English speaker, you will know what sounds right in jamais (meaning never) to say that something is not happening or not true. your own language. The important thing to remember is that des When un, une or des is used after this type of expression, it has to be can NEVER be missed out in French, even if there is no word in changed to de. English. Je n'ai pas de v6lo. I don't have a bike. Nous n'avons pas de cousins. We don't have any cousins. 4l Using the indefinite article + For more information on Negotives, see page 138. > The indefinite article is used in French in much the same way as we use 4 some and ony in English, but there are two places where the indefinite r0p article is NOT used: o with the adjective quel (meaning what a), in sentences like de changes to d' in front of a word starting with a vowel and O,uel dommage! most words starting with h. What a shamel Ouelle surprise! What a surprise! Je n'ai pas d'ordinateur. I don't have a computer. Ouelle bonne id6e! What a good idea! ll n'y a pas d'horloge dans la salle.There isn't a clock in the room. ,) For more information on quel, see page 148.

o when you say what jobs people do Orammar Et

Q For more information on c'est ond ce sont, see poge 65. r3 r The meaninq of des Key points F des can mean different things in English, depending on the sentence. Some y' wtn masculine singular nouns + use un. is often the best word to use. y' Wttr feminine singular nouns ) use une. J'ai un chien, deux chats et l've got a dog, two cats and y' witfr plural nouns use des. des souris. some mice. - y' un, une and des change de or d' negative Tu veux des chips? Would you like some crisps? - to in sentences. y' tne indefinite article is not usually used when you say what jobs For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii, people do, or in exclamations with quel. 22 Anncus Anncus 23

The partitive article: du, de la, de l' and des D des is used in front of plural nouns, whether they are masculine or feminine and whatever letter they start with. The basic rules tr des g6teaux (some/any) cakes ) du, de la, de l' and des can all be used to give information about the des lettres (some/any) letters amount or quantity of a particular thing. They are often translated into des h6tels (some/any) hotels English as some or any. Note that des is also a combination of de + les and has other ) In French, you choose between du, de la, de l'and des, depending on @ meanings, such as saying who something belongs to or where whether the noun is masculine or feminine, singular or plural. something is from. with masculine noun with feminine noun + For more information on des, see poge 166. Singular du (de l'l de la (de l') Plural des des te The partitive article in negative sentences D In French, you use word pairs like ne ... pas (meaning not) and ne ... rrp jamais (meaning never) to say that something is not happening or not true. de + le and de la change to de l'when they are used in front of a In this type of expression, du, de la, de l' and des all change to de. word starting with a vowel, most words starting with h, and the Nous n'avons pes de beurre. We don't have any butter. French word y. Je p mange iamais de viande. I never eat meat. ll n1y a pas de timbres. There aren't any stamps. ) du is used in front of masculine sinoular nouns, du beurre (some/any) butter t) For more information on Negatives, see poge 138. du jus d'orange (some/any) orange juice

@ Note that du is also a combination of de + le and has other meanings, such as saying who something belongs to or where something is from. most nouns starting with h. ll n'a pas d'argent. He doesn't have any money. + For more informotion on du, see page 166, ll n'y a pas d'horloge dans la salle. There isn't a clock in the room. ) de la is used in front of feminine singular nouns. de la viande (some/any) meat de la margarine (some/any) margarine Grammar Ertra! de l' is used in front of singular nouns that start with a vowel and There are some very common adjectives, like beau, bon and petit, that can come nouns starting with h, whether they are masculine or feminine. BEFORE the noun instead of after it. When an adjective comes before a plural noun, des de l'argent (masculine) (some/any) money < hanges to de. de l'eau (feminine) (some/any) water J'ai regu de beaux cadeaux. I got some lovely presents. de l'herbe (feminine) (some/any) grass Cette r6gion a de trds jolis villages. This area has some very pretty villages.

t :) For more informotion on Word order with odjectives, see poge 32.

For further explanation of grammatical tems, please see pages viii-xii. 24 Anncus tr The meaning of du. de la. de l'and des ADJECTIVES onyt } du, de la, de l' and des are often translated into English as some ?r but there are times when no word is used in English to translate the French. What is an adjective? He owes me (some) money. ll me doit de llargent' An adjective is a 'describing'word that tells you more about a person or (some) flour and Je vais acheter de la farine et l'm going to buy thing, such as their appearance, colour, size or other qualities, for example, du beurre pour faire un gdteau' butter to make a cake. pretty, blue, big. Est-ce qu'il y a des lettres Pour Are there any letters for me? moi? Elle ne veut pas de beurre. She doesn't want any butter' Using adjectives Je ne prends Pas de lait. I don't take milk. D Adjectives are words like clever, expensive and sl//y that tell you more about a noun (a living being, thing or idea). They can also tell you more about a rrp pronoun, such as he or they. Adjectives are sometimes called 'describing words'. They can be used right next a Remember that du, de 14 de l' and des can NEVER be missed to noun they are describing, or can be separated from the noun a out in French, even if there is no word in English. by verb like be, Iook, feel and so on. a clever girl an expensive coat Key points a silly idea y' nouns + use du' wittr masculine singular He's just being silly. y' Wth feminine singular nouns + use de la. a vowel and some nouns t y' Wth singular nouns starting with ) For more information on Nouns and Pronouns, see pqges 1 and 42. beginning with h * use de l'. y' des' Wtn plural nouns 'use > In English, the only time an adjective changes its form is when you are y' du, de la, de l'and des ' change to de or d'in negative making a . sentences. She's cleverer than her brother. That's the silliest idea I ever heard!

D In French, however, most adjectives agree with what they are describing. This means that their endings change depending on whether the person or thing you are referring to is masculine or feminine, and singular or plural. un mot frangais a French word une chanson frangaise a French song des traditions francaises French traditions

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii'xii' 26 Ao.lecnvrs Ao.lecnves 27 ) In English we put adjectives BEFORE the noun they describe, but in French Making adjectives agree you usually put them AFTER it. un chat noir a black cat ll The basic rules D In + For further information, see Word order with adjectives on poge 32. dictionaries, regular French adjectives are usually shown in the masculine singular form. You need to know how to change them to make them agree with the noun or pronoun that they are describing. Key points y' Most French adjectives .han# [r'"ir]orr, according to whether D To make an adjective agree with the noun or pronoun it describes, you the person or thing they are describing is masculine or feminine, simply add the following endings in most cases: singular or plural. y' In French adjectives usually go after the noun they describe. with masculine noun with feminine noun Singular -e Plural -s -es

un chat noir a black cat une chemise noire a black shirt des chats noirs black cats des chemises noires black shirts

A Making adiectives feminine > With most adjectives you add an -e to the masculine singular form to make it feminine. un chat noir a black cat -+ une chemise noirc a black shirt un sac lourd a heavy bag --+ une valise lourde a heavy suitcase

> lf the adjective already ends in an -e in the masculine, you do not add another -e. un sac jaune a yellow bag > u.. chemise jaune a yellow shirt un gargon sage a good boy + une fille sage a good girl

l Some changes to endings are a little more complicated but still follow a regular pattern. Sometimes you have to double the consonant as well as adding an -e. On the next page there is a table showing these changes.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 28 Aolecnvps Aolecrves 29 L Some very common adjectives have irregular feminine forms. Masculine ending Feminine ending Example Meaning -f -ve neuf/neuve new Masculine form Feminine form Meaning -x -se heureux/heureuse hapPy blanc blanche white, blank -el -ere cher/chire dear, expensive doux douce soft, swee! mild, gentle farming, country -an -anne paysan/paysanne faux fausse untrue -en -enne europ6en/euroP6ennt European favori favorite favourite -on -onne bon/bonne good, right frais fraiche -el -elle cruel/cruelle cruel fresh, chilly, cool gentil -eil -eille pareil/pareille similar gentille nice, kind -et -ette net/nette clear grec grecque Greek -dte complet/comPlite complete, full gros grosse big, fat long longue rong un bon repas a good meal -) de bonne humeur in a good mood nul un homme cruel a cruel man -) une remarque cruelle a cruel remark nulle useless roux tousse red, red-haired seG sdche dry, dried rw turc turque Turkish lf a masculine adjective ends in a vowel (o, e, i, o or u), its pronunciation does not change when an -e is added to form the mon spoft favori my favourite sport -+ ma chanson favorite my ieminine. For example, ioli and iolie are both pronounced the same' favourite song un ami grec a Creek (male) friend + une amie grecque a lf a masculine adiective ends with a consonant that is not Greek (female) friend pronounced, such as -d, -s or -t you DO pronounce that consonant chaud when an -e is added in the feminine. For example, in A very small group of French adjectives have an extra masculine singular when it is said out loud; (meaning hot, worm), you cannot hear the d form that is used in front of words that begin with a vowel (a, e, i, o or u) in the feminine form chaude, you can hear the d sound' and most words beginning with h. These adjectives also have an irregular feminine form. This is also true when you have to double the consonant before the -e is added, for example, gros (meanin g big, fot), where you cannot Masculine form in Masculine form in Feminine feminine form grosse, where you can hear the s Meaning hear the s, and the front of a word front of a word form sound. beginning with a beginning with a consonant vowel or most masculine adjectives, such as bon (meaning good) or italien Some . words beginning a nasal vowel and an -n' With (meaning ltalion), end in what is called with h ih"r" *Jtdt, you pronounce the vowel 'through your nose' Uy- d.o. beau bel belle n. When the consonant is doubled and an -e is added in lovely, beautiful, not say the good-looking, vowel becomes a normal one the feminine - bonne, italienne - the handsome instead of a nasal vowel and you do pronounce the n' fou fol folle mad nouveau nouvel nouvelle new vreux vieil vieille old

un bel appartement a beautiful flat le Nouvel An New Year

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii' un vieil arbre an old tree 30 Aorecnvrs Ao;rcrvrs 31 tr Making adiectives plural + Invariableadiectives > With most adjectives you add an -s to the masculine singular or feminine > A small number of adjectives (mostly relating to colours) do not change in singular form to make it plural. the feminine or plural. They are called invariable because their form NEVER un chat noir a black cat + des chats noirs black cats changes, no matter what they are describing. These adjectives are often made up of more than one word for example, bleu marine (meaning une valise lourde a heavy suitcase - des valises lourdes heavy suitcases - novy blue), or else come from the names of fruit or nuts - for example, orange (meaning orange), marron (meaning brown). Ttp des chaussures maron brown shoes When an adjective describes a masculine and a feminine noun or une veste bleu marine a navy blue jacket pronoun, use the masculine plural form of the adjective. La maison et le sont The house and garden are iardin - Key points beaux. beautiful. y' fo make an adjective agree with a feminine singular noun or Sophie et son petit ami sont Sophie and her boyfriend are pronoun, you usually add -e to the masculine singular. lf the trds gentils. very nrce. adjective already ends in an -e, no further -e is added. y' Several adjectives ending in a consonant double their consonant lf the masculine singular form already ends in an -s or an -x, you do not as well as adding -e in the feminine. add an -s. y' beau, fou, nouveau and vieux have an irregular feminine form and an extra masculine singular form is un fromage frangais a French cheese - des fromages frangais French that used in front of words begin vowel cheeses that with a and most words beginning with h: bel, fol, nouvel, vieil, un homme dangereux a dangerous man -) des hommes dangereux y' To make an adjective agree dangerous men with a masculine plural noun or pronoun, you usually add -s to the masculine singular. lf the lf the masculine singular form ends in -eau or -al, the masculine plural is adjective already ends in an -s or an -x, no further -s is added. usually -eaux or -aux. y' t tne adjective ends in -eau or -al, the masculine plural is usually le nouveau professeur the new teacher + les nouveaux professeurs -eaux or -aux. the new teachers y' To make an adjective agree with a feminine plural noun or le r6le principal the main role * les r6les principaux the main roles pronoun, you usually add -es to the masculine singular. y' Some adjectives relating to colours never change their form. rrp Adding an -s or an -x does not change the pronunciation of a word. For example, noir and noirs sound just the same, as do nouveau and nouveaux. When the -s or -x ending comes before a word starting with a vowel or most words starting with h, you have to pronounce the s or x on the end of the adjective. lt sounds like the z in the English word zip. les anciens 6ldves the former pupils de grands h6tels big hotels

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 32 Aruecnvrs Aouecnvrs 33 Word order with adiectives Ttp The basic rules dernier (meaning /ost) and prochain (meaning nexf) go AFTER tr nouns relating to time, for example, semaine (meaning week) and the noun they are describing, they >> when adjectives are used right beside mois (meaning month). Otherwise they go BEFORE the noun. go BEFORE it in English. French adiectives usually go AFTER the noun' la semaine demiire last week I'heure exacte the right time la demidre fois que je t'ai vu the last time I saw you la page suivante the following page la semaine prochaine next week )> Adjectives describing colours, shapes or nationalities always go AFTER the la prochaine fois que j'y vais the next time I go there noun. des cravates rouges red ties a round table une table ronde Grammar Extra! un mot frangais a French word When certain adjectives are used with certain nouns, they take on a meaning you ) Some very common adiectives usually come BEFORE the noun' cannot always guess. You may need to check these in your dictionary and learn them. beau lovely, beautiful, good-looking, handsome Here are a few: bon good, right mon petit ami my boyfriend short court les petits pois peas tall, big, long, great grand les grandes vacances the summer holidays big, fat gros une grande personne an adult, a grown-up haut high jeune youn9 joli pretty ]d Using more than one adiective long long D In French you can use more than one adjective at a time to describe poor mauvais bad, someone or something. lf one of the adjectives usually comes BEFORE the meilleur better noun and the other usually goes AFTER the noun, the word order follows nouveau new the usual pattern. petit small, little une icgnc femme blonde a young blonde woman premier first un nouveau film int6ressant an interesting new film vieux old lf both adjectives usually come AFTER noun, are joined une belle journ6e a lovely day > the they together with et (meaning ond). Bonne chance! Cood luck! un homme mince et laid a thin, ugly man is small group of common adjectives whose meaning changes There a une personne intelligente et dr6le an intelligent, funny person depending on whether they come before the noun or 9o after it' Meaning Example after Meaning Adjective Example before Key points noun noun y' Most French adjectives go after the noun they describe. ancten un ancien a former un fauteuil an antique colldgue colleague ancien chair y' Some very common adjectives usually come before the noun: jeune/nouveau/vieux, cher Chire Julie Dear lulie une robe chdre an expensrve bon,/mauvais, court/long, grand/petit, dre55 gros, haut, beau, joli, premier, meilleur. propre ma propre MV OWN un mouchoir a clean y' The meaning of some adjectives such as ancien, cher and propre chambre bedroom propre handkerchief varies according to the position in the sentence.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii' 34 Ao.rpcnves Ao.lecrves 35

Gomparatives and superlatives of adiectives a la plus with feminine singular adjectives a les plus with plural adjectives (for both masculine and feminine) plus Making comparisons using comparative adiectives le guide le utile the most useful guidebook tr la question la plus facile the easiest question What is a comparative adjective? les plus grands h6tels the biggest hotels A comparative adjective in English is one with -er on the end of it or les plus petites voitures the smallest cars more or /ess in front of it, that is used to compare people or things, for > To say that something or someone is the leqst easy, the leost pretty, the leost example, slower, Iess important, more beautiful. expensive and so on, you use: o le moins with masculine singular adjectives } ln French, to saythatsomething is easier, more expensive and so on, you use pfus (meaning more) before the adjective. o la moins with feminine singular adjectives (for Cette question est plus facile. This question is easier. o les moins with plural adjectives both masculine and feminine). Cette veste est olus chdre. This iacket is more expensive. le guide le moins utile the least useful guidebook Cette question est la moins This question is the least easy (or To say something is less expensive, less complicoted and so on, you use L facile. the hardest). moins (meaning /ess) before the adjective. les mois les moins agr6ables the least pleasant months Gette veste est moins chdre. This is less expensive. iacket les moins belles photos the least attractive photos un projet moins compliqu6 a less complicated plan ) To introduce the person or thing you are making the comparison with, use que (meaning fhan). rtp /) Elle est plus petite que moi. She's smaller than me. When the adjective comes AFTER the noun, you repeat the Cette question est plus facile This question is easier than the definite article (le, la or les). que la premidre. first one. les mois les moins agr6ables the least pleasant months ) To say that something or someone is as ... os something or someone else, When the adjective comes BEFORE the noun, you do not repeat the use aussi ...que. definite article. ll est aussi inquiet que moi. He's as worried as me. les moins belles photos the least attractive photos Cette ville n'est pas aussi This town isn't as big as Bordeaux. grande que Bordeaux. Q for more information on Word order with adjectives, see poge 32.

A Making comparisons using superlative adiectives D In phrases like the biggest hotel in London and the oldest person in the village, you use de to translate ln. What is a superlative adiective? le plus grand h6tel de Londres the biggest hotel in London is -esf on the end of it or A superlative adjective in English one with la personne la plus Ag6e du village the oldest person in the village most ot leostin front of it, that is used to compare people or things, for example, thinnest, most beoutiful, least interesting. I ) For more information on de and du, see poge 166.

} ln French, to say that something or someone is easiest, prettiest, most s l Inegular comparative and superlative adiectives expensive and so on, you use: > as English has some irregular comparative and superlative forms better o le plus with masculine singular adjectives Just - instead of 'more good', and worst instead of 'most bod' - French also has a few irregular forms. For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii'xii' 36 Aorrcrves Ao.lecnvEs 37

Adjective Meaning Comparative Meaning Superlative Meaning Demonstrative adjectives ce, cette, cet and ces bon 9ooo meilleur better le meilleur the best What is a demonstrative adjective? mauvats bad prre pire worse le the worst A demonstrative adjective is one of the words this, thot, these and those plus mauvais le plus mauvais used with a noun in English to point out a particular thing or person, for example, this womon, thot dog. petit small moindre smaller, le moindre the smallest plus petit lesser le plus petit the leas! the slightest In French you use ce to point out a particular thing or person. Like all adjectives in French, ce changes its form depending on whether you are J'ai une meilleure id6e. l've got a better idea. referring to a noun that is masculine or feminine, singular or plural. ll ne fait pas le moindre effort. He doesn't make the slightest effort. Masculine Feminine Meaning Singular ce (cet) cette this T'P that Choose the right form of the adjective to match the noun or Plural ces ces these pronoun, depending on whether it is masculine or feminine, singular those or plural. Don't forget to change le to la or les too in superlatives. rtp Grammar Ertra! cet is used in front of masculine singular nouns which begin with a vowel and most words beginning with h. bien and its comparative and superlative forms mieux and le mieux can be both adjectives and adverbs. cet oiseau this/that bird lf est bien, ce restaulant. (=adjective) This restaurant is good. cet hOpital this/that hospital Elle va mieux aujourd'hui, (=odverb) She's better today.

Q For more informotion on Adverbs, see poge 152. ce comes BEFORE the noun it refers to. Combien co0te ce manteau? How much is this/that coat? _ Key points Comment s'appelle cette What's this/that company called? y' To compare people or things in French you use plus + adjective, entreprise? moins + adjective or aussi ... que. y' Ces livres sont trds These/Those books are very than in comparatives corresponds to que. int6ressants. interesting. y' French superlatives are formed with lellalles plus + adjective and Ces couleurs sont jolies. These/Those colours are pretty. le/la/les moins + adjective. l/ in after superlatives corresponds to de. lf you want to emphasize the difference between something that is close to y' bon, mauvais and petit have irregular comparatives and you and something that is further away, you can add: superlatives: bon/meilleur/le meilleur, mauvais/pire/le pire, o -ci on the end of the noun for things that are closer petit/moindre/le moindre. Prends cette valisqqi. Take this case.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 38 Aorecnves Ao.recnves 39 o -lir on the end of the noun for things that are further away Possessive adjectives Est-ce que tu reconnais cette Do you recognize that person? personnel!i? What is a possessive adjective? frr tnglish a possessive adjective is one of the words mv yourl his, her, its, rur Key points or their used with a noun to show that one person or thing belongs to ,rnother. y' Theadjective ce corresponds io thrs and thatin the singular, and these and thosein the plural. y' Theforms are ce and cette in the singular, and ces in the plural. Here are the French possessive adjectives. Like all French adjectives, these cet is used with masculine singular nouns beginning with a vowel agree with the noun they refer to. and most words beginning with h. with masculine with feminine with plural noun Meaning y' You can add -ci on the end of the noun for things that are closer, singular noun singular noun (masculine or feminine) or -li for things that are further away, to emphasize the difference mon ma (mon) mes my between them. ton ta (tonl tes your son sa (sonl ses his her its one's notre notre nos our votte votre vos your leur leur leurs their rrp You use mon, ton and son with feminine singular nouns in front of words that begin with a vowel and most words beginning with h. This makes them easier to say. mon assiette my plate ton histoire your story son erreur his/her mistake mon autre s@ur my other sister

D Possessive adjectives come BEFORE the noun they describe. Voild mon mari. There's my husband. Mon frdre et ma s@ur habitent My brother and sister live in i Glasgow. Clasgow. Est-ce que tes voisins vendent Are your neighbours selling their leur maison? house? Rangez vos affaires. Put your things away.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 40 Aouecrves Ao.lecrves 41 rw Indefinite adjectives Possessive adjectives agree with what they describe, NOT with the What is an indefinite adjective? person who owns that thing. For example, sa can mean his, her, its Arr indefinite adjective is one of a small group of adjectives that are used and one's, but can only ever be used with a feminine singular noun. to talk about people or things in a general way without saying exactly who or what they are, for example, severol, oll, every. Paul cherche sa montre. Paul's looking for his watch. Paul cherche ses lunettes. Paul's looking for his glasses. Gatherine a appel6 son frdre. Catherine called her brother. In French, this type of adjective comes BEFORE the noun it refers to. Here are the most common French indefinite adiectives: Catherine a appel6 sa s(Eur. Catherine called her sister.

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Meaning ) The equivalent ol your in French is ton/taltes for someone you call tu, or singular singular plural plural votre/vos for someone you call vous. autre autre autres autres other + For more information on the difference between tu ond vous, see page 43. chaque chaque every, each meme meme memes memes same @ Note that possessive adjectives are not normally used with parts of the body. Use le, la, l' or les instead. quelques quelques some, a few tout toute tous toutes all, every J'ai mal d la main. My hand hurts. J'ai d'autres projets. l've got other plans. + For more informotion on Articles, see poge 12. J'y vais chaque ann6e. I go every year. J'ai le m6me manteau. I have the same coat. Key points ll a quelques amis d Paris. He has some friends in Paris, ( The French possessive adjectives are: quelques . mon/ton/son/notre/votre/leur in the masculine singular ll reste bouteilles. There are a few bottles left. o ma/ta/sa/notre/votre/leur in the feminine singular ll travaille tout le temps. He works all the time. . mes/tes/ses/nos/vos/leurs in the plural { Possessive adjectives come before the noun they refer to. They agree with what they describe, rather than with the person who rrp owns that thing. You can also use tout to talk about how often something happens. t/ You use mon, ton and son with feminine singular nouns when tous les jours the following word begins with a vowel. You also use them with tous les deux jours most words beginning with h. 1/ Possessive adjectives are not normally used with parts of the body. Use le, la, l' or les instead. [) Note that these words can also be used as pronouns, standing in place of a noun instead of being used with one. chaque and quelques have a slightly different form when they are used in this way.

t ) For more information on Pronouns, see page 42.

Key points l/ tne most common French indefinite adjectives are autre, chaque, m€me, quelques and tout. y' tney come before the noun when they are used in this way. For further oxplanation of grammatical tems, please see pages viii-xii. Pnoruourus 43

PRONOUNS Personal pronouns: subiect What is a subject pronoun? A subject pronoun is a word such as l, he, she and they, which performs What is a pronoun? the action expressed by the verb. Pronouns stand in for nouns when it is A pronoun is a word you use instead of a noun, when you do not need clear who is being talked about for example, My brother isn't here qt the or want to name someone or something directly, for example, it, you, moment. He'll be bqck in qn hour. none.

1" I Usinq subiect pronouns l There are several different types of pronoun: o Personal pronouns such as l, you, he, her and they, which are used to D Here are the French subject pronouns: refer to yourself, the person you are talking to, or other people and Singular Meaning Plural Meaning things. They can be either subject pronouns (1, you, he and so on) or je (i'l obiect pronouns (him, her, them and so on). nous we tu you vous you o Possessive pronouns like mine and yours, which show who someone or something belongs to. il he ils they (masculine) it o lndefinite pronouns like someone or nothing, which refer to people or elle she elles they (feminine) in a general way without saying exactly who or what they are. things it parts a o Relative pronouns like who, which or fhot, which link two of on one sentence together. (we/you/they) . Demonstrative pronouns like thrs or those, which point things or people out. Je pars en vacances demain. l'm going on holiday tomorrow. Nous We live Nice. o Reflexive pronouns, a type of object pronoun that forms part of French habitons d Nice. in reflexive verbs like se laver (meaning to wosh) or s'appeler (meaning fo be colled). rtp + For more information on Reflexive verbs, see poge 88. je changes to j' in front of words beginning with a vowel, most words beginning with h, and the French word y. o The two , en and y, which are used in certain J'arrive! l'm just coming! constructions. Bon, j'y vais. Righf l'm off, o The pronouns qui? (meaning who?, whom), que? (meaning whot?), quoi? (meaning whot) and lequel? (meaning which one), which are used in asking questions. 2l tu or vous? > ln English we have only one way of saying you. In French, there are two + For more information on Questions, see poge 142. words: tu and vous. The word you use depends on: ) Pronouns often stand in for a noun to save repeating it. o whether you are talking to one person or more than one person gave I finished my homework and it to my teacher. o whether you are talking to a friend or family member, or someone else Do you remember Jack? | saw him at the weekend. > lf you are talking to one person you know well, such as a friend, a young ) Word order with personal pronouns is usually different in French and person or a relative, use tu. English. Tu me pr6tes ce CD? Will you lend me this CD?

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 44 Pnoruourus Pnoruourus 45

) lf you are talking to one person you do not know so well, such as your il is also used to talk about the weather, the time and in certain other set teacher, your boss or a stranger, use vous. phrases, often in the same way as some phrases with it in English. Vous pouvez entrer. You may come in. ll pleut. It's raining. ll est deux heures. It's two o'clock. ll faut partir. We/You have to go. ifs (meaning they) and elles (meaning they) are used in the plural to talk lf you are in doubt as to which form of you to use, it is safest to about things, as well as about people or animals. Use ils for masculine use vous and you will not offend anybody. nouns and elles for feminine nouns. lls vont appeler ce soir. They're going to call tonight. D lf you are talking to more than one person, you have to use vous, no 'Oi sont Anne et Rachel?' * 'Where are Anne and Rachel?'- matter how well you know them. 'Elles sont d la piscine.' 'They're at the swimming pool.' Vous comprenez, les enfants? Do you understand, children? 'Est-ce qu'il reste des billets?' ?re there are any tickets left?' - [J Note that the adjectives you use with tu and vous have to agree in -'Non, ils sont tous vendus.' 'No, they're all sold.' the feminine and plural forms. 'Tu aimes ces chaussures?'- 'Do you like those shoes?'- 'No, 'Non, elles sont affreuses!' they're horrible!' Vous 6tes certain, Monsieur Are you sure, Mr Leclerc? Leclerc? (mo scu li n e si ng u I o r) lf you are talking about a masculine and a feminine noun, use ils. Vous 6tes certains, les enfants? Are you sure, children? Oue font ton pdre et ta mire What do your father and mother do (masculine plurol) quand ils partent en vacances? when they go on holiday? 'Oi sont le poivre et la 'Where are the pepper and the Grammar Ertra! moutarde?'-'lls sont d6jdr sur mustard?' - 'They're already on the la table.' table.' Any past participles (the form of the verb ending in -6, -i or -u in French) used with €tre in tenses such as the perfect also have to agree in the feminine and plural forms. 4l on Vous 6tes oartie quand, Estelle? When did you leave, Estelle? D on is frequently used in informal, everyday French to mean h/e. (feminine singular) On va la plage demain. We're going to the beach tomorrow. Estelle et Sophie - vous 6tes Estelle and Sophie - when did you i parties quand? (feminine plurol) leave? On y va? Shallwe go? on can also have the sense of someone or they. + For more informotion on the Past participle, see poge 111. On m'a vol6 mon polte-monnaie. Someone has stolen my purse. tr illelle and ils/elles On vous demande au t6l6phone: There's a phone call for you. } In English we generally refer to things (such as table, book, cor) only as it. In French, il (meaning he, it) and elle (meaning she, it)are used to talk about rrp a thing, as well as about a person or an animal. You use il for masculine on is often used to avoid a passive construction in French. nouns and elle for feminine nouns. On m'a dit que tu 6tais malade. I was told you were ill. ll est d6jd parti. He's already left. * For more informotion on the Possive, see poge 122. Elle est actrice. She's an actress. ll mord, ton chien? Does your dog bite? Prends cette chaise. Elle est Take this chair. lt's more plus confortable. comfortable.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viiS-xii. 46 PRoruourus Pnoruourus 47 ) You can also use on as we use you in English when we mean people in Personal pronouns: direct object general. On peut visiter le ch6teau en You can visit the castle in the What is a direct object pronoun? 616. 5Ummer. A direct object pronoun is a word such as me, him, us and them, which is D'ici on peut voir les c6tes From here you can see the French used instead of the noun to stand in for the person or thing most directly frangaises. coast. affected by the action expressed by the verb.

pronouns Ttp , 1l Using direct obiect The form of the verb you use with on is the same as the illelle D Direct object pronouns stand in for nouns when it is clear who or what is form. being talked aboug and save having to repeat the noun. l've lost my glasses. Have you seen them? 4 For more informotion on Verbs, see poges 69-1 37. 'Have you met Jo?'-'Yes, I really like her!' D Here are the French direct object pronouns: Key points y' tne French subject pronouni ire: je (j'), tu, il, elle, on in the Singular Meaning Plural Meaning singular, and nous, vous, ils, elles in the plural. me (m') me nous u5 y' to say you in French, use tu if you are talking to one person you te (t'l you vous you know well or to a young person. Use vous if you are talking to le (l') him les them (mosculine one person you do not know so well or to more than one person. it ond feminine) y' il/ils (masculine singular/plural) and elle/elles (feminine la (l') her singular/plural) are used to refer to things, as well as to people or it animals. il is also used in certain set phrases. y' lf there is a mixture of masculine and feminine nouns, use ils. lls vont nous aider. They're going to help us. y' on can mean we, someone, you, they, or people in general. Je la vois. I can see her/it. It is often used instead of a passive construction. 'Tu aimes les carottes?'- 'Do you like carrots?'- 'No, I hate 'Non, je les d6teste!' them!' E Note that you cannot use direct object pronouns after a preposition like i or de, or when you want to emphasize something.

+ For more informotion on Emphotic pronouns, see poge 51.

T'P me changes to m', te to t', and le/la to l' in front of words beginning with a vowel, most words beginning with h, and the French word y. Je t'aime. Tu m'entends? Can you hear me?

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. Pnoruourus 48 PRoruourus 49 D ln orrk'rs and instructions telling someone to do something, moi is used Personal pronouns: indirect object instr,,rrl of me, and toi is used instead of te. Aidez-mo_i! Help me! What is an indirect object pronoun? Assieds-toi. Sit down. When a verb has two objects (a direct one and an indirect one), the indirect object pronoun is used instead of a noun to show the person or le is rornetimes used to refer back to an idea or information that has already thing the action is intended to benefit or harm, for example, me in He been given. The word lf is often missed out in English. gove me a book; Can you get m9. o towel? 'Ta chemise est trds sale.'- 'Your shirt's very dirty.'- 'Je l9 sais.' 'l know.' 1l Using indirect obiect pronouns Word order with direct obiect pronouns C.l > lt is important to understand the difference between direct and indirect L The direct object pronoun usually comes BEFORE the verb. object pronouns in English, as they can have different forms in French: Je t'aime. I love you. o an indirect object answers the question who to/for? or to/for Les voyez-vous? Can you see them? whaf? Elle ne nous connait pas. She doesn't know us. He gave me a book. - Who did he give the book to? + me (=indirect object pronoun) Note that in orders and instructions telling someone to do something, @ '+ the direct object pronoun comes AFTER the verb. Can you get me a towel? Who con you get o towel for? + me (=i ndi rect ob j ect p ro no u n) Asseyez-vous. Sit down. o if something answers the question what or who, then it is the direct D In tenses like the perfect that are formed with avoir or €tre and the past object and NOT the indirect oblect participle (the part of the verb that ends in -4 -i or -u in French), the direct He gave + + object pronoun comes BEFORE the part of the verb that comes from avoir me a book. What did he give me? a book (=jjyssl or 6tre. object) Can you get me a towel? + Whot cqn you get + (=direct ll m'a vu. He saw me, me? a towel object) } When a verb like vouloir (meaning to want) or pouvoir (meaning to be oble to, can) is followed by another verb (the in the infinitive 'fo'form of the D Here are the French indirect object pronouns: verb), the direct object pronoun comes BEFORE the infinitive. Singular Meaning Plural ll voudrait la revoir. He'd like to see her again. Meaning Puis-je vous aider? Can I help you? me (m') me, to me, for me nous us, to us, for us te (t') you, to you, for you vouS you, to you, for you Key points lui him, to him, for him leur them, to them, for them y' The French direct object pronouns are: me (m,), te (t,), lella (t,) it, to it, for it (mosculine ond feminine) in the singular, and nous, vous, les in the plural. lui her, to her, for her y' Except in orders and instructions telling someone to do it, to it, for it something, the direct object pronoun comes before the verb. ll nous 6crit tous les jours. He writes to us every day. lls te cachent quelque chose. They're hiding something from you.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii, 50 PRotrtoutrts PRoruourus 51 rq Emphatic pronouns me changes to m' and te to t' in front of words beginning with a What is an emphatic pronoun? vowel, most words beginning with h, and the French word y. An emphatic pronoun is used instead of a noun when you want to emphasize something, for example ls this for me? ll m'a donn6 un livre. He gave me a book. Tu m'apportes une serviette? Can you get me a towel? 1l Using emphatic pronouns The pronouns shown in the table are used instead of the preposition i with ) In French, there is another set of pronouns which you use after a noun. prepositions, when you want to emphasize something and in certain other l'6cris i Suzanne. l'm writing to Suzanne. -+ fe lui 6cris. l'm writing to her. cases. These are called emphatic pronouns or stressed pronouns. Donne du lait au chat. Give the cat some milk. -+ Donne-lui du lait. Give Singular Meaning Plural Meaning it some milk. mot I nouS we Some French verbs like demander i (meaning to osk) and t6l6phoner i me u5 even though English uses a (meaning to phone) take an indirect object toi you vouS you direct obiect. lui he eux they (mosculine) evening. ll leur tril6phone tous les soirs. He phones them every him them On the other hand, some French verbs like attendre (meaning to wait for), elle she elles they (feminine) chercher (meaning to look for) and regarder (meaning to /ook ot) take a her them direct object even though English uses an indirect obiect. sol oneself Je les attends devant la gare. l'll wait for them outside the station. $ourself, ourselves Je pense souvent a toi. I often think about you. indirect obiect pronouns E Word order with C'est pour moi? ls this for me? ) The indirect object pronoun usually comes BEFORE the verb' Venez avec moi. Come with me. Dominique vous 6crit une lettre. Dominique's writing you a letter' ll a besoin de nous. He needs us. ll ne nous parle pas. He doesn't speak to us. soi (meaning oneself is used with the subiect pronoun on and with words veut pas me He won't answer me. ll ne r6pondre. like tout fe monde (meaning everyone) or chacun (meaning each one). @ Note that in orders and instructions telling someone to do ll faut avoir confiance en soi. You have to have confidence in something, the indirect obiect pronoun comes AFTER the verb. yourself. Donne-moi ga! Give me that! Tout le monde est rentr6 chez Everyone went home. soi. KeY Points y' fhe French indirect object pionouns are: me (m'), te (t'), lui in 4 When to use emphatic pronouns the singular, and nous, vous, leur in the plural. > Emphatic pronouns are used in the following circumstances: y' Except in orders and instructions telling someone to do something, the direct object pronoun comes before the verb. o after a preposition C'est pour-mqi? ls this for me?

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 52 PRoruourus Pnoruouus 53

o for emphasis, especially where a contrast is involved Toi, tu ressembles d ton pdre, You look like your father, she mais elle non. doesn't. ll m'6nerve, lui! He's getting on my nerves! o on their own without a verb 'Oui a cass6 la fen6tre?'-'Lul.' 'Who broke the window?' - 'Je suis fatigu6e.'-'Moi aussi.' 'l'm tired.' - 'Me too'' o after c'est and ce sont (meaning it ts) C'est toi, Simon? ls that you, Simon? Ge sont eux. It's them.

9 For more informotion on c'est and ce sont, see page 65.

o in comparisons Tu es plus jeune que moi. You're younger than me. ll est moins grand que toi. He's smaller than you (are). . when the sublect of the sentence is made up of two pronouns, or of a pronoun and a noun Mon pire et elle ne My father and she don't get on. s'entendent pas.

Grammar Extra! You can add -m€me or -m6mes to the emphatic pronouns when you particularly want to emphasize something. These forms correspond to English myself, ourselves and so on

Form with -m6me Meaning mot-meme myself toi-m€me yourself lui-m€me himself, itself elle-m€me herself, itself soFmeme oneself $ourself, ou rselves) nous-memes ourselves vous-meme yourself vous-memes yourselves

eux-meme5 themselves (m a scu I i n e) elles-mGmes themselves (feminine) Je I'ai fait moi-m6me. I did it myself. Elle l'a choisi elle-m6me. She chose it herself.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii'xii. 54 Pnoruourus PRoruourus 55 Possessive pronouns Grammar Ertra! possessive pronoun? What is a Remember that ir with the definite article le becomes au, and i with les becomes aux, A possessive pronoun is one of the words mine, yours, hers, his, ours or \o: thelrs, which are used instead of a noun to show that one person or thing d + le mien + au mien befongs to another, for example, Ask Carole if this pen is hers. i + les miens + aux miens d + les miennes + aux miennes ) Here are the French possessive pronouns: Tu pr6fdres ce manteau au mien? Do you prefer this coat to mine? Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine Meaning Remember that de with the definite article le becomes du, and de with les becomes singular singular plural plural des, so: de + le mien + du mien les miennes mrne le mien la mienne les miens de + les miens + des miens le tien la tienne les tiens les tiennes yours de + les miennes r des miennes le sien la sienne les siens les siennes his J'ai oubli6 mes cl6s. J'ai besoin l've forgotten my keys. I need hers des tiennes, yours. le n6tre la n6tre les n6tres les n6tres ourS t ) For more informotion on Articles, see poge 12. le vdtre la vdtre les vdtres les vdtres yours le leur la leur les leurs les leurs theirs

Key points Ces CD-ld, ce sont les miens. Those CDs are mine. y' Heureusement que tu as tes It's lucky you've got your keys. The French possessive pronouns are le mien, le tien, le sien for pronouns, c163. J'ai oubli6 les miennes. lforgot mine. singular subject and le n6tre, le v6tre and le leur for plural subject pronouns. Their forms change in the feminine and the plural. rtp y' In French, the pronoun you choose has to agree with the noun it replaces, and not with the person who owns that thing. In French, possessive pronouns agree with what they describe, NOT with the person who owns that thing. For example, le sien can mean his or hers, but can only be used to replace a masculine singular noun. 'C'est le v6lo de Paul?'- 'ls that Paul's bike?' - 'Oui, c'est le sien.' 'Yes, it's his,' 'C'est le v6lo d'lsabelle?'- 'ls that lsabelle's bike?'- 'Oui, c'est le sien.' 'Yes, itt hers.'

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 56 Pnoruourus PRonourrrs 57 en and y zlY ) en and y do not usually refer to people. How we translate them into English >yis used with verbs and phrases normally followed by i to avoid repeating depends on where en and y are found in French. the :same word. 'Je pensais i l'examen.'-'Mais 'l was thinking about the exam.'- tren arr6te d'y penser!' 'Well, stop thinking about it!' (y replaces d in penser d quelque chose) D en is used with verbs and phrases normally followed by de to avoid 'Je ne m'attendais pas ga.'- 'l wasn't expecting that.'-'Well, I repeating the same word. i 'Moi, je m'y attendais.' was expecting it.' (y reploces d in problem, you can Si tu as un probldme, tu peux lf you've got a s'qttendre d quelque chose) m'en parler. talk to me about it. (en replaces de in parler de quelque chose) y can afso mean there. lt can be used to replace phrases that would use (meaning (meaning Est-ce que tu peux me prGter Can you lend me that book? | need prepositions such as dans tn) and sur on). ce livre? J'eo ai besoin. it. (en reploces de in svoir besoin de Elle y passe tout l'6t6. She spends the whole summer quelque chose) there. ll a un beau iardin et il en est He's got a beautiful garden and is Regarde dans le tiroir. Je pense Look in the drawer. I think the keys trds fier. very proud of it. (en reploces de in que les cl6s y sont. are in there. Qtre fier de quelque chose) t I Word order with en and y ) en can also replace the partitive article (du, de la, de l', des). en y BEFORE the verb. . Je n'ai pas d'argent.Tu en as? | haven't got any money. Have you and usually come got any? J'gn veux. I want some. 'Tu peux me prGter des timbres?' 'Can you lend me some stamps?'- Elle en a parl6 avec moi. She talked to me about it. -'Non, je dois en acheter.' 'No, I have to buy some.' En Gtes-vous content? {re you pleased with it/them? Comment fait-on pour y aller? How do you get there? see poge 22. .) For more information on the Portitive article, N'y pense plus. Don't think about it any more.

l en is also used: In orders and instructions telling someone to do something, en or y come EB the verb and are attached to it with a hyphen o as a preposition A[f O. Prenez-en. Take some. o with the present participle of verbs Restez-y. Stay there. + For more information on Prepositions and the Present participle, see poges qnd 1 62 1 25. rrp The final -s of -er verbs is usually dropped in the tu form used for When en is used with avoir, with il y a or with numbers, it is often not ) orders and instructions. When an -er verb in the tu form is used translated in English but can NEVER be missed out in French. before en or y, however, the -s is not dropped, to make it easier to 'Est-ce que tu as un 'Have you got a dictionary?' -'Yes, sav. dictionnaire?'-'Oui, j'en ai un.' l've got one.' Donne des bonbons ton frire. Cive some sweets to your brother. 'Gombien d'6ldves y a-t-il dans 'How many pupils are there in your i ta classe?'-'ll y en a trente.' class?' - 'There are thirty.' Donnes-en i ton frire. Cive some to your brother. J'en veux deux. I want two (of them). Va dans ta chambre! Go to your room! Vis;y| Co on!

t ) For more information on the Imperotive, see poge 85. For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii'xii. 58 PRoruoulvs Pnoruourus 59

L en and y come AFTER other direct or indirect obiect pronouns. Using different types of pronoun together Donnez-leur-en. Cive them some. D Sometimes you find a direct object pronoun and an indirect object pronoun ll m'en a parl6. He spoke to me about it in the same sentence. He gave me (indirect obiect) them (direct obiect). qnd + For more informqtion on Direct obiect pronouns lndirect obiect He gave them (direct object) to me (indirect object). pronouns, see poges 47 ond 49. ) When this happens in French, you have to put the indirect and direct obiect Key points pronouns in a certain order. y' en is used with verbs and expiessions normally followed by de to avoid repeating the same word. y' can also replace the partitive article. --- en ;; Direct ---}ei*E---*-----..- y' When en is used with avoir and il y a or with numbers, it is often te en not translated in English but can never be missed out in French. te :- lui y' y is used with verbs and expressions normally followed by i to avoid repeating the same word. y' y can also mean there and may replace expressions that would be used with dans and sur or some other preposition indicating a place. Dominique vous l'envoie Dominique's sending it to you y' en andy usually come before the verb, except in orders and demain. tomorrow. instructions telling someone to do something, when en or y ll te les a montr6s? Has he shown them to you? follows the verb and is attached to it with a hyphen. Je les lui ai lus. I read them to him/her. y' en and y come after other direct or indirect object pronouns. Ne la leur donne pas. Don't give it to them. Elle ne m'en a pas parl6. She didn't speak to me about it.

Key points y' lf a direct and an indirect object pronoun are used in the same sentence, you usually put the indirect object pronoun before the direct object pronoun. y' With lui and leur, this order is reversed and you put the direct object pronoun before the indirect object pronoun.

For further explanation of grammatacal terms, please see pages viii-xii. 60 Pnoruourus PRoruourus 61 lndefinite pronouns What is an indefinite pronoun? An indefinite pronoun is one of a small group of pronouns such as everything, nobody and something which are used to refer to people or 'What did you buy?'- things in a general way without saying exactly who or what they are. lf the sentence contains a verb you have to use ne with it. He's eaten nothing. ) Here are the most common French indefinite pronouns: o chacun (masculine singular)lchacune (feminine singular) each, everyone . tout everything Nous avons chacun donn6 We each gave ten euros. ll organise tout. He's organizing everything. dix euros. Tout va bien? ls everything OK? Chacun fait ce qu'il veut. Everyone does what they like. . tous (mosculine pluraf)ltoutes (feminine plurat) all Toutes les villas ont chacune Each villa has its own swimming leur piscine. pool. Je les connais tous. I know them all. Elles sont toutes arriv6es? Are they all here? . personne nobody/no one, anybodylanyone ll nly a personne d la maison. There's no one at home. You can use quelque chose de/rien de and quelqu'un de/personne de new and Elle ne veut voir personne. She doesn't want to see anybody. with adjectives if you want to say nothing interesting, something so on. + For more informotion on Negatives, see page 138. rien d'int6ressant nothing interesting

Key points y' rlen and personne can be used on their own to answer questions, but need to be used with ne when there is a verb in Oui sait la r6ponse? Personne. Who knows the answer? No one. the sentence. lf the sentence contains a verb you have to use ne with it. y' quelque chose/rien and quelqu'un/personne can be followed by de + adjective.

o quelque chose something, anything f'ai quelque chose pour toi. l've got something for you. Avez-vous quelque chose i Do you have anything to declare? d6clarer? o quelqu'un somebody/someone, anybody/anyone ll y a quelqu'un i la porte. There's someone at the door. Ouelqu'un a vu mon parapluie? Has anybody seen my umbrella? o rien nothing, anything Elle n'a rien dit. She didn't say anything. Rien n'a chang6. Nothing's changed. + For more informotion on Negatives, see page 138.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 62 PRotrtoutrts Pnoruourus 63 Relative pronouns: qui, que, lequel, auquel, duquel > qui is also used after a preposition such as i de or pour to talk about pcaplc. What is a relative pronoun? la personne d qui il parle the person he is speaking to ln English a relative pronoun is one of the words who, which and thot les enfants pour qui j'ai achet6 the children I bought sweets for (and the more formal whom) which can be used to introduce information des bonbons that makes it clear which person or thing is being talked about, for example, The mon who has just come in is Ann's boyfriend; The vase that you broke wos quite valuable. T(/p Relative pronouns can also introduce further information about someone ln English we often miss out the object pronouns who, which or something, for example, Peter, who is q brilliant painter, wonts to study and that. For example, we can say both the friends thot I see most, ol ort; lone's house, which was built in 1890, needs o lot of repoirs. the friends I see most, and the house which we wqnt to buy, or the house we wont to buy. In French you can |{EVER miss out que or qui D In French, the relative pronouns are qui, que, lequel, auquef and duquel. in this way. tr qui and que ) qui and que can both refer to people or things. 2l lequel, laquelle. lesquels. lesquelles

Relative pronoun Meaning > fequel (meaning which)is used after a preposition such as i de or pourto talk about things. lt has to agree with the noun it replaces. Subject qui who which Masculine Feminine Meaning that Singular lequel laquelle which Direct object que who, whom Plural lesquels lesquelles which which that le livre pour lequel elle est the book she is famous for GOnnue Mon frdre, qui a vingt ans, est My brother, who's twenty, is at la table sur laquelle j'ai the table I put my bag on i l'universit6. university. mis mon sac Est-ce qu'il y a un bus qui va ls there a bus that goes to the town au centre-ville? centre? Remember that ir and de combine with the definite article le to become au Les amis que je vois le plus The friends (that) | see most are L6a and du, and with les to become aux and des. lequel/lesquels/lesquelles sont L6a et Mehdi. and Mehdi. combine with ir and de as shown in the table. laquelle doesn't change. Voild la maison que nous That's the house (which) we want + lesquelles Meaning voulons acheter. to buy. + lequel + laquelle + lesquels a auquel i laquelle auxquels auxquelles to which de duquel de laquelle desquels desquelles of which

que changes to qu' in front of a word beginning with a vowel t | ' For more information on d ond dq see poges 14 and 15. and most words beginning with h.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 64 Pnoruourus Pnoruourus 65 Demonstrative pronouns: ce, cela/ga, ceci, celui Orammar Extra! dont means whose, of whom, of which, about which and so on. lt can refer to people or What is a demonstrative pronoun? things, but its form NEVER changes. ln English a demonstrative pronoun is one of the words this, that, these, la femme dont la voiture est the woman whose car has broken and fhose used instead of a noun to point people or things out, for en panne down exampfe, Thqt looks fun. les films dont tu parles the films you're talking about

rl ce Key points y' qui and que can both refer to people or things: qui is the subject > ce is usually used with the verb Gtre (meaning to be) in the expressions of the part of the sentence it is found in; que is the object. c'est (meanin g it's, that's), c'6tait (meaning it wos, that wos), ce sont

y' f n Engfish we often miss out the object pronouns who, which and (meaning it's, that's) and so on. thot, but in French you can never miss outque orqui. y' C'est moi. It's me. After a preposition you use qui if you are referring to people, and C'6tait mon frdre. That was my brother. lequel if you are referring to things lequel agrees with the noun - Ce sont eux. It's them. it replaces. y' a+ lequel 'auquel i+lesquels ,auxquels rrp i + lesquelles * auxquelles ce becomes c' when it is followed by a part of the verb that starts y' de+ lequel ' duquel with e or 6. de+lesquels'desquels ce becomes E' when it is followed by a part of the verb that starts de+ lesquelles' desquelles with a. Qa 6t6 difficile. It was difficult. Note that after c'est and ce sont and so on you have to use the emphatic form of the pronoun, for example, moi instead of je, eux instead of ils and so on. C'est moi. It's me.

Q For more informotion on Emphotic pronount see poge 51.

D ce is used: o with a noun or a question word to identify a person or thing Oui est-ce? Who is it?, Who's this/that? Ce sont des professeurs. They're teachers. Ou'est-ce que c'est? What's this/that? C'est un ouvre'boite. It's a tin-opener.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 66 PRotuoutrts PRorrroulus 67

o with an adjective to refer to a statement, idea and so on that cannot be Masculine Feminine Meaning classed as either masculine or feminine Singular celui celle the one C'est trds int6ressant. That's/lt's very interesting. C'est dangereux. That's/lt's dangerous. Plural ceux celles the ones Ce n'est pas grave. It doesn't matter. celui and its other forms are used before: o for emphasis o qui, que or dont G'est moi qui ai t6l6phon6. lt was me who phoned. 'Ouelle robe pr6f6rez-vous?' 'Which dress do you like best?' Ce sont les enfants qui ont fait It was the children who made the qui est en vitrine.' 'The one in the window.' le g6teau. cake. -'Celle - Prends ceux que tu pr6fires. Take the ones you like best. celui dont je t'ai parl6 the one I told you about E cela, ga and ceci o prepositions like i, dans and so on. l cefa and mean it, this or that. Both refer to a statement, an idea or an Ea celui proche de la fontaine the one near the fountain obfect. ga is used instead of cela in everyday, informal French. Qa ne fait rien. It doesn't matter. celui and its other forms can be used with de to show who something Ecoute-moi gal Listen to this! belongs to. In English, we would use 's. Cela d6pend. That/lt depends. Je n'ai pas d'appareil photo I haven't got a camera but I can je Je n'aime pas cela. I don't like that. mais peux emprunter celui borrow my sister!. de ma seur. Donne-moi ga! Give me that! Comparez vos r6ponses d Compare your answers with your rtp celles de votre voisin. neighbour's. You can add the endings -ci and -lir to celui and its other forms to ga and cela are used in a more general way than il and elle, emphasize the difference between something that is close to you and which are usually linked to a noun that has already been mentioned. something that is further away. plait Qa te d'aller d l'6tranger? Do you like going abroad? r use -ci for something that is closer to you Elle te plait, ma nouvelle Do you like my new car? o use -li for something that is further away voiture? Masculine Feminine Meaning L ceci means fhis and is not as common as cela and ga. lt is used to talk Singular celui-ci celle-ci this, this one about something that has not yet been mentioned. celui-lir celle-lir that that one Lisez ceci. Read this. Plural ceux-cl celles-ci these, these ones ceux-lir celles-lir those, those ones ) ceci is also used to hand or show someone something. prend quel Which shall we get? This Prends ceci.Tu en auras besoin. Take this. You'll need it. On fromage? cheese Celui-ci ou celui-ld? one or that one? Ces chemises ont deux poches These shirts have two pockets but tr celui, celle. ceux, celles mais celles-li n'en ont pas. those have none. } celui and celle mean the one; ceux and celles mean the ones. The form you choose depends on whether the noun it is replacing is masculine or feminine, and singular or plural.

For further explanation of grammatical tems, please see pages viii-xii. 68 PRor,roulvs

VERBS y'. cei.soften found ," ,n" ." sont and so on. ",lo"rlrl,"",lr'".'"rt " :il',:!iil"i0",,"" or thins What is a verb? on that cannot be crassed A verb is a 'doing' word which describes what someone or something ;J:,fi:"J;""#n:T:?"t;*:l:no'o does, what someone or something is, or what happens to them, for example, be, sing, live.

it, thisor thot;ceci means rhis, but is not as " :jffff|l'i"un The three coniugations y' cefui and celle mean fhe one; ceuxand celles mean the ones. They are often found with the endings -ci and -li and are used D Verbs are usually used with a noun, with a pronoun such as I, you or she, or to distinguish between things which are close and things which with somebody's name. They can relate to the present the past and the are further away. future; this is called their tense.

t ) For more informotion on Nouns and Pronouns, see pages 1 ond 42.

) Verbs are either: . regular; their forms follow the normal rules o irregular; their forms do not follow the normal rules D Regular English verbs have a base form (the form of the verb without any endings added to it for example, walk). The base form can have fo in front of it for example, to wolk. This is called the infinitive. You will find one of these forms when you look a verb up in your dictionary.

D French verbs also have an infinitive, which ends in -er, -ir or -re, for example, donner (meaning to give), finir (meaning to finish), attendre (meaning to woit). Regular French verbs belong to one of these three verb groups, which are called conjugations. We will look at each of these three conjugations in turn on the next few pages.

> English verbs have other forms apart from the base form and infinitive: a form ending in -s (wolks), a form ending in -ing (wolking), and a form ending in -ed (wolked). D French verbs have many more forms than this, which are made up of endings added to a stem. The stem of a verb can usually be worked out from the infinitive. D French verb endings change, depending on who you are talking aboul je (l), tu (you), illelle/on (he/she/one) in the singular, or nous (we), vous (you) and ifs/elles (they) in the plural. French verbs also have different forms depending on whether you are referring to the present, future or past.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 70 Venss Venss 71 ) Some verbs in French do not follow the normal rules, and are called The present tense irregular verbs. These include some very common and important verbs like avoir (meaning to hove), €tre (meaning to be), faire (meaning to do, to What is the present tense? make) and aller (meaning to go). There is information on many of these The present tense is used to talk about what is true at the momenf what irregular verbs in the following sections. happens regulady and what is happening now, for example, l'm a student, I travel to college by train, l'm studying languoges. + For Verh tables, see supplement. D You use a verb in the present tense to talk about: Key points o things that are happening now y' French verbs have different forms depending on what noun or pronoun they are used with, and on their tense. It! raining. phoneS ( tfey are made up of a stem and an ending. The stem is usually The ringing. based on the infinitive. . things that happen all the time or at certain intervals, or things that you y' Regular verbs fit into one of three patterns or conjugations: do as a habit -er, -ir, or -re verbs. It always snows in January. y' lrregular verbs do not follow the normal rules. I play football on Saturdays. o things that are true at the present time: She's not very well. It's a beautiful house.

D There is more than one way to express the present tense in English. For exampfe, you can say either I give, I am giving, or occasionally I do give. ln French you use the same form (e donne) for all of these!

> ln English you can also use the present tense to talk about something that is going to happen in the near future. You can do the same in French. Je vais en France le mois l'm ooino to France next month. prochain. Nous prenons le train de dix We_fegetling the ten o'clock train. heures. Ttp Although English sometimes uses parts of the verb to be to form present tense of other verbs (for example, I am listening, shel talking), French NEVER uses the verb 6tre in this way.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 72 Vrnes VeRes 73 The present tense: regular -er {first conjugationl verbs rtp ) lf an infinitive in French ends in -er, it means the verb belongs to the first je j' (o, i, coniugation, for example, donner, aimer, parler. changes to in front of a word starting with a vowel e, o or u), most words starting with h, and the French word y. ) To know which form of the verb to use in French, you need to work out what the stem of the verb is and then add the correct ending. The stem of Note that there are a few regular -er verbs that are spelled slightly -er verbs in the present tense is formed by taking the infinitive and il chopping off -er. differently from the way you might expect.

Infinitive Stem (without -er) Q For more information on Spelling changes in -er verbs, see page 78. donner (to give) donn- aimer (to like, to love) atm- parfer (to speak, to tolk) parl- y' Verbs endins in -e, uuunfil i^"itln, conlugation and form their present tense stem by losing the -er from the infinitive. Now you know how to find the stem of a verb, you can add the correct / for -er verbs are: ending. Which one you choose will depend on whether you are referring to lj".:j:::::"T:::"T:::,T je, tu, il, elle, on, nous, vout ils or elles. c For more information on Pronouns, see poge 42.

Here are the present tense endings for -er verbs:

Pronoun Ending Add to stem, Meanings e.g. donn- ie (i') -e je donne I give I am giving tu -es tu donnes you grve you are giving il -e il donne he/she/itlone gives elle elle donne he/she/itlone is on on donne giving .nou5 -ons nous donnons we grve we are giving vous -ez vous donnez you grve you are giving ils -ent ils donnent they give elles elles donnent they are giving

Marie regarde la t616. Marie is watching W. Le train arrive d deux heures. The train arrives at 2 o'clock.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 74 Venes Venes 75 The present tense: regular -ir (second conjugation) verbs je changes to j' in front of a word starting with a vowel, most l lf an infinitive ends in -ir, it means the verb belongs to the second words starting with h, and the French word y. conjugation, for example, finir, choisir, remplir.

) The stem of -ir verbs in the present tense is formed by taking the infinitive,, D The nous and vous forms of -ir verbs have an extra syllable. and chopping off -ir. tu filnis (two syllobles) vous filnilssez (three syllables) Infinitive Stem (without -ir) finir (to finish) fin- Key points choisir (to choose) chois- y' Verbs ending in -i, u"toniiJ,i""'r"lona conjugation and form rempfir (to fill, to fill in) rempl- their present tense stem by losing the -ir from the infinitive. y' The present tense endings for -ir verbs are: ) Now add the correct ending, depending on whether you are referring to -ls, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent. tu, il, elle, on, nous, vous, ils or elles, y' Remember the extra syllable in the nous and vous forms.

+ For more informotion on Pronouns, see page 42.

D Here are the present tense endings for -ir verbs:

Pronoun Ending Add to stem, e.g. fin- Meanings ie 0') -ts ie finis I finish I am finishing tu -t5 tu finis you finish you are finishing il -it il finit he/she/itlone elle elle finit finishes on on finit he/she/it/one is finishing nous -tssons nous finissons we finish we are finishing vous -tssez vous finissez you finish you are finishing ils -issent ils finissent they finish elles elles finissent they are finishing

Le cours finit i onze heures. The lesson finishes at eleven o'clock, Je finis mes devoirs. l'm finishing my homework.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 76 Vrnes Venes 77 The present -re (third tense: regular coniugationl verbs Ttp ) lf an infinitive ends in -re, it means the verb belongs to the third je changes to j' in front of a word starting with a vowel, most coniugation, for example, attendre, vendre, entendre. words starting with h, and the French word y.

) The stem of -re verbs in the present tense is formed by taking the infinitive and chopping off -re. Key points form Infinitive Stem (without -re) y' Yerbsending in -re belonfil,Ii"'l-rtita conjugation and their present tense stem by losing the -re from the infinitive. attendre (to wait) attend- y' tne present tense endings for -re verbs are: vendre (fo sel/) vend- -s, -5, -, -ons, -gz, -ent. entendre (to hear) entend-

L Now add the correct ending, depending on whether you are referring to je, tu, il, elle, on, nous, vous, ils or elles.

+ For more informqtion on Pronouns, see poge 42.

) Here are the present tense endings for -re verbs:

Pronoun Ending Add to stem, Meanings e.g. attend- je 0') -s i'attends lwait I am waiting tu -s tu attend! you wait you are waiting il il attend he/she/itlone waits elle elle attend he/she/itlone is on on attend waiting nous -on5 nous attendons we wait we are waiting vouS -ez vous attendez you wait you are waiting ils -ent ils attendent they wait elles elles attendent they are waiting

J'attends ma s(Eur. l'm waiting for my sister. Chaque matin nous attendons Every morning we wait for the train le train ensemble. together.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii, 78 Venas Venes 79

The present tense: spelling changes in -er verbs 3I Verbs ending in -eler

} Learning the patterns shown on pages 72-73 means you can now work out > With verbs such as appeler (meaning to col[), which end in -eler, the I the forms of most -er verbs. A few verbs, though, involve a small spelling doubles before -e, -es and -ent. The double consonant (ll) affects the change. This is usually to do with how a word is pronounced. In the tables pronunciation of the word. In appeler, the first e sounds like the vowel below the form(s) with the irregular spelling is/are underlined. sound at the end of the English word teacher, but in appelle the first e sounds like the one in the English word pet. Verbs ending in -cer tr Pronoun Example verb: appeler > With verbs such as lancer (meaning to throw), which end in -cer, c I aopelle becomes E before an a or an o. This is so the letter c is still pronounced as tu appelles in the English word ice. il appelle Pronoun Example verb: lancer elle on le lance nous appelons tu lances vous appelez il lance elle ils apoellent on elles nouS langons The exceptions to this rule are geler (meaning to freeze) and peler vous lancez (meaning to peel), which change in the same way as lever (see page 81). ils lancent elles Verbs like this are sometimes called '1 , 2, 3, 5 verbs' because they change in the first person singular (je), second person singular (tu), and third person singular and plural (illelle/on and ils/elles). l2l Verbs ending in -ger > With verbs such as manger (meaning to eot), which end in -ger, g 4 Verbs ending in -eter becomes ge before an a or an o. This is so the letter g is still pronounced jeter (meaning end in -eter, the fike the s in the English word leisure. > With verbs such as to throw),which t doubles before -e, -es and -ent. The double consonant (tt) affects the Pronoun Example verb; manger pronunciation of the word. In jeter, the first e sounds like the vowel sound je man9e at the end of the English word teacher, but in iette the first e sounds like English word pef. tu manges the one in the il mange Pronoun Example verb: jeter elle iette on le tu iettes nous manqeons il iette vous man9ez elle ils mangent on elles nous ietons vouS ietez ils ictten! elles For {urther explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii, 80 Venss Vengs 81

L The exceptions to this rule include acheter (meaning to buy), which With verbs such as esp6rer (meaning to hope), r6gler (meaning to adjust) changes in the same way as lever (see page 81). and pr6f6rer (meaning to prefer),6 changes to E before the consonant + D Verbs like this are sometimes called'1, 2.3. 6 verbs'. -e, -es and -ent. tr Verbs ending in -yer Pronoun Example verb: esp6rer I' esDere With verbs as (meaning > such nettoyer to cleon), which end in -yer, the y tu esDeres changes to i before -e, -es and -ent. il eSDere Pronoun Example verb: nettoyer elle on le nettoie nous esperons tu nettoies vous esperez il nettoie elle ils espirent on elles nous nettoyons D Verbs fike this are sometimes called '1, 2. 3, 6 verbs'. vous nettoyez ils nettoient Key points elles xi-unr.. } Verbs ending in -ayer, such as payer (meaning to poy) and essayer " Ir*::T'i'J:,"il: (meaning to try), can be spelled with either a y or an i. So je paie /l'-''Tiffi and itr?.'il-:,'ffi1;":::,andvousrorms je paye, for example, are both correct. / } Verbs like this are sometimes called "1 2, 3, 6 verbs' , I l:H:'iti,t llffX, una vous rorms (optionar in -ayer verbs). tr Ghanges involving accents > With verbs such as lever (meaning to roise), peser (meaning to weigh) and acheter (meaning to buy), e changes to 6 before the consonant + -e, -es and -ent. The accent changes the pronunciation too. In lever the first e

sounds f ike the vowel sound at the end of the English word teocher, but in fdve and so on the first e sounds like the one in the English word pet. Pronoun Example verb: lever je live tu lives il live elle on nous levons vous levez ils livent elles

For further explanation of grammatical tems, please see pages viii-xii. 82 Venss Venes 83

The present tense: irregular verbs 3 I The present tense of faire ) Some verbs in French do not follow the normal rules. These verbs include Pronoun faire Meaning: to do, to make some very common and important verbs like avoir (meaning to hove), 6tre je fais ldo/make (meaning to be), faire (meaning to do, to moke) and aller (meanin g to go). I am doinq/makinq The present tense of these four verbs is given in full below. tu fais you do/make you are doing/making For Verb tables, see supplement. O il fait he/she/it/one does/makes elle he/she/itlone is doing/making present tr The tense of avoir on nous faisons we do/make Pronoun avoll Meaning: to have we are doinq/makinq al I have I vous faites you do/make tu a5 you have vou are doinq/makinq il a he/she/itlone has ils font they do/make elle elles they are doing/making on nous avonS we have Je fais un gdteau. l'm making a cake. vous avez you have Ou'est-ce que tu fais? What are you doing? ils ont they have ll fait chaud. It's hot. elles Qa ne fait rien. It doesn't matter. J'4j deux s(Durs. I have two sisters. ll a les yeux bleus. He has blue eyes. l+'l The present tense of aller Elle a trois ans. She's three. Pronoun aller Meaning: fo go O,u'est-ce qu'il y a? What's the matter? ,e vats l90 I am going The present tense of e 6tre tu vas you 90 you are qoinq Pronoun 6tre Meaning: fo be il va he/she/itlone goes suls tam ie elle he/she/it/one is going tu es you are on il est he/she/itlone is nous allons we go elle we are qoinq on vous allez you go nous 50mmes we are vou are qoinq vouS 6tes you are ils vont they go ils sont they are elles they are going elles Je vais i Londres. l'm going to London. Je suis heureux. l'm happy. 'Comment allez-vous?' -'Je 'How are you?' -'l'm fine.' Mon pdre est instituteur. My father's a primary school vais bieni teacher. 'Comment ga va?'-'Qa va bien.' 'How are you?' -'l'm fine.' ll est deux heures. It's two o'clock.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii, 84 Venes Venes 85 tr lrregular -ir verbs The imperative D Many irregular verbs that end in -ir, such as partir (meaning to go) and What is the imperative? tenir (meaning to hold), have a common pattern in the singular. The je and An imperative is a form of the verb used when giving orders and tu forms often end in -s, and the illelle/on form often ends in -t. rrrstructions, for example, Shut the door!; Sit down!; Don't go!

Pronoun partir tenir t imperative ,e parS tien5 I Using the tu par! tien5 > In French, there are two forms of the imperative that are used to give illelle/on pa(t tient instructions or orders to someone. These correspond to tu and vous.

Je pars demain. l'm leaving tomorrow. r i, For more information on the difference between tu ond vous, see poge 43. Elle tient le b6b6. She is holding the baby. > There is also a form of the imperative that corresponds to nous. This means + For Verb tables, see supplement. the same as /ef3 in English. lt is not used as often as the tu and vous forms.

2l Forming the present tense imperative D For regular verbs, the imperative is the same as the tu, nous and vous t' forms of the present tense, except that you do not say the pronouns tu, nous and vous. Also, in the tu form of -er verbs like donner, the final -s { is dropped.

Pronoun -er verbs: Meaning -ir verbs: Meaning -re verbs: Meaning donner finir attendre tu donne give finis finish attends wait nouS donnons Iet's qive finissons lett finish attendons let's wait vous donnez grve finissez finish attendez wait

Donne-moi ga! Give me that! Finissez vos devoirs et allez Finish your homework and go to vous Goucher, bed. Attendons le bus. Let's wait for the bus. rtp When a tu imperative comes before en or y, the final -s is kept to make the words easier to pronounce. The s is pronounced like the z in the English word zipi Vaglg! Co on! Donnes:gn d ton frdre. Give some to your brother.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 86 Venes VeRes 87

Lg"l Where to put the obiect pronoun 4 lmperative forms of inegular verbs } An object pronoun is a word like la (meaning her/it), me/moi (meaning avoir (meanin g to have),6tre (meanin g to be), savoir (meaning to know) me) or leur (meaning to them) that is used instead of a noun as the object and vouloir (meaning to wont) have irregular imperative forms. of a sentence. In orders and instructions, the position of these object savolr vouloir pronouns in the sentence changes depending on whether you are telling Pronoun avotl 6tre someone TO DO something or NOT TO DO something. tu ate sorS sache veuille nouS ayons soyons sachons veuillons For more informotion on Object pronouns, see page + 47. vouS ayez soyez sachez veuillez

) lf you are telling someone NOT TO DO something, you put the oblect Sois sage. Be good. pronouns BEFORE the verb. Veuillez fermer la porte. Please shut the door. Ne me d6range pas. Don't disturb me. Ne leur parlons pas. Let's not speak to them. Ne le regardez pas. Don't look at him/it.

L lf you are telling someone TO DO something, you put the object pronouns AFTER the verb and join the two words with a hyphen. The word order is the same as in English. Excusez:nng!. Excuse me. Aide-nous. Help us. Attendonsi!a. Let's wait for her/it.

Orders and instructions telling someone to do something may contain direct obiect and indirect obiect pronouns. When this happens, the pronouns go in this order:

DIRECT INDIRECT le moi la BEFORE toi les lui nous vous leur Pr6te-les moi! Lend them to me! or Lend me them! Donnez-la-nous! Give it to us! or Cive us it!

E) For imperatives using Reflexive verbs, see poge 90.

For further explanation of grammatical terml please see pages viii-xii. 88 Vrnes Venes 89 Reflexive verbs O,u'est-ce qui se passe? What's happening? Le soleil se ldve d cinq heures. The sun rises at five o'clock. What is a reflexive verb? Assevez-vous! Sit down! A reflexive verb is one where the sublect and oblect are the same, and where the action 'reflects back' on the subject. lt is used with a reflexive fl Note that se and s' are very rarely translated as himself and so on in pronoun such as myself, yourself and herself in English, for example, / English. washed myself; He shoved himself. D Some French verbs can be used with a reflexive pronoun or without a reflexive pronoun, for example, the verbs appeler and s'appeler, and tr Using reflexive verbs arr€ter and s'arr6ter. Sometimes, however, their meaning may change. l In French, reflexive verbs are much more common than in English, and Appelle le chien. Call the dog. many are used in everyday French. They are shown in dictionaries as se Je m'appelle Jacques. l'm called facques. the infinitive (se means himself, herself, itself, themselves or oneself). seis ll an6te le moteur. He switches off the engine. pronoun. called a reflexive Elle s'an6te devant une vitrine. She stops in front of a shop window. rw 2l Forming the present tense of reflexive verbs se changes to s'in front of a word starting with'a vowel, most D To use a reflexive verb in French, you need to decide which reflexive pronoun words starting with h, and the French word y. to use. The forms shown in brackets in the table are used before a word starting with a vowel, most words starting with h, or the French word y. ) Reflexive verbs are often used to describe things you do (to yourself) every pronoun Meaning day or that involve a change of some sort (going to bed, sitting down, Subject Reflexive Dronoun (m') myself getting angry, going to sleep). Some of the most common French reflexive le me verbs are listed here: tu te (t') yourself il se (s') himself s'amuser to play, to enjoy oneself elle herself s'appeler to be called on itself s'arr6ter to stop oneself s'asseoir to sit down nous nouS ourselves vous yourself (singulor) se baigner to go swimming vouS vourselves (p/urol) se coucher go to to bed ils se (s') themselves se d6p6cher to hurry elles s'habiller to get dressed I get up early. s'int6resser i quelque chose to be interested in somethinq Je me ldve t6t. She's getting dressed. se laver to wash, to have a wash Elle s'habille. beaucoup aux They're very interested in animals. se lever to get up, to rise, to stand up lls s'int6ressent animaux. se passer to take place, to happen, to go se promener to go for a walk se rappeler to remember se r6veiller to wake up se trouver to be (situated)

For lurther explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii, 90 Venes Vrnes 91

) The present tense forms of a reflexive verb work in just the same way as an ordinary verb, except that the reflexive pronoun is used as well. Ttp When you are someone TO DO something, te or t' Reflexive forms Meaning telling changes to toi. ie me lave lwash (myself) Sit down. tu te laves you wash (yourself) Assieds-toi. il se lave he washes (himself) When you-are telling someone NOT TO DO something, te or t' is elle se lave she washes (herself) used, not toi. on se lave it washes (itself) Ne te live pas. Don't get uP. one washes (oneself) nous nous lavons we wash (ourselves) vous vous lavez you wash (yourself) (singular) t ) For more informotion on the Imperative, see poge 85. you wash (yourselves) (p/urol) ils se lavent they wash (themselves) elles se lavent a] Each otherand one another D We use each other in English when we are talking about two people, and } Some reflexive verbs, such as s'asseoir (meaning to sit down), are irregular. one anotherwhen we are talking about three or more people. The French Some of these irregular verbs are shown in the Verb tables. reflexive pronouns nout vous and se can all mean two or more people. Nous nous parlons tous les We speak to each other every day. + For Verb tables, see supplement. jours. On se voit demain? Shall we see each other tomorrow? tr Where to put the reflexive pronoun Les trois pays se ressemblent The three countries are really like beaucoup. one another. ) In the present tense, the reflexive pronoun almost always comes BEFORE the verb. Je me couche t6t. I go to bed early. Comment t'appelles-tu? What's your name?

) When telling someone NOT TO DO something, you put the reflexive pronoun BEFORE the verb as usual. Ne te ldve pas. Don't get up. Ne vous habillez pas. Don't get dressed.

l When telling someone TO DO something, you put the reflexive pronoun AFTER the verb and join the two words with a hyphen. Live-toi! Get up! D6p6chez-vous! Hurry up! Habillons-nous. Let's get dressed.

For further oxplanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 92 Venss VeRes 93 The imperfect tense 2l Forming the imperfect tense of -er verbs stem of the verb What is the imperfect tense? ) To form the imperfect tense of -er verbs, you use the same depending on The imperfect tense is one of the verb tenses used to talk about the past, as for the present tense. Then you add the correct ending, je, nous, vous, ils or elles. especially in descriptions, and to say what used to happen, for example, whether you are referring to tu, il, elle, on, I used to wolk to school; lt was sunny at the weekend. Pronoun Ending Add to stem, Meanings e.g. donn- je je I gave Using the imperfect tense (j') -ars donnais tr I was giving ) The imperfect tense is used: I used to give . to describe what things were like and how people felt in the past tu -at5 tu donnais you gave you were giving I was very sad when she left. you used to give It was oourino with rain. il -ait il donnait he/she/it/one gave o to say what used to happen or what you used to do regularly in the past elle elle donnait he/she/it/one was giving on donnait he/she/it/one used to give We used to get up very early in those days. on -rons nous donnions we gave I never used to like milk. nous we were giving o to indicate things that were happening or something that was true when we used to give something else took place vous -rc2 vous donniez you gave I was watchino TV when the phone rano. you were giving you used to give As we were looking out of the window, we saw someone walk across the lawn. ils -aient ils donnaient they gave elles elles donnaient they were giving @ Note that if you want to talk about an event or action that took place they used to give and was completed in the past, you use the perfeet tensc. ll portait toujours un grand ' He always wore a big black hat. * for more informotion on the Perfect tense, see poge 111. chapeau noir. Nous habitions d Paris d cette We were living in Paris at that time. 6poque. L You can often recognize an imperfect tense in English because it uses a gagner peu To earn a little money I used to form like were looking or wos roining. The words used to also show an Pour un d'argent, ie give French lessons. imperfect tense. donnais des cours de frangais.

rtp rrp Remember that you NEVER use the verb €tre to translate was ol je changes to j' in front of a word starting with a vowel, most were in forms like was roining or were looking and so on. You change words starting with h, and the French word y. the French verb ending instead.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 94 Vrnes Venes 95

Forming the imperfect tense of -ir verbs Pronoun Ending Add to stem, Meanings tr e,g, attend- ) To form the imper-fect tense of -irverbs, you use the same stem of the verb i'c') -als i'attendais I waited as for the present tense. Then you add the correct ending, depending on I was waiting whether you are referring to jq tq i[ ellg on, nous, voug ils or eller I used to wait tu -at5 tu attendais you waited Pronoun Ending Add to stem, e.g. fin Meanings you were waiting ie 0') 't55at5 ie finissais I finished you used to wait I was finishing il -ait il attendait he/she/it/one waited I used to finish elle elle attendait he/she/it/one was waiting tu -t5sars tu finissais you finished on on attendait he/she/itlone used to wail you were finishing nouS -lons nous attendions we waited you used to finish we were waiting il -issait il finissait he/she/itlone finished we used to wait elle elle finissait he/she/itlone was finishing vous -rc2 vous attendiez you waited on on finissait he/she/itlone used to finish you were waiting nous -rssrons nous finissions we finished you used to wait we were finishing ils -aient ils attendaient they waited we used to finish elles elles attendaient they were waiting wait vous -rssrez vous finissiez you finished they used to you were finishing Christine m'attendait tous les Christine used to wait for me every you to finish used soirs a la sortie. evening at the exit. ils -issaient ils finissaient they finished Je vivais seule aprds mon I was living alone after my divorce. finissaient they were finishing elles elles divorce. they used to finish Spelling changes in -er verbs ll finissait souvent ses devoirs He often finished his homework il avant le diner. before dinner. > As with the present tense, a few -erverbs change their spellings slightly Get apris-midi-ld ils That afternoon they were choosing when they are used in the imperfect tense. The forms with spelling changes choisissaient une bague de an engagement ring. have been underlined in the tables. fiangailles. > With verbs such as lancer(meaning to throw), which end in -ce4 c becomes g before an a or an o. This is so that the letter c is still pronounced English word lce. tr Forming the imperfect tense of -re verbs as in the Pronoun Example verb: lancer ) To form the imperfect tense of -re verbs, you use the same stem of the verb lanfais as for the present tense. Then you add the correct ending, depending on le whether you are referring to ig tu, il elle, on, nous, vous, ils or elles. tu lanEais These endings are the same as for -erverbs. il lanEait elle on nous lancions vouS lanciez ils lanEaient elles For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii, 96 Venes VeRes 97

> With verbs such as manger (meaning to eot), which end in -ger, g becomes ge before an a or an o. This is so the letter g is still pronounced rwr like the s in the English word leisure. me changes to m', te to t' and se to s' before a vowel, most with h and the French word y. Pronoun Example verb: manger words starting je manoeats tu manoeats / I lrregular verbs in the imperfect tense il mangeait is irregular in the imperfect tense is €tre. elle > The only verb that on Pronoun 6tre Meaning nous mangrons t' 6tais I was vouS mangiez tu 6tais you were ils mangeaient il 6tait he/she/itlone was elles elle on These verbs follow the 1.2,3,6 pattern. That is, they change in the firs! we were second and third person singular, and in the third person plural. nouS 6tions vouS 6tiez you were ils 6taient they were Reftexive verbs in the imperfect tense tr elles ) The imperfect tense of reflexive verbs is formed just as for ordinary verbs, I was happy. except that you add the reflexive pronoun (me, te, se, nous, vous, se). J'6kis heureux. Mon pdre 6tait instituteur. My father was a primary school Subject Reflexive Example with Meaning teacher. pronoun pronoun laver ,e me (m') lavais I washed I was washing I used to wash tu te (t') lavais you washed you were washing you used to wash / il se (s') lavait he/she/itlone washed elle he/she/it/one was washing on he/she/itlone used to wash r' nous nous lavions we washed we were washing we used to wash vouS vous laviez you washed you were washing you used to wash ils se (s') lavaient they washed elles they were washing they used to wash

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 98 Venes Vsnes 99 The future tense m Note that apart from the nous and vous forms, the endings are the What is the future tense? same as the Present tense of avoir. The future tense is a verb tense used to talk about something that will happen or will be true. For the present tense of ovoir, see page 82.

tr Using the future tense Pronoun Ending Add to stem, e.g. Meanings donner-, f inir-, aftendr- ,/l } fn English the future tense is often shown by will or its shortened form I will give ie 0') -al je donner4i What will you do? je finiraj I will finish The weather will be warm and dry tomorrow. j'attendraj lwill wait He'll be here soon. tu -45 tu donneras you will give you will finish l'll give you a call. tu finiras tu attendras you will wait L Just as in English, you can use the present tense in French to refer to il -a illelle/on donnera he/she/itlone will give something that is going to happen in the future. elle illelle/on finira he/she/it/one will finish illelle/on attendra he/she/it/one will wait fe pfends le train de dix heures. l'm taking the ten o'clock train. on nouS -ons nous donnerqE we will give Nous allons i Paris la semaine We're going to paris next week. nous finirqns we will finish prochaine. nous attendrqn! we will wait you will give } In English we often use going to followed by an infinitive to talk about vous -ez vous donnercz vous finirez you will finish something that will happen in the immediate future. You can use the vous attendrez you will wait French verb aller (meaning to go) followed by an infinitive in the same way. ils -ont ils/elles donnerQnt they will give Tu vas tomber si tu continues. You're going to fall if you carry on. elles ils/elles finiren! they will finish ll va manquer le train. He's going to miss the train. ils/elles attendrsnt they will wait

Elle te donnera mon adresse. She'll give you my address. Le cours finira ir onze heures. The lesson will finish at eleven Remember that French has no direct equivalent of the word will in o'clock. verb forms like will rain or will look and so on. You change the French Nous t'attendrons devant We'll wait for you in front of the verb ending instead to form the future tense. le cin6ma. cinema.

A Forming the future tense To form ) the future tense in French, you use: ie changes to j' in front of a word starting with a vowel, o the infinitive of -er and -ir verbs, for example, donner, finir starting with h, and the French word y. o the infinitive without the final e of -re verbs: for example, attendr-

) Then add the correct ending to the stem, depending on whether you are tr Spelling changes in'er verbs talking about je, tq if elle, ory nous, vous, ils or elles. The endings are >' As with the present and imperfect tenses, a few -er verbs change their the same for -er, -ir and -re verbs. spellings slightly in the future tense. The forms with spelling changes have been underlined in the tables. For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii, 100 Venes Venes 101

> With verbs such as appeler (meaning to cal[), which end in -eler, the With verbs such as nettoyer (meaning to clean), that end in -yer, the y I doubles throughout the future tense. The double consonant (ll) affects t hanges to i throughout the future tense. the pronunciation of the word. ln appeler, the first e sounds like the vowel sound at the end of the English word teacher, but in appellerai the first e sounds like the one in the English word pet.

Pronoun Example verb: appeler t' appellerai tu appelleras il appellera elle on nous appellerons vouS appellerez ils appelleront > Verbs ending in -ayer, such as payer (meaning to pay) and essayer elles (meaning to try), can be spelled with either a y or an i. So ie paierai and ie payerai, for example, are both correct. The exceptions to this rule are geler (meaning to freeze) and peler (meaning to peel), which change in the same way as lever (see poge 101). > With verbs such as lever (meaning to raise), peser (meaning to weigh) and acheter (meaning to buy), e changes to E throughout the future tense. In With verbs such as jeter (meaning to throw), that end in -eter, the t lever the first e sounds like the vowel sound at the end of the English doubles throughout the future tense. The double consonant (tt) affects the wotd teocher, but in lEverai and so on the first e sounds like the one in pronunciation of the word. In jeter, the first e sounds like the vowel sound the English word pef. at the end of the English word teocher, but in jetterai the first e sounds like the one in the English word pet. Pronoun Example verb: lever le lEverai Pronoun Example verb: jeter tu lEveras le tstlcralt it lEvera tu ielterc! elle il jctteIa on elle nouS liverons on vous lEverez nous ietterons ils lEveront vouS ietterez elles ils ietteront elles

The exceptions to this rule include acheter (meaning to buy), which changes in the same way as lever (see page 101).

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages vlii-xii. 102 Venss Venes 103 tr Reflexive verbs in the future tense il faut becomes il faudra (meaning it will be necessary to)' ) The future tense of reflexive verbs is formed in just the same way as for il pleut becomes il pleuvra (meaning it will rain). ordinary verbs, except that you have to remember to give the reflexive pronoun (me, se, nous, vous, se). fhis is the future tense of avoir: Pronoun avolr Meaning: to have Subject Reflexive Example with Meaning I will have pronoun plonoun laver I aural auras you will have je me (m') laverai I will wash tu il aura he/she/it/one will have tu te (t') laveras you will wash elle il se (s') lavera he/she/it/one will wash on elle nouS aurons we will have on vouS aurez you will have nous nous laverons we will wash ils auront they will have vous vous laverez you will wash elles ils se (s') laveront they will wash elles > This is the future tense of €tre:

Pronoun 6tre Meaning: to be lwill be rq ie seral tu seras you will be me changes to m', te to t'and se to s' before a vowel, most words he/she/itlone will be starting with h and the French word y. il sera elle on seron5 we will be lregular verbs in the future tense nous tr vous Serez you will be There ) are some verbs that do not use their as the stem for the ils seront they will be future tense, including avoi4 6tre, faire and aller, which are shown in full elles on pages 103-104.

) Other irregular verbs include: ) This is the future tense of faire: Pronoun faire Meaning: to do, to make Verb Meaning le tu illelle/on nous vous ils/elles ferai I will do/make devoir to have devrai devras devra devrons devrez devront le you will do/make to, must tu feras il fera he/she/it/one will do/make pouvoir to be oble pourral pourras POUrra pourrons pourrez pourront to, con elle Savotr to know saural sauras Saura Saurons saurez sauront on we will do/make tenir to hold tiendrai tiendras tiendra tiendrons tiendrez tiendront nous ferons vou will do/make venrr to come viendrai viendras viendra viendrons viendrez viendront vous ferez do/make votr to see verral verras verra verrons verrez verront ils feront they will vouloir to wont voudiai voudras voudra voudrons voudrez voudront elles

For further oxplanation of grammatical tems, please see pages viii-xii, 104 Venes Venes 105

) This is the future tense of aller: The conditional Pronoun aller Meaning: fo go What is the conditional? I Iral lwill go The conditional is a verb form used to talk about things that would tu tras you will go happen or that would be true under certain conditions, for example, I il tra he/she/it/one will wpuk! help you if I could. 9o Could you elle lt is also used to say what you would like or need, for example, on nous rrons we will go vouS tfez you will go 1] Using the conditional ils iront they will go D You can often recognize a conditional in English by the word would or its elles shortened form 'd. I would be sad if you left. + For Verb tables, see supplement. lf you asked him, he'd helP You. L You use the conditional for: o asking for something formally and politely, especially in shops youcan use a present,""l""l"oflt"?ti ro tatk about something 1/ l'd like a kilo of pears, please. that will happen or be true in the future, just as in English. . saying what you would like y' You can use aHer with an infinitive to refer to things that will happen in the immediate future. l'd like to go to the United States. ( the stem is the same as the infinitive for -er, -ir and -re verbs, o making a suggestion except that the final -e of -re verbs is lost. I could come and pick You uP. 1/ fhe future tense endings are the same for -er, -ir and -re verbs: o giving advice -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont. You should say you're sorry. y' In verbs ending in -eler and -eter: | - ll and t * tt throughout the future tense. y' In verbs ending in -yer: rrp forms like y , i throughJut the future tense (optional in -ayer verbs). There is no direct French translation of would in verb would like, would help and so on. You change the French y' S.omeverb.s are irregular in the future tense. lt is worth learning would be, these in full. verb ending instead.

l4 Forming the conditional L To form the conditional in French, you have to use: o the infinitive of -er and -ir verbs, for example, donner-, finir- o the infinitive without the final e of -re verbs, for example, attendr- > Then add the correct ending to the stem, depending on whether you are talking about je, tu, il, elle, on, nous, vous, ils or elles' The endings are the same for all verbs. In fact, they are the same as the -er and -re endings for the IMPERFECT TENSE, but the stem is the same as the FUTURE TENSE.

r) For more informotion on the Imperfect tense ond the Future tense, see pqges For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 92 qnd 98. 106 Venss VrRes 107

Pronoun Ending Add to stem, e,g, Meanings 3 ] Spelling changes in -er verbs donner-, f inir-, attendr- > As with the future tense, a few -er verbs change their spellings slightly in The spelling changes have been underlined in ie (') -ats ie donner4iE I would give the conditional. forms with ie finirai5 I would finish the tables below. i'attendrais I would wait > With verbs such as appeler (meaning to cal[), which end in -eler, the I The double consonant (ll) affects the tu -at5 tu donnerai! you would give doubles throughout the conditional. e sounds like the vowel tu finiraiE you would finish pronunciation of the word. ln appeler, the first in appellerais the first tu attendrai! you would wait sound at the end of the English word teocher, but e sounds like the one in the English word pet. il -ait illelle/on donnerai! he/she/it/one would give elle illelle/on finiraft he/she/itlone would finish Pronoun Example verb: appeler heishe/it/one would wait on illelle/on attendrai! I' appellerais nous -tons nous donnerions we would give tu aooellerais nous finirlo45 we would finish il aopellerait nous we would wait attendrienl elle vous -lez vous donnerlcz you would give on vous you would finish finirlg; nouS appellerions vous attendrlcz you would wait vouS appelleriez ils -aient ils/elles donneraienI they would give ils aooelleraient elles ils/elles finiraient they would finish elles ils/elles attendraient they would wait The exceptions to this rule are geler (meaning to freeze) and peler J'atmcrals aller aux Etats Unis. l'd like to go to the United States. (meaning to peef), which change in the same way as lever (see page 1 08).

\Mth verbs such as jeter (meaning to throw), which end in -eter, the t T'P doubles throughout the conditional. The double consonant (tt) affects the pronunciation of the word. In jeter, the first e sounds like the vowel sound je changes to j' in front of a word starting with a vowel, most at the end of the English word teocher, but in the first e sounds words starting with h, and the French word y. ietterais like the one in the English word pet.

Pronoun Example verb: jeter Note you have to be careful not to mix up the future tense and a that je ietterais the conditional. They look very similar. tu ietterais FUTURE CONDITIONAL il ietterait je donnerai je donnerais elle je finirai je finirais on j'attendrai j'attendrais nous icttedsns j'aimerai j'aimerais vous ietteriez je voudrai je voudrais ils je$sdcn! je viendrai je viendrais elles je serai je serais The exceptions to this rule include acheter (meaning to buy), which changes in the same way as lever (see poge 108).

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii, 108 Vrnes Venes 109 > With verbs such as nettoyer (meaning to cleon), that end in -yer, the y ll_J Reflexive verbs in the conditional changes to i throughout the conditional. > The conditional of reflexive verbs is formed in lust the same way as for Pronoun Example verb: nettoyer ordinary verbs, except that you have to remember to give the reflexive pronoun (me, te, se, nous, vous, se). le nettoierais tu nettoierais Subject Reflexive Example Meaning iI nettoierait pronoun pronoun with laver elle ie me (m') laverais lwould wash on tu te (t') laverais you would wash nous nettoierions il se (s') laverait he/she/it would wash vous nettoieriez elle ils nettoieraient on elles nous nouS laverions we would wash vous vous laveriez you would wash Verbs ending in -ayer, such as payer (meaning to poy) and essayer se (s') laveraient they would wash (meaning to try), can be spelled with either a y or an i. So ie paierais and ils je payerais, for example, are both correct. elles

With verbs such as lever (meanin g to roise), peser (meaning to weigh) and acheter (meaning to buy), e changes to E throughout the conditional' In Ttp lever the first e sounds like the vowel sound at the end of the English word me changes to m', te to t' and se to s' before a vowel, most words teocher, but in liverais and so on the first e sounds like the one in the starting with h and the French word y. English word pef.

Example verb: lever Pronoun lil lrregular verbs in the conditional le liverais tu lEverais L The same verbs that are irregular in the future tense are irregular in the conditional, including: avoir, etre, faire, aller, devoir, pouvoir, savoir, il lEverait tenir, venir, voir, vouloir. elle on t ) For more information on lrregulor verbs in the future tense, see poge 102. nous liverions vous lEveriez D To form the conditional of an irregular verb, use the same stem as for the ils lEveraient future tense, for example: elles avoir - aur- €tre + ser-

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii' 110 Vrnss VrRes 111

) Then add the usual endings for the conditional. The perfect tense What is the perfect tense? lnfinitive Future Gonditional Conditional form The perfect is one of the verb tenses used to talk about the past, stem endings especially about actions that took place and were completed in the past. avorr aur- -ais, -ais, -ait j'auralg tu aurait illelle/on aurait. -ions, -iez, -aient nous aurisns, vous aurlez ils/elles auraicnl ! Using the perfect tense €tre ser- -ais, -ais, -ait, ie seraig tu seralg illelle/on serail D You can often recognize a perfect tense in English by a form like I gove, -ions, -iez, -alent nous serions, vous serigz, I hove finished. ils/elles seralco! I gave her my phone number. faire fer- -ais, -ais, -ait, je fergig tu ferais illelle/on ferai! I have finished my soup. -ions, -iez, -aient nous ferions. vous ferlgz, ils/elles feretcot aller tr- -ais, -ais, -ait, i'iraig tu ira!5, illelle/on irail -ions, -iez, -aient nous irisn!, vous irlcz, Ttp ils/elles iiaient The perfect tense is the tense you will need most to talk about that have happened or were true in the past. lt is used to talk about J'llais si j'avais le temps. lwould go if I had time. actions that took place and WERE COMPLETED in the past. Je voudrais un kilo de poires, l'd like a kilo of pears, please. Use the imperfect tense for regular events and in most descriptions. s'il vous plait. Tu devrais t'excuser. You should say you're sorry. * for more information on the lmpertect tense, see page 92.

Key points 2) Forming the perfect tense y' Theconditional endings ur" ift" same for -er, -ir and -re verbs: just -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -alent. > The imperfect, future and conditional tenses in French are made up of je finissais or il attendra. The perfect ( Theconditional endings are the same as the endings for the one word, for example, donne, tu imperfect tense of -er and -re verbs, but the stem is the same as tense has TWO parts to it: the stem of the future tense. . the ge$n! tense of the verb avoir (meaning to have) or €tre (meaning y' In verbs ending in -eter,and. -eter: to be) | ' ll and t + tt throughout the conditional. . a part of the main verb called the past participle, like given, finished and y' In verbs ending in -yer: done in English conditional (optional in -ayer verbs)' y - i throughout the D ln other words, the perfect tense in French is like the form I hove donein y' tne same verbs that are irregular in the future are irregular in the English. conditional. lt is worth learning these in full. r ) For more informotion on forming the present tense of ovoir ond etre, see page 82.

3 | Forming the past participle > To form the past participle of regular verbs, you use the infinitive of the verb:

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii'xii. 112 Venes Venes 113

. For -er verbs, you replace the -er at the end of the infinitive with 6. Infinitive Take off -er Add -6 Ttp je changes to j' in front of a word starting with a vowel, most donner (to give) donn- donn6 'T,;{h words starting with h, and the French word y. tomber (fo foll) tomb- tomb6

o For -ir verbs, you replace the -ir at the end of the infinitive with -i. > The perfect tense of -ir verbs like finir is formed in the same way, except for lnfinitive Take off -ir Add -i the past participle: j'ai fini, tu as fini and so on. finir (to finish) fin- fini > The perfect tense of -re verbs like attendre is formed in the same way, partir (fo leove, to go) part- parti except for the past participle: j'ai attendu, tu as attendu and so on.

. For -re verbs, you replace the -re at the end of the infinitive with -u. 6l avoir or 6tre? lnfinitive Take off -re Add -u > MOST verbs form their perfect tense with avoir; these include donner as attendre (to wait) attend- attendu shown on page112. descendre (to go down, descend- descendu to come down, to get off > There are two main groups of verbs which form their perfect tense with €tre instead of avoir: o tr Verbs that form their perfect tense with avoir all reflexive verbs D Most verbs form their perfect tense with avoir, for example donner: t ) For more informqtion on Reflexive verbs, see page 88. Pronoun avotr Past participle Meaning . a group of verbs that are mainly used to talk about movement or a I al donn6 I gave change of some kind, including these ones: I have given aller to go tu a5 donn6 you gave I venir to come you have given arriver to arrive, to happen il a donn6 he/she/it/one gave elle he/she/it/one has given partir to leave, to go on descendre to go down, to come down, to get off nous avons donn6 we gave monter to go up, to come up we have given entrer to go in, to come in vouS avez donn6 you gave sortir to go out, to come out you have given mourir to die ils ont donn6 they gave naitre to be born elles they have given devenir to become Elle a donn6 son num6ro de She gave Claude her phone number. rester to stay t6l6phone i Glaude. tomber to fall ll a achet6 un ord:nateur. He's bought a computer. Je suis all6 au match de I went to the football match Je n'ai pas regard6 la t6l6 hier. I didn't watch W yesterday. football hier. yesterday. ll est sorti acheter un journal. He's gone out to buy a newspaper. Vous 6tes descendu d quelle Which station did you get off at? station? For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii.xii. 114 Venes Venes 115

D Here are the perfect tense forms of tomber in full: Gnmmar Extra! Pronoun avotl Past participle Meaning Some of the verbs on the previous page take avoir when they are used with a direct object for example: je suts tomb6. (mosculine) I fell/l have fallen descendre quelque chose to get something down, to bring tomb6e (feminine) something down, to take something tU es tomb,6 (mosculine) you fell/you have fallen down tomb6e (feminine) monter quelque chose to go up something, to come up est tomb6 he/it fell, something il he/it has fallen sortir quelque chose to take something out elle est tomb6e she/it fell, she/it has fallen Est-ce que tu as descendu les Did you bring the bags down? bagages? on est tomb6 (singulo) one fell/one has fallen, (mosculine plurol) we fell/we have fallen Elle a mont6 les escaliers, 5he went up the stairs. tomb6s (feminine plurol) Elle a sorti son pofte-monnaie de She took her purse out of her handbag: tomb6es son sac. nous sommes tomb6s (mosculine) we fell/we have fallen tomb6es (feminine) * For more information on Direct objects, see page 47. vous €tes tomb6 (mosculine singular) you fell/you have fallen tomb6e (feminine singulor) tombr6s (masculine plurol) tr Verbs that form their perfect tense with 6tre tomb6es (feminine plurol) F When a verb takes €tre, the past participle ALWAYS agrees with the subject ils sont tomb6s they fell/they have fallen of the verb; that is, the endings change in the ferninine and plural forms. elles sont tomb€es they fell/they have fallen

Masculine Examples Feminine Examples endings endings Grammar Extra! -e Singular tomb6 tomb6e When on means we, the past participle can agree with the subiect of the parti partie sentence, but it is optional. descendu descendue On est arriv6s en retard. We arrived late. (masculine) Plural -5 tomb6g -es tomb6cs On est rentr6es toutes les deux We both came in at the same time partis parties d la m6me heure. (feminine) descenduj descendu!i!

Est-ce ton frire est all6 ir Did your brother go abroad? ) The perfect tense of -ir verbs like partir is formed in the same way, except l'6tranger? for the past participle: ie suis parti(e), tu es parti(e) and so on. Elle est venue avec nous. She came with us. ) The perfect tense of -re verbs like descendre is formed in the same way, lls sont partis ir six heures. They left at six o'clock. except for the past participle: ie suis descendu(e), tu es descendu(e) and hier. yesterday. Mes cousines sont aniv6es My cousins arrived so on. (The cousins are female.)

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 116 Venes Venes 117 ll The perfect tense of reflexive verbs D Here is the perfect tense of the reflexive verb se laver (meaning to wash (oneself), to have a wosh, to get washed) in full. Remember that all reflexive Grammar Ertra! verbs take €tre, and so the past participle of reflexive verbs usually agrees When a verb takes avoir, the past participle usually stays in the masculine singular form, with the sublect of the sentence. as shown in the table for donner, and does not change for the feminine or plural forms. Subject Reflexive Present tense Past participle Meaning ll a fini sa dissertation. He's finished his essay. plonoun plonoun of 6tre Elles ont fini leur dissertation. They've finished their essay. ie me suls 1av6 (masculine) I washed myself In one particular case, however, the past participle of verbs with avoir does change in lav6e (feminine) the feminine and plural forms. ln the sentences above, dissertation is the direct object es lav6 (masculine) you washed of the verb finir. When the direct obiect comes AFTER the verb, as it does in the tu t (feminine) yourself examples above, then the past participle doesn't change. lf the direct object comes lav6e BEFORE the verb, however, the past participle has to change to agree with that direct il s' est lav6 he washed himself object. one washed oneself la dissertation qu'il a finig hier the essay that he finished yesterday elle s est lav6e she washed herself le dissertation qu'slles ont finie hier the essay that they finished yesterday on s' est lav6 (singulor) one washed oneself lav6s we washed Since object pronouns usually come BEFORE the verb, the past participle changes to agree with the pronoun. (masculine plural) ourselves lav6es ll a bu son th6? Oui, il Did he drink his tea? Yes, he's drunk it. - Ia bU. - (feminine plurol) ll a bu sa limonade? - Oui, il Ia bue. Did he drink his lemonade? Yes, he's - sommes lav6s (masculine) we washed drunk it. nous nous lav6es (feminine) ourselves vous vous Gtes lav6 you washed rtp (masculine singula) yourself (singular) Remember that with verbs taking €tre, it is the sgglssubiect ofv! the verb that lav6e you washed tells you what ending to add to the past participle. Compare this with the rule (feminine singulo) yourselves (p/urot) for verbs taking avoir that have a direct objec! in their case, it is the direct Iav6s obiect coming before the verb that tells you what ending to add to (mosculine plural) the past participle. lav6es (feminine plural) ils 5e sont lav6s they washed themselves elles se sont lav6es they washed themselves

rrp When on means we, the past participle can agree with the subject of the sentence, but it is optional. On s'est lav6es l'une aprls We washed ourselves one after f'autre. the other. (feminine)

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii, 118 Venes Venes 119

Orammar Extra! Grammar Extra! The past participle of reflexive verbs DOES NOT change if the direct object (la jambe in The pluperfect tense the example below) FOLLOWS the verb. What is the pluperfect tense? Elle s'cs!_siassr6 la jambe. She's broken her leg. The pluperfect is a verb tense which describes something that had happened or had been true at a point in the past, for example, I U1lgptten to finish my homework. tr lrregular verbs in the perfect tense pluoerfect 1 tl Using the tense ) Some past participles are irregular. There aren't too many, so try to learn them. > You can often recognize a pluperfect tense in English by a form like I hod arrived, vou'd fallen. avoir (meaning to have) +eu had tried on dozens of devoir (meaning to hove to, must) -+ d0 Elle avait essav6 des douzaines She iumpers. de pulls. dire (meaning to soy, to tell) + dit Nous avions d6ii commenc6 i We'd already started eating when (meaning r €tre to be) 6t6 manger quand il est aniv6, he arrived. faire (meaning to do, to moke) + fait J'ctals-arivcc la premiire. I had arrived first. mettre (meaning to put) + mis Mes parents s'6taient couch6s t6t. My parents had gone to bed early. pouvoir (meaning to be qble to, con) -PU pluperfect prendre (meaning to take) -+ pris l4 Forming the tense ravoir (meaning to know) +su > Like the perfect tense, the pluperfect tense in French has two parts to it: tenir (meaning to hold) + tenu . the imperfect tense of the verb avoir (meaning to have) or €tre (meaning to be) venir (meaning to come) ) venu . the past participle +vu voir (meaning to see) D lf a verb takes avoir in the perfect tense, then it will take avoir in the pluperfect too. vouloir (meaning to want) -+ voulu lf a verb takes Gtre in the perfect then it will take 6tre in the pluperfect too.

) if pleut becomes il a plq (it roined). r) For more informotion on the Impertect tense ond the Pertect tense, see pages 92 and ) il faut becomes \a fallu (it was necessary). 111. lq Verbs taking avoir y' rheperrect \e o"r.r,ol".l,l!tLtiat happened and were D Here are the pluperfect tense forms of donner (meaning to give) in full. . past. is used happened completed in the lt not for things that Pronoun avotr Past participle Meaning regularly or in descriptions. I avais donn6 I had oiven y' The per:fect tense is formed with the present tense of avoir or tu avats donn6 vou had qiven €tre and a past participle. il avait donn€ he/she/itlone had given y' Most verbs take avoir in the perfect tense. All reflexive verbs and elle a small group of verbs referring to movement or change take on €tre. nouS avtonS donn6 we had given vouS avtez donn€ you had given y ii" prut participle ends in -6 for -er verbs, in -l for -ir verbs, and ils avaient donn6 they had given -u -re verbs. in for elles / VrfrtiuurU, tfrut iuLe avoir, the past participle does not usually -ir verbs like finir (meaning to finish) is formed in the same change. With verbs that take €tre, including reflexive verbs, the The pluperfect tense of way, except for the past participle: j'avais fini, tu avais fini and so on. past participle changes in the feminine and plural. The pluperfect tense of -re verbs like attendre (meaning to woit) is formed in the and so on. For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii, same way, except for the past participle: i'avais attendu, tu avais attendu 120 Venes VeRes 121 l4 I Verbs takinq 6tre ld lrregular verbs in the pluperfect tense ) Here are the pluperfect tense forms of tomber (meaning to fall) in full. When a verb D lrregularpastparticiplesarethesameasfortheperfecttense(seepogellS). takes €tre in the pluperfect tense, the past participle alWays agrees with the sublect of the verb; that is, the endings change in the feminine and plural forms.

Ptonoun 6tre Past participle Meaning ut1 I 6tais tomb6 (mosculine) I had fallen tomb6e (feminine) tu 6tais tomb6 (mosculine) you had fallen tomb6e (feminine) il 6tait tomb6 he/it had fallen

elle 6tait tomb6e she/it had fallen on 6tait tomb,6 (singulor) one had fallen tomb6s (m ascu li n e pl u ro [) we had fallen tomb6es (feminine pluroD nouS 6tions tomb6s (mosculine) we had fallen tomb6es (feminine)

vous ,6tiez tomb6 (mo scu I i n e si n g u I o r) you had fallen tomb6e (f e m i n i n e si ng u I a r) tombds (masculine plurol) I tomb6es (feminine plurol)

ils i / 6taient tomb6s thev had fallen ell6s 6taient tomb6es they had fallen

The pluperfect tense of -ir verbs like partir (meaning to leove, fo go) is formed in the same way, except for the past participle: j'6tais parti(e), tu 6tais parti(e) and so on.

The pluperfect tense of -re verbs like descendre (meaning to come down, to go down, to get offl is formed in the same way, except for the past participle: j'6tais descendu(e), tu descendu(e) and so on. '6tais rq When on means we, the past participle can agree with the subject of the sentence, but it is optional. On 6tait tomb6es. We had fallen. (feminine)

E Reflexive verbs in the pluperfect tense D Reflexive verbs in the pluperfect tense are formed in the same way as in the perfect tense, but with the imperfect tense of the verb 6tre (see poge 97).

+ For more informotion on the Pertect tense of reflexive verbs, see page 117.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii, 122 Vrnes Venes 123 .r Forming the Passive The passive > ln English we use the verb fo bewith the past participle (wos hit, was given) to form the passive. In French the passive is formed in exactly the same passive? What is the way, using Ctre and the past participle. The past participle agrees with the passive The is a form of the verb that is used when the subject of the verb subject of the passive verb; that is, the endings change in the feminine and person is the or thing that is affected by the action, for example, / wos olural forms. given, we were told, it had been mqde. Elle est encourag6e par ses She is encouraged by her parents. parents. pay6s. paid. ('you' refers to tr Using the passive Vous 6tes tous bien You are all well more than one Person here) a normal, or octive sentence, the'subject'of is person }ln the verb the or Les portes ont 6t6 ferm6es. The doors have been closed. thing that carries out the action described by the verb. The'object'of the verb is the person or thing that the verb'happens'to. t For more information on the Past participle, see poge 111. Ryan (subject) hit (active verb) me (object). l,

l In English, as in French, you can turn an active sentence round to make a D Here is the present tense of the -er verb aimer (meaning to like, to love) in passive sentence. its passive form. | (subject) was hit (possive verb) by Ryan (ogent). Pronoun Present tense Past participle Meaning l Very often, however, you cannot identify who is carrying out the action of 6tre indicated by the verb. le suis aim6 (mosculine) lam loved I was hit in the face. aim6e (feminine) The trees will be chopped down. tu e5 aim6 (mosculine) fou are loved l've been chosen to represent the school. aim6e (feminine) il est afme ;a he/it is fved Tt/p elle est armee she/it is'fovedt There is a very important difference between French and English on est aim6 (singulor) one is l9v$d sentences in containing an indirect object. In English we can quite aim6s (m o s c u I i n e p I u ra l) we are loved easily turn a normal (active) sentence with an indirect object into a aim6es (femin in e plu ra[) passive sentence. sommeS aim6s (mosculine) we are loved nous i Active aim6es (feminine) Someone (subject) gave (active (indirect vouS Ctes aim6 (m o scu I i n e si n g u I a r) yoiu are loved verb) me object) a book I (direct object). aim6e (f e m ln i n e si n g u I a r) aim6s (m o scu I i n e p I u ro l) Passive aim6es (feminine plural) | (subiect) was given (possive verb) a book (direct object). ils sont aim6s they are loved In French, an indirect object can NEVER become the subject of a elles sont aim6es they are loved passive verb. The passive of -ir verbs is formed in the same way, except that the past Q for more informotion on Direct and lndirect objects, see poges participle is different. For example, elle est remplie (meaning it is fulD. 47 ond 49. The passive of -re verbs is formed in the same way, except that the past participfe is different. For example, il est d6fendu (meaning it is forbidden).

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii, 124 Vrnes Venas 125

Grammar Extra! Grammar Extra! When on means u/e, the past participle can agree with the subject of the sentence, but it is optional. The present participle On est aim6s de tout le We're loved by everyone. (mosculine) monde. What is a present participle? The present participle is a verb form ending in -ing which is used in English to ) You can form other tenses of the passive by changing the tense of the verb form verb tenses, and which may be used as an adiective and a noun, for example, €tre. Whot are you doing?; the setting sun; Swimming is eosy! lmperfect: j'6tais aim6(e) | was loved Future: tu seras aim6(e) you will be loved i1] Using the present pafticiple Perfect: il a 6t6 aim6 he has been loved > Present participles are not as common in French as in English, because they are not + For more information on the lmpertect, future and pertect tenses, see pages used to form tenses. The main uses of the present participle in French are: 92,98and111. o as a verb, on its own, corresponding to the English -ingform. lt DOES NOT agree wlth the sublect of the verb when it is used in this way. } lrregular past participles are the same as for the perfect tense (see page ll Habitant prds de Paris, ie vais Living close to Paris, I go into town E_l Avoiding the passive assez souvent en ville, quite often. lls m'ont suivi, criant mon nom. They followed me, shouting my D Passives are not as common in French as in English. There are two main name. ways that French speakers express the same idea. o as a verb, after the preposition en. The present participle DOES NOT agree with o by using the pronoun on (meaning someone or they) with a normal, the subiect of the verb when it is used in this way. The subject of the two parts of active verb the sentence is always the same. en can be translated in a number of different On leur a envoy6 une lettre. They were sent a letter. (literally: ways. Someone sent them a letter.) En attendant sa s(Eur, Richard While waiting for hls sister, Richard fell On m'a dit que tu ne venais I was told that you weren't coming. s'est endormi, asleep. pas. (literally They told me you weren't Appelle-nous en arivant Call us when you get home. coming.) chez toi. En aoouvant sur ce bouton, on By pressing this button, you can + For more information on Pronouns, see poge 42. peut imprimer ses documents. print your documents. o by using a reflexive verb ll s'est bless6 en essavant de He hurt himself trying to rescue a cat. sauver un chat. Les melons se vendent 2 euros Melons are sold for 2 euros each. la pidce. + For more informotion on the preposition en, see poge 158. r0 For more informotion on Reflexive verbs, see page 88. o as an adjective, like in English. As with all adjectives in French, the ending DOES change in the feminine and plural forms. Key y' tnepresent tense of ,r'" prrliJJit'iirr.a by using the present le soleil couchant the setting sun l'ann6e suivante the following year Ces enfrants sont 6nervants. Those children are annoying. "'" des chaises plia$cs folding chairs ; i*:::**:k*:*: :x;'"::",': reflexive verb or the pronoun on.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii, 126 Venes VeRes 127 Ttp lmpersonal verbs The French present participle is NEVER used to translate English verb forms What is an impersonal verb? fike / wos walking, we are leaving. An impersonal verb is one that does not refer to a real person or thing ,rnd where the subject is represented by it, tor example, lt's going tp rain; Q For more information on the lmpertect tense ond the Present tense, see It's ten o'clock, pages 92 and 1 1 1.

D lmpersonal verbs are only used with il (meaning if) and in the infinitive. English verbs describing movement that are followed by an adverb as such out or They are called impersonal verbs because il does not really refer to real down, or a preposition such as dcross or up are often translated by a verb + en + { person, animal or just like itand there iryEnglish in the examples present participle. thing, ll est sorti en courant. He ran out. (literolly: He came out running.) J'ai_lraVerSe la rue en boitant. I limped across the street. (literally: I crossed the street limping.) e Forming the present participle ) To form the present participle of regular -er, -ir and -re verbs, you use the nous form of the present tense and replace the -ons ending with -ant. addition to their normal meanings, for example, ifvok, €trf and nous form of present tense Take off -ons Add -ant lnfinitive Expression Meaning donnons donn- donnant avoir + noun il there isJslngulor) | v a r.,l langons lang- langant tn"nu u(":

l Several impersonal verbs relate to the weather. Grammar Extra! lnfinitive Expression Meaning faire + adjective il fait beau the weathert lovely The subjunctive il fait mauvais the weather's bad What is the subjunctive? faire + noun il fait du vent it's windy The subiunctive is a verb form that is used in certain circumstances to express il fait du soleil it's sunny some sort of feeling, or to show there is doubt about whether something will geler il gEle it's freezing happen or whether something is true. lt is only used occasionally in modern nerger il neige it's snowing English, for example, lf I were you, I wouldn't bother.; So be it. pleuvoir il pleut it's rainino l! Using the subiunctive Grammar E>

l4 Coming across the subiunctive ) The subjunctive has several tenses but you are only likely to come across the present subjunctive occasionally in your reading. D You may see a subjunctive after certain verbs that you use when you are: o wishing something: vouloir que and d6sirer que (meaning to wish thot, to wont), aimer que (meaning to like thot), aimer mieux que and pr6f6rer que (meaning to prefer thot) o fearing something: avoir peur que (meaning to be ofroid thot) For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. o giving your opinion: croire que (meaning to think that) 130 Vrnss Venes 131

o saying howyou feel: regretter que (meaning to be sorry fhof), €tre content que 4I Forming the present subiunctive of -ir verbs (meaning to be pleased thot), €tre surpris que (meaning to be surprised that) and so on D To form the stem of the present subiunctive you take the infinitive and chop off -ir, just present Then you add the correct ending, depending on Je suis content que vous les l'm pleased you like them. as for the tense. aimiez. whether you are referring to to je, tu, il, elle, on, nous, vous, ils or elles. J'ai peur qu'il ne revienne pas. l'm afraid he won't come back. Pronoun Ending Add to stem, e.g. fin- Meanings (') -tsse je finisse I finish L You may see a subjunctive after certain verbal expressions starting with il, such as il ie tu -isses tu finisses you finish faut que (meaning it is necessary thot) and il vaut mieux que (meaningj it is better that). il -tsse il finisse he/she/it/one finishes elle elle finisse ll faut que je vous oarle. I need to speak to you. on on finillc nous -tsstonS nous finissions we finish .) For a list of some expressions requiring the subjunctive, see page I 28. vous -issiez vous finlEligz vou finish ils Jrsent ils finissent they finish tr Forminq the present subiunctive of -er verbs elles elles finissent L To form the stem of the present subjunctive you take the infinitive and chop off -er, just as for the present tense. Then you add the correct ending, depending on whether you are referring to ie, tu, il, elle, on, nous, vous, ils or elles. ie changes to i' in front of a word starting with a vowel, most words D For -er verbs the endings are the same as for the ordinary present tense, apart from starting with h, and the French word y. the nous and vous forms, which have an extra i, as in the imperfect tense.

Pronoun Ending Add to stem, Meanings Forming the present subiunctive of -re verbs e.g. donn- lsl D To form the stem of the present subiunctive you take the infinitive and chop off -re, je -e donne I give 0') le just as for the present tense. Then you add the correct ending, depending on tu -e5 tu donnc! you grve whether you are referring to je, tu, il, elle, on, nous, vous, ils or elles.

il -e il donng he/she/itlone gives Pronoun Ending Add to stem, Meanings elle elle donne e.g. aftend- on on donng ie (i') -e i'attends lwait nou5 -tons nous donn!g!s we qve tu -es tu attendes you wait vous lez vous donnlgz you gve ils -ent ils donnent they give il -e il attende he/she/it/one waits elles elles donnea! elle elle attende on on attendc

nous -tons nous attendions we wait vous -iez vous attendlg! vou wait ie changes to j' in front of a word starting with a vowel, most ils -ent ils attendent they wait words starting with h, and the French word y. elles elles aftendcqt

f i/p je changes to j' in front of a word starting with a vowel, most words starting with h, and the French word y.

For further explanation of grammatical termg please see pages viii-xii. 132 Vrnes VeRss 133 E lrregular verbs in the subjunctive Verbs followed by an infinitive ) Some important verbs have irregular subiunctive forms. 1l Linking two verbs together (i'l Verb Meaning ie ttl illelle/on nous vous ils/elles > Many verbs in French can be followed by another verb in the infinitive. The aller to oo allle ailles aille allions alliez aillent infinitive is the form of the verb that is found in the dictionary, such as avoir to hove ate aies ait ayons ayez aient donner (meaning to give), finir (meanin g to finish) and attendre (meaning devoir to hove doive doives doive devions deviez doivent to, must to wqit). dire to soyl dise dises dise dlsions disiez disent > There are three main ways that verbs can be linked together: to tell . with no linking word €tre to be 50r5 sots soit soyons soyez soient faire to do, fasse fasses fasse fassions fassiez fassent Vous voulez aftendre? Would you like to wait? to moke . with the preposition i pouvoir to be oble pur5se puisses purs5e puissions puissiez puissent J'apprends d nager. l'm learning to swim. to, con preposition de prendre to toke prenne prennes prenne prenions preniez prennent . with the I I I I I (apprend re and comprendre also behave like this - j'ag rprenne, tu rpPrennes Essayez de venir. Try to come. and so on t Prepositions ofter odjectives, and on Prepositions savotr to know sache saches sache sachions sachiez sa

} faffoir (meaning to be necessary) and valoir mieux (meaning to be better) > Verbs that relate to movement of some kind and do not have a direct are only used in the infinitive and with il. obiect, such as aller (meanin g to go) and venir (meaning to come), can be ll faut orendre une d6cision. We/you efc. have to make a dec followed by an infinitive going to see Nicolas tonight. ll vaut mieux t6l6ohoner avant. lt's better to ring first. Je vais voir Nicolas ce soir. l'm Viens voir! Come and see! D For more information on lmpersonal verbs, see page 127. 3] Verbs followed bv d + infinitive l The following common verbs can also be followed by an infinitive without There are some common verbs that can be followed by ir and an infinitive. preposition: L s'amuser ir faire quelque chose to have fun doing something adorer to love apprendre ir faire quelque chose to learn to do something aimer to like, to love €ommencer ir faire quelque chose to begin to do something aimer mieux to prefer faire quelque chose to go on doing something d6sirer to want continuer i faire quelque to get used to doing something d6tester to hate s'habituer i chose envoyer to send J'apprends i skier. l'm learning to ski. esp6rer to hope ll a commenc6 d pleuvoir. It began to rain. faire to make, to have something done (fhat is, faire faire >> Some verbs can be followed by a person's name or by a noun relating to a quelque chose) person, and then by ir and an infinitive. Sometimes you need to put i in laisser to let front of the person too. pr6f6rer to prefer aider quelqu'un i faire quelque to help someone do something sembler to seem chose J'espite te voir la semaine I hope to see you next week. apprendre i quelqu'un ir faire to teach someone to do prochaine. quelque chose something Ne me fuis pas rire! Don't make me laugh! inviter quelqu'un ir faire quelque to invite someone to do J'ai_faltfCparer mes chaussures. l've had my shoes mended. chose something Je pr6fdre manger d la cantine. I prefer to eat in the canteen. tr Verbs followed by de + infinitive ) Some of these verbs combine with infinitives to make set phrases with a L There are some common verbs that can be followed by de and an infinitive' special meaning. arreter de faire quelque chose, aller chercher quelque chose to go and get something s'arr€ter de faire quelque chose to stop doing something laisser tomber quelque chose to drop something commencer de faire quelque chose to start doing something vouloir dire quelque chose to mean something continuer de faire quelque chose to go on doing something Va chercher ton papa! Go and get your dad! d6cider de faire quelque chose to decide to do something Paul a laiss6 tomber le vase. Paul dropped the vase. se d6p6cher de faire quelque chose to hurry to do something Ou'est-ce que ga veut dire? What does that mean? essayer de faire quelque chose to try to do something s'excuser dlavoir fait quelque chose to apologize for doing something } Verbs that relate to seeing or hearing, such asvoir (meaning to see), de faire quelque chose to finish doing something regarder (meaning to watch, to look at),6couter (meaning to listen fo) and finir do something entendre (meaning to heor) can be followed by an infinitive. oublier de faire quelque chose to forget to suggest doing something ll nous a vus arriver. He saw us arrive. proposer de faire quelque chose to refuse to do something On entend chanter les oiseaux. You can hear the birds singing. refuser de faire quelque chose to sugg6rer de faire quelque chose to suggest doing something For further explanation of grammatical tems, please see pages viii-xii. 136 Venes Venes 137

J'ai-d€erd6_dc lui 6crire. I decided to write to her. Other uses of the infinitive Je leur ai sugg6r6 de partir de I suggested that they set off early. used in many other ways: bonne heure, > The infinitive can be . after certain adjectives L The following verbs meaning asking or telling are also followed by de and content de happy to an infinitive. Sometimes you need to put ir in front of the person you are pr€t to asking or telling. i ready commander i quelqu'un de faire to order someone to do ll est touiours pttOti-re[drc He's always ready to help. quelque chose something service. demander i quelqu'un de faire to ask someone to do something o after certain prepositions quelque chose Pour aller d la gare? How do you get to the station? dire ir quelqu'un de faire quelque to tell someone to do something ll est parti sans dire au revoir. He left without saying goodbye. chose o after certain set phrases involving a verb plus a noun emp€cher quelqu'un de faire to prevent someone from doing avoir envie de faire quelque chose to feel like doing something quelque chose something avoir besoin de faire quelque chose to need to do something remercier quelqu'un de faire to thank someone for doing avoir peur de faire quelque chose to be frightened of doing quelque chose something something J'ai besoin de changer de l'argent. I need to change some money. Grammar Extra! o in instructions that are aimed at the general public for example, on lf it is important to emphasize that something is going on at a particular time, you can - use the phrase €tre en train de faire quelque chose. signs or in cookery books pepper, mix ll est en train de travailler. Est-ce que vous He's working. Can you call back later? Aiouter le sel et le poivre, et Add the salt and and pouvez rappeler plus tard? bien m6langer. well. lf you want to say you have just done something, you can use the phrase venir de faire Conserver au frais. Keep refrigerated. quelque pRESENT chose. In English you use the , but in French you use the as the subject or object of a sentence, when the infinitive corresponds to tense. the -ing form in English used as a noun Elisabeth vient de partir. Aisabeth just has left. Fumer n'est pas bon pour la Smoking isn't good for your health. sant6. J'adore lire. I love reading. ( Ttp { You can use the verb faire with an infinitive to refer to something you are having done by someone else. rf Je dois faire r6oarer ma I have to get my car voiture. repaired.

f (

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. Nrcnrves 139

> In English, drd is often used to make a statement negative. I went to his party. * | didn't go to his party. We saw David at the weekend. + We didn't see David at the weekend. fl Note that the French verb faire is NEVER used in this way. A negative question or statement is one which contains a word such as not, never or nothing and is used to say that something is not happening, > non plus is the equivalent of English neither in phrases like me neither, is not true or is absent. neither do / and so on. 'Je n'aime pas les 'l don't like hamburgers.'- 'Me plus.' tr Using negatives hamburgers.'-'Moi non neither.' ll n'y va pas et moi non plus. He isn't going and neither am l. F ln Engfish we use words like not, no, nothing and neverto show a negative. l'm not very pleased. ) The French word ne is missed out when negatives are used without a verb Dan never ranq me. to answer a question. Nothing ever happens here! 'Oui a t6l6phon67'- 'Personne.' 'Who rang?'-'Nobody.' There's no milk left. 'Qu'est-ce que tu fais cet 'What are you doing this aprds-midi?' - 'Bign.' afternoon?' - 'Nothing.' ) Nof is often combined with certain English verbs - for example, can! won't, didn't, hasn't. He isn't iokino. Ttp She didn't sav. In everyday conversation French native speakers often miss out the word ne. Be careful about doing this yourself in formal situations. L In French, if you want to make something negative, you generally use a pair peux pas ce I can't come tonight. of words, for example, ne ... pas (meaning not). The verb goes in the Je venir soir. middle. ll me l'a pas dit. He didn't tell me. ne ... pas not ne ... rien nothing, not ... anything Grammar Extra! ne ... personne nobody, no one, not... anybody, not ... anyone ne ... jamais never, not .., ever Sometimes you will find two of these negative expressions combined. lls ne font jamais rien d'int6ressant. They never do anything interesting. ne ... plus no longer, no more, not... any longer, not... any more Je ne connais plus personne I don't know anyone in Nice any Je ng fume oas. I don't smoke. i Nice. more. Ne changez rien. Don't change anything. Je ne vois personne. I can't see anybody. El Word order with negatives Elle nlanive iamais d I'heure. She never arrives on time. D Negative expressions in French 'sandwich' the verb in the present tense and ll ng travaille plus ici. He's no longer working here. in other tenses that consist of lust one word. ne goes before the verb and the other half of the exoression comes after the verb. ll ne boit iamais d'alcool. He never drinks alcohol. ll ne pleuvait pas. It wasn't raining.

For further explanation of grammatical tenns, please see pages viii-xii. 140 Necnrvrs Necnrves 141

) In the perfect tense and other tenses that consist of two or more words 3 I non and pas such as the pluperfect there are two possibilities: > non (meaning no) is the usual negative answer to a question. lt can also . ne ... pas, ne ... rien, ne ... plus and ne ... jamais follow the pattern: correspond to nof in English. ne (n') + avoir or €tre + pas + past participle 'Tu veux nous accompagner?'- 'Do you want to come with us?'- Elle n'a pAS fait ses She hasn't done her homework. devoirs. 'Non, merci.' 'No thanks.' Je n'ai rien dit. I didn't say anything. Tir viens ou non? Are you coming or not? Piene nlest pas encore aniv6. Pierre isn't here yet. J'espdre que !!g_lt. I hope not. o ne ... personne follows the pattern: pas is generally used when a distinction is being made, or for emphasis. ne (n') + avoir or €tre + past participle + personne It, too, often corresponds to not in English. Je n'ai vu personne. I didn't see anybody. 'Oui veut m'aider?'-'Pas moi!' 'Who wants to help me?' - 'Not me!' + For more informqtion on the Perfect tense, see poge 111. 'Est-il de retour?' -'Pas encore.' 'ls he back?' - 'Not yet.' ) A negative sentence may also contain a pronoun such as te, le, lui and so 'Tu as froid?'-'Pas du tout.' 'Are you cold?' - 'Not at all.' on that is the direct or indirect oblect of the verb, or a reflexive pronoun. lf Pas question! No way! so, ne comes before the pronoun. Je ne t'entends pas. I can't hear you. Ne lui parle pas! Don't speak to him/her! Tu ng te rappelles pas de lui? Don't you remember him? ll ne se ldve iamais avant midi. He never gets up before midday.

+ For more informotion on Direct ond Indirect object pronouns and on Reflexive pronount see pqges 47, 49 snd 89. ) When a verb is in the infinitive, ne ... pas, ne ... rien, ne ... plus and ne ... jamais come together before the infinitive. ll essayait de ne oas rire. He was trying not to laugh. J'ai peur de ne pas r6ussir. l'm afraid of not succeeding.

After these negative expressions, un, une and des (the indefinite / arttgl$ and du, de la, de l' and des (the partlttye_arttelO change to de.

4 for more informotion on the tndefinite article and the Portitive orticle, see pages 1 9 and 22.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. Oursnorus 18

OUESTIONS E-j Asking a question by using est-ce que ) The phrase est-ce que is used to ask a question. Word order stays just the same as it would in an ordinary sentence. Est-ce que comes before the What is a question? subject and the verb comes after the subject. So to turn the sentence Tu A question is a sentence which is used to ask someone about something connais Marie (meaning You know Morie) into a question, all you need to and which normally has the verb in front of the subject. A question word do is to add est-ce que. such as why, where, who, which or how is used to ask a question. Est-ce oue tu (subject) connais Do you know Marie? (verb)MarieT How to ask a question in French Est-ce que vous allez en ville? Are you going into town? Est'ce que ta s@ur est vraiment ls your sister really happy? tl-l The basic rules heureuse? ) There are four ways of asking questions in French: Asking a question bv changing word order o by making your voice go up at the end of the sentence tr In ordinary sentences, the verb comes AFTER its subject. In this type of o by using the phrase est-ce que ) question, the verb is put BEFORE the subject. This change to normal word a sentence o by changing round the order of words in order is called . You can do this when the subject is a pronoun o by using a question word such as vous or il. When you change the word order (or invc$ in this way, you add a hyphen (-) between the verb and the pronoun. Asking a question by making voice go up tr llour Vous (subiect) aimez (verb) You like France. } lf you are expecting the answer yes or no, there is a very straightforward la France. way of asking a question. You can keep word order just as it would be in a Aimez (verblvous (subject) Do you like France? normal sentence (subject then verb), but turn it into a question by making la France? your voice go up at the end of the sentence. 5o to turn the sentence Vous He writes aimez la France (meaning You like France) into a question, all you need to ll6crit bien. well. do is to add a question mark and make your voice go up at the end. Ecrit-ilbien? Does he write well? Vous (sublect) aimez (verb) la Do you like France? On part tout de suite. We're leaving right away. France? Part-on tout de suite? Are we leaving right away? On part tout de suite. We're leaving right away. On part tout de suite? Are we leaving right away? + For more informotion on Pronouns, see poge 42. C'est vrai. That's that true. C'est vrai? ls that true? Ttp Tes parents sont en vacances. Your parents on holiday. This is quite a formal way of asking a question. Tes parents sont en vacances? Are your parents on holiday?

In the perfect tense and other tenses that consist of two or more words such as the pluperfect the part of the verb that comes from avoir or Gtre is the one that goes before the pronoun. Ag-tu vu mon sac? Have you seen my bag? Est-elle rest6e longtemps? Did she stay long?

+ For more information on the Perfect tense, see page 111. For furthel explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 144 0uesroru$ Oussrolrts 145

l When the verb ends in a vowel in the illglle form, -t- is inserted before the you can use est-ce que. lf you do this, the question word goes at the pronoun to make the words easier to say. START of the sentence. Aime-t-il les chiens? Does he like dogs? you can change word order so that the verb comes before the subject. Atelle assez d'argent? Does she have enough money? lf you do this, the question word goes at the START of the sentence. Vous arrivez quand? Ttp Ouand est-ce que vous arrivez? When do you arrive? Ouand anivez-vous? Unlike English there are two ways in French of answering yes to a question or statement. oui is the word you use to reply to an Tu prends quel train? ordinary question. Ouel train est-ce que tu prends? What train are you getting? 'Tu l'as fait?'-'Oui.' , 'Have you done it?' - 'yes., Ouel train prends-tu? 'Elle est belle, n'est-ce pas?'- 'She's beautiful, isn't she?' 'Oui.' lls vont ou? -'Yes.' Oi est-ce qu'ils vont? Where are they going? si is the word you use to reply to a question or statement that Oi vont-ils? contains a negative expression like ne ... pas. 'Tu ne l'as pas fait?'-'Si.' 'Haven't you done it?' 'Yes - For more information on Negatives, see poge | 38. (l have).' + 'Elle n'est pas tris belle.'- 'She isn't very beautiful.' - 'Mais si!' 'Yes, she is!'

Grammar Extra! You can also form a question in this way with a noun or a person's name. lf you do this, the noun or name comes firsf then you add an extra pronoun after the verb and link them with a hyphen. Jean-Piene (subject) est(verb)-il ls Jean-Pierre there? (pronoun) li? La piCce dure-t-elle longtempsT Does the play last long? In less formal French, the pronoun may come before the verb, and the noun or name may come at the end of the sentence. ll est li, Jean-Piere? ls Jean-Pierre there? Elle dure longtemps, la pilce? Does the play last long? tr Asking a question by using a question word } A question word is a word like when or how that is used to ask for information. The most common French question words are listed on pages 146-150. l You can use a question word with one of the methods described above: . you can make your voice go up at the end of the sentence. lf you do this, the question word goes at the END of the sentence.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii, 146 Oueslorus Oursnorus 147 O,uestion words 2I qui?. que? and quoi? Common question words tr > In questions, qui, que and quoi are all pronouns. Which of them you ) Listed below are some very common question words. que, quel, qui, quol choose depends on: and lequel, are explained on pages 147-150. o whether you are referring to people or to things o combien + verb? how much?, how many? o whether you are referring to the subject or object of the verb (the combien de + noun? how much?, how many? subject is the person or thing that is carrying out the action described verb; the object is the person or thing that'receives'the action) Combien co0te cet ordinateur? How much does this computer by the such as de C'est combien, ce pantalon? How much are these trousers? o whether the word you use will come after a preposition i, or en Tu en veux combien? Deux? How many do you want? Two? Combien de personnes vas-tu How many people are you going to t For more informqtion on Pronouns ond Prepositions, see poges 42 and 62' inviter? invite? ) o comment? how? > qui? and que? have longer forms, as shown in the table below. There is a Gomment va-t-elle? How is she? difference in word order between the longer and shorter forms' Comment tu t'appelles? What's your name? > qui? is used for talking about people, and means who? or whom? in English. You can use whom? in formal English to refer to the object of verb, though most people use who). qui? gan be used after a preposition. pardon is also used to ask someone to repeat something, and is thd". Who? Referring to Meaning Examples Meaning same as Pardon? in English. comment and quoi can mean the same Whom? people thing, but are informal, and are the same as Whot? in English. Subiect qui? who? Qui vient? Who's coming? qui est-ce Qui est-ce oi? where? qui? qui vient? Ori allez-vous? Where are you going? Object qui? who? Qui vois-tu? Who/Whom D'or) viens-tu? Where are you from? qui est-ce whom? Qui est-ce can you see? que? que tu vois? After qui? who? De qui est-ce Who's he rtp prepositions qui est-ce whom? qu'il parle? talking about? Be careful not to mix up oir, which means where, and ou (without que? Pour qui est ce Who's this an accent), which means or. livre? book for? A qui avez-vous Who did you write pourquoi? why? 6crit? to?, To whom did you write? Pourquoi est-ce qu'il ne vient Why isn't he coming with us? pas avec nous? quand? when? Quand est-ce gue tu pars en When are you going on holiday? rw vacances? que changes to qu' before a vowel, most words beginning with Depuis quand est-ce que ih', vous How long have you known him? h, and the French word y. le connaissez?

t) For more informqtion on que ond qui, see page 62. For further explanation of grammatical torms, please see pages viii-xii. 148 Ouesrnrus Ouesrolvs 149

} i qui is the usual way of saying whose in questions. quel, quelle, quels and quelles are all forms of the same word. The form that you choose depends on whether you are referring to something that qui A est ce sac? Whose is this bag? is masculine or feminine, singular or plural.

+ For more information on using d to show possession, see page 165. Masculine Feminine Meaning Singular quel? quelle? who? L que? and quoi? are used for talking about things, and mean what? in what? English. que? cannot be used after a preposition; you have to use quoi? which? instead. Plural quels? quelles? who? What? Referring to Meaning Examples Meaning what? things which? Subject qu'est-ce qui? what? qui se What's Qu'est-ce Ouel est ton chanteur pt6t6r6? Who's your favourite singer? passe? happening? Ouel vin recommandez-vous? Which wine do you recommend? Qu'est-ce qui Whatt worrying t'inquiEte? you? Ouelle est ta couleur pr6f6r6e? What's your favourite colour? Object qu'est-ce que? what? Qu'est-ce que What are you Ouelle heure est-il? What time is it? vous faites? doing? Ouels sont tes chanteurs Who are your favourite singers? Que faites-vous? pr6f6r6s? quoi After quoi? what? A penses- What are you Vous jouez de quels What instruments do you play? prepositions tu? thinking about? instruments? De quoi parlez- What are you vous? talking about? Ouelles sont tes couleurs What are your favourite colours? pr6f6r6es? Ouelles chaussures te plaisent Which shoes do you like best? Ttp le plus? possible preposition t It is to finish an English sentence with a such ) For more information on how quel in used in exclomotions, see page 21 . as about or of, even though some people think this is not good grammar, Who did you write to? {{ lequel?. laquelle?. lesquels? and lesquelles? Whqt ore you talking about? D In questions lequel, laquelle, lesquels and lesquelles (meaning which It is NEVER possible to end a French sentence with a preposition. one/ones?) are all forms of the same pronoun, and are used to replace nouns. The form that you choose depends on whether you are referring to something that is masculine or feminine, singular or plural. tr quel?, quelle?. quels? and quelles? quel? (meaning who?, which? or what) can be used with a noun (as an Masculine Feminine Meaning adiective) or can replace a noun (as a pronoun). Compare this with que? Singular lequel? laquelle? which? (and its longer forms) and quoi?, which also mean whot?, but are NEVER which one? used with nouns. Plural lesquels? lesquelles? which? which ones?

For more information on Adjectives and Pronouns, see poges 25 ond 42. + 'J'ai choisi un livre.'-'Lequel?' 'l've chosen a book.'-'Which one?' Laouelle de ces valises est d Which of these cases is Bruno's? Bruno? For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 150 Oursrorus Ouesnorus 151

'Tu te souviens de mes amis?' 'Do you remember my friends?'- tWhich -'Lcs_Sce!S?' ones?' Grammar Extra! Lesouelles de vos seurs sont Which of your sisters are married? All the questions in the previous section are the actual words that someone uses when mari6es? they are asking a question, and so they all end with a question mark. These are called diree! questions. When you are telling someone else about a question that is being + For more informotion on lequel, see poge 63. lrked, you use an indirect question. Indirect questions never end with a question mark, rrrd they are always introduced by a verb such as to ask, to tell, to wonder, to know and tr n'est-ce pas? and non? ro on. (His question is timeT) } English-speakers often use an expression like isn't it?, don't they?, weren't He asked me what the time was. actual was What the Tell me which way to go. actual question was Which way do I go) we? or will you? tagged on to the end of a sentence to turn it into a frour question. French uses n'est-ce pas? instead. This useful little phrase never Word order in indirect questions is generally the same as in English: changes, so is very easy to use. You use it in questions when you expect question word + subject verb. person you are talking to to agree with you. Dites-moi quel (question word) Tell me which bus goes to the ll fait chaud, n'est-ce pas? lt's warm, isn't it? autobus (subject)va (verb) ila station. gafe. Tu parles frangais, n'est-ce pas? You speak French, don'tyou? ll m'a demand6 combien He asked me how much money Vous n'oublierez pas, n'est-ce You won't forget, will you? d'argent j'avais. I had. pas? Je me demande s'il viendra I wonder if he'll come or not. ) lt is very common to use non (meaning no) in the same way in spoken ou pas. French. hein? means the same as eh? in English, and is only used in very informal conversations. When the subiect of the question is a noun and NOT a pronoun like ie or il, the sublect ,rnd verb that come after the question word are often swapped round. ll fait chaud, non? It's warm, isn't it? Je me demande oi (question I wonder where my keys are. ll fait chaud, hein? It's warm, eh? word) sont (verb) mes cl6s (subject). Demande-lui qui est venu. Ask him who came.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. Aovenes 153

ADVERBS Masculine adjective Feminine adjective Adverb Meaning heureux heureuse heureusement fortunately doux douce doucement gently, slowly What is an adverb? seul seule seulement only An adverb is a word usually used with verbs, adjectives or other adverbs that gives more information about when, how, where, or in what The adverb ending -ment is added to the masculine not the feminine form circumstances something happens, for example, quickly, hoppily, now. of the adjective if the masculine ends in -6, -i or -u.

Masculine adjective Feminine adjective Adverb Meaning How adverbs are used d6sesp6r€ d6sesp6r6e d6sesp6r6ment desperately vral vrate vraiment truly ) ln general, adverbs are used together with: absolu absolue absolument absolutely o verbs (act quickly. speak strongely. smile cheerfully) ) lf the adjective ends in -ant, the adverb ends in -amment. lf the adjective o adjectives (rc!fu ill, q lot better, deeply sorry) ends in -ent, the adverb ends in -emment. The first vowel in the -emment . adverbs (resWfart, bo quickly, ysrywell) other and -amment endings is pronounced in the same way in both - like the o l Adverbs can also relate to the whole sentence; they often tell you what the in the English word caf. speaker is thinking or feeling. courant + couramment (fluently) r6cent * r6cemment (recently) Fortunately, Jan had already left. Actually, I don't think l'll come. @ Note that an exception to this rule is the adverb lentement (meaning slowly), which comes from the adjective lent (meaning How adverbs are formed slow). tr The basic rules A lrregular adverbs ) Adverbs in French NEVER change their form, no matter what they refer to. ) There are a number of common irregular adverbs. ll beau. He's very handsome. est tris Adjective Meaning Adverb Meaning Elles sont belles. They're very beautiful. tris bon good bien well J'y vais souvent. I often go there. gentil nice, kind gentiment nicely, kindly Nous y allons souvent. We often go there. mauvars bad mal badly meilleur @ t,tote that there is one exception to this rule. The word tout changes better, best mieux better in certain phrases, for example, tout seul (meaning oll alone). petit small peu little pire worse worse ll est aniv6 tout seul, He arrived on his own. Pis Elle est souvent toute seule. She's often on her own. Elle travaille bien. She works well. G'est un emploi trds mal pay6. It's a very badly paid job. ) Many English adverbs end in Jy, which is added to the end of the adiectivc (quick - quickly, sad - sodlt/;, frequent - frequentQ. In French, many adverbs end in -ment. This is usually added to the end of the feminine l{ Adjectives used as adverbs singular form of the adjective. > Certain adlectives are used as adverbs, mostly in set phrases: o bon good sentir bon to smell nice For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 154 Aovenes AoveRes 155 cher expensive Comparatives and superlatives of adverbs co0ter cher to be expensive adverbs payer cher to pay a lot .t I Comparative droit straight , What is a comparative adverb? r A comparative adverb is one which, in English, has -er on the end of it or aller tout droit to go straight on i more or /ess in front of it for example, eorlier, loter, soonert moreless dur hard i frequently travailler dur to work hard > Adverbs can be used to make comparisons in French, just as they can in fort loud English. The comparative (more often, faster) of adverbs is formed using the parler plus fort to speak up same phrases as for adjectives. mauvais bad o plus ... (que) more ... (than) sentir mauvais to smell Tu marches pluS vite que moi. You walk faster than me. Elle chante plus fort gue les She's singing louder than the others. tr Adverbs made up of more than one word autres. less ... (than) ) Adverbs can be made up of several words instead of iust one. Here are o moins ... (que) 50me common ones: Parle moins vite! Don't speak so fast! (literally Speak less fast!) bien sOr of course Nous nous voyons moins We see each other less often than c'est-ir-dire that is souvent qu'avant. before. d'abord first o aussi ... que as... as d'habitude usually Je parle frangais aussi bien oue I can speak French as well as you! de temps en temps from time to time toi! en g6n6ral usually Viens aussi vite que possible. Come as quickly as possible. en retard late tout de suite straight away t) For more information on Comparative odjectives, see poge 34. ld Superlative adverbs What is a superlative adverb? A superlative adverb is one which, in English, has -esf on the end of it or most or leostin front of it, for example, soonest, fostest, mostlleast frequently.

L The superlative of adverbs (the most, the fastest) is formed using the same phrases as for adjectives, except that le NEVER changes to la or les in the feminine and plural with adverbs as it does with adjectives. o le plus ... (que) the most ... (that) Marianne parle le plus vite. Marianne speaks fastest. o le moins ... (que) the least... (tha$ G'est Gordon qui a mang6 le moins. Cordon ate the least.

t) For more information on Superlotive odjectives, see page 34. For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 156 Aovenes Aovenes 157

tr Adverbs with iregular comparatives and superlatives Some common adverbs ) Some of the most common adverbs have irregular comparative and D Here are some common adverbs that do not end in -ment: superlative forms. alors then, so, at that time Adverb Meaning Comparative Meaning Superlative Meaning apris afterwards beaucoup a lot plus more le plus (the) most aprEs-demain the day after tomorrow bien well mieux better le mieux (the) best aujourd'hui todaY mal badly pis worse le pis (the) worst assez enough, quite plus mal le plus mal aussi also, too, as Peu little moins less le moins (the) least avant-hier the day before yesterday beaucoup a lot, much C'est lui qui danse le mieux. He dances best. bientOt soon cependant however dedans inside dehors outside d6ia already, before demain tomorrow depuis since derriEre behind devant in front encore still, even, again enfin at last ensemble together ensuite then environ about hier yesterday ici here jamais never, ever rw jamais can sometimes be used without ne to mean never or ever. 'Est-ce que tu vas souvent au 'Do you 9o to the cinema a cinema?'-'Non, ian0atg.' lot?' - 'No, never.' As-tu iemels revu ton pdre? Did you ever see your father again? Q for more information on Negatives, see poge 1j8.

ta there, here li-bas over there For further explanation of grammatical tems, please see pages viii-xii. loin far, far off, a long time ago 158 AoveRss AoveRes 159

longtemps a long time D Some of the adverbs listed on pages 157 and 158 can be followed by de maintenant now, nowadays and used in front of a noun to talk about quantities or numbers of things or m€me even people: moins less . assez de enough oir where Nous n'avons pas assez de We don't have enough time. parfois sometimes temps. partout everywhere o beaucoup de a lot of peu not much, not very Elle fait beaucoup de fautes. She makes a lot of mistakes. Ttp o combien de how much, how many Gombien de personnes as-tu How many people have you invited? Be careful not to confuse peu, which means not much or not very, invit6es? with un peu, which means o little or q bit. o troP de too much, too many ll voyage peu. He doesn't travel much. J'ai mang6 trop de fromage. l've eaten too much cheese. Elle est un peu timide. She's a bit shy. D Several of the adverbs listed on pages "157 and 158 can also be used as prepositions: apr6s, avant, devant derriEre and depuis. peut-€tre perhaps plus more + For more informotion on Prepositions, see page 162. presque nearly puis then ) The question words combien (meaning how much, how mony), comment quelquefois sometimes (meaning how), pourquoi (meaning why) and quand (meaning when) are si 50 described on page 146. soudain suddenly ) pas, plus and jamais are used in negative word pairs. souvent often surtout especially, above all + For more informqtion on Negotives, see poge 138. tard late t6t early toujours always, still tout all, very tris very trop too much, too vite quick, fast soon

T{,p vite and rapide can both mean fost or quick. Remember, though, that vite is an adverb and rapide is an adiective. une voiture rapide a fast car ll roule trop vite. He drives too fast.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 160 Aovrnas Aovenes 161

Word order with adverbs > Some adverbs FOLLOW the past participle of verbs that consist of more than one word. This rule covers most adverbs that tell you how or where tr Adverbs with verbs something is done, and a few adverbs that tell you about time. ) In English, adverbs can come in different places in a sentence. aujourd'hui today l'm never coming back. demain tomorrow See you soon! hier yesterday Suddenlv the phone rano. loin far, far off, a long time ago l'd reallv like to come. longtemps a long time partout everywhere D In French, the rules are more fixed. When an adverb goes with a verb that quelquefois sometimes consists of just one word, such as a verb in the present tense or the earlv imperfect tense, it generally goes AFTER that verb. t6t tard late ll neige touiours en janvier. lt always snows in January. vite quick, fast soon Je pensais souvent d toi. I often used to think about you. On les a vus partout. We saw them everywhere. When an adverb goes with a verb that ) consists of more than one word, Elle est revenue hier. She came back yesterday. such as a verb in the pcrfeeftense, it generally comes BETWEEN the part of the verb that comes from avoir or €tre and the past participle. Adverbs with adiectives and other adverbs ll a trop mang6. He's eaten too much. ,4 lls sont d6idr patis. They've already gone. l When an adverb goes with an adjective, it generally comes iust BEFORE that adjective. 'l + For more information on the Pertect tense, see poge 11. lls ont une tris belle maison. They have a very nice house. une femme bien habill6e a well-dressed woman l The rule above covers most adverbs that tell you about quantity or time When an adverb goes with another adverb, it generally comes just BEFORE (apart from a few listed later), and some very common ones telling you ) how something is done. that adverb. beaucoup a lot, much C'est troo tard. It's too late. bien well Fatima travaille beaucoup Fatima works much faster. pluS vite. bientdt soon d6ie already, before encore still, even, again enfin at last mal badly mieux better peu not much, not very rarement rarely souvent often toujours always, still trop too much, too vraiment really

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. PReposmorus 163

PREPOSITIONS i, de and en Eit What is a preposition? D Be careful not to confuse the preposition ir with the illelle/on form of the A preposition is a word such as at, for, with, into or from, which is verb avoir: il a (meaning he hos) and so on. usually followed by a noun, pronoun or, in English, a word ending in -ing. Prepositions show how people and things relate to the rest of the rw sentence, for example, She's at home.; a tool for cutting grass; it's from When ir is followed by le, the two words become au. Similarly, David. when i is followed by les, the two words become aux. page Using prepositions il for more informotion on Articles, see Prepositions are used in front of nouns and pronouns (such as me, him, the } ! i can mean ot. mqn and so on), and show the relationship between the noun or pronoun and the rest of the sentence. Some prepositions can be used before verb Les melons se vendent i 2 Melons are selling at 2 euros each. pidce. forms ending in -ing in English. euros Nous roulions i 100 km i We were driving at 100 km an hour I showed my ticket to the inspector. l'heure. Come with me. J'ai lanc6 une pierre d Chantal. I threw a stone at Chantal. This brush is really good for cleaning shoes. Je suis d la maison. l'm at home. + For more informotion on Nouns ond Pronouns, see pqges 1 and 42. @ Note that ir la maison can also mean to the house. ) Prepositions are also used after certain adjectives and verbs and link them Je rentre d la maison. l'm going back to the house or to the rest of the sentence. back home. Je suis trds contente de te voir. l'm very happy to see you. L i can mean rn. jouer Tu aimes au tennis? Do you like playing tennis? Nous habitons d la campagne. We live in the country. ) In English it is possible to finish a sentence with a preposition such as for, Mon pdre est d Londres. My father is in London. obout or on, even though some people think this is not good grammar. Restez au lit. Stay in bed. You can NEVER end a French sentence with a preposition. Jean est entr6, un livre i la Jean came in with a book in his Le caf6 au laiL c'est pour qui? Who's the white coffee for? main. hand. Qe quoi parlez-vous? What are you talking about? Ttp rtp ir is used to mean in with the names of towns and cities, and au (singulor) or aux (plurot) with the names of countries that are The French preposition is not always the direct equivalent of the masculine in French. preposition that is used in English. lt is often difficult to give just one I live in Mexico. English equivalent for French prepositions, as the way they are used J'habite au Mexique. varies so much between the two languages. Elle est aux Etats-Unis. She's in the States.

i can mean to. Je vais au cin6ma ce soir. l'm going to the cinema tonight.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. Donne le ballon d ton frdre. Give the ball to your brother. 164 Pneposmorus Pneposmorus 165

. how you travel T'P Onyvaipied? Shall we walk? i is used to mean to with the names of towns and cities, and au ll est venu i v6lo. He came on his bike. (singulor) or aux (plurol) with the names of countries that are masculine in French. Ttp Je vais assez souvent d Paris. I go to Paris quite often. Apart from i v6fo and i cheval (meaning on horseback), the ll va aux Etats-Unis la semaine He's going to the States prepositions en and par are used with most other means of prochaine. next week. transport.

is also used mean from } ir with de to ... to ... D ir can also show what something is used for. le trajet de Londres d Pads the journey from London to Paris une boite aux lettres a letter box La banque est ouverte de 9 The bank is open from 9 to 12. une machine d laver a washing machine heures i midi. une tasse d caf6 a coffee cup Je suis en vacances du 21 juin l'm on holiday from 21 June !o auSjuillet. 5July. [J ruote that une tasse i caf6 means a coffee cup, but une tasse de cafd means o cup of coffee. In the same way, un verre i vin means o vvine L i can mean on. g/oss but un verre de vin means o gloss of wine. ll y a deux beaux tableaux au There are two beautiful paintings > ir is used with times, centuries and the names of festivals. mur. on the wall. d trois heures at three o'clock Le bureau se trouve au premier The office is on the first floor. 6tage. au vingtiime siBcle in the twentieth century Ou'est-ce qu'il y a ir la t6l6 ce What's on W tonight? i No6l at Christmas soir? d Piques at Easter @ Note that ir and sur can both mean on in English. sur usually means ir is used to talk about distances and rates. on the top of something. sur la t6l€ means on top of the W set, buL La maison est d 6 kilomdtres The house is 6 kilometres from here. i fa t6f6 means broadcqst on TV. Both can be translated as on the TV d'ici. English. means top in sur le mur on of the wall, but au mur means G'est dr deux minutes de chez lt's two minutes from my place. hanging on the woll. moi. ! ) ir is often used to describe: Je suis pay6 i l'heure. l'rh,Raid by the hour. \ J o what someone looks like or is wearing ows who owns sornq:th\r la femme au chapeau vert the woman with the green hat Ce cahier est i Pau[ s. un gargon aux yeux bleus a boy with blue eyes C'est d toi? ours? how something is done C'est d qui de nettoy\la salle Vflhose.turh'is it to clean the bathroom? fait i la main hand-made de bains? laver d la machine to machine-wash lf you want to say where something hurts, you use i. what a type of food is made of J'ai mal d la t6te. l've got a headache. une tarte aux poires a pear tart J'ai mal aux jambes. My legs ache. un sandwich au jambon a ham sandwich J'ai mal i la gorge. l've got a sore throat.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 166 Pneposrrorus PRrposmorus 167

) ir is used with certain adjectives. D de is also used with ir to mean from ... to ... Son 6criture est difficile dr lire. His/Her writing is difficult to read. le trajet de Londres d Pads the journey from London to Paris Je suis pr6t dr tout. l'm ready for anything. La banque est ouverte de 9 The bank is open from 9 to I 2. heures i midi. + For more information about Prepositions sfter adiectives, see page 183. Je suis en vacances du 21 juin l'm on holiday from 21 lune to auSjuillet. SJuly. ) i is used with certain verbs. ) de often shows who or what something belongs to. s'int6resser i quelque chose to be interested in something un amide la famille a friend of the family penser d quelque chose to think about something les fen6tres de la maison the windows of the house la voiture de Marie-Piene Marie-Pierre's car + For more information obout Prepositions after verbs, see page 178. D de can indicate what something contains, when it usually corresponds to D Finally, some common ways of saying goodbye contain i. of in English. A bient6t! See you soon! une boite g[allumeftes a box of matches A demain! See you tomorrow! deux bouteilles de vin two bottles of wine A samedi! See you Saturday! une tasse de caf6 a cup of coffee A tout i l'heure! See you later! @ Note that une tasse de caf6 means a cup of coffee butune tasse ir caf6 means a coffee cup. ln the same way, un verre i vin means o lTt de wine glass but un verre de vin means o gloss of wine. l de is used as part of the partitive article, whibh is usually the equivalent of ) de can describe what material something is made of. some or ony in English. une robe de coton a cotton dress une porte de bois a wooden door + For more information on the Psrtitive orticle, see page 22. Ttp rw en can also be used to say what something is made of, and is When de is followed by le, the two words become du. Similarly, used when it is important to stress the material. 41., when de is followed by les, the two words become des. un bracelet en or a gold bracelet 4 for more information on Articles, see poge 12. You can use de to say what something is used for. de can mean from. un sac de couchage a sleeping bag Je viens d'Edimbourg. l'm from Edinburgh. un terrain de foot a football pitch une lettre de Rachid a letter from Rachid un an6t de bus a bus stop Je la vois de temps en temps. I see her from time to time. de is found after superlatives (the most..., the biggest, the least... and so on). la plus belle ville du monde the most beautiful city in the world le film le moins int6ressant the least interesting film in the du festival festival

t) For more informotion on Superlotive odjectives, see page 34.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. Pneposmorus 169 168 Pnrposrlorus D en is used to talk about years and months, and to say how long something phrases about quantities. L de is used in to talk will take, when it is the equivalentof in/within: makes a lot of mistakes. Elle fait beaucoup de fautes. She en 1923 in 1923 personnes How many people have you invi Combien de as'tu en janvier in lanuary invit6es? Je le ferai en trois iours. l'll do it in three days. ) de is used with certain adlectives. Je suis trds surpris de te voir. l'm very surprised to see you. Gmmmar Extra! ll est triste de partir. He's sad to be leaving. en and dans can both be used in French to talk about a length of time, but the meaning is very different. t) For more informqtion on Prepositions ofter adjectives, see page 183. Je le ferai dans trois jours. l'll do it in three days. Je le ferai en trois iours. l'll do it in three days. Grammar hctra! Though both can be translated in the same way, the first sentence means that you'll do the second means that it will take three days for you to do it. lf you want to use an adiective after quelque chose, rien, quelqu'un and personne, it in three days, time; you link the words with de. quelqu'un g['important someone important ) en is used with the names of the seasons, except for spring' quelque chose d'int6ressant something interesting in summer rien d'amusant nothing funny en 6t6 en automne in autumn en hiver in winter ) de is found after certain verbs. BUT: au printemPs in sPring d6pendre de quelque chose to depend on something parler de quelque chose to talk about something D en is used for most means of transport. Je suis venu en voiture' I came by car. For more informqtion on Prepositions ofter verbs, see page 178. + G'est plus rapide en train' lt's quicker by train. ll est all6 en ltalie en avion. He flew to ltaly. tren @ Note that en is never followed by an article such as le, du or des. Ttp and par are also used with means of transport. ) en is used to talk about a place. lt can be the equivalent of the English to The prepositions i or in. is in. Je vais en ville. l'm going to town. Use en to say what language something ll a un appartement en ville, He has a flat in town. une lettre 6crite en'espagnol a letter written in Spanish Nous allons en France cet 6t6. We're going to France this summer. Dis-le en anglais. Say it in English. Nous habitons en France. We live in France. > en can be used to say what something is made of when you particularly want to stress the material. of gold, a gold rrp ' un bracelet en or a bracelet made en is used with the names of countries that are feminine in French. ' bracelet Use ir with the names of towns and cities, and au or aux with un manteau en cuir a coat made of leather, a leather masculine countries. coat

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii' 170 Pneposmorus Pneposmorus 171 Eome other common Prepositions {f t tote that some of these words are also adverbs, for example, avant, depuis.

r I For more information on the Adverbs, see poge 152. ) en often describes the situation or state that something or someone is in. Je suis en vacances. l'm on holiday. > The following prepositions are also frequently used in French: La voiture est en panne. The car's broken down. o lpp|5 after Tu es toujours You're always late! en retard! aprds le d6ieuner after lunch after he had left ) en is found before present participles. the form of the verb that ends in aprds son d6part the town hall -ing in English and -ant in French. la troisiBme maison apris la the third house after mairie Je fais mes devoirs en I do my homework while watching Aprds vous! After you! regardant la t616. TV. ll m'a vu en passant devant la He saw me as he came past the [J Note that where English uses a verb in the perfect tense following porte. door. ofter, French uses the infinitive avoir or 6tre and a past participle' We,|l come after we,ve done the r) For more informotion on the Present participle, see poge 125, Nous viendrons aprds avoir fait la vaisselle. dishes. o 3y6n1 before ll est arriv6 avant toi. He arrived before you. Toumez d gauche avant la Turn left before the Post office. poste. @ Note that where English uses a verb ending in -ing alter before, French uses de followed by the infinitive. Jepr6firefinirmesdevoirsIprefertofinishmyhomework avant de manger. before eating.

o avec with avec mon pdre with my father unechambreavecsa||edebainaroomwithitsownbathroom Ouvre-la avec un couteau' Open it with a knife' . chez Elle est chez Pierre. She's at Pierre's house. Elle va chez Pierre. Shet going to Pierre's house, Je reste chez moi ce weekend' l'm staying at home this wecletttl Je vais rentrer chez moi. l'm going home. lls habitent pris de chez moi. They live near my house.

For further explanataon of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. 172 Pneposmorus Pneposmorus 173 l T'P derriEre behind derridre la porte behind the door I chez is also used with the name of jobs or professions to indicate a shop or place of business. devant in front of Je vais chez le m6decin. l'm going ll est assis devant moi. He's sitting in front of me. l to the doctor's. entre ... et between ... and contre against ll est assis entre son pire et He's sitting between his father and Ne mets pas ton v6lo contre Don't put your bike against the wall son oncle. his uncle. le mur. i Le bureau est ferm6 entre 13 The office is closed between 1 and dans in, into et 14 heures. 2 p.m. ll est dans sa chambre. He's in his bedroom. jusque as far as, until Nous passons une semaine We're spending a week in the Alps. go you as far as your house. dans les Alpes. Je te raccompagne iusque l'll with chez toi. dans deux mois in two months'time Jusqu'ot vas-tu? How far are you going? ll est entr6 dans mon bureau. He came into my office. Jusqu'ici nous n'avons pas eu Up to now we've had no problems. de probldmes. Grammar Extra! Je reste iusqu'i la fin du mois. l'm staying until the end of the dans can be used French l and en both in to talk about a length of time, but the month. meaning is very different. Je le ferai dans trois iours. l'll do it in three days. Je le ferai en trois jours. l'll do it in three davs. Though both can be translated in the same way, the first sentence means that you'll do jusque changes to jusqu' before a word beginning with a vowel, it in three days' time; the second means that it will take three days for you to do it. most words starting with h, and the French word y. o depuis since, for . par by, with, per '1 Elle habite Paris depuis 1998. She's been living in Paris since 998 deux par deux two by two Elle Paris living Paris habite depuis cinq She's been in for five Par le train by train years. ans. par la poste by post @ Note that French uses the present tense with depuis to talk about par email by email actions that started in the past and are still going on. Son nom commence oar un H. His name begins with H. ll est en France depuis le mois He's been in France since Prenez trois cachets oar iour. Take three tablets per day. de septembre. September. (ond he is still there) Le voyage co0te quatre cents The trip costs four hundred euros lf you are saying how long something has NOT happened for, you use euros Dar personne. per person. the perfect tense with depuis. Nous nous voyons une fois oar We see each other once a month. Nous ne I'avqng pas vu deouis We haven't seen him for mois. un mois. a month. ll est tomb6 par terre. He fell down. y de touristes There are a lot of tourists around Q For more informotion on the Present tense qnd the Pertect tense, see ll a beaucoup pogesTl and111. par ici. here.

For further explanation of grammatical te]ms, please see pages viii-xii. 174 PReposmorus Pneposmorus 175

sans without rtp Elle est venue sans son frdre' She came without her brother. The prepositions i and en are also used with means of transport. un caf6 sans sucre a coffee without sugar un pull sans manches a sleeveless sweater o pendant during, for Note that sans can also be used before infinitives in French. In English a s'est pass6 pendant l'616. It happened during the summer. () Qa - verb form ending in -ing is used after without. ll n'a pas pu travailler pendant He couldn't work for several She left without saying goodbye. plusieurs mois. months. Elle est partie sans dire au revoir. . sauf except Ttp Tout le monde vient sauf lui. Everyone's coming except him' French uses the perfect tense with pendant to talk about actions . sous under in the past that are completed. sous la table under the table Nous avons habit6 pendant dix We lived in Scotland for ten sous terre underground ans en Ecosse. years. (but don't any more) o SUr On You can also miss out pendant. Pose-le sur le bureau. Put it down on the desk. Nous avons habit6 dix ans en We lived in Scotland for ten Ton sac est sur la table. Your bag is on the table. Ecosse. years. Vous verrez l,hapitat sur votre You'll see the hospital on your left. gauche. pendant is also used to talk about something that will happen in the a book on politics future. un livre sur la politique Je serai NewYork pendant l'll be in New York for a month. i m Note that i and sur can both mean on in English. sur usually means un mois. on the top of something. sur la t6l6 means on top of the TV set, bul fa t6l6 means broadcost on TV. Both can be translated as on the TV Q for more information on the Pertect tense, see page 111 i in English. sur le mur means on top of the wall, but au mur means hanging on the wall.

pour for (who or what something is for, and where something or someone is going) Ttp C'est un cadeau pour toi. lt's a present for you. With numbers and measurements sur can also mean in, out of Nous voudrions une chambre We'd like a room for two nights. and by. oour deux nuits. one person in ten le train pour Bordeaux the train for Bordeaux une personne sur six J'ai eu quatorze sur vingt en I got 14 out of 20 in maths' E Note that pour can also be used with infinitives, when it has the maths. meaning of in order to. La pidce fait quatre mitres sur The room measures four metres deux. bY two' Elle tt6l6phone pour savoir i She's ringing to find out what time quelle heure on arrivera. we'll get there. . vers towards (a place), at about Pour aller dr Nice, s'il vous plait? Which way is it to Nice, please? ll allait vers la gare. He was going towards the station. Je rentre chez moi vers cinq I go home at about 5 o'clock. heures. For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. * PReposmoNs 177 176 Pnepognorus

} voici (meaning this is, here rs) and voilir (meaning there is, that rs) are two consisting of more than one word very useful prepositions that French speakers often use to point things out. one. Prepositions can also be made up of several words instead of iust Voici mon frire et voild ma This is my brother and that's my side of s(Eur. sister. au bord de at the edge of, at the Voici ton sac. Here's your bag. au bout de after Le voici! Here he/it is! i cause de because of Tiens!Voild Paul. Look! There's Paul. au-dessous de below Tu as perdu ton stylo? En voilir Have you lost your pen? Here's au-dessus de above un autre. another one. i au fond de at the bottom of, at the end of Les voildr! There they are! au milieu de in the middle of Au bout d'un moment, il s'est After a while, he fell asleep' endormi. go out because of the bad Nous ne pouvons Pas sortir We can't i-eeuse-dg mauvais temps. weather. the J'ai gar6 la voiture au bord de I parked the car bY the side of la route. road. Mon porte-monnaie est au fond My purse is at the bottom of mY dg mon sac. bag. middle of the Place le vase au milieu de la Put the vase in the table. table.

For further explanation of grammatical toms, please sce pages vlii-xli. 178 Pneposlrrols Pneposnprus 179

Prepositions after verbs |> Here are some verbs taking i in French that have a different construction in [nglish. ) some French verbs can be followed by an infinitive (the fo form of the verb) croire i quelque chose to believe in something and linked to it by either de or i, or no preposition at all. This is also true ol ir quelqu'un/quelque to be interested in someone/ verbs and their obiects: the person or thing that the verb ,happens,to. r'lnt6resser chose something ir quelque chose to play something (sports, gomes) S For more informotion on Verbs followed by an infinitive, see page l j3. fouer ob6ir i quelqu'un to obey someone penser ir quelqu'un/quelque chose to think about someone/something Ttp r6pondre ir quelqu'un to answer someone The preposition that is used in French is not always the same as the t6l6phoner i quelqu'un to phone someone one that is used in English. Whenever you learn a new verb, try to learn which preposition can be used after it too. rtp you l rhe lists in this section concentrate on those French verbs that involve a When you are using jouer to talk about sports and games, different construction from the one that is used in English. use i. When you are using jouer to talk about musical instruments, you use de. tr Verbs that are followed by i + obiect jouer au tennis to play tennis jouer aux 6checs to play chess l i is often the equivalent of the English word to when it is used with an jouer de la guitare to play the guitar indirect object after verbs like send, give and soy. jouer du piano to play the piano dire quelque chose ir quelqu'un to say something to someone donner quelque chose ir quelqu'un to give something to someone you like something. 6crire quelque chose i quelqu'un to write something to someone D plaire followed by i is a common way of saying envoyer quelque chose ir quelqu'un to send something to someone plaire i quelqu'un to please someone (literollY) montrer quelque chose i quelqu'un to show something to someone Ton cadeau me plait beaucoup' I like your present a lot. Ce film plait beaucoup aux This film is very popular with young + For more informotion on lndirect objects, see page 49. jeunes. people.

Grammar E>

D There are also some verbs where you can put a direct obiect before ir. The verb demander is the most common. demander quelque chose ir quelqu'un to ask someone something, to ask someone for something

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii t ) For more informotion on Direct obiects, see page 47. 180 PReposmorus Pneposmorus 181

@ ruote that demander in French does NOT mean fo demond.lt means Grammar Ertra! to osk something or to ask for something. lf you want to say demand lhe verb se tromper de quelque chose is often the equivalent of to get the wrong ... in French, use exiger. Je me suis tromp6 de num6ro. I got the wrong number. Nous avons demand6 notre We asked a taxi driver the wav. Je me suis tromp6 de maison. I got the wrong house. chemin d un chauffeur de taxi. J'exige des excuses! | demand an apology! Verbs taking a direct obiect in French but not in English A Verbs that are followed by de + object ll I D In English there are a few verbs that are followed by for, on, in, to or ot ) Here are some verbs taking de in French that have a different construction which, in French, are not followed by a preposition such as a or de. Here in English. are the most common: changer de quelque chose to change something (one's shoes and so on) attendre quelqu'un/quelque chose to wait for sb/sth d6pendre de quelqu'un to depend on someone/something / chercher quelqu'un/quelque chose to look for sb/sth quelque chose demander quelqu'un/quelque chose to ask for sb/sth s'excuser de quelque chose to apologize for something 6couter quelqu'un/quelque chose to listen to sb/sth jouer de quelque chose to play something esp6rer quelque chose to hope for sth parler de quelque chose to talk about something payer quelque chose to PaY for sth se servir de quelque chose to use something regarder quelqu'un/quelque chose to look at sb/sth se souvenir de quelqu'un/ to remember someone/something quelque chose @ ruote that attendre does NOT mean to ottend in English. lt means to wqit for. lf you want to say that you attend something, use assister rw i quelque chose. When you are using jouer to talk about sports and games, you Je t'attends devant la gare. l'll wait for you in front of the use i. When you are using jouer to talk about musical instruments, station. you use de. Vous altez assister au concert? Are you going to attend the jouer au tennis to play tennis concert? jouer aux 6checs to play chess D habiter can be used with or without a preposition: jouer play the guitar de la guitare to o habiter is mostly used without a preposition when you are talking about jouer du piano to play the piano living in a house, a flat and so on Nous habitons un petit We live in a small flat in town' L Some common phrases using avoir also contain de. appartement en ville. avoir besoin de quelque chose to need something use habiter with ir when you are talking about a town or city, and au avoir envie de quelque chose to want something (singutor) or aux (plurot) with the names of countries that are masculine avoir peur de quelque to be afraid of something chose in French ) There are also some verbs where you can put a direct object before de. Nous habitons i Liverpool. We live in Liverpool. remercier is the most common. Nous habitons aux Etats-Unis. We live in the United States. remercier quelqu'un de quelque chose to thank someone for something use habiter with en when you are talking about feminine countries + For more informotion on Direct objects, see poge 47. Nous habitons en Espagne. We live in Spain'

For further explanation of grammatical terms. please see pages viii-xii. PRepostlotrls 183 182 Pneposmorus Prepositions after adiectives Key points what follows by y' French prepositions after verbs are often not the ones that are > lust like verbs, some French adiectives can be linked to used in English. French verbs often have a different construction either i or de. pronoun or from English verbs. D An adlective followed by de or ir can be followed by a noun, a y' French verbs are usually linked to their obfects by de, ir or an infinitive. nothing at all. you feel, D Some adjectives that can be followed by de are used to say how U/ You can never miss out i in French in the way that you can miss that you are certain about something, or that it is necessary or important out to in English constructions like to give someone something. to do something. These are the most common: certain certain content happy d6sol6 sorry enchant6 delighted heureux haPPY important imPortant malheureux unhaPPY n6cessaire necessary sfir sure triste sad come? Tu es sOr de pouvoir venir? Are you sure You can Enchant6 de faire votre Delighted to meet You. connaissance. ll est n6cessaire de r6server. You have to book'

Grammar Etctra! (meaning interesting) or ) Some adjectives, such asfacile (meaning eosy), int6ressanl to be Irnporriut" (meaning impossible), can be followed by eitherir orde. de tends when u"iJ *r,"" you are saying something that is generally true. i tends to be used you are saying something about someone or something in particular' make a decision. ll est difficile de Prendre une It's difficult to d6cision. get know. ll est difficile d connaitre. He's difficult to to to understand. Son accent est difficile d His accent is difficult comprendre.

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. Coru.lurucnorus 185

CONJUNCTIONS

What is a conjunction? A conjunction is a word such as and, but, or, so, if and becouse, that links two words or phrases of a similar type, or two parts of a sentence, for exampfe, Diane and I have been friends for years; I Ieft becouse ! wos bored. o siif lYing. et mais, ou, parce que and si Je me demande si elle ment' I wonder if she's you, I wouldn't invite him' Si d ta Place, ie ne lf I were D et mais, ott parce que and si are the most common conjunctions that you i'6tais need to know in French. l'inviterais Pas. o et and toi et moi you and me rw changes to s'before il or ils. ll pleut et il fait tris froid. It's raining and it's very cold. si 'fifr, we'll eat o Sil ne pleut pas, on mangera lf it doesn't rain' mais but dehors. outside' C'est cher mais de trds bonne It's expensive, but very good quality. qualit6.

@ Note that mais is also commonly found in front of oui and si. 'Tu viens ce soir?'-'Mais oui!' 'Are you coming tonight?, - 'Definitely!' 'll n'a pas encore fini?'- 'Hasn't he finished yet?'-'He 'Mais si!' certainly has!' a ouor Tu pr6fdres le vert ou le bleu? Do you like the green one or the blue one? Donne-moi ga sU ie me f6che! Cive me that or l,ll get crossl T'P Be careful not to confuse ou (meaning or) with of (meaning where).

. parce que because Je ne peux pas sortir parce que I can't go out because l've still got j'ai encore du travail dr faire. work to do.

For further explanation of grammatical torms, please see pages viii-xii. L 186 Gol.lurucnolrs Gorrr.lurucnorus 187 ili Some other common conjunctions The conjunction que ) Here are some other common French coniunctions: D When que is used to join two parts of a sentence, it means fhof. o car because ll dit qlLil m'aime. He says that he loves me. ll faut prendre un bus pour y You need to take a bus to get there Elle sait que vous 6tes lit. She knows that you're here. acc6der car il est interdit d y because cars are prohibited. monter en voiture. @ Note that car is used in formal language or in writing. The normal loves me and He says that way of saying becouse is parce que. ln English you could say both He soys he he loves me, or She knows you're here and She knows thot you're here. o Comme aS You can NEVER leave out que in French in the same way. Gomme il pleut, je prends la As it's raining, l'm taking the car. voiture. D que is also used when you are comparing two things or two people. In this ' donc so case, it means os or thon. J'ai rat6 le train, donc je serai I missed the train, so l'll be late. lls n'y vont pas aussi souvent They don't go as often as us' en retard. que nous. o lql5qus when Les melons sont plus chers que Melons are more expensive than les bananas. J'allais composer ton num6ro I was about to dial your number bananes. lorsque tu as appel6. when you called. t ) For more informotion on Comparative odjectives, see page 34. o quand when when something happens, Je ne sors pas quand il pleut. I don't go out when it rains. D Some words which give you information about can also be conjunctions if you put que after them. pendant que (meaning t,tote that when quand and are used to talk something @ lorsque about while) is the most common of these. that will happen in the future, the French verb has to be in the future pendant Christian phoned while chantal was tense even though English uses a verb in the present tense. christian a t6l6phon6 que Ghantal prenait son bain. in the bath' Ouand je serai riche, j'achdterai When l'm rich, l'll buy a nice house. when (meaning whi!e), quand (meaning wfien) une belle maison. [J Note that pendant que - and forsque (meaning when) are used to talk about something that + For more informotion on the Present tense and the Future tense, see poges will happ-en in the future, the French verb has to be in the future tense 71 and 98. even though English uses a verb in the present tense. L French, like English, also has conjunctions which have more than one part. Pendant que ie serai en France, l'll go and visit them while l'm in Here are the most common: j'irai les voir. France. o ne ... ni ... ni neither ... nor t ) For more information on the Present tense and the Future tense, see poges Je n'1aime ni les lentilles ni I like neither lentils nor spinach. 71 and 98. les 6pinards. @ Note that the ne part of this expression goes just before the verb. Grammar Extra! to repeat it. o ou ... ou, ou bien ... ou bien either ... or tluc can replace another coniunction to avoid having tu seras plus grand et When you're older and You have Ou il est malade ou il ment. Either he's sick or he's lying. Ouand que tu auras une maison i toi,... a house of your own, "' Ou bien il m'6vite ou bien il Either het avoiding me or else he Comme il pleut et que ie n'ai As it's raining and I don't have an ne me reconnait pas, doesn't recognize me. pas de parapluie, ... umbrella, ...

For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. NuMeens 189

premiire (1re) 1st premier (1er), -r,^\ NUMBERS 2nd deuxiEme (2e or 2Gme; or second(e) (2no(e)1 3rd troisiEme (3e or 3eme; 4th quatriime 1+e or 4fme) 1 un (une) 5th cinquidme 15e or 5eme) 2 deux 6th sixidme 16e or 6efe) 3 trois 7th septiEme 1Ze or 7!me) 4 quatre 8th huitiEme (8e or 8eme1 5 cinq 9th neuviEme (9e or 9e.me) 6 six 1 oth dixiEme (10e or 101t") 7 sept 1 1th onziEme (11e or 11"T") 8 huit 'lzth douzidme (12e or 12.et") 9 neuf 1 3th treiziEme (13e or tt"t:) l0 dix 14th quatorziEme (14e or l4eme) 11 onze 15th quinziEme (15e or l5eme) 't2 douze 1 6rh seiziime (16e or l6eme) 13 treize 17th dix-septiEme (17e or 17:me) 14 quatorze 1 8th dix-huitiime (l8e or l8ele) 15 quinze 1 9th dix-neuviEme (19e or'l9eme) 16 seize 2oth vingtiime (2Oe or 20em1 . 17 dix-sept 21st vingt et unidme (21e or 2l:me) 18 dix-huit 22nd vinit-deuxidme (22e or 22eme) 19 dix-neuf 3oth treitiEme (3oe or 3oeT") 20 vingt 't 00th centiime (100e or 100eme) (une) 21 vingt et un 101st cent uniime (l0le or 101eme) 22 vingt-deux 1 000th milliime (l0O0e or l000eme) 30 trente 40 quarante 112 un demi 50 cinquante 113 un tiers 60 soixante 213 deux tiers 70 soixante-dix 114 un quart 71 soixante et onze 1ls un cinquiEme 72 soixante-douze 0.5 z6ro virgule cinq (0,5) 80 quatre-vingts 3.4 trois virgule quatre (3,4) 81 quatre-vingt-un (-une) 10o/o dix pour cent 90 quatre-vingt-dix 100o/o cent pour cent 9',l quatre-vingt-onze EXEMPLES EXAMPLES 100 cent 101 cent un (une) ll habite au dix. He lives at number ten. 300 trois cents d la page dix-neuf on page nineteen 301 trois cent un (une) au chapitre sePt in chapter seven the fifth floor. 1 000 mille ll habite au cinQuidme (6tage). He lives on 2000 deux mille ll est aniv5 troisiime' He came in third. 1,000,000 un mlllion 6chelle au vingt'cinq millidme scale one to twentY-five thousand 190 Trtae aruo Dere Tunenruo Dere 191

THEURE THE TIME LES MOIS MONTHS OF THE YEAR

Ouelle heure est-il? What time is it? ianvier January February ll est... It's... f6vrier . March une heure one o'clock mars April une heure dix ten past one avril mai May une heure et quart quarter past one juin une heure et demie half past one lune juillet deux heures moins vingt twenty to two July August deux heures moins le quart quarter to two ao0t septembre September A quelle heure? At what time? octobre October ir minuit at midnight novembre November i midi at midday, at noon d6cembre December ir une heure (de l'aprEs-midi) at one o'clock (in the afternoon) i huit heures (du soir) at eight o'clock (in the evening) Ouand? When? i llhl5 or at 1 1.15 or eleven fifteen en f6vrier in February onze heures quinze le 'ler d€cembre on December 1st it 2Oh45 or at 20.45 or twenty forty-five le premier d6cembre on December first vingt heures quarante-cinq en 1998 in 1998 en mille neuf cent quatre- in nineteen ninety-eight LA DATE THE DATE vingt-dix-huit LES JOURS DE LA SEMAINE DAYS OF THE WEEK Ouel jour sommes-nous? What day is it? lundi Monday Nous sommes |e... It's... mardi Tuesday lundi 26 f6vrier or Monday 26 February or mercredi Wednesday lundi vingt-six f6vrier Monday twenty-sixth of jeudi Thursday February vendredi Friday Sunday 1st October or samedi Saturday dimanche ler octobre or premier Sunday the first of October dimanche Sunday dimanche octobre Ouand? When? Note that months of the year are NOT written with a capital letter in lundi on Monday French. le lundi on Mondays tous les lundis every Monday mardi dernier last Tuesday vendredi prochain next Friday samedi en huit a week on Saturday samedi en quinze two week on Saturday a Note that days of the week are NOT written with a capital letter in French. 192 Trurnruo Dnre

VOCABULAIRE USEFUL VOCABUTARY Quand? When? aujourd'hui today ce matin this morning )ral problems cet aprEs-midi this afternoon aT, E"gi:l can't always translate French into..Enslish, ce soir this evening often 1:Tit is nol:::"::,*tto For ii-*ta. While occasionally it is possible to do this' Souvent? How often? lmmPle: tous les jours every day bf , o English phrasalverbs (verbs followed jours 1%"1-"t"'"tl::,:t^:t-"tb)'often translated by tous les deux every other day for exampfe, to run awoy, to fall down, are une fois par semaine once a week ONE word in French. deux fois par semaine twice a week continuer to go on une fois par mois once a month tomber to fall down give back $a s'est pass6 quand? When did it happen? rendre to le matin in the morning Verbs, see pages 69-1 37' le soir in the evening For more information on hier yesterday and preposition in English, might hier soir yesterday evening r sentences which contain a verb avant-hier the day before yesterday NOT contain a preposition in French' il y a une semaine a week ago payer quelque chose to pay for something at somebodY/something il y a quinze jours two weeks ago regarder quelqu'un/quelque to look l'an dernier or l'ann6e derniEre last year chose quelqu'un/quelque to listen to somebodY/something $a va se passer quand? When is it going to happen? 6couter demain tomorrow chose demain matin tomorrow morning preposition in sentences which contain a verb and aprEs-demain the day after tomorrow o- Similarly, tight NOT contain a preposition in English' dans deux jours in two days ii"nift, to obey somebody/something dans une semaine in a week ob6ir dr quelqu'un/quelque dans quinze jours in two weeks chose something le mois prochain next month changer de quelque chose to change l'an prochain or l'ann6e next year ."nqu", de quelque chose to lack something prochaine be translated into English in o The same French preposition may different waYs. something parler gle quelque chose to talk about sure of something s0r ele quelque chose from someone voler quelque chose d quelqu'un to steal something in something croire i quelque chose to believe

Prepositions' see poge 162' O For more informotion on 194 Tlps Trps 195

o A word which is singular in English may not be in French. . a present ParticiPle les bagages luggage Etant plus timide que moi, Being shyer'than me, she... ses cheveux his/her hair elle... page o Similarly, a word which is singular in French may not be in For more informstion on the Present participle, see 125. English. . a nOUn un short shorts Le ski me maintient en forme. Skiing keeps me fit. mon pantalon my trousers For more information on Nottns, see page 1. + For more information on Nouns, see page 1.

o In English, you can use 3 to show who or what something to be belongs to; in French, you have to use de. The verb to beis generally translated by €tre. la voiture de mon frdre my brother! car ll est tard. It's late. la chambre des enfants the childrenl bedroom Ge n'est pas possible! It's not possible! + For more information on the preposition de, see page 166. when you are talking about the physical position of something, se trouver may be used, Specific problems Oir se trouve la gare? Where3 the station? tr =ins certain set phrases which describe how you are feeling or a state you are L The -ing ending in English is translated in a number of different ways in In, the verb avoir is used. French: avoir chaud to be warm o to be ...-ing is translated by a verb consisting of one word. avoir froid to be cold ll part demain. He's leavlng tomorrow. avoir faim to be hungry Je lisais un roman. lwas reading a book. avoir soif to be thirsty avoir to be afraid + For more information on Verbs, see poges 69-1 37. I Peur avoir tort to be wrong @ trtote that when you are talking about somebody's or something,s avoir raison to be right physical position, you use a past participle. when you are describing what the weather is like, use the verb faire. Elle est assise li-bas She's sitting over there. Ouel temps fait-il? What's the weather like? ll 6tait couch6 par tere. He was lving on the ground. ll faat beau. It! lovely. ll fait mauvais. It's miserable. + For more informqtion on the Past participle, see page 111. ll fait du vent. It! windy. D -ing can also be translated by: When you are talking about someone's age, use the verb avoir' r an infinitive Ouel 6ge as-tu? How old are you? J'aime aller au cin6ma I like going to the cinema. J'ai quinze ans. l'm fifteen. Arr6tez de vous disouter! Stop arouinq! about your health, use the verb aller. Avant de oartir... Before leavino... When talking Comment allez-vous? How are you? + For more information on lnfinitives, see page 133. Je vais trds bien. ljm-very well.

For further explanation of grammatical tems, please see pages viii-xii. 196 Trps Trps 197 E it is. it's ff you want to say that you know how to do something, use savoir. Elle ne sait pas nager. She can't swim. ) if is and if3 are usually translated by il est or elle est when referring to a noun. When con is used with verbs to do with what you can see or hear, you do French. 'Oi est mon parapluie?'- Where's my umbrella? lt's there, in use pouvoir in 'll€S! la, dans le coin.' the corner. Je ne vois rien. I can't see anything. Descends la valise si elle n'CEt Bring the case down if it isn't too ll les entendait. He could hear them. pas trop lourde. heavy. ) When you are talking about the time, use il est. ta 'Ouelle heure est-il?'-'ll est What time !5j? - lt's half past The preposition to is generally translated by it. sept heures et demie.' seven. Donne le livre d Patrick. Cive the book to Patrick.

) When you are describing what the weather is like, use the verb faire. For more information on the preposition d, see page 16j. ll fait beau. tt5 lovely. ll fait mauvais. lt's miserable. When you are talking about the time, use moins. ll fait du vent. ltt windy. dix heures moins cinq five to ten dr heures moins le quart at a quarter to seven } lf you want to say, for example, it is difficult to do something or it is easy to sept do something, use il est. ff you want to say (in order) to, use pour. ll est difficile de r6pondre dr It is difficult question, to answer this Je I'ai fait pour vous aider' I did it ls help you. cette question, ll va en ville pour acheter un He's going into town to buy a l In ALL other phrases and constructions, use c'est. cadeau. present. C'est moi qui ne I'aime pas. It's me who doesn't like him. C'est Charles qui l'a dit. It's Charles who said so. C'est ici que je les ai achet6s. It's here that I bought them. C'est parce que la poste est It's because the post office is closed ferm6e que... that...

El there is, there are ) Both there is and there are are translated by il y a. ll y a quelqu'un i la porte. There is someone at the door. ll y a cinq livres sur la table. There are five books on the table.

trt can. to be able ) lf you want to talk about someone's physical ability to do something, use pouvoir. Pouvez-vous faire dix Can you walk ten kilometres? kilomitres d pied?

For further explanation of grammatical te]mt please see pages vili-xii. THE ALPHABET MAIN INDEX

!, 6 verbs 79,80,96 aux 14, 55, 63,163,164 compound nouns 11,33 ) The French alphabet is pronounced differently from the way it is pronounced 82,'163 auxquelles 63 concrete nouns 16 12,'t9 auxquels 63 conditional 105 in English. Use the list below to help you sound out the letters. 14, sO, 57, 1 33, 1 35, avant 159 conditional: irregular verbs 109 163, 167, 't7s, 178, 183 avec 16,'171 conditional: reflexive verbs I 09 16, 48, 56, 70, 87 1'11 coniuqations 69 .,. | 164 avoir ' , fe, fa, f' and les 14, 55, 113,137,160,163, I 71, 180 coniuiations: first 72 Ava lql (ah) like'a' in 'la' 63,163 avoir: conditional 110 coniulations: second 74 gt 16 avoir: future tense 103 coniugations: third 76 Brb lbel (bay) nouns '129,1U ru 80. 101,108 avoir: imperative 87 confunctions C,C lsel Gay) verbs '122 avoir: impersonal verbs 127 contre 172 Drd (day) 20,23,25 avoir: past participle 1 1 8 countries 17,163,164,169 ldel avoir: ptesent tense 82 court 32 Er€ lel (uh) like'e' in 'le' t 25,27,39,44,125 avoir: pluperfect tense 1'19 .,d 105 endings 27 avoir: dans 57,169,172 F,t lefl (efO perfecttense 111, 113, 118 dates 't8,'tg'l present '126 days of the week 5, 1 8, 190 G,g kel 0av) 27, 29, 34, 35 avoir: Participle followed byir/de 183 avoir: subjunctive 132 de 15, 20, 35, 56,133,'135' H,h (ash) 123 140, 159, 164, 166, 171, taJl be 'r80. by infinitive 137 beau 20,23,29,32 183 l,i lil (ee) 15,22, farticiples used as125 beaucoup (de) 156,159 de: with fe, fa, I' andles t,i lsil 0ee) plural 30, 35 bel 29 55, 56,63 K,k (ka) belle 29 definitearticfe 12,13,16,35 lkal 23,2s,32,16'l bien 36,153,156 demander 179 lell (ell) "126. 152 body: parts of "17,40,165 demonstrativeadiectives 37 Ll demonstrativepronouns 65 (emm) r word order 160 bon 20,23,32,153 M,r leml 105 c' see ce depuis 159,172 see ce deinier 33 N,h lenl (enn) c' "159,173 25,27,39, 44,-'125 i" 66 derriire o,o lol (oh) of articles 13,19 iar 186 des 15,19,20,22,56,'166 Prp (pay) : of past ce 37,65 descendre 1"13,114,'l'15, lpel 44,114,116,117 ceci 66 120,126 qq lkyl (ku) like'u' in 'une' cela 66 describing words see adiectives R,r (air) participle 't25 celle 66 desquelles 63 lerl celle-ci 67 desquels 63 5,s lesl (ess) adjectives 39 celleli 67 devant 159,173 (tay) celles 66 devenir -102,118,132,1331 1 3 It ltel pronouns 54 celles-ci 67 devoir U,U tyl (u) like'u' in 'une' celleslir 67 dire 118,132 wrbs 72, 74, 76, 93, 98, 1o5 celui 66 directobiect 114,116,118, Vv lvel (vay) 123,134 celui-ci 67 135,181 pronouns 4Z 58. 59 wrw [dubleve] (doobla-vay) 41, 61 celui-Ih 67 direct obiect 70, 82, 98, 104, 1'10, 'l'13, ces 37 direct questions 151 X,X tiksl (eex) 132,'135 c€ sont 2'1,52,65 doino words see verbs Y,y (ee-grek) 22 c'est 21,52,65 dommage: Iigrek] 12,19 Get 37 il est dommage que 128 Z,Z (zed) 32 65 donc 186 [zed] c'€tait '106, 12, 19, 21, 22, 24 37 donner 72, 85, 93,99, cette '130 60, I 38 ceux 66 112, 119, 126, 60, 1 38 ceux-ci 67 dont 64,67 50, 1 38 ceux-lir 67 droit 153 79,100,107 chacun 51,60 du 15,22,56,'166 159,171 chaque 4'l duquel 63 113 chei 32,153 dur 154 12 chez 171 eoa 41, 60 187 -ci 37,67 each other 91 os 34 clothinq 11, 164 6couter 135 either ... or 186 I for something 105 cofoursi adiectives 31, 32 de 159 combien (de) 146,159 elle 43, 44, 51, 66, 69 163 comme 186 elfe-mGme 52 hdre 76,a5,95,99,106, comment 146 effes 43,45,51,69 112, 113, 119, 126, 131, 18'l comparative adiectives 34 ef f es-m€mes 52 14, 55, 63,163,164 comparative adverbs 155 emphasis 52,66 63 comparisons 34,52 em'phatic pronouns 51 34,'t55 comparisons: en 17,18, 56, 59,85,'125' For further explanation of grammatical tems, please see pages viii-xii. 41 pronouns used in 52 126,"168,172 Mnru lruoex 2O1 200 Mnrru lruoex 20, 23, 32, 'l53 49,5'l nouns: coJnpounds 1 l, 33 petlt 153, 156, 158 en train de 136 himself 52 irregular verbs: 52 nouns: conirete 16 beu present 82,84 36,153 endings: adiectives 27 his 39,54 tense see me nouns; endinqs 2, 3, 7, 8, 9 bire 153 endings: nouns 2, 3, 7, 8,9 how 146 irregular verbs: subiunctive 1 l, 39 nouns: Enqlis6, used in French 5 brs '146 1 179 endings:verbs 69,72,74,76, how much/many it 43, 44, 47, 66, ) | 184 nouns: feminine 1,2, 3, 5, 13' bfaire 103,'128 93, 94, 98, 1 05, I I 4 43,5'l its t9 153,156 17,19,22,44,45 bfeuvoir entendre 1 35 il 43, 44, 66, 69,127 itself 5t nouns: masculine 1,2,3, 5,13, ifuperfecttense 119,139 78,96,126,'t27 pluperfect entre 173 il est 55,^128 i' see lr 128,179 19,22,44,45 ' tense: I 5 / 12O entrer 1 1 3 il fait 128 iamais adiectives 25,27,28, nouns: plural ''t,9, 14, 19, 23 irr'eoular verbs je 43,61, ' 1 tense: -er 34,155 il faut (que) 102,118,'t28, 29,30 nouns: iinqular Dluperfect 'l2o -erverbs 72, 85, 93, 105, 112, 79,100,101 ql, qg, ' reilexive 129,130 ieter and feminine forms nous 42, 5'1,69,85, verbs 119,123,126,130 if manque '128 jeune 3il t 89' 9'l olural'plus 9,11 -erverbs: spelling changes 78, if parait '128 2l 52 34, 155 't07 gue fobs 1,',13, 19, 22, nous-m€mes 79, 80, 81, 95, 99, il pleut 45, 103, 118 joli l) 44,45 nouveau 29,32 iossession 67,167 esp6rer 81.'134 il reste 't28 jouer 179,180 29 bossessive adiectlveJ 39 32,153,154 nouvel 54 essayer 80, I01,108 il semble que 128 fusque 17 | 47, 49,89 nouveffe 29 bossessive Pronouns -est 34,155 il vaut mieux (que) 129 l' see lq h 47,51 numbers 75,190 possible: il est Possible que 1 28 "13,47 | /+ est-ce que 143,'144 ilya 56,128 la 't7 5 obiect 122,147 Pour '184 146 et 33, lls 43,45, 69 -la 38,67 32,36,'153 obiect pronouns 47,58, 59 bourquoi 1o2, 118,'132, 133 €tre 48, 65, 70, 7'l , 87, 92, lmperative 48.85 la leur 5l 41, 52 obiect bronouns: word order 86 bouv,iir +8, 81 134 1't1, 160,'t7'l imperative: irregular verbs 87 la mienne 54 39 eit 11 br6f6rer ' atre conditional 110 imperative: word 86 la moins 35 167,'175 bremier 32 order 118 of 118,132 etre future tense I 03 imperfecttense 92, "119,'l60 la n6tre 51 36,153 on 43,45,51,69,124 brendre Ctre imoerfect tense 97 tense: fa plus 34 164 irepositions 47, 51, 67,126, imperfect 54 on 147.162 Ctre imoersonal verbs 127 irregular verbs 97 la sienne 54 48,5'l one 43,69 prepositions: adiectives 1 83 atre passive 123 imperfect tense: la tienne 54 52 one onother 91 after 54 prepositions: after 'i,78 Ctre past participle 1 1 8 reflexive verbs 96 la v6tre 36 one's 39 verbs 82 78,95,126 preposruons: Ctre Dresent tense impersonal 127 lancer 34. 1 55 oneself 51,52 verbs 17, 169 ' 137 etrq pluperfect tense 1'19 35,163,168,169 languages 5, 39 orders and instructions 48, 50, 85 foilowed bv infinitive in 125,'17 O etre perfecttense 1 11, 113, 125, '137, '162, '171,'175 faqueffe 63, 149 113,'114 orders and instructions: present particiPles 55, 'I1Z, -ing '13,47,46 present participles: ll8, I19 41 le 5,169 irregular verbs 87 indefinite adiectives ' 126 etre present participle 126 indefinitearticles 12,19 fe leur 54 34 orders and instructions: irreoulir verbs 132 le 36 pres6nttense 71,72,74,76, Ctre subjunctive indefinite article: meilleur 34,153 word order 50,57,A6'90 ' eux 51 le 54 41 98.160. 186 in negative sentences 20 mien 113 othet eux-mOmes 52 fe mieux 36,156 184 present tense: inegulai verbs 82 indefinite article: use 2'l 39 ou of le 36 '146'184 bresent tense: reflexive verbs E9 every 41 indeflnite pronounr 60 moindre .52 oir 60,127 le moins 35, 156 186 oresent tense: everyone indirect object "122,178 see ne ou... ou ' 61 le n6tre 54 soellinq chanqes 78 everything indirect object pronouns 58, 59 113 ou bien... ou bien 186 faire 70,82,103,110, 118, le pire 36 144,184 orices aid rate-s I 8, 1 65 indirect questions 1 51 words see nouns oui 1 27, 1 2A, 1 32, 1 34, 1 37, 1 38 le pis 156 39 prochain 33 48,65,72,74,76, vowels 8 out infinitives fe pfus 34,156 21 172 falloir 103,127,134 : adiectives 32 ours 54 irofessions 88,105, r11,129,130, le plus 156 42,140' feminine adiectives 27, 29, 34, 13't,137,140 mal 139 ourselves 5'1,52 i:ronouns 35 fe sien 54 20,23,138 par 173 pronouns: infinitives: after adjectives 137 le 54 ,,. iamais ' 89,96,'102,1O9 femininenouns'1,'13,17,19, tien ... iri ... ni 186 baraftre 127 reffexive 22,44,45 infinitives: fe v6tre 54 que 194 Dronouns: word order 50,86 after another 98, 1 33 ... pas 20,23,138,144 iarce few: a few 41 verb leost 35,155 17 bronunciation 7, 10, 14, 19, 28' infinitives: ...'personne 60, 138 barler- ' 74, 113, lent 153 44, 48, 111 30, 39, 57,78,79,80,85, finir 85,94,99,106, '171, ... 1 38 iarticipfes: past 119,126,131 after prepositions 174, 175 lentement 153 blus ' ' 100, 107, 144 175 --- iien 61, 1 38 1"14.119,120,123,171 fol 29 in order to lequef 63,'149 participles: 55, 125,170 propre 32 137 '13,47 il est Present folle 29 instructions fes 'Dartir 84, 113,115, 120' 126 qu' see que 't54 invariable adjectlves 31 r que 128 fort fes leurs 54 21,23,138 iartitive article 12,22, 56 duand 146,186 inversion 143 fes 54 quantities 22,168 fou 29 miennes de after 20 barts of the body 17, 40,165 invert 143 les 54 34,62,67,147,187 from 166 miens word order 139 Das l4l riue from ... to 1 64, 167 -irverbs 74,84,85,94,'105, les moins 35 45,122 riuef 21,'148'"149 "t "1 128 iassive '174,'186 1 2, 1 1 5, 1 1 9, 1 20, 23,'1 26 '148, 149 future tense 71, 94, fes n6tres 54 186 bassive: irreqular verbs 124 duefle irregular comparative and fes 34 148,149 future tense: irregular verbs I 02 plus pas 150 bastpa*ici-pl"s 44,48,1'11' duelfes superlative adjectives 35 a'!rt-ce 60, 1 68 future tense: reflexive verbs 1 02 fes siennes 54 80,101,108 114, 119, 120, 123, 171 tiuelque chose irregular comparative and Itlttoyer 61 geler 79,100,107,128 les siens 54 138 past ParticiPles: dueldue chose de superlative '156 llrer ' 60,168 genoer 1,2,3 adverbs fes tiennes 54 138 irreiular verbs 1 1 8 dueldu'un '153 inegular feminine ad,ectives 29 D0 longer 61 gentil fes tiens 54 138 oav6. 80,101, 108 dueldu'un de gentiment 153 irregular verbs: conditional 1 09 fes 54 Nmore 148,149 votres 60, 1 38 beiet 79,100,107 duefs irregular verbs: future tense 102 '174,187 i48 grand 5Z fesquelles 63,149 60, I 38 bendant (que) ou'est-ce que irregular verbs: imperative 87 ,t&odY''DOne 148 gros 5Z fesquefs 63,"149 140,150 ierfecttenie 111,139,143' riu'est-ce dui habiter 182 irregular verbs: /ess 34 ||On ' "160"i.74 ouestionw6rds 65,'144'"146 non plus 139 5Z imperfect tense 97 85 1 questions 21,142 haut letb nol 39 Derfect tense: irreqular verbs 1 8 he 43, 51, 69 irregular verbs: passive 124 feur 39,49 verbs 1 1 7 duestions: indirect 151 flot 138 berfect tense: reflixive 150 irregular verbs: perfect tense 1 I 8 39 qui 62,67,147 hein feurs 50, 1 38 bersonal pronouns 42 ner 39,47,5'l irreoular verbs: lever 80, 101,108 Qothlng 60,168 dui est-ce que/qui 148 notre 39 bersonnd ners 54 pliperfect tense 121 -11 98 146' 147 muns 1, 13 bersonne de 6'l duoi herself 52 irreoular verbs: long 32 't6 80,101 ripide 159 '186 nouns: abstract ierer him 47, 5'l prEsent participles 126 lorsque 202 Mnrru lruoex re verbs 76, 85, 105, 112, 115, i;E: 47,49,89 ,r*iri 1 ,, 11 9,'t 20, 1 23,'t 26, 1 31 i6,il il 44,102,118 voij: 1,, '118, reffexive pronouns a9, 96, 102, tense 69 vc'ir 102, | ; 109 tenses: future 71, 98 /0ti VERBTABLES reflexive pronouns: word order tenses: imperfect 92 iJif,i:r:. 90 tenses:perfect fi1 venlrjr 48,87, 102,118, 1 i.' reflexive verbs 84,124 tenses: pluperfect 119 lr reflexive verbs: present tense 89 tenses: present 71, 72, 74, 76, 98 rrtu,: 40, 43, 47, 49, 51 , 69, 8" lntroduction reflexive verbs: conditional 1 09 I;1:, 39 89, ') I reflexive verbs: future tense 1 02 than 34,187 ilCiJt- | i.' '!l'l reflexive verbs: that 37, 62, 66, 67 trt l Is-irri:tl r:: 1.' imperfect tense 96 thot one/those ones 67 WC 43, 45, 51, 6 ' 't2 reflexive verbs: the weatner .1" llre Verb Tables in the following section contain 93 tables of French verbs orders and instructions 90 the one 66 weights and measures order. Each table shows you reflexive verbs: perfect tense 1 1 7 tnetr 39 what 146,14t" (rOme regular and some irregular) in alphabetical reflexive verbs: theirs 54 what (o) ...! ) forms: Present, Perfect, Future, subiunctive, lmperfect, pluperfect t€nse 12Q them 47, 51 when 14r ttrc follo-wing For more ie-q:i iit ;l 135 themselves 52 where 14t conditional, lmperative and the Present and Past Participles. 57,127 which 62, 63, 14') regurar verps 69 there tenses, how they are formed, when they are used and so r6.1rlerr 8i these 37, 67 which one(s) 14') Ilf ormation on these relative pronouns 62 they 43,45, 51, 69 who 62,11, section on verbs in the main text on pages 69-137. 't13, {)lr, you shoufd look at the !:!'i5 !tiI 128 this 37,66,67 whom 62,'14, 1e I 60,168 this one/these ones 67 whose 64,14t' 'ici1 i:!e 14t' are also 61 those 37,67 why lrr order to help you use the verbs shown in Verb Tables correctly, there -3 67 time 45,169,172 with 17 'l the verb as to '163, 168 within {,'t ,r number of eximple phrases at the bottom of each page to show \e 39 TO: 51 will 9fi is in context. sdme 41 ro!'rrit le 52 word order: with adverbs 16(l rt used :t;ii i:, 16,175 i0ri!hei 1't3, 1't5, 120 word order: 39 in indirect questions 1 5 I r'a:t,loir 90 :{.ii both regular verbs (their forms follow the normal rules) and 1i:Ui 175 r'OXr5 61,152 word order: in negatives I 3(l lrr French there are 41,61,'t52 woro oroer: rules). The regular verbs 87,102,118,126,'t32,.t00 Itlt: lrregular verbs (their formi do not follow the normal ll0il;,-rl 152 in orders and instructions 8(' school subjects 17 ,i !1rrr::::, 61,'t52 woro oroer: [r these tables are: lri 88, 89, 91 i:tul: il r 'ntr,.ir: 5'l in questions 143,141 seasons 5,18,169 towns and cities 163,164,169 word order: with adjectives 3) r,ri;rer 90,102,109,117 transport 165,169 word order: with,.:t and,r 5Z 5(r (regular ,rf verb, Verb Table 29) '159 'loriri,irl jsi i!iit!':rL f,tll i word order: 128 i:ioi trnrr (regular il verb, Verb Table 39) . ir,.i" ,. ,., 181 tu 40,43, 69,85 with object pronouns 48,50, 511 :E' 39 Lin 19 woro oroer: ,rll ,ij,,ril.;. (regular','i verb, Verb Table 8) ;i 't9 reflexive 9t) she 43, 51, 69 mf .t58 with pronouns rit 144,184 U[-t li]!.r would 10lJ singular adjectives 25, 27, 30 us 47, 5'l r 57, 59, 85 ,l I he irregular verbs are shown in full. singular nouns '/4[i]if tri{ill 128,134 years 169 '135 :tQi 5.1 ye:nir. 102, 1'13, 118, 132, yes 144 '136 52 rcnr i-! .tt:)).: 1 I 2000 verbs, each of ioi ir4ir+ I he Verb Index at the end of this section contains over 41 69 you 43, 46, 47, 51, 69 some 12, 19, 20, 22, 24, verbs Verb Tables. The table somebody 60 verbs: 1, 2, 3, 6 type 79, 80, 96 your 39 which is cross-referred to one of the verbs given in the 45,60 verbs: active 122 yours 54 someone '105 patterns that the verb listed in the index follows' something 60 verbs: conditional yourself 51, 52 rhows the .!r'iri 39 verbs:endings 69,72,74,76, yourselves 52 93, 94, 98, 105, '114 :oIirL 113,114 .l .oili 175 verbs: followed by i 35 spelling changes in -,:r verbs 78, verbs; 79, 80, 81, 95, 99, 107 followed by an infinitive 133 sports 17 verbs: followed by rne 1 35 stems 69,72,74,76,93,94, verbs: infinitives 48, 65, 72, 74, 98, ',l 05 76, 88, 10s, 111, '129, 130, 't31,137,140 stressed pronouns see emphatic pronouns verbs: plural 69 subiect 122,147 verbs: prepositions after 135,137 subiect pronouns 43 verbs: regular 69 subiunctive 129 verbs: singular 69 subiunctive: irregular verbs 1 32 verbs: stems 69, 72,74,76,93, suggestions i 05 94,98,105 superfativeadjectives 34, 167 tigif 29 superlative adverbs 155 vie ll l; ,o s7, 175 iteLit, 29,32 l' see i:e .ri tf; i59 ':t 39 voice: in questions 142,144 VrRg Taelrs Vrne Taeles F aehster (to buy)

p$?H$ffintIT pffi flF{fr s Hx\t"T' $ Li ff ,"r ff r{*"fi vffi PRE$EIST E$ g&tT $ ti HJs".!ilucrfi wE r achdte i' achbte ,' acquiers i' acquibre tu achbtes tu achdtes tu acquiers tu acquiEres illelle/on achdte il/elle/on achEte illelle/on acquiert illelle/on acquiEre nouS achetons nous achetions nous acquerons nous acqu6rions vou5 achetez vous achetiez vous acqu6rez vous acquenez ils/elles achEtent ils/elles achEtent ils/elles acquidrent ils/elles acquidrent

PHRFHCT IMPERFiiCT PERFHfr'T tlvttlHRr'HCl' I ai achet6 j' achetais , ar acqurs l' acqu6rais tu as achet6 tu achetais tu as acquis tu acqu6rais il/elle/on a achet6 illelle/on achetait illelle/on a acquis ilielle/on acqu6rait nous avons achet6 nous achetions nous avons acquis nous acquenons vous avez achet6 vous achetiez vous avez acquts vous acqu6riez ils/elles ont achet6 ils/elles achetaient ils/elles ont acquis ils/elles acqu6raient

FUTUNE Sf}lUffilTfSFiiAt" FUTTJftF {j[][tDtTtofltAt I achdterai j' achdterais j' acquerrai I acquerrais tu achbteras tu achEterais tu acquerras tu acquerrals il/elle/on achbtera illelle/on achdterait illelle/on acquerra illelle/on acquerrait nous achEterons nous achdterions nous acquerrons nous acquerrions vous achdterez vous achEteriez vous acquerrez vous acquerriez ils/elles achEteront ils/elles achdteraient ils/elles acquerront ils/elles acquerraient

IMPERATIVE PAST p$,$?TE,fri$*l1t-ta IMPEffiAFI\1L 'r;$c J brJ{r.lTl.t.,1F3 .(:l achite / achetons / achetez achet6 acquiers / acqu6rons I acquf.rez acquis

PRFSEI\IT PARTISIPTE PRESFISI PAffiTifiBPLtr achetant acquerant

EXANIPLE FfftrASES EXA Jtf ,s*i,s' pFf ffA i;F s

I'ai ochet| des gdteaux d lo pdtisserie. I bought some cakes at the cake shop. EIle a acquis Ia nqtionqlitd frangaise en 2003.She acquired French nationality in 2003. Qu est-ce que tu lui as ochetd pour son anniversaire? What did you buy him for his birthdav? Je n'achdte jamois de chips. I never buy crisps.

ielj'=11u=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we yeus=you ils/elles=they le/j'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they Vene Tneles VrRe TnsLes

[r. ilidii$$.ri (to go)

phEH$ffi [\['tr $q,!ffi.j[.rr,,ieT'ivff l;'i;Li;i:)i;E'l l $!tti:$[i\rT :q {"1 ffi "jF.f i\lc ['\rf I'NE5HftJT j' je vais I atile i' aPPelle apPelle tu vas tu ailles tu appelles tu appelles illelle/on va illelle/on aille il/elle/on appelle illelle/on appelle nous allons nous allions nous appelons nous appelions vor.rs vous allez vous alliez vous appelez appeliez ils/elles vont ils/elles aillent ils/elles appellent ils/elles appellent

!hIiCFfifiqF'H{:T ir!tktii:ti;.i,; lr ifr4FFFlFEfi? PERr'f r:1: appelais je suis all6(e) I allars i' ai aPPel6 i' tu es all6(e) tu allais tu as appel6 tu appelais illelle/on est all6(e) illelle/on allait illelle/on a appel6 illelle/on appelait nous sommes all6(e)s nous allions nous avons appel6 nous appelions vous 6tes all6(e)(s) vous alliez vous avez appel6 vous appeliez ils/elles sont all6(e)s ils/elles allaient ils/elles ont appel6 ils/elles appelaient i;t ! i:tjtt lf; fr$[\igStTfifsr'JAi- FUTt![1ffi; c{.}&*m5T$ffi[\td\i..

j, irai j' irais i' aPPellerai i' appellerais tu iras tu irais tu appelleras tu appellerais illelle/on ira illelle/on irait illelle/on appellera illelle/on appellerait nous irons nous irions nous appellerons nous appellerions vous irez vous iriez vous appellerez vous appelleriez ils/elles iront ils/elles iraient ils/elles appelleront ils/elles appelleraient

p-,e$4, p FIA,S']fi ? { e ! [. [r i iiij i],r r,i l il'!, C' i],1,r f : *o*"n ***u'.rr,u,'o* IMPHF{&fl 0\1rf,: valallonslallez all6 appelle / appelons / aPPelez appel6

!:'$:;!i.$ ii,r :ii" i [. ;1;,;; ;,r;-lt; PRFSHtr,fi'fi FiA$l1'iil(l$F-t.E "a ill allant appelant

'r,,". : j ;. I ,:' EXA {Vl pt b. p*rytrdi$jl :i

Vous ollez qu cindmci? Are you going to the cinema? Elle s oppel| Ie mddecin. She called the doctor. Richard d Londres. I called Richard in London. le suis o116 a Londres. I went to London. 'Commentt'oi apyitd Est-ce que tu es ddjd attd en Attemagne? Haveyou ever been to Germany? tu t'oppelles? What's your name? reflexiveverb s'appeler' fi See poges 88-91 for information on howtoform the

ile/elles=thev ie/l'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous-we vous=you ils/elles=they le/i'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vou$=you ti Vene Tneles v5nerlgyg

.1r irri'i i, (to arrive) (to sit down)

;l.:i::i:ri ,l . r'i:: r:ll i l ;:.;r.,t ii. ti:.r,;r :, ir t , ,, , ; tit i l'll '.,: i i' arrive arnve je m'assieds/m'assois Je m'asseye I tu t'asseyes tu arrives tU arrives tu t'assieds/t'assois illelle/on illelle/on arrive illelle/on arrive illelle/on s'assied/s'assoit s'asseye nous nous asseyions nous arrivons nouS arrivions nous nous asseyons/nous assoyons - vou5 vous asseyiez vous arrivez vous arriviez vous vous asseyez/vous assoyez ils/elles s'asseyent ils/elles arrivent ils/elles arrivent ils/elles s'asseyent/s'assoient

: . .. irt:rri | !i;, : il:i .'ii ll 'i.:: i I r, I i ll'ilij r ,li il I ,il i irr,l tt, ye me suis assis(e) je m'asseyais je suis arriv6(e) I arrivais t'asseyais tu es arriv6(e) tu arrivais tu t'es assis(e) tu illelle/on estarriv6(e) illelle/on arrivait illelle/on s'est assis(e) illelle/on s'asseyait nous nous asseyions nous sommes arriv6(e)s nouS arrivions nous nous sommes assis(es) vous vous asseyiez vous 6tes arriv6(e)(s) VOU5 arriviez vous vous €tes assis(e(s)) ils/elles ils/elles sontarriv6(e)s ils/elles arrivaient ils/elles se sont assis(es) s'asseyaient

, i : i- rr il r i.,;:r:1,,...... ,i , ,:i i ..r'i ir: ii:i ,!t, ', , ir .;it i je m'assi6rais j' arriverai j' arriverais je m'assi6rai t'assi6rais tu arriveras tu arriverais tu t'assieras tu illelle/on arrivera illelle/on arriverait illelle/on s'assi6ra illelle/on s'assi6rait nous nous assi6rions nous arriverons nous arriverions nous nous assi6rons vous vous assi6riez vous arriverez vous arriveriez vous vous assi6rez ti ils/elles ils/elles arriveront ils/elles arriveraient ils/elles s'assi6ront s'assi6raient

I j li 'h r:r li i'.rtr il,.;r:' Inirr ' arrive / arrivons I arrivez arnve assieds-toi / asseyons-nous / asseyez-vous a5sr5

' rr..i l.,a:trii li, llh{ i.'ij,:,. I arrivant s'asseyant

', : r:i :'r .rr .irl r.i,r : I "ri.r::ri:.1 l'srrive d I'6cole d huit heures. I arrive at school at 8 o'clock. Assieds-toi, Nicole. Sit down Nicole. Le prof n'est pqs encore arriv6.fhe teacher hasn't arrived yet. Asseyez-vous, Ies enfants.Sit down children. Qu'est-ce qui est orriv6 d Aurdliel What happened to Aur6lie? le peux m'sssoir? May I sit down? Je'me suis qssise sur un chewing-gum! l've sat on some chewing gum!

vous=you ils/elles=they jelj'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles-thev jeli,=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we VrneTAsLEs VeRe TneLes M m&*mrxdre tto wait)

f i]'Jh': Pltiirilr':ri'iit ii' lir'I ii.:,i.i ii:ii l,i i:iLi f:,i.i i.; iilr:' PHtrSH!,{T FF{F.$E$$"r', $ L$ ri-}t-r ffi fr rl\f ffi ai i' aie attends attende I i' i' tu as tu aies attends tu attendes tu illelle/on a il/elle/on ait il/elle/on attend illelle/on attende nous avonS nous ayons nous attendons nous attendions vouS avez vous ayez vous attendez vous attendiez ils/elles ont ils/elles aient ils/elles attendent ils/elles attendent

pi:[,tiiil,r;.1" i ;uq ir' 1,,.;L1::t:{,1 {" FHFIFHfiT rMsPHffit-f;s-r ai eu l' avais j' ai attendu attendais I .i' tu a5 eu tu avais as attendu tu attendais tu illelle/on aeu illelle/on avait illelle/on a attendu illelle/on attendait nous avons eu nous avions nous avons attendu nous attendions vous avez eu vous aviez vous avez attendu vous attendiez ils/elles ont eu ils/elles avaient ils/elles ont attendu ils/elles attendaient (;tl,.l Ft_j'! i.iF,,i,, llr, [jii"i;]il.L'lilr i. I-UTL!NH &#rup5T[ffi[\lA[- aurai i' aurais attendrai attendrais I i' i' tU auras tu aurais attendras tu attendrais tu illelle/on aura iUelle/on aurait illelle/on attendra illelle/on attendrait nous aurions nous nous attendrions nous aurons attendrons vous aurez vous auriez vous attendrez vous attendriez ils/elles auront ils/elles auraient ils/elles attendront ils/elles attendraient

ii:: i l; . lir'it !: lffi [ai,!1f! r-,1, ;i i l;r',r:r In4FHi\Ar['qdffi ps.$T trld\{q{un[PLE aielayons/ayez eu attends / attendons / attendez attendu ):'r PRfil'li:i:r,l'ri i,r:r!: ': Pffig$Ei\dT pd\HfieiP[-ffi ayant attendant

.: :,rl F,Y.qt ll,lll" f . i:' ir'fil,,r .,'li lrr #x4 Jtrgpc"f Ff{0#-{$fi $ ll a les yeux bleus. He's got blue eyes. Attend s- moi! W ait f or me! Quel dge os-tul How old are You? Tu ottends depuis longtempsT Have you been waiting long? ll s eu un accident. He's had an accident' l'ai sttendu d lo poste. I waited for him at the post office. 'lele foim. I was hungry. m'aftends d ce rju'it soit en retord. I expect he'll be late. l'avois ll y o beaucoup de monde. There are lots of people' $ see poges 88-91 for informotion on how to form the reflexive verb s'ottendre.

il=he/it etle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they jeli'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous:we v6u5=lou ils/elles=they le/i'=ltu-you Vsne TheLes Vrne TneLes ts battre (to beat)

PRESENT PRESENT SUBJUI\ICTIVE PRESET{T PRE$EI\I"T' SU BJU [lfi STIVF je bats je batte le bois je boive tu bats tu battes tu bois tu boives illelle/on bat illelle/on batte il/elle/on boit il/elle/on boive nous battons nous battions nous buvons nous buvions vous battez vous battiez vous buvez vous buviez ils/elles battent ils/elles battent ils/elles boivent ils/elles boivent

PFRFECT IMPERFECT PERFEfr'$' i[vlPHFtFF]CT j' ai battu je battais i' ai bu ie buvais tu as battu tu battais tu as bu tu buvais illelle/on a battu illelle/on battait illelleion a bu il/elle/on buvait nous avons battu nous battions nous avons bu nous buvions vous avez battu vous battiez vous avez bu vous buviez ils/elles ont battu ils/elles battaient ils/elles ont bu ils/elles buvaient

FUTURE CONDITIONAL FUTT.'[48 coNDIT!01\Al- je battrai je battrais je boirai ie boirais tu battras tu battrais tu boiras tu boirais illelle/on battra illelle/on battrait il/elle/on boira illelle/on boirait nous battrons nous battrions nous boirons nous boirions vous battrez vous battriez vous boirez vous boiriez ils/elles battront ils/elles battraient ils/elles boiront ils/elles boiraient

IMPERATIVE PAST PARTIEIPLF IMPEffiA !VH FIAST PARTICIPI.E bats/battons/battez battu bois/buvons lbuvez bu

jd'ii"Fi PRESENT PARTICIPLE PRESEhi'l fld..+?'r lo battant buvant

EXAMPLE PHRA.9FS EXA4i{qLE pf-fffills&,$

les deux d un. We beat them 2-1 . you.like to drink? On a bottus Qu'est-ce que tu veux boire? Whatwould l'oi le ceur qul bafl My-heart's beating (fast)l Ii ne boit iamqis d'alcoal. He never drinks alcohol' ArrQtez de vous bottre! Stop fighting! l'ai bu ui litre d'eau. I drank a litre of water. fi See poges 88-91 for informotion on how to form the reflexive verb se bqttre.

ieli'=ltu=you il-he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they ielj,=|tu=youi|=he/ite||e=she/iton=We/onenou$=Wevous=youi|s/e||es=they Vens Tneles Vrne TneLes

&' hmsxfrfiH$"r (to noit)

ji"d,i{"tr IULiT'gVffi c:.{i r f i"i[.]"{:iH[,,,T $t r":tf ,$EhiT i3li{Fj$,iEtl,l?' *l,.rl["] F\rj,i..:-i'ir,r Put tlHi[\]T ie commence bous je bouille je commence ie tu commences tu bous tu bouilles tu commences il/elle/on commence illelle/on bout il/elle/on bouille ,l/elle/on commence nous commencions nous bouillons nous bouillions nous commentons vous commenciez vous bouillez vous bouilliez vous commencez ils/elles commencent ils/elles bouillent ils/elles bouillent ils/elles commencent

iitr: l)iili'rr;f Ii:'li ll' $ERf fiL;{ !n$$]KffiFlHcll" PFRt fld"{ je commenEais ai bouilli je bouillais i' ai commenc6 i' tu commenqais tu as bouilli tu bouillais tu as commenc6 illelle/on commengait illelle/on a bouilli illelle/on bouillait illelle/on a commenc6 nous commencions nous avons bouilli nous bouillions nous avons commenc6 vous commenclez vous avez bouilli vous bouilliez vous avez commenc6 ils/elles commenEaient ils/elles ont bouilli ils/elles bouillaient ils/elles ont commenc6

"i- "ii . :)i")t,rr !.:'"i'r'r.l- t3 r*r i .! fli f # ft lH $,! ilr {3 [\1r\ !'" FUTt!${FJ ie commencerais je bouillirai je bouillirais je commencerai tu commencerals tu bouilliras tu bouillirais tu commenceras il/elle/on commencerait il/elle/on bouillira il/elle/on bouillirait il/elle/on commencera nous commencerions nous bouillirons nous bouillirions nous commenceronS vous commenceriez vous bouillirez vous bouilliriez vous commencerez ils/elles commenceraient ils/elles bouilliront ils/elles bouilliraient ils/elles commenceront ?:r'ti-t € ' : /\i " | -:[t{ FMIP$l$TAT,V; prfl|lr;'r: PF, i:i [ifid [iL,H lMPFFir:t'r commence bous / bouillons / bouillez bouilli commence / commengons / commencez

' Pffi H$*ir\|T; i14'1iI{T'l&iIPf..ffi PRE$|.;','t "r' bouillant commenqant

A-i rf,.lf-#pi{"f; #i{, i:"i-':,l; +rltil r l;,: -q; Exdfl,f.pii-t: it rain' L'eau bout.The watert boiling. ll a commenc| a pleuvoir.lt started to io.^rhcent d neuf heures' Lessons start at 9 o'clock' Tu peux mettre de I'eau d bouillirT Can you boil some water? tiiiuit for the 7i it iiii i"iienc1 de *itri pii, trt exqmens? Have you started revising e*ams?

nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they ie/j'=ltu=you il=he/it elle-she/it on=we/one nous:we vous=you ils/elles=they ie/i'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one VeRB Tnsles Vens Tneles (to conclude) (to know)

,: r :.il;1" ilr, 1' ri i.li:.:r.,,1::r:ti ll :.i i,!i: tt I i,'[. ;. f ri;j:iijii,il I il.t:,.li,iii;ili l ' ft [ ;;r,l;:!'ti :] je connaisse je conclus je conclue je connais tu connaisses tu conclus tu conclues tu connais illelle/on connaisse illelle/on conclut illelle/on conclue illelle/on connait nous connaissions nous concluons nous concluions nous connaissons vous connaissiez vous concluez vous concluiez vous connaissez ils/elles connaissent ils/elles concluent ils/elles concluent ils/elles connaissent il rrr,:.i-:.i I ti Pfrtiiirirl.' r' je connaissais ai conclu je concluais i' ai connu i' tu connaissais tu as conclu tu concluais tu as connu illelle/on connaissait illelle/on a conclu illelle/on concluait il/elle/on a connu nous connaissions nous avons conclu nous concluions nous avons connu vous connaissiez vous avez conclu vous concluiez vous avez connu ils/elles connaissaient ils/elles ont conclu ils/elles concluaient ils/elles ont connu

rt f".i: r.li.i rrrll'1.r, I l: i,l,i r : .:l'l r:..i I irrr lrij',iif,ir'jill ii FtII iiirrli;: je connaitrais je conclurai je conclurais je connaitrai tu connaitrais tu concluras tu conclurais tu connaitras illelle/on connaitrait il/elle/on illelle/on conclurait il/elle/on connaitra conclura nous connaitrions nous conclurons nous conclurion5 nous connaitrons vous connaitriez vous conclurez vous concluriez vous connaitrez ils/elles connaitraient ils/elles concluront ils/elles concluraient ils/elles connaitront

j' il':r;, l','.:' t::rli i:r f :r- li.)r, 'r i r:i(-.: , ,' r:', I l t"' . ,i.trli',r rilt;;!, lN'lF[ri:; ] ir conclus / concluons / concluez conclu connais / connaissons / connaissez

P['{fiir.] ',1 i li concluant connaissant

r.i,,,.i f.A','i.!1i1.1,,,r1, :: r, ,. :,

pqs du tout cette rdgion. I don't know.the area at all' lls ont conclu un mqrch6. They concluded a deal. le ne connais Vous connaisiez M Amiot? Do you know Mr Amiot? J'en oi conclu qu'il 6tait porti. I concluded that he had gone. ll n'a pas connu son grond-pirb' He never.knew his granddad' le conclurai par ces mots...lwill conclude with these words... tls se iont connus d Rouen. They first met in Rouen'

the reflexive verb se connaitre' t ) see pages 88-91 far information on how to form

iery=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they |e4,=|tu=youi|=he/ite||e=she/iton=we/onenous=Wevous=youi|$/e||es=they Vene TneLes VrRa Theles p' cOflrdre (to sew)

PFIf;SENT PRFS gtUT {ruS"ir"'f{cfl vE PRESHTU"T PlqHrinnv"t" $if;"iF-iJ{.!hn6 i"[\t+i ie couds je couse ie courS je coure tu couds tu couses tu courS ru coures illelle/on coud illelle/on couse illelle/on court illelle/on coure nous cousons nous cousions nouS courons nous courions vous cousez vous cousiez vous courez vous couriez ils/elles cousent ils/elles cousent ils/elles courent ils/elles courent

PERFEGT I[UPE$TFfrfiT PERFF*"d" lilfllrtir Iri!;!] f. I f i' ai cousu je cousais I ai couru je courais tu as cousu tu cousais tu as couru tu courais illelle/on a cousu illelle/on cousait illelle/on a couru illelle/on courait nous avons cousu nous cousions nous avons couru nous courions vous avez cousu vous coustez vou5 avez couru vous couriez ils/elles ont cousu ils/elles cousaient ils/elles ont couru ils/elles couraient 'hi] FT.'TUHH c0ru$tT'!CIru,AL FUTI.'Hfi C{,} 0\8 [:lE'fl i14,{ fl ." je ie coudrai je coudrais le courrai courrais tu coudras tu coudrais tu courraS tu courrais illelle/on coudra illelle/on coudrait illelle/on courra illelle/on courrait nous coudrons nous coudrions nouS courrons nous courrions vous coudrez vor.rs coudriez vouS courrez vous courriez ils/elles coudront ils/elles coudraient ils/elles courront ils/elles courraient

IIMPERATIVE PAST PAffi"{"H*IPLM IMPEFtATiVF, ;*/.\ii;ll Fift tir,iTfl 'd.]!|rr! .i:: couds/cousons/cousez cours/couronslcourez ' PRHSENT PARTIEIPLH PR E$ H fd'fi -[,il{ !.1 i'lt"li1 i:t [.ii" cousant courant

EXAfrIIPLE Pf{RA$gS EXA tl/fp{ $.i,t}FLFri.{1"$i.r.itj

Tu sais coudrel Can you sew? le ne cours pas tris vite. I can't run very fast. Elle o cousu ette-mAme son costume. She made her costume herself. f.lle est sortie en couront. She ran out. Ne courez pas dons le couloir. Don't run in the corridor. l'oi couru jusqu'd l'6cole, I ran all the way to school'

jelj'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they leii,-ltu-you il=he/it elle=she/it on-we/one nou$=we y6u5=lou ils/ell63=they Vene TleLrs V5ne Tlalrs .,' :,.r : .,, (tO fgaf) riii (to create)

i:it I i.;i' t'til:ii !qil l::i ,.,i.;, I r c16e cratgne je cr6e le je crains ,e tu cr6es tu craignes tu cr6es tu crains il/elle/on cr6e illelle/on craigne ,1,'r'lle/on cf6e il/elle/on craint nouS c16ions nous craignions notrs cr6ons nous craignons vous crEiez vous craigniez vous creez vous craignez ils/elles cr€ent ils/elles craignent ils/elles craignent ils/elles cr6ent

. rir 1r: i:, :' ,,,. l':' l. : r:: :' r' ''t- i.r I l I'l ]li je c16ais je craignais j' ai cr66 j' ai craint tu cr6ais tu craignais tu as cr66 tu as craint illelle/on c16ait illelle/on craignait rl/elle/on a cr66 il/elle/on a craint nous c16ions nous craignions nous avons cr66 nous avons craint vou5 c16iez vous craigniez vous avez cr6.6 vous avez craint ils/elles cr6aient ils/elles ont craint ils/elles craignaient ils/elles ont cr66

i. tl ' ',.;t -:'rr r: , ..i:'l ,l ;'l- 'r t'1,' l: ,t ir 'lll ' r,.1 I i; ;, ilfIt.!lii:i;il je c16erais je craindrais je cr6erai je craindrai tu cr6erais tu craindrais tu cr,-aeras tu craindras illelle/on c16erait illelle/on craindrait il/elle/on c16era iUelle/on craindra nous cr6erions nous craindrions nous cr6eronS nous craindrons vous cr6eriez vous craindriez vous cr6erez vous craindrez ils/elles cr6eraient ils/elles craindront ils/elles craindraient ils/elles cr6eront rr: ilr:'i.i' ._,,,.1i.tr,, il,i !' IMPpN:t itli:fl cr66 crains / craignons I craignez craint cr6e/cr6ons I cr6ez I, rrI ,' a,::.,1' 'r.lr 'lr' ,'il Pftfil:ii:i;r''i ai]rir,l:, craignant .'u1"1

r'i" i')t.: IX4,{li'ri1r.'1' t] :'i' :'. \'

cr66 une nouvelle invention. He's created a new invention' Tu n'os rien d crsindre. You've got nothing to fear. 't;;;;;,ratt o all iit Jinitrtta'iiit tt ,onde entier. This virus is creating difficulties le crains le pire. I fear the worst' over the world. Leoouvernementcrfueradeuxmilleemploissuppllmentaires'Thegovernmentwill cieate an extra 2000 lobs.

elle=she/it on=we/one n6g5=w€ vous=you ils/elles=they ieli'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one noua=we vou$=you ils/elles=they iefi'=ltu=you il=he/it VeRs Tneles Vene Tnsles nr- .'" I ,",r I (to shout) > C$.4,.?i:lail (to believe)

t'i,1i :it;iiirt',f"i t illl:i'r ''.;:-.'il !rilii[:rit:fi41:' lr]ii.I itl.l: iirrNstii:'li i fltl 1;[::liU'd' crote je crie crle je crois le ,e croies tu cries tu cries tu crois tu illelle/on croie iUelle/on crie illelle/on crie tl/elle/on croit nous croyions nous crions nous cntons nous croyons vous croyiez vous criez vous cntez vous qoyez ils/elles ils/elles crient ils/elles crient ils/elles croient croient

- r,ir i' ' i:l ;li:ri. : lgt4pt'dit[:'iefi''s PI Rt .,.. 'l croyars al crle je criais i' ai cru le I' croyais tu as cri6 tu criais tu as cru tu illelle/on croyait illelle/on a cri6 illelle/on criait il/elle/on a cru nous croyions nous avons cri6 nous criions nous avons cru vous croyiez vous avez cri6 vous criiez vous avez cru ils/elles croyaient ils/elles ont cri6 ils/elles criaient ils/elles ont cru

'1r 'ii ii .::,.'lr l\ l I I i r ir-ll i\ij. 'l'l! i ,.r1:il::i: r.ii Ji'll iJ L i i,: /[,.1.+,irir, FUT[,i14t:: je croirais crierai je crlerals je croirai fe tu croirais tu crieras tu crierais tu croiras il/elle/on croirait illelle/on criera il/elle/on crierait il/elle/on croira nous croirions nous crierons nous crierions nous croirons vous croiriez vous crierez vous cnenez vous croirez ils/elles ils/elles crieront ils/elles crieraient ils/elles croiront croiraient

f::'ii, i;r i:i;l i! i,lrti ljar i l i l rl . ,lj. j.,.i' .i lt{lii'li |,lj!.l,'i l tr'.:liPfl-ifr IMPF:l!'li!'i-lii ir: crie/crions/criez cne crois/croyonslcloyez

j i3i:it:illPr[ii't il,..:ri1il'l{;,}fl Pf" Fl PREI', " criant croyant

l::r)iii:i,il;ii,ir'',{,,L:' li f ir',i1iil.!jj'x!iii 6Xl,'::; crois pas. I don't believe you. Ne crie pas comme Eol Don't shoutl 'l'oile ne te q cru que tu n'ollqis pqs venir. I thought you weren't going to come' Elle cri6 au secours. She cried for help. 'Elle pi:re Nod/. She still believed in Santa' " Attention! ", cri a-t- il.'Watch out! " he shouted. croyoit encore ou

vous=you il3/elles=they je/j'=ltu-you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we v6g5=lou ilslelle$=they le/i'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we VeneTeeLEs VrRs Tnelrs (to grow)

I'll f":J'-il [,:.ll',i r t, ill,i i',, , l,,ir .l;ii' i je cueille je cueille je croisse je crois tu cueilles tu cueilles tu croisses tu crois il/elle/on cueille illelle/on cueille illelle/on croisse iUelle/on croit nous cueillons nous cueillions nous croissions nous croissons vou5 cueillez vous cueilliez vous croissiez vous croissez ils/elles cueillent ils/elles cueillent ils/elles croissent ils/elles croissent ,.r '' PEiiFii;t. rr I 1 ; r: ai cueilli je cueillais je croissais I j' ai crO tu as cueilli tu cueillais tu croissais tu as crO il/elle/on a cueilli il/elle/on cueillait illelle/on croissait illelle/on a crO nous avons cueilli nous cueillions nous croissions nous avons crO vous avez cueilli vous cueilliez vous crO vous croissiez avez ils/elles ont cueilli ils/elles cueillaient ils/elles ont crO ils/elles croissaient :l f i .' :iril-,r: t;i..iill':i.:- :.') :,t FU"n't flii'l ,ll' ,, cueillerai je cueillerais je croitrais ie je croitrai tu cueilleras tu cueillerais tu croitrais tu croitras illelle/on cueillera il/elle/on cueillerait illelle/on croitrait il/elle/on croitra nouS cueillerons nous cueillerions nous croitrions nous croitrons vouS cueillerez vous cueilleriez vous vous croitriez croitrez ils/elles cueilleront ils/elles cueilleraient ils/elles croitront ils/elles croitraient IMFH'rriIt,i i!:i, t :. ir'il cueille / cueillons / cueillez cueilli crois / croissons / croissez crO (N8: crue, crus, crues)

:if Itr ',,,,ti ;,'lii,,l r , L , ii,:'i.:j.,i PRffii'-.r cueillant croissant

EX,A.ii#'r i; ,'!i,.,r l-:i,.:,lri i in the garden. l,oi cueilli quelques fraises dons Ie iardin.l've. picked a few strawberries Les ventes croissent de 60/0 par an. Sales are growing by 60/o per year. 'tl lt's forbidden to pick est interdit di cueitlh des fleurs iauvages ditns ta montogne' les pays chouds. This plant grows in hot countries. C'est une plonte qui croit dans wild flowers in the mountains.

io/i'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they ie/j'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vou$=you ils/elles=they Vene Tnelrs Vene TnBLrs

(to cook) (to go down)

r' ;.',,;:r. i I'II[:;;ii',.1':1' r: :i. |e cuis je cuise je descends le descende tu cuis tu cuises tu descends tu descendes illelle/on cuit illelle/on cuise il/elle/on descend il/elle/on descende nous cuisons nous cuisions nou5 descendons nous descendions vous cuisez vous cuisiez vouS descendez vous descendiez ils/elles cuisent ils/elles cuisent ils/elles descendent ils/elles descendent

'r'li' i ,i I. r': i':' l' r;' t'Elt$:[:i,'i i,;', : I

j' ai cuit je cuisais je suis descendu(e) je descendais tu as cuit tu cuisais tu es descendu(e) tu descendais illelle/on a cuit illelle/on cuisait iilelle/on est descendu(e) illelle/on descendait nous avons cuit nous cuisions nous sommes descendu(e)s nous descendions vous avez cuit vous cuisiez vouS 6tes descendu(e)(s) vous descendiez ils/elles ont cuit ils/elles cuisaient ils/elles sont descendu(e)s ils/elles descendaient

;,. :, ',..1 1 I ;r' i, i: ,' i ' r , Pg-f"{.lii'irl i .',1:, i1.,, . : , je cuirai je cuirais Je descendrai ie descendrais tu cuiras tu cuirais tu descendras tu descendrais illelle/on cuira illelle/on cuirait illelle/on descendra il/elle/on descendrait nous cuirons nous cuirions nou5 descendrons nous descendrions vous cuirez vous cuiriez vouS descendrez vous descendriez ils/elles cuiront ils/elles cuiraient ils/elles descendront ils/elles descendraient :, rirr,,lr. .l ri, l',llr IMFF;t"-ii., i"1,,:r cuis/cuisons/cuisez cuit descends / descendons / descendez descendu

: ir ri. : ,: I i.:,.,. I : i,: I,:, ir,il PRff*:ii:if!l i i cuisant descendant

t, ,' .'! '' 'i r':r"{1 i.;t..rli'.,; .. EXy'nfi.'r'rli'i-u:''1r': i:'r'l le les oi cuits au beurre. I cooked them in butter. Descendez Io rue jusqu'ou rond-point. Co down the street to the roundabout. En g4n6ra[ je cuis les l4gumes d lo vopeur. I usually steam vegetables. Reste en bos: je descendsl Stay downstairs * l'm coming down! Ce gdteau prend environ une heure d cuire. This cake takes about an hour to bake. Nous sommes descendus d lci stotion Trocoddro. We got off at the Trocad6ro station' Vous pouvez descendre mo valise, s'i! vous plcitT Can you get my suitcase down, please?

[J Note that descendre takes avoir in the perfect tense when it is used with a direct obiec! see page 1 14. jeli'=ltu-you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they lelj'=ltu-you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous-we vous=you ils/elles=they Vrne TnsLes Vrns TaeLes

(to become) (to have to; to owe)

pJ11,il,i:1, ri i

je deviens je devienne Je dois je doive tu deviens tu deviennes tu dois tu doives illelle/on devient illelle/on devienne illelle/on doit il/elle/on doive nous devenons nous devenions nouS devons nous devions vous devenez vous deveniez vouS devez vous deviez ils/elles deviennent ils/elles deviennent ils/elles doivent ils/elles doivent

]', [)[]:l:ihilt.i, . je suis devenu(e) je devenais I ai d0 je devais tu es devenu(e) tu devenais tu as d0 tu devais illelle/on est devenu(e) illelle/on devenait illelle/on ad0 illelle/on devait nous sommes devenu(e)s nous devenions nouS avons d0 nous devions vous 6tes devenu(e)(s) vous deveniez vous avez d0 vous deviez ils/elles sont devenu(e)s ils/elles devenaient ils/elles ont d0 ils/elles devaient

l i .i ,l ,l ; ,' Fll!'lr'i.Ii . : je deviendrai je deviendrais je devrai je devrais tu deviendras tu deviendrais tu devras tu devrais illelle/on deviendra illelle/on deviendrait illelle/on devra illelle/on devrait nous deviendrons nous deviendrions nouS devrons nous devrions vous deviendrez vor.rs deviendriez vou5 devrez vous devriez ils/elles deviendront ils/elles deviendraient ils/elles devront ils/elles devraient

i ., lMPiiri'r,. , r'' deviens / devenons / devenez devenu dois/devonsldevez d0 (NB: due, dus, dues)

. PI"lfirLr I devenant devant

[-Xliiir,ri'.r i ,.]':' ". ll est devenu mddecin. He became a doctor. Je dois aller fqire les courses ce mqtin. I have to do the shopping this morning. more difficult' Q.o devient de plus en plus difficile. lt's becoming more and A quetle heure est-ce que tu dois paftir? What time do you have to.leave? Qu'est-ce qu'elle est devenueT What has become of her? ll ;t d0 faire ses devoirs hier soir. He had to do his homework last night' ll devoit prendre le troin pour aller trovoiller He had to go to work by train.

jelj'=ltu=you it=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we v6us=lou ils/elles=thev le/i,=ltu=you it=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ilsr/elles=they Vrne Tnslrs VrRe TneLts

t, ': (to say) (to give)

1,... lil:r.'::t, i,.,1..,,, l)llFr{:i:S'li:i l je donne je dis je dise le donne tu dises tu donnes tu donnes tu dis illelle/on illelle/on dit illelle/on dise il/elle/on donne donne nous donnions nous disons nous disions nous donnons vous donniez vous dites vous disiez vous donnez ils/elles donnent ils/elles disent ils/elles disent ils/elles donnent

I ,1r, I t l l' i,r'.t]I l je donnais ai dit je disais i' ai donn6 i' tu donnais tu as dit tu disais tu as donn6 ilielle/on donnait illelle/on a dit illelle/on disait illelle/on a donn6 nous donnions nous avons dit nous disions nous avons donn6 vous donniez vous avez dit vous disiez vous avez donn6 ils/elles donnaient ils/elles ont dit ils/elles disaient ils/elles ont donn6

.. i, 'rl1: .i ,rr' l i.t:l i!lr:i: .r-.. t11 1-1',i!1rl:: donnerais je dirai je dirais ie donnerai le tu donnerais tu diras tu dirais tu donneras illelle/on donnerait illelle/on dira illelle/on dirait illelle/on donnera nous donnerions nous dirons nous dirions nous donnerons vous donneriez vous direz vous diriez vous donnerez ils/elles donneraient ils/elles diront ils/elles diraient ils/elles donneront

, : I ri :r I r, i::r. .,,,,i.i lMPflilli.'' ' ,/ donn6 dis/disons/dites dit donne/donnons/donnez

r1;'r rii' ,.,r.t;,,.,i PRFir'ii:i:i r ri ' .i disant donnant

1"', : , 1 ' :\'j : '.. . I:.\l{fiirr:,, :) la main. Give me your hand' Qu'est-ce qu'elle dit?What is she saying? Donne-moi mon adresse? Did I give you my address? "Bonjour!", q-t-il dit. "Hello!" he said. tst-ie aue ie t'ai donn| sur Ia ploce.The flat overlook the square' tls m"ont dit que te film 6tqit nuL They told me that the film was rubbish. t'apportement donne Comment ga se dit en anglois? How do you say that in English?

verb se dire' fi See poges 88-91 for information on how to form the reflexive

on=we/one nou$=we vous=you ils/elles=they ielj,=11.,=you il-he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they le/i'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it I

I t-I vene Trers Vene i :,:,., (to sleep)

L

I

I I ] i, ;,ni'i:,,ri:l\,j? i:!ir!i:i:rir:ii:i:ii1f'j' ie dors le dorme i' 6cris i' 6crive i" ;;;; i, dormes tu 6cris tu 6crives ] itl"tt"/on ;il illelle/on dorme illelle/on 6crit il/elle/on 6crive I nous Jortont nous dormions nous 6crivons nous 6crivions vous Jorrnur vous dormiez vous 6crivez vous 6criviez ils/elles Jor1n"nt ils/elles dorment ils/elles 6crivent ils/elles Ecrivent ''r ii.rl:lil,iiir!!ll:1'l' liiildl'a:iFllfili:l;'i PF['iFlri]i:l'il' r'ii .r'li: .: .:, i j' i, ai dormi le dormais i' ai 6crit 6crivais tu as dormi tu dormais tu as 6crit tu 6crivais illelle/on' il/eile/on dormait il/elle/on a 6crit illelle/on 6crivait nous uuont"-Oriri Jotai nous dormions nous avons 6crit nous 6crivions vous vous avez dormi vous dormiez vous avez 6crit 6criviez ils/elles ont dormi ils/elles dormaient ils/elles ont 6crit ils/elles 6crivaient ri" rf ii'"ili ii;i",r11"$"i'|ti:: (1.;i! llll I i,i,li il,:'.I.. Fl-,i'l-D-;, .." . ";"irrrii'rrLr je dormirai ie dormirais i' 6crirai j' 6crirais tu dormiras tu dormirais tu 6criras tu 6crirais illelle/on dormira illelle/on dormirait illelle/on 6crira illdle/on 6crirait nous dormirons nous dormirions nous 6crirons nous 6cririons vous dormirez vous dormiriez vous 6crirez vous 6cririez ""' "'l:::. ;;;;;';:^' ils/elles 6criraient i ils/elles dormiront ".,.u..ils/elles dormiraient ils/elles 6criront

I i r'ir''i.i rifts- I 'llu dors / dormons / dormez dormi 6cris / 6crivons / 6crivez

i' lliLi,o::rti,ill.ilr"'j tl:ir,iil'i'!1'[]:ilt'ril [! PRFr,i:i;r'ir;,,rr' l ,r]r,' , i' l"rrir'rl. dormant 6crivant

i:,,i,riltli +.i: r.t',i'lllir,hiii$ E,Yl,:, you written to your penfriend lately? Tu os bien dormi? Did you sleep well? Tu as 6crit d to correspondonte rdcemment? Have Nous dormons dans la m€me chombre. We sleep in the same bedroom. Elte icrit des romans. She writes novels. A t heures, it dormait d1id. He was already asleep by nine. Ciriirt qa s'6crit, "brouillard"? How do you spell "brouillard"?

fi see pages 88-91 for informqtion on how to form the reflexive verb s'Ecrire.

jelj'=ltu-you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we voua:you ils/elles=thev le/i,=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they Vene TneLrs Vene TnsLrs

(to move)

p q"tr frill:.r'li Fr i\\l i' t, ; 11. ;rX 4 ;i il \l [.: r.; \i'rit f,8[sH|\dT l,:' : rl[t::,rir:il,] ii" 11' r:i 11fl, i:i i'!i-il i,l iL-r l,;, i i l 11{ r'i entre j' entre j' 6meus 6meuve i' i' tu entres tu entres 6meus tu 6meuves tu rl/elle/on entre illelle/on entre illelle/on 6meut illelle/on 6meuve nous entronS nous entrions nous nous 6mouvions 6mouvons vous enlrez votrs entriez vous vous 6mouviez 6mouvez ils/elles entrent ils/elles entrent ils/elles 6meuvent ils/elles 6meuvent :i PERFEC T itiiirlit:;ll:11;'l it i';:.ri' il,,lli:i:' 1,: l"ii "i:-l:.'t je suis entr6(e) i' entrais j' ai 6mu 6mouvais i' tu es entr6(e) tu entrais tu 6mouvais tu as 6mu rl/elle/on estentr6(e) il/elle/on entrait illelle/on a 6mu ilielle/on 6mouvait nous sommes entr6(e)s nous entrions nous avons 6mu nous 6mouvions vous 6tes entr6(e)(s) vous entriez vous vous 6mouviez avez 6mu ils/elles sontentr6(e)s ils/elles entraient ils/elles ont 6mu ils/elles 6mouvaient I U TURf: riilfrl il,li i"l1[:rlrii;lrir ir;ir,ii'lr iilt/,:: i,.i.rrrrr,,l i .ri' :t iri.;,liitil ii_ entrerai j' entrerais 6mouvrai j' €mouvrais i' i' tu entreras tu entrerais 6mouvras tu 6mouvrais tu ll/elle/on entrera illelle/on entrerait illelle/on 6mouvra illelle/on 6mouvrait nous entrerons nous entrerions nous 6mouvrons nous 6mouvrions vous entrerez vous entreriez vous vous 6mouvriez 6mouvrez ils/elles entreront ils/elles entreraient ils/elles 6mouvront ils/elles 6mouvraient

rMPER,B',f,$\dil; l,i{',lti it- !.:llioilt'j'[l;lir i]., . lilrlritii ii:i:.rii ii':l'llii;: tlril:t',,t lt;)],.;rr.l I l,r:t:illll_ l:. cntre/entrons/entrez entr6 6meus / 6mouvons / 6mouvez 6mu

PRESEruT i?'A.hi. ir it;iqlii-L'j !',jrLl.::i;,1.,i'rii i : l.rl,iii'i rt t:itj,'lr i: cntrant 6mouvant

: : t XAM| t * s *: r,.J',,r di;

le peux entrer? Can I come in? Ce film nous o 6mu.This film moved us. I ssuie-toi les pieds en entrqnt. \Mpe your feet as you come in. Cette histoire m'6meut touiours beaucoup. This story always moves me to tears. lls sont tous'entAs dans Ia moison. They all went into the house'

lr{,=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nqus=w€ vous=you ils/elles=they ie/i'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ile/elles=thev k VEneTAeLrs Vrne Tneles iu,n {::}iiilUI'.j,ili\,llri:iii' (tO Send }

rrr1.1t'r,f I' ::irI lll:1.'rir.; ii:i i-r: i'l:r,:i ii l,':. lr it''i,' l i:rlltxriii:iiii$'i' ii: iri. PRE$fifl\f1' i'i :lilili tir it l i :ii; tr I i I i'!llf I j' envoie i' envoie i' espdre j' espdre tu envoies tu envoies tu esperes tu espdres illelle/on envoie illelle/on envoie il/elle/on espEre illelle/on espbre nous envoyons nous envoyions nous esp6rons nous esp6rions vous envoyez vous envoyiez vous esp6rez vous esp6riez ils/elles envoient ils/elles envoient ils/elles espdrent ils/elles espdrent

r I . i)fiiiiifiil.j:ijT li:r,lill ::r!;rt:rr'1'' PEHFg(;i' irii,iiir;ilrl':l i;,l !, i' ai envoyd i' envoyais j' ai esp6r6 l' esp6rais tu as envoy6 tu envoyais tu as esp6r6 tu esp6rais illelle/on a envoy6 illelle/on envoyait illelle/on a esp6r6 il/elle/on esp6rait nous avons envoy6 nous envoyions nous avons esp6r6 nous esp6rions vous avez envoy6 vous envoyiez vous avez esp6r6 vous esp6riez ils/elles ont envoy6 ils/elles envoyaient ils/elles ont esp6r6 ils/elles esp6raient ii.;qi1-il1-fi:iiir il. i. rriir,i lr-l[ | i, -.i',L,li li FUTU$qH t .iir iiili1..1['i] ii-ll iir.,lrli, ir , i' enverrai i' enverrais i' esp6rerai i' esp6rerais tu enverras tu enverrais tu esp6reras tu esp6rerais il/elle/on enverra illelle/on enverrait illelle/on esp6rera illelle/on esp6rerait nous enverrons nous enverrions nous esp6rerons nous esp6rerions vous enverrez vous enverriez vous esp6rerez vous esp6reriez ils/elles enverront ils/elles enverraient ils/elles esp6reront ils/elles esp6reraient :: r:: '!rr,'l.r ii:lt ir i,i:;ii.ll..i :r .l r;'ir"ili;r; ;; li\lt1'lilir,irr,i ii :/, il, IMPF${,q:["Etrlir iiriir'r;'r; l il'1lr' envoie / envoyons I envoyez envoy€ espEre / esp6rons / esp6rez esp616

;rr$i jt' tiri.il []1,'.i tr:41 lj:i PRE$Hi$"1, i,,,u,lhi1,j, l{:! i;,t.,t, envoyant esp6rant

jr:,,,r, ii."ii:i.ii'i4iii!j-'l it ijri l i. l,rl EXAMFT;'{.;ri' l'ai envoy| une corte postole d ma fonte. I sent my aunt a postcard. l'espire que tu vqs bien. I hope you're well. Envoie-moi un e-moil. Send me an email. tl esp4roit pouvoir venir. He was hoping he'd be able to come. le t'enverrai ton cadeau par la poste. l'll send you your present by post. tu penses nlussir tes exomens? - J'espdre bien! Do you think you'll pass your exams? - | hope so!

ie/i'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vou$=you lls/elles=thev lr4'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vsss=fou ils/elles=they h VeRe TaeLEs Vrne Tnelrs (to do; to make) (to be)

It{;rl i: 1:1, je ie fais fasse Suls sots le le tu fais tu fasses tu sois tu es il/elle/on fait il/elle/on fasse illelle/on est illellelon soit nous faisons nous fassions nous Sommes nous soyon5 vous faites vous fassiez vor:s €tes vous soyez ils/elles font ils/elles fassent ils/elles sont ils/elles soient r:ii: llr. I

ai fait je faisais j' ai 6t6 6tais i' i' tu as fait tu faisais as 6t6 tu 6tais tu illelle/on a fait illelle/on faisait iUelle/on a 6t6 illelle/on 6tait nous avons fait nous faisions nous nous 6tions avons 6t6 vous fait vous faisiez vous vous 6tiez avez avez 6t6 ils/elles ont fait ils/elles faisaient ils/elles ont 6t6 ils/elles 6taient lr't Ft1,l:l"' ' je ferai le ferais je serai je serais tu feras tu ferais tu serais tu seras illelle/on fera il/elle/on ferait illelle/on sera illelle/on serait nous ferons nous ferions nous nous serions serons vous ferez vous feriez vous vous seriez serez ils/elles feront ils/elles feraient ils/elles seront ils/elles seraient i l|Vliti:r:r ',. ,: j fait 6t6 fais/faisons/faites l sois/soyons I soyez

PPfil,,:, r,r i faisant 6tant

f_:ff,li,iii, .,' t,,'..' ) faisT What are you doin-g? Qu'est-ce que tu . Mon pire est professeur. My father's a teacher. or What did he do? Qu'est-ce Qu'it a foit? What has he done? Quelie heure est-il7 tl est dix heures. \Nhat time is it? - lt's 1 0 o'clock a cake' - Jiai fait un gdteau. l've made a cake or I made lls ne sont pos encore qniv6s. They haven't arrived yet. tl s'est fsit iouper les cheveux' He's had his hair cut'

form the reflexive verb se faire. r i) See poges 88-91 for informotion on how to

le/i'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vsse=you ils/elles=they ielj,=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on-we/one nous=we y6us=you ils/elles=they VERS Tasles Vrne TleLrs Ei. *lr:li{imli' (to be necessary} > fnn'l:rii (to finish)

1j i.lj N:l i i.i liri" ir';l ri:i [: I pRH$fii,,,1r..x" ilrtiJ l:.,]j; :, 1 i It) t:i i:r {:i ii:,ili'!' iti iir' Nril; Ll $rt l' .:,.:; t. hrl, i L[ lti] {.;:rJ fl \i{ l: il faut it faille le finis |e finisse tu finis tu finisses illelle/on finit il/elle/on finisse nous finissons nous finissions vous finissez vous finissiez ils/elles finissent ils/elles finissent

,i ' i lil ri') li.i FrjIi l;:r"'.' ; l-";,ilii'[,'.i I [i,rd !,i l: l? i;,i l!{":' f ,*pg:Sr:)"{. je il a fallu it fallait i' ai fini finissais tu as fini tu finissais illelle/on a fini illelle/on finissait nous avons fini nous finissions vous avez fini vous finissiez ils/elles ont fini ils/elles finissaient

-r,, (::r!iirili!f,]rl j1 Tit ) liii'*,i . ir:tl liii,li:iial 'a,l'r i'j i:lr! ii !,} {dpti I - FLrTt"jfi[i il faudra il faudrait ie finirai le ltnrralS tu finiras tu finirais il/elle/on finira illelle/on finirait nous finirons nous finirions vous finirez vous finiriez ils/elles finiront ils/elles finiraient

i!., i n:i,{.";['ii 1/ .:Rri;]i' [jli1 ]i i'ili-;li a'r 1i1166r P.n*;1L'|'i xlEii irr;i\r'.; l,t,rri.l t.tij;!iil".{: I Mrli;1 li not used fallu finis / finissons / finissez fini

]'+l"r'lr'ir': u:,r ,'r'lii,hrj,[::Li'! i' i1-1!]i!:; ii;ri:lijii i,,li; PR}ili ?1[\.T l :'l"ll. not used finissant

li: ldl #rri,{ ai tllr .;,i ExAlirliatrti,: f?fi[,,llrr l:;]ii',:,: ',lri!/l,,ii'i,ii't ll fsut se d€pdcher!We have to hurry up! Finis to soupel Finish Your souP! ll me falloit de l'argent. I needed money. l'ai fini! l've finished! '!e tomorrow' ll faudrs que tu sois ld d 8 heures. You'll have to be there at 8. finirai mes devoirs demain.l'll finish my homework

je/j'=ltu-you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous*you il$/ellos=they jelj'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they Vene Tnslrs 'i p fanEr (to ftee)

xliF,'iffi $jundT $R-J m,{q", ftlil"T'['dffi pffiF$E$\tT PRESEIV"$' SU ffi J t' $\ICTIVE PRESH['dT je fuis je fuie ie hais le haisse tu fuis tu fuies tu hais tu haisses il/elle/on il/elle/on fuit illelle/on fuie illelle/on hait l'ru.':t: nouS fuyons nous fuyions nous harisons nous hatsstons vouS fuyez vous fuyiez vous haissez vous harssiez ils/elles fuient ils/elles fuient ils/elles haissent ils/elles harssent

.i- i /:':, PHMFfrC' IMPERF:ECT' PERFECT ,\L{\r l. l. je I ai fui je fuyais j' ai hai haissais tu as fui tu fuyais tu as hai tu haissais illelle/on a fui illelle/on fuyait illelleion a hai il/elle/on haissait nou5 avons fui nous fuyions nous avons hai noLrs haissions vous avez fui vous fuyiez vous avez hai vous haissiez ils/elles ont fui ils/elles fuyaient ils/elles ont hai ils/elles haissaient

FT,!TUffiN CffiniiDlTl0lUAt FUTTJFl$: *$ft!flit"'f flS$\t,r{fi- je fuirai je fuirais ie hairai le hairais tu fuiras tu fuirais tu hairas tu hairais il/elle/on fuira iUelle/on fuirait illelle/on haira il/elle/on hairait nous fuirons nous fuirions nous hairons nous hairions vous fuirez vous fuiriez vous hdirez vous hairiez ils/elles fuiront ils/elles fuiraient ils/elles hairont ils/elles haiiaient ii\npffimAx-tvE PA$IT PAIBTfldiJIPLE IMPHffiATIVH F*q$f tr/&lq] fi{l$Pt"hi fuis/fuyons lfuyez fui hais / haissons / haissez hai

pAmT"lfl pd\FtrTiiCl!f'[.tri] URHSEt\[T | pt-E PRE$H!\t"I' fuyant haissant

tr x:Afyi,F* g pfd,ffil{s&q ExAdbf P'd.tr PFr,ry,41'$iii $ lls ont fui leur pays. They fled their country, te hoisll hate you! 'Etlele Le robinet fuit.The tap is dripping. hdissait tout'le monde, She hated everyone. lls se hdissent. They hate each other.

the reflexive verb se hqir. Q See poges 88-91 for informotion on how to form

je{'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they ls/i'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nou$=we vous=you ils/olles=they h VgRe Tneles VrRe TneLes (to join) (to throw)

lrlif r. ltrr, je joins je joigne je jette je iette tu joins tu joignes jettes jettes tu tu illelle/on joint illelle/on joigne jette illelle/on jette illelle/on nous joignons nous joignions jetons nous jetions nous vous joignez vous joigniez jetez vous jetiez vous ils/elles joignent ils/elles joignent ils/elles jettent ils/elles lettent i ,r, ' l Irl i' ai je joignais j' ai jet6 jetais i' ioint le tu as joint tu joignais jete tu jetais tu as illelle/on a joint illelle/on joignait jet6 illelle/on jetait illelle/on a nous avons joint nous joignions nous jet6 nous jetions avons vous avez joint vous loigniez vous jetiez vous avez jet6 ils/elles ont ils/elles joignaient ilVelles ont jet6 ils/elles jetaient ioint

rr l l:l .' ,i i :r'; ,r : ,,,i je joindrai je joindrais je jetterais je jetterai joindras tu joindrais jetterais tu tu jetteras tu illelle/on joindra il/elle/on joindrait illelle/on jetterait illelle/on jettera nous joindrons nous jetterions ioindrions nous jetterons nous vous joindrez vous joindriez vous jetteriez vous jetterez ils/elles joindront ils/elles loindraient ils/elles jetteront ils/elles jetteraient

lM{Fi::irl 'ir r'r joins joignons joignez jette/jetons/jetez jet6 / / . Pltii-r:: ' joignant jetant

[X;:illr"';'. , ' you this weekend? Oi est-ce qu'on peut te ioindre ce week-end? Where can we contact Ne jette pas tes vQtements par terre. Don't throw your clothes on the floor. On a joini les deux tqbles. We put the two tables together' Elle o jett son chewing-gum par lo fen1tre. She threw her chewing gum out of the window lls ne jettent jamqis rien. They never throw anything away.

jelj'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they |e/j,=|tu=youi|=he/ite||e=she/iton=we/onenous=wevous=youi|s/e|les=they Vene TneLEs Vena TneLps

i,i.' [+;rtt*rr (to lift)

$.tr}iIli]i^t\.i'r' !rii ii:,i:i, [: fir] it ) t i; iii . t i..L ir!,l {l:l'llJii; PRESHf;ST ili:i!:ri'iitril.lT [5] l[','jili!!lri;'rj'i!i ir: je ldve 1e ldve le lis je lise tu ldves tu ldves tu lis tu lises illelle/on l6ve ilielle/on lEve iUelle/on lit illelle/on lise nouS levons nous levions nous lisons nous lisions vous levez vous leviez vous lisez vous lisiez ils/elles ldvent ils/elles lbvent ils/elles lisent ils/elles lisent

1igiif:irl+; Ftr!'1t$;f:r(:lli [; l::i4i. i: il PERFH{;T !lv-tFPiiFir'irl:t] r I ai lev6 ie levais i' ai lu le lisais tu as lev6 tu levais tu as lu tu lisais illelle/on a lev6 illelle/on levait illelle/on a lu il/elle/on lisait nous avons lev6 nous levions nous avons lu nous lisions vous avez lev6 vous leviez vous avez lu vous lisiez ils/elles ont lev6 ils/elles levaient ils/elles ont lu ils/elles lisaient iiilr

ii:ilLi ;,'iiJi;Xi.. ri; i.l:i:,i1,ltIl ili.'il\if:i 1. FUTLIA{F {jtil}l'ri Dl1-!iI{,rr*AL l je ldverai ie liverais ie lirai je lirais tu ldveras tu ldverais tu liras tu lirais illelle/on l6vera illelle/on ldverait illelle/on lira illelle/on lirait nous lEverons nous ldverions nous lirons nous lirions vous ldverez vous ldveriez vous lirez vous liriez ils/elles lEveront ils/elles ldveraient ils/elles liront ils/elles liraient

fii,i:.ll ti ; t' i li f ui ift H F:ir{i_"tj i',i F ir;rirlilii !i:;;Ii]I.L: IMPEffiATIVK. iit!,&liT l'#.: !:ll"lil;l !' : fdve/levons llevez lev6 lis/lisons/lisez lu

ij)f1 I-jSi"iti'i rrj:rtrli,; i|i.: Il:i l Fr PRE$ ffi BX"n- it'd\ffi {'l{il !i' [, [r levant lisant

: :.: i,. p*4" pr-dsi,A i,.;...'"jt.!f . t...... Ex,itr illf g $id,r; i Li4le b ftte. Lift your head up. Vous ovez lu "Mqdame Bovary"? Have you read "Madame Bovary"? plane. i Levez Iq main! Put your hand up! le Ie liroi dans I'avion. l'll read it on the le me live tous les jours d sept heures. I get up at 7 every day. Elle lui lisoit une histoire. She was reading him a story. tl S See pages 88-91 for informqtion on how to form the reflexive verb se lever.

jelj'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you als/elles=they le/j,=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one noua=we voua=you ils/elles=they Vene TneLes I VeRe Tneles

lt {to eat)

PRESENT PRHSE[\I'T' $U ffi .} L.' IVfi T'&Vffi l. je maudisse mange ,e mange je maudis le tu maudisses i tu manges tu manges tu maudis il/elle/on maudisse iUelle/on mange illelle/on mange il/elle/on maudit nous maudissions nous mangeons nous mangions nous maudissons vous maudissiez vous mangez vous mangiez vous maudissez ils/elles maudissent ils/elles mangent ils/elles mangent ils/elles maudissent

l ffvlpHH$-HsT , PERFECT je maudissais l ai mang6 le mangeais i' ai maudit t" tu maudissais tu as mang6 tu mangeais tu as maudit illelle/on maudissait illelle/on a mang6 illelle/on mangeait il/elle/on a maudit tl nous maudissions nous avons mange nous mangions nous avons maudit vous maudissiez vous avez mange vous mangiez vous avez maudit ils/elles maudissaient ils/elles ont mang6 ils/elles mangeaient ils/elles ont maudit l

. FUTURE s{}[\xmn'rlst\cA!- je maudirais mangerai je mangerais 1e maudirai li le tu maudirais tu mangeras tu mangerais tu maudiras iUelle/on maudirait iUelle/on mangera il/elle/on mangerait illelle/on maudira nous maudirions nous man9eronS nous mangerions nous maudirons i vous maudiriez vous mangerez vous mangeriez vous maudirez ils/elles mangeraient ils/elles maudiront ils/elles maudiraient l ils/elles mangeront

IMPERATIVE r*A$T FlAffi"flB{T[$][-ffi ]i maudit mange / mangeons / mangez mange maudls / maudissons / maudissez

PRESET{T PARTIEIPTE

mangeant maudissant

EXATfiPLE P'L'ffiASES They curse their enemies' Nous ne mqngeons pos souvent ensemble' We don't often eat together' lls moudissent leurs ennemis. pqs/ fhis blasted pen doesn't work! Tu ss assez iang6? Haveyou had enough to eat? Ce mqudit stvlo ne marche ll Je mangerai plus tard. l'll eat later on' i

on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/olles=they ie/i,=|tu=youi|=he/itel|e=she/iton_we/onenous=wevous=youi|s/6||es=they ieli'=ltu=you il=he/it elle-she/it

'i Vens TnnLEs Vene TneLes s" fr?'.jff$'f,ttg'#$ (to put)

,,i,liriirrjtl-l [::,td'f "-',Lt"j.".!.q_lr$j{:i lillbJffi IitrLi$i&i$',:1T' FiljqHSHrl\{T ${"lH.i[-tillff fi $1"V8 PRE$HT"iT' je monte je mette je monte ie mets tu montes tu mettes IU montes tu mets illelle/on monte illelle/on iUelle/on mette illelle/on monte met nous montions nous nous mettions nous montons mettons vous montiez vous vous mettiez vous monrez mettez ils/elles montent ils/elles mettent ils/elles mettent ils/elles montent

it:'i1 it:'l:i t ii;trt:',.,' ! ii't:rFi[:F;fl.'f !fTSPffimFfl:CT PERd-H#T" mont6(e) ie montais i' ai mis je mettais le suis tu es mont6(e) tu montais tu as mis tu mettais il/elle/on illelle/on illelle/on mettait illelle/on est mont6(e) montait a mis nous montions nous nous mettions nous sommes mont6(e)s avons mis vous montiez vous mettiez vous €tes mont6(e)(s) vous avez mis ils/elles montaient ils/elles ont mis ils/elles mettaient ils/elles sont mont6(e)s

FUTLIi[.?E Itr,.] ii \4 f,i' I :f i# tu{it\t ir,I l"li't..l]*:iii $mi'ti{3[TXSF\jl\*- je monterais je je mettrais je monterai mettrai tu monterais tu mettrais tu monteras tu mettras illelle/on monterait ilielle/on illelle/on mettrait illelle/on montera mettra nous monterions nous nous mettrions nous monterons mettrons vous monteriez vous vous mettriez vous monterez mettrez ils/elles monteraient ils/elles mettront ils/elles mettraient ils/elles monteront :' i'jn\r;':,i lMptr$tA\TI\f!: ;tAi\I.j li,i]i;li i.lrl i l-htl fri hl ['i i iT-iil/ f: tr,*,&$T fll.,f;{ ij] fr *fi !Ft'E mont6 mets/mettons/mettez mis monte/montons/montez

ffi IU"i' F/n rtrilif .lii [r I r: F[:tfi l.]lf.rB\["f tr]!,{\Fi I.dCiF[.t: PRA$ mettant montant

f #t"ff t?li.':tl] i:il fi'-{,r4fhf.'f+d",,f F! l,t?.4$s:?1: EXd{ l4trl mont1e taut en hsut de Io tour. I went all the way up the tov'rer' Mets ton manteau! Put your coat on! 'Montele suis tffhere dans la voiture, t'emmdne. Cet into the car, l'll take.you tl't"t"' Oi est-ce que tu os mis les cl6s? have you put the keys? ie . tordu lo cheville en montqnt d une 6chelle. He twisted his ankle going up l'ai mis Ie livre sur la tqble. I put the book on the table. ll s,est Elle s'est mise d pleurer. She started crying. a ladder. Note that monter takes avoir in the perfect tense when it is used with a direct r) See pages 88-91 for informqtion on how to form the reflexive verb se mettre. [7] - objecq see Page 114.

on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they je/j'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one noua-we vous=you ils/elles=they ie/j'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it Vene TneLrs Vene TaeLes

i,iririi'ri,ji;'lr (tO bite)

ii:i :,::i tlltrr;. iil r''1,::ii", i;: rit i ri,,,;i:r",1ir.i,1lt , l:.r : :.r l: ,,t i i,,, irt,:il ltt',:.,r,li l'l t [: i-; F.:ft!'f je mouds ie moule je mords je morde tu tu mouds moules tu mords tu mordes moule illelle/on il/elle/on moud illelle/on illelle/on mord morde nous moulions nous nouS moulons nouS mordons mordions vous mouliez vous mordiez vous moulez vous mordez ils/elles moulent ils/elles mordent ils/elles mordent ils/elles moulent

|,l r:a:-i- ' -i ' I'ER$-iiHET !:'',ilit ii ' l,riti.'r': je moulais je ai moulu I ai mordu mordais I tu moulais tu tu as moulu tu as mordu mordais illelle/on moulait illelle/on mordait illelle/on a moulu illelle/on a mordu nouS moulions nous nous avons moulu nous avons mordu mordions vous mouliez vouS moulu vous avez mordu VOUS mordiez avez moulu ils/elles moulaient ils/elles ont mordu ils/elles mordaient ils/elles ont

ii ;i"iij\lt []ili:i ii',..1il{lll ,,i. :il I ;lirI Jli; ii l .-,1 rl,t ir t., ;'it,,i,.ri il FUTUfllLri moudrais je le moudrai ie je mordrai mordrais tu moudrais tu mordras tu mordrais tu moudras il/elle/on moudra il/elle/on moudrait il/elle/on mordra illelle/on mordrait moudrions nous moudronS nous nouS mordrons nous mordrions vous moudriez vous moudrez vou5 mordrez vous mordriez ils/elles moudraient ils/el les mordront ils/elles mordraient ils/elles moudront

, l'rll,riil'' -1 !' :liir.lil il:ri, li!,' il. r'i-llir: ,ii 1,,.,r: lMl$38ffiP;fl'ri'F: moulu mords/mordons lmordez mordu mouds/moulons/moulez

:- r:r1. i;al. ii ii: ,t i . t\.i il I rl lr',1:i.;lli PFtESi::Id'i i';li;i l'ii Fi

mordant moulant

:i ft4fry_,L jair,]ij.il4 iili: !r .- : i . ::\ | : t:i t :' .l: il:,il.rri:| :,'i:'1,; [: xA coffee for tomorrow caf,6 pour demain motin' l've ground some Le chien m'q mordue. The dog bit me. J'ai moulu du ll ne va pos te mordrel He won't bite! morning.

elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they je/i'=ltu-you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we v6u5=lou ils/elles=they ie/i'=ltu=you il=he/it Vens Tnelrs Vene Tneles

&" $sBqle$ffi8$" (to die) pRF$F[\lT $tiffiJuNeflvn FXifi$!::ttlT FF?[:$fiS]T ${"i ffi,i ["i fdCTf '{i K PRESEFJT je naisse meurs je meure je nais Je tu naisses tu meurs tu meures tu nais illelle/on naisse illelle/on meurt illelle/on meure il/elle/on nait nous naissions nous mouronS nous mourions nous naissons vous naissiez vous mourez vous mouriez vous naissez ils/elles naissent ils/elles meurent ils/elles meurent ils/elles naissent [&fipgttFHcT F!fill#SdjT !IVNPilffiFffCT PERFECT je naissais je suis mort(e) je mourais je suis n6(e) tu naissais tu es mort(e) tu mourais tu es n6(e) illelle/on naissait il/elle/on est mort(e) illelle/on mourait illelle/on est n6(e) nous naissions nous sommes mort(e)s nous mourions nous sommes n6(e)s vous naissiez vous €tes mort(e)(s) vous mouriez vous €tes n6(e)(s) ils/elles naissaient ils/elles sontmort(e)s ils/elles mouraient ils/elles sont n6(e)s COI\IDIT!MNAL XfrL!TqJffiE fi {-l} ii| h..} H Til C} FilA l- FUTURE je naitrais je mourrai mourrals je naitrai le tu naitrais mourras tu mourrais tu naitras tu illelle/on naitrait illelle/on mourra illelle/on mourrait il/elle/on naitra nous naitrions nous mourrons nous mourrions nous naitrons vous naitriez vous vous mourriez vous naitrez mourrez ils/elles naitraient ils/elles mourront ils/elles mourraient ils/elles naitront PA$T PA${T'ICIPE"Sl trfl,riF3ffi$-id"\'[i\rFi F,j{$.;, F;;{ Ftr I"$iilfi I] U_H IMPERATIVE ne meurs/mourons lmourez nais / naissons / naissez

H pAffi-{"fi*0pLH 13 ii".jl Fi$ fi nlT FA iil-fl"$d":t P{. f, PRE$ [\lT mourant naissant

P,t-ffiA$b") fr ,{'/{ r1,{$A ,* Fd.{q,4,{i*r5 EX+\MP|-E I was born on 12 February' EIle est morte en 1998.She died in 1998. le suis n6e Ie 1 2 fdvrier' . ,- . e.- r i^- '[r-AiAi en mors' Delphine is going to have a baby in March' lls sont morts. They're dead. i, Delphine naitra were you born/ On meurt de froid icy' We're freezino to death in here! Quand est-ce que tu es n6?When

nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they je/j'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous-we vous=you ils/€lles=they ie/i'=ltu=you il=he/it ells=she/it on=we/one Vene TaeLes Vene TneLes i,iu l''itil)'ffili]l? {,!iii (to clean)

ll,}.i [ ! i\iii.:'i llf [: iir|i i::llili:lrrr-[ F'tCff 6tri\{T }; Ll ffii"l LtmS"$ {'idfr PRH$FNi"$' Piri t:jl.1i:lri,l"I i; ff je nettoie je nettoie i' offre j' offre tu nettoies tu nettoies tu offres tu offres illelle/on nettoie illelle/on nettoie illelle/on offre illelle/on offre nous nettoyons nous nettoyions nous offrons nous offrions vous nettoyez vous nettoyiez vous offrez vous offriez ils/elles nettoient ils/elles nettoient ils/elles offrent ils/elles offrent liiHiiit:Hfl"i IfMFi:,mF$t#]" PE$TFH{:T' il$.-thjH*81[lfi"tr

j' ai nettoy6 je nettoyais j' ai offert j' offrais tu as nettoy6 tu nettoyais tu as offert tu offrais illelle/on a nettoy6 il/elle/on nettoyait illelle/on a offert illelle/on offrait nous avons nettoy6 nous nettoyions nous avons offert nous off rions vous avez nettoy6 vous nettoyiez vous avez offert vous offriez ils/elles ont nettoy6 ils/elles nettoyaient ils/elles ont offert ils/elles offraient

!,r( irt.!ii!r: c#nqff$TN{JF,pdil" FUTtIF{ffi fi*niF:]tTfi(.?htAt- je nettoierai je nettoierais j' offrirai i' offrirais tu nettoieras tu nettoierais tu offriras tu offrirais illelle/on nettoiera il/elle/on nettoierait il/elle/on offrira illelle/on offrirait nous nettoieronS nous nettoierions nous offrirons nous offririons vous nettoiefez vous nettoieriez vous offtirez vous offririez ils/elles nettoieront ils/elles nettoieraient ils/elles offriront ils/elles offriraient

' p,s, rj+\li.!- l,,in1ii !(:ri 'i lr. ifrilltieliAiii'iil: F-1,1,$"fr $q"r ii -{: I F} f-" n tMpHFilt!l\l'f:l nettoie / nettoyons / nettoyez nettoy6 offre/offrons loffrez offert

t1 f,ftF,..;::i,,i i' ; i 1? 1,,:ii:! .it:-1 PHfi $fl f$" il Pi'r\ltl lriif[']'Lr fr nettoyant offrant

)'i, r'f ,{rii ilrlif L- .FT'fj?r:ri.i'irt,l-i Exd&fp,t F Fi?lt.,rri _,$,j:r s; Richard o nettoy0 tout I'opportemenf. Richard has cleaned the whole flat. on lui s offert un poste de secr^taire. They offered her a secreterial post. EIle nettoyait le sol en 1coutant lq rqdio. She was cleaning the floor while listening Offre-tui des fleurs. Cive her some flowers. to the radio. Viens, je t'offre d bolre. Come on, l'll buy you a drink' le ne nettoie pqs souvent mes lunettes. I don't clean my glasses very often. le me suk offert un nouveou stylo. I treated myself to a new pen' * see poges 88-91 for infarmotion on how to form the reflexive verb s'offrir'

jelj'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we yqus=loU ils/elles=they je/i'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/ellos=they .,:1" ;;{it:. Vrne TleLrs Vens Tneles :,;*;-,1

PRESENT PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE i' ouvre i' ouvre le parais je paraisse tu ouvres tu ouvres tu parais tu paraisses illelle/on ouvre illelle/on ouvre illelle/on parait illelle/on paraisse nous ouvrons nous ouvrions nous paraissons nous paraissions vous ouvrez vous ouvriez vous paraissez vous paraissiez ils/elles ouvrent ils/elles ouvrent ils/elles paraissent ils/elles paraissent

PERFECT- -- IMPERFECT PERFECT IMPERFECT j' ai ouvert i' ouvrais i' ai paru je paraissais tu as ouvert tu ouvrais tu as paru tu paraissais iUelle/on a ouvert illelle/on ouvrait il/elle/on a paru illelle/on paraissait nous avons ouvert nous ouvnons nous avons paru nous paraissions vous avez ouvert vous ouvriez vous avez paru vous paraissiez ils/elles ont ouvert ils/elles ouvraient ils/elles ont paru ils/elles paraissaient

FUTURE CONDITIONAL FUTURE CONDITIONAL i' ouvrirai I OUVrrrars je paraitrai je paraitrais tu ouvriras tu ouvrirais tu paraitras tu paraitrais illelle/on ouvrira illelle/on ouvrirait illelle/on paraitra illelle/on paraitrait nous ouvrirons nous ouvririons nous paraitrons nous paraitrions vous ouvrirez vous ouvririez vous paraitrez vous paraitriez ils/elles ouvriront ils/elles ouvriraient ils/elles paraitront ils/elles paraitraient

IMPERATIVE PAST PAHTICIPLE IMPERATIVE PAST PARTICIPLE ouvre/ouvrons louvrez ouvert parais / paraissons / paraissez paru

PRESENT PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE ouvrant paraissant

EXAMPLE PHRASES EXAMPLE PHBASES Elle a ouvert Iq porfe. She opened the door. EIle paraissoit fatiguie. She seemed tired. Est-ce que tu pourrois ouvrir la fen1tre? Could you open the window? Cisdle porait plus jeune que son rige. Cisdle doesn't look her age... le me suis coupd en ouvront une boite de consbrve. I cut myself openinq a tin. tt pordit qu'il"foit chaud toute I'anni6e /d-bos. Apparently it's hot all year round over Lo porte s'est ouverte. The door opened. there. fi See poges 88-91 for informqtion on how to form the reflexive verb s,ouvrin

jeli'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on*we/one nous=we vous=you ils/olles=they ielj'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vqu5=lou il$/elles=they VrnsTeeLrs Vene Tnnles p- $.Sffiff'efrfi' (to go; to leave)

g;q pffi litfilalsfii\i"il- i tr',J ! ! f*( ;'Y I v {r [!f:iF'$f;'tufT" n:s ffi nd'T $ c.j r*"t u fiufrT'tvE PRESfrPdT passe je pars parte ie passe le ie passes tu pars tu partes tu passes tu illelle/on part illelle/on parte illelle/on passe illelle/on passe nous partons nous partions nous passon5 nous passion5 vous partez vous partiez vous passez vous passiez ils/elles ils/elles partent ils/elles partent ils/elles passent passent rru$tF$q:T ItsrtPFffiFffiCT PERFE#'il" llViP'F-rhlF{:C:i passais suis parti(e) je partais l' ai Pass6 ie ie passais tu es parti(e) tu partais tu as pass6 tu illelle/on passait illelle/on estparti(e) illelle/on partait illelle/on a pass6 nous passions nous sommes parti(e)s nous partions nous avons pa55e vous passiez vous €tes parti(e)(s) vous partiez vous avez pass6 ils/elles passaient ils/elles sontparti(e)s ils/elles partaient ils/elles ont pass6

il lL. rjLi "it.rmE: c-$t\t&?[r[0rudit FUTUffiE {t;ri-} fr'* [J fr l.{', [\,l,A je partirai je partirais ie passerai le passerais tu partiras tu partirais tu passeras tu passerais passerait il/elle/on partira illelle/on partirait il/elle/on passera il/elle/on nous partirons nous partirions nous passeronS nous passerions vous partirez vous partiriez vous passerez vous passeriez ils/elles partiront ils/elles partiraient ils/elles passeront ils/elles passeraient

pilgi i'+5:ifl ilrr,ti:l i"di.lrti'!. ['] Iii,{PFrRlriTl'11ii. t" $.'1.{ ffiifi ff I $3Lffi lMFtr[tAffli;rF pass6 pars/partonslpartez Parti passe/passons/Passez

PRH$m8\Jii Iplii ii.i'l' i;i r:l ir']i i. Brg+H n[\q".d- r]Arq-x{.1:E$-}ff "F: partant passant

:: ",:lfifir{ !. I+! :i h.t:: [ {', rx,A nfdFd"a:,F#{lc/4.5 ii: ;i

Les mois ont possA. Months passed. . . On port en vacances le 1 5 aoAL We're going on holiday on 1 5 August. ll a ooss€ soi exqmen en iuin. He took his exam In June' Ne partez pos sans moi! Don't leave without me! '1r",5;";;;;;;i;;;;;;,;A;A;; holidavs ' mii siiaiSs'parents"t'm eoins to spend the Elle est partie t6t ce matin.She left early this morning. at mv orandparents' house' tii es( p'iiiiei'me dire boniour. She came by to say hello' t:ii{{u[e ti posse au MexiQue' The story takes plate in Mexico' [t trtote that passer can also take €tre in the perfect tense; see page 1 1 4' form the reflexive verb se pqsser. Q See pages 88-91 for information on how to vous=you ils/elles=they ieli'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they je/j'=ltu-you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we Vrne TaeLEs Vens TneLes

t,. F pmfratc$n'm (to paint)

i'r : ir!itliiirl-'ti,i' i ij p[i i)i; rl:: l:], i i I I i ;:; !.,1 i::;. i I ii.ii tj-Il i.iF PRffi$f;fdT f S F: $"{l" { i$ [-f ii?"] iri ff ](.:'ili \'rE je paye je paye Je petns le peigne ru payes tu payes tu peins tu peignes illelle/on paye illelle/on paye illelle/on peint illelle/on peigne nous payons nous payions nous peignons nous peignions vous payez vous payiez vous peignez vous peigniez ils/elles payent ils/elles payent ils/elles peignent ils/elles peignent

', rl;:iij rr': i'[:iliii:j[:rl,'; iliii.:iili-,: i: i PEMFHOT IrvnPF.FtF']rHS]l' i' ai pay6 le payais i' ai peint je peignais tu as pay6 tu payais tu as peint tu peignais illelle/on a pay6 illelle/on payait illelle/on a peint illelle/on peignait nous avons pay6 nous payions nous avons peint nous peignions vous avez pay6 vous payiez vous avez peint vous peigniez ils/elles ont pay6 ils/elles payaient ils/elles ont peint ils/elles peignaient i:r{.r: i'l.jliji'lf: i l! )it:tl: tl'it lli rl'r,ir*r.:t Fi"rT{-lmr C{J hq n} B"1"!t? [\Jltl-

Je payerai je payerais je peindrai je peindrais tu payeras tu payerais tu peindras tu peindrais illelle/on payera illelle/on payerait illelle/on peindra illelle/on peindrait nous payerons nous payerions nous peindrons nous peindrions vous payerez vous payeriez vous peindrez vous peindriez ils/elles payeront ils/elles payeraient ils/elles peindront ils/elles peindraient

:,, r;4, I il.iil ii [1[=l f '\: [':"i:4' iii .t..,f ' i. : i,i' tii:,r[ ; L,:; ., i i [:: IMFH["rJs, li+i .r it:i"!- ! {:i i: it .i:, PaYe/payonslpayez pay6 peins / peignons / peignez Peint

F !lfii:i;[-rl!i! ji|.,ir: ii l"4i [i f iir ;;;.:1r,11: PRHSffi f'{} [i14\i:rrll'ti':li payanr peignant

,rKll,iiliiri. l: il i,f .,i.t4 i:irlir:.f i 5 €,Y,4 jWP* *i Pd'dfr'./'! i:,il]i l:i

Tu l'as pay4 combien? How much did you pay for it? On o peint l'entrde en bleu clair. We painted the hall light blue. Mo potronne me paiero demqin. My boss will pay me tomorrow. Ce tqbleau a 6tt peint en 1913. This picture was painted in 191 3 Les 4tudionts poyent moiti( prix. StJdents pay iralf price.

jeli'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=tnev ie/i,=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they tll,lllllilillill!ii!l;;i

t,': VeRe TleLEs ri' Vene Tnsles ,i, @ p#trffitrffi (to lose)

PRESHNT SUEJUIUCTIVE $:rFq[1,$ffi!\f;T PHF$EilUT ${".I ffiJI,JN'ETIVE PRESENT je plaise je perds perde ie plais le plaises IU perds tu perdes tu plais tu illelle/on perd il/elle/on perde il/elle/on plait il/elle/on plaise nou5 perdons nous perdions nous plaisons nous plaisions vous perdez vous perdiez vous plaisez vous plaisiez ils/elles plaisent ils/elles perdent ils/elles perdent ils/elles plaisent

PffiFTFE#T IMIPERFAST PERFECT IMPERFICT je ai perdu perdais i' ai plu plaisais I le plaisais tu as perdu tu perdais tu as plu tu plaisait illelle/on a perdu illelle/on perdait illelle/on a plu illelle/on nous plaisions nous avons perdu nous perdions nous avons plu vous avez perdu vous perdiez vous avez plu vous ptatsrez ils/elles plaisaient ils/elles ont perdu ils/elles perdaient ils/elles ont plu

F{.}TUTEE c{)ff\tf}tTt&t\tAt" FUTURE CO[\IDITIONAL je perdrai perdrais je plairai le plarrars |e plairais IU perdras tu perdrais tu plairas tu illelle/on perdra illelle/on perdrait il/elle/on plaira illelle/on plairait nous plairions nouS perdrons nous perdrions nous plairons vous plairiez vou5 perdrez vous perdriez vous plairez ils/elles plairaient ils/elles perdront ils/elles perdraient ils/elles plairont

PAST PARTICIPTE nfritPH$qp\T'nvE PS-{Ii'I' P,A m T'&S}[ Pl-H IMPTRATE\IH perds/perdons/perdez perdu plais / plalsons / plalsez plu

r:|f{H,$ E t\9"$- pA ffix"t 0l *'x-ffi, PRE$EIUT T'AHTIfr[P''g perdant plaisant

trxAMf,f-s'dpffffiAsFs EXAMPLE PI{'?ASSS

Le menu ne me plait pos. I don't like the menu. J'ai perdu mon porte-monnoie dqns le mdtro. I lost my purse on the underground. 'd yo,u like to to the seaside? L'ltolie o perdu un d zdro. ltaly lost one-nil. Q.o te ploirait diqtter lo mer? Would 90 Si tu te perds, appelle-moi. Call me if you get lost. Qa t'a plu, Ie film7 Did you like the film? s'il te ploit please t') \ee poges 88-91 for informotion on how to form the reflexive verb se perdre. s'il vous ploit please

nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they ie/j'=11,r=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we v6qs=lou ils/elles=they jelj,=ltu=you il=he/it elle=shelit on=we/one Vsne Tneles veReTngles '' '

I

PRESENT PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT PRESENT SUB.JUNCTIVE il pleut tr pteuve ie peux le puisse tu peux tu puisses il/elle/on peut il/elle/on puisse nous pouvons nous put55tons vous pouvez vous puissiez tls/eiles peuvent ils/elles puissent

PERFECT IMPERFECT PERFECT IMPERFECT il a plu il pleuvait j' ai pu le pouvats tu as pu tu pouvais illelle/on a pu illelle/on pouvait nous avons pu nous pouvtonS vous avez pu vous pouvtez ils/elles ont pu ils/elles pouvaient

FUTURE CONDITIONAI. FUTURE CONDITIOI\AL il pleuvra il pleuvrait je pourrai je pourrais tu pourras tu pourrais illelle/on pourra illelle/on pourrait nous pourrons nous pourrions vous pourrez vous pourriez ils/elles pourront ils/elles pourraient

IMPERATIVE PAST PARTICIPLE IMPERATIVE PAST PI\NTICIPLE not used not used pu

PRE$ENT PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE pleuvant pouvant

EXAMPLE PHRASES EXAMPLE PHRA$ES journde. long. peux t'oide4 si tu veux. l can help you if you like. ll a plu toute la lt rained all day 'J'riile ll pleut beaucoup d Glosgow. lt rains a lot in Clasgow. fait tout ce que j'oi pu. I did all I iould. I'espire qu'il ne pleuvra pas demqin. I hope it won't be raining tomorrow. le ne pourroi pis ienir samedi. I won't be able to come on Saturday.

ie/i'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/onB nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they lc/i,=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous-you ils/elles=they VeRe Tlgles VrRe Tneles p. prffifl'Bdre (to take)

pn€$FtilT F'ffi H$fi fdT $ U m"J Uf\{{:"{'NVH PRESENT irmH$HtvT $!.j mJ{J l\ig"n{vH

je prends le prenne ie protdge je protEge tu prends tU prennes tu prot6ges tu protdges illelle/on prend illelle/on prenne illelle/on protdge illelle/on protdge nous prenons nous prenions nous prot6geons nous prot6gions vous prenez vou5 preniez vous prot6gez vous prot6giez ils/elles prennent ils/elles prennent ils/elles protdgent ils/elles protdgent

PITFEfiT fi[t/[[:!HRFfi:e"t- PERFECT ItVNPFftFEfiT

i' ai pris le prenars i' ai prot6g6 je prot6geais tu as pris tu prenais tu as prot6g6 tu prot6geais illelle/on illelle/on prenait illelle/on a prot6g6. illelle/on prot6geait a pris , nous avons pns nous prenions nous avons protege nous prot5gions vous avez pris vous preniez vous avez prot6g6 vous prot6giez ils/elles ont pris ils/elles prenaient ils/elles ont prot6g6 ils/elles prot6geaient

FLJTC-Iffig fif![\i[]fiT$CI[ss,!"" FUTURE cffirun!"$'flssiAL

je prendrai ,e prendrais le prot6gerai je prot6gerais tu prendras tu prendrais tu prot6geras tu prot6gerais illelle/on prendra illelle/on prendrait il/elle/on prot6gera illelle/on prot6gerait nous prendrons nouS prendrions nous prot6gerons nous prot6gerions vous prendrez vouS prendriez vous prot6gerez vous prot6geriez ils/elles prendront ils/elles prendraient ils/elles prot6geront ils/elles prot6geraient

g:hp, p&s] [:]AFi ], NIWPF:ffiAfCVH EIA$"F [q'T'fl s n i] [-. E IMPERATIVE [{][F]i..il prends / prenons / prenez pris protdge / prot6geons I prot6gez prot6g6 pmE$E[sT rrARTn{}l6:]l-'* PRESENT PAHTICIPLE prenant prot6geant

trft ,4 fvrpd"tr- pd-rffiAstr$ EXAMPLE PF'ffiASSS

J'oi prk plein de photos. I took lots of pictures. ll protige so petite seur o l'6cole. He protects his little sister at school. N'oublie pas de prendre ton passeport. Don't forget to take your passport. Protige ton livre de la pluie. Protect your book from the rain. I e est prot6g6 du vent par la colline. The field is sheltered from the wind ll prendro le troin de 8h20. He'll take the 8.20 train. champ - Pour qui est-ce qu'il se prendT Who does he think he is? by the hill. r) See poges 88-91 for information on how to form the reflexive verb se prendre.

ielj'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=the\ lo/i'=l1u=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/ollos=they Vene Theles Vene TneLes h" trffitrm\'{d'}b$" (to receive)

prlHlili[\t"fi. P${Si"$fifttT' FffiH$trfldT $UEJUNETIVE PRHSfr[\iT 16il-th]JilIF\1il 1.[\itr je reqois le regoive je rentre je rentre tu reEois tu reEoives IU rentreS tu rentreS illelle/on reEoit illelle/on regoive il/elle/on rentre il/elle/on rentre nous recevonS nous recevions nous rentrons nous rentrions vous recevez vous receviez VOUS rentrez vouS rentriez ils/elles reqoivent ils/elles regoivent ils/elles rentrent ils/elles rentrent

PtrFNFFfll' IMPHRSrfii{:T PERFM*T il['{'gfFHffi!i'f]]{; !

j' ai regu je recevais le suis rentr6(e) le rentrais tu as regu tu recevais tu es rentr6(e) tu rentrais illelle/on a reEu illelle/on recevait illelle/on est rentr6(e) illelle/on rentrait nous avons retu nous recevions nouS sommes rentr6(e)s nous rentrions vous avez regu vous receviez vous €tes rent16(e)(s) vouS rentriez ils/elles ont reEU ils/elles recevaient ils/elles sont rentr6(e)s ils/elles rentraient r.Lf fltiffifl #{.}6rumFTt0zuA[" FIJTT"IFiH {l,tJ!\!ffff fiQrulAL

je recevrai je recevrais je rentrerai le rentrerais tu recevras tu recevrais tu rentreras tu rentrerais illelle/on recevra illelle/on recevrait illelle/on rentrera illelle/on rentrerait nous recevronS nous recevrions nouS rentreronS nous rentrerions vous recevrez vous recevriez vouS rentrerez vous rentreriez ils/elles recevront ils/elles recevraient ils/elles rentreront ils/elles rentreraient

Ir,ilifiit $t li [i'il. S, I[\IEPHffiA;I"IVF: F..r"l$l F-J{ [;] s-[ ffi | FI-H !MPffiH"!i;!'iri'l:1 fr:/r,$'l' reEois / recevons / recevez re9u rentre / rentrons / rentrez rentr6 pffi *"s,fi t\tT' elAffi'T'tqh pL.ffi Pmm$fi fili't' iir',.Eliiq l' lli ..ili:r'l rl recevant rentrant

r.-'1.;.,,"' ' C-k,S,l/lF1 # f) idfA$trq EXeM&tt-t .' :

Elle o regu une lettre de Chqrlotte. She received a letter from Charlotte. Ne rentre pos trop tard. Don't come home too late. le ne regois jamqis de courrier. I never get any mail. Ils sont rentr4s dons le mogosin. They went into the shop. Elle recevrq une r,lponse la semaine prochaine. She'll get an answer next week. A quelte heure est-ce qu'elle est rentrdeT What time did she get in? le rentre ddjeuner d midi. I go home for lunch. tt a ddjd rmtr{ ta voiture dqns Ie garage. He's already brought the car into the garage' @ ruote that rentrer takes avoir in the perfect tense when it is used with a direct obiec! see page 1 14. je/i'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they je/i.=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=w€ vous=you ils/elles=they VeRe Tneles Vene TneLrs

i. . .. ,,.q , . (to answer)

q.r' ,ti6"il:'ii'Ulir, F ffi H$ m S L! ffi hlCTl"vf E ili-iri5i $ili1("i- iriiili-r;:i{'rfr'lrl li l;i.i li,j',i. f l'ltFSfilnXT tq*'f "! je 16ponds je r6ponde je r6sous je r6solve tu 16ponds tu 16pondes tu r6sous tu r6solves illelle/on 16pond illelle/on 16ponde il/elle/on 16sout illelle/on r6solve nous 16pondons nous r6pondions nous r6solvons nous r6solvions vous 16pondez vous 16pondiez vous r6solvez vous r6solviez ils/elles 16pondent ils/elles 16pondent ils/elles r6solvent ils/elles 16solvent

qlvnF!EffiF&i{':'n" P*ifif:r,'iril;i' i,iii lrrt; iti !:';:.i,'ii PERFE$T

t ai r6pondu le 16pondais i' ai r6solu le r6solvais tu as r6pondu tu 16pondais tu as r6solu tu r6solvais illelle/on a repondu illelle/on 16pondait illelle/on a r6solu illelle/on r6solvait nous avons r6pondu nous 16pondions nous avons r65olu nous r6solvions VOUS avez rEpondu vous r6pondiez vous avez r6solu vous r6solviez ils/elles ont r6pondu ils/elles 16pondaient ils/elles ont r6solu ils/elles r6solvaient i=t,i"fiiljffiiI 1'.i,;i1, 1.|:i'I iil.fi i:\j:iirr._ FUT[.JRH *on$Dl'tri]0cil/4i-

je repondrai je 16pondrais je r6soudrai je r6soudrais tu 16pondras tu r6pondrais tu r6soudras tu r6soudrais illelle/on 16pondra illelle/on 16pondrait illelle/on r6soudra il/elle/on 16soudrait nous 16pondrons nous 16pondrions nous r6soudrons nous r6soudrions vous 16pondrez vous r6pondriez vous r6soudrez vous r6soudriez ils/elles 16pondront ils/elles 16pondraient ils/elles r6soudront ils/elles 16soudraient

"il' ld l,::.'j, : r'ii ii tt:i i-i{,;i ir}..1. i-: il flrll [riE i;.t,l il i [:: :rrt I r'tiilft il-rll,i:. tMPRFIA'ifiilil: ft4$ F,ri r6ponds / r6pondons / r6pondez 16pondu r6sous / r6solvons / r6solvez 16solu

PIf trrii;i1t\ij"4' t:rtri.[i'i''i]i;:ii'rl. lt:r PRA$Eh\!"fi' !",4\lX p:-It-;1!-1& r: 16pondant r6solvant

.:.{}c.tf':ri, -, .': . i .1.'" g F'ffIqE ExAlblfsf "5d;*'l Lisez le texte et rhpondez aux questions. Read the text and answer the questions. J'ai r4solu le probldme. l've solved the problem. C'est elle qui o rdpandu ou tdl4phone. She answered the phone. La violence ne rlsout rien. Violence doesn't solve anything. Qo ne rhpond pos. There's no reply.

je/j'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we voug=you ils/elles=thev ielj,=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we y6u5=lou ils/elles=they Ill!l ll

Vrne TneLes VeRe TeBLes

Fi:" f.'tsifi*.}r' (to remain)

pRH$nruT rtij.$ SL$ *.tl.J tu{e'rtvE *-liil[:ij ]' Fri hi$'{: f',i'l' $ [ J [.]..i iJ 4\! #"ffi \{f: PRESEftJT je retourne je reste reste je retourne ie retournes tu restes tu restes tu retournes tu il/elle/on reste il/elle/on reste il/elle/on retourne il/elle/on retourne nous nous restions nous retournons nous retournions restons vous vous restez vous restiez vous retournez retourniez ils/elles restent ils/elles restent ils/elles retournent ils/elles retournent

p'Ii.lrF],'dT $tvH$i$ifnFFfi"fl' PERFEST IMPH}?FECT

suis rest6(e) restais je suis retourn6(e) le retournais ie le retournais tu es rest6(e) tu restais tu es retourn6(e) tu illelle/on estrest6(e) illelle/on restait il/ellelon est retourn6(e) illelle/on retournait nous retournions nous sommes rest6(e)s nous restions nous sommesretourn6(e)s vous retourniez vous €tes rest6(e)(s) vous restiez vous 6tesretourn6(e)(s) ils/elles sontrest6(e)s ils/elles restaient ils/elles sont retourn6(e)s ils/elles retournaient SffNfiff[{llSA\t- f;i"i"r"t'rjl $ri r: {;*&il'}i iil4Jmf,tl FUT'UffiE je resterai je resterais ye retournerai retournerais ie retournerais tu resteras tu resterais tu retourneras tu il/elle/on illelle/on restera illelle/on resterait illelle/on retournera retournerait nous resterons nous resterions nous retournerons nous retournerions vous retourneriez vous resterez vous resteriez vous retournerez ils/elles resteront ils/elles resteraient ils/elles retourneront ils/elles retourneraient

9.x,4$T' fr &. f+,'f f {:;0 P[. F: Ihr$ iitilrjJiii"l 1l'li: ilr,,i;;;; irt' F:lirtr ffi tr 3{;qg.3i,-H IMPE;trAYTVF retourn6 reste/restons/restez rest6 retourne / retournons / retournez

(,: nd rjA!'B ! :("'[p[- fi F ii{,Fi i{i [: Td T' $Y\. [1Tl l] f.i l1.. il; PRESI: T restant retournant

!.f .i-. jrL,"L'l f EXAMFIF P'dF?,45}::5 ft.,#;.:il,fi ii!r:,,A "$,fi{;i Londres? been back to London? Cet 6t6, je reste en Ecosse. l'm staying in Scotland this summer. Est-ce que tu es retournle d .Havg. Yo..Y l,oimerqis bien retourner en ttqlie un l'd like to go back to ltaly one day' lls ne sont pas restes tes longtemps. They didn't stay very long. 'Elle iour, pour vdifier. She turned the card over to check. ll leur restait encore un peu d'argent. They still had some money left. s retourn, lo corte 7ie, ,rtourrr-toil Turn around 2o6! it is used with fl t tote that retourner takes avoir in the perfect tense when - a direct obiec! see Page 1 14. the reflexive verb se retourner' fi see pages 88-91 for informqtion an how to form vous=you ils/elles=they jeli'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they ie/j'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we Vene Tneles Vene Tnsles h fffiwffiffi$e" (to come back)

pffi m.] L] !\q6'$'trj/Ei flHEsr,&tT PRESTIUT SI"' B.JU ruETIVE PRE$Hhi"T k"$Er\i"!" ii[-$ le revlens Je revlenne ie ris le rie tu reviens tu reviennes tu ris tu ries illelle/on revient illelle/on revienne il/elle/on rit illelle/on rie nous revenonS nous revenions nous rions nous riions vous revenez vous reveniez vous riez vous riiez ils/elles reviennent ils/elles reviennent ils/elles rient ils/elles rient

IM*PHFTfJffiTT PtrRFHS"fl" IMPERF&CT PERFHCT je je suis revenu(e) ,|e revenals j' ai ri riais tu es revenu(e) tu revenais tu as ri tu riais iUelle/on estrevenu(e) illelle/on revenait illelle/on a ri il/elle/on riait nous sommes revenu(e)s nous revenlons nous avons ri nous riions vous 6tes revenu(e)(s) vous reveniez vous avez ri vous riiez ils/elles sont revenu(e)s ils/elles revenaient ilslelles ont ri ils/elles riaient [ffi!\iAht [:[,.!TUffiF *s|\t$!Tfr$&lAl- FUTTJHE e;*ruffi!3 je je reviendrai ,e revlenoralS je rirai rirais tu reviendras tu reviendrais tu riras tu rirais illelle/on reviendra illelle/on reviendrait illelle/on rira il/elle/on rirait nous reviendrons nous reviendrions nous rirons nous ririons vous reviendrez vous reviendriez vous rirez vous ririez ils/elles reviendront ils/elles reviendraient ils/elles riront ils/elles riraient

f;),&s'i" pAF{T'lr}F rit.) $[\{Pfrffi,tli]"'$V# PAS'T PAffiTICIPLE IMPEFIJ&{"1{rrfl reviens / revenons / revenez revenu ris/rions/riez ri

pJ PFi[i$f; [\JT Pg\ffiTEClp[-F PflE$ F. t' $3'i\ r'{T"l{i:n ri [. b: revenant riant

F? li i|llPi"F. d?Ftffi/tSIS €xAft.,rp*ff fry?tr14s$li

Mon chat n'est toujours pqs revenu. My cat still hasn't come back. On a bien ri. We had a good laugh. laugh, it's not funny! Je reviens dans cinq minutes! l'll be back in five minutesl Ne ris pas, ce n'est pos dr1lel Don't only for a laugh. Q.o me revientl lt's coming back to me now! C'dtoil iuste pour rire' ltwas

je/i'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they ie/i'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they Hllttl rl 1l

Vene Tnelss Vens Tneles b rffimptrffi (to break)

pRESrrdT 03ffi tr$ERtT ${J mJ U tr\!{:'fl [\if; PRE$FflJT' PME$E'VT SI-IBJUNETIVS je romps je rompe je sais je sache tu romps ru rompes tu sais tu Saches illelle/on rompt iUelle/on rompe il/elle/on sait illelle/on sache nous romponS nous rompions nous Savons nous sachions vous rompez vous rompiez vous savez vous sachiez ils/elles rompent ils/elles rompent ils/elles savent ils/elles sachent

PEHFHCT ll\frFHRF[:ST PERFFET IMPERFEET j' ai rompu le rompais i' ai su je savais tu as rompu tu rompais tu a5 su tu savais illelle/on a rompu illelle/on rompait illelle/on a su illelle/on savait nous avons rompu nous rompions nous avons su nous savions vous avez rompu vous rompiez vous avez 5u vous saviez ils/elles ont rompu ils/elles rompaient ils/elles ont su ils/elles savaient

FUTil'Rf; e#a$r"ixTE0rdA[- FUT["IRE c0ruptTt0lsp"t je romprai je romprais je saurai je saurais tu rompras tu romprais tu sauras tu saurais illelle/on rompra illelle/on romprait illelle/on saura iUelle/on saurait nous romprons nous romprions nous SauronS nous saurions vous romprez vous rompriez vous saurez vous sauriez ils/elles rompront ils/elles rompraient ils/elles sauront ils/elles sauraient

p pAffi"!]#lpLffi [fvfiFNRATIVH F.A$T F],,A &1"t'B CN LE IMPERAI'{V}: tlA$T romps/rompons/rompez rompu sache/sachons/sachez

Bt{fi sfr $s"fi' PAmrIcIPt".H PRE$HI$"]i- f!&:fiTlidIP[.. E rompant sachant

li gffAfr/rPs"fi'r"f{trsstrs E X.A lt/t P ! { i3.1.t \ !} i : li "

Elle o rompu le silence. She broke the silence. Tu sois ce que tu vqs faire l'annie prochaineT Do you know what you're doing Paul et lo ont rompu. Paul and Jo have split up. next year? JeIe ne sois pas.pqs. I don'toon t know.Know. EIIe ne'oE sait pas noger. She can't swim. Tu savqis que son-pdre 6tait pakistanals? Did you know her father was Pakistani?

jelj'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous:you ils/elles=they jelj,=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they Vene Thslrs Vene TeeLes F SffiK"ltilf (to smell; to feel)

U ffruf;$Hl'd"$' $)aHs H nd"r' $["3 B"J u nifi T l\lH PRESEft!T PRESEhIT $ BJUI\ICTIVE je ie sens je sente ie sers serye tu sens tu sentes ru Sers tu serves illelle/on sent illelle/on sente illelle/on sert il/elle/on serye nous Sentons nous sentions nous seryon5 nous servions vous sentez vous sentiez vous servez vous serviez ils/elles sentent ils/elles sentent ils/elles servent ils/elles servent

PHfTFEfr"i' I[UPHMFffi$T PERFHCT tfrdpHmFEcT

ai senti je sentais i' ai servi le servats I servais tu as senti tu sentais tu as servi tu illelle/on a senti illelle/on sentait illelle/on a servi illelle/on servait nous avons senti nous sentions nous avOnS Servi nous servions vouS avez senti vous sentiez vous avez servi vous servtez ils/elles ils/elles ont senti ils/elles sentaient ils/elles ont servi servaient

FCJTLJMU fi#*$L!gTlffizu,qF". FUTUHE CONDITIONAL

je sentirai je sentirais je Servlral je servirais tu sentiras tu sentirais tu serviras tu servirais illelle/on sentira illelle/on sentirait illelle/on servira il/elle/on servirait nous sentirons nous sentirions nous servirons nous servirions vous sentirez vous sentiriez vous servirez vous servifiez ils/elles sentiront ils/elles sentiraient ils/elles serviront ils/elles serviraient

PARTIEIPLE IiV?PHffiATIWH $3.EIf i il',,l"l.$-i"l [${Pl*ffi IMPERAIF$*F PAST sens/sentons/sentez senti sers/servons/servez servi

F$?HSFIU"T PAftTICIPIF PR ES H[\lT P,r"{F{["!d;fi Pn""H sentant servant

pd"sj pFdp?,4 H.&A Ji/fr si:,$ EXAMFLE PT{FA$di, On vous sert? Areyou being served? Qa sentoit mouvqis. lt smelt bad. quoi ce Whal is this button for? le n'oi rien renti. ldidn'tfeel a thing. Cq'servez-vois sert d bouton? EIle ne se sent pos bien. She's not feeling well. en vionde. Help yourself to meat.

See poges 88-91 for informotion on how to form the reflexive verb se servir' S See pages 88-91 for informqtion on how to form the reflexive verb se sentir. Q

jelj'=11,r=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we v6g5=lou ils/elles=they ie4'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they Vens TneLes Vens Tneles

F $s,?w'ffilff' (to go out)

g pil:tH.$ Htht 1- $ i_$ ffi ,.$ rJ rui,tTf vrj ii),qj[r,1;1[.:]\{tr $]ffi s-.:q {rd",t i$ iJ $*""t L} [\i {xrft \f h; PHE$f;f\{'f je je suffise sors ie 50rte suffis le suffises tu sors tu sortes IU suffis tu illelle/on sort illelle/on sorte illelle/on suffit illelle/on suffise nous softons nous sortions nouS suffisons nous suffisions vous sortez vous sortiez vous suffisez vous suffisiez ils/elles sortent ils/elles sortent ils/elles suff isent ils/elles suff isent

PiiritHffi*t 1fil/if)[:ii"tF'r:S"f PHffi[::HOT IP-'NPtrfi{Ftr*"7 je suffisais suis sorti(e) Je sortais I ai suffi Je tu suffisais TU es sorti(e) tu sortais IU as suffi iUelle/on illelle/on est sorti(e) illelle/on sortait illelle/on a suffi suffisait nous suff isions nouS sommes sorti(e)s nous sortions nous avons suffi vous €tes sorti(e)(s) vouS sortiez vouS avez suffi vous suffisiez ils/elles ils/elles sont sorti(e)s ils/elles sortaient ils/elles ont suffi suffisaient

il$l\[[)8T1ffi{{i,qp.. F!"1-&'l.,tFiE: {:tr h! il} r l{$ ffi $\cc.!. H" FUTUffif: je je suffirais ie sortirai je sortirais suffirai tu sortiras IU sortirais tu suffiras tu suffirais illelle/on sortira illelle/on sortirait il/elle/on suffira illelle/on suffirait nous suff irions nouS sortirons nous sortirions nous suffirons vou5 sortirez vous sortiriez VOUS suffirez vous suffiriez ils/elles ils/elles sortiront ils/elles sortiraient ils/elles suffiront suffiraient

plh$'fl $}$,&'ff[*{ r} ["[: lP\i"{PfrffiA.f IilP: &:Ain"l ii'l,\ffi r l{:}[F"l-ff IMP$li?l.1iiVf,: sors/sortons/sortez sorti suffis / suffisons / suffisez suffi p/l[i pFt[$tritl* r."effiTE#tFtL PRfSFiIF\i"{- lj sii.;llir'.. i:: sortant suffisant

,, pi *i#f"},{_ff tF,hri"d.$,1j.:j; fi ,,r'tr i.} fl f JE_ Fr'{,,r{,4 Sf; $ &'Xli 10 eurosT Will'l 0 euros be enough? le ne suis pas sartie ce week-end. I didn't 90 out this weekend. Qo te suffiro, Aur'llie sort avec Bruno. Aur6lie is going out with Bruno. Qa suffit! That's enough! Elle est sortie de l'h6pitolhler: She came out of hospital yesterday. il suffisait de me le demqnder. You only had to ask. a Je n'oi pos sorti le chien parce qu'il pleuvoif. I didn't take the dog out for walk because it was raining.

Note that sortir takes avoir in the perfect tense when it is used with a direct [} '14. objec! see page 1 ils/elles=they ie/j'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/Glles=they je/i,=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you Vene VeRe Tneles TeeLEs ,':'

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT je me taise suls le suive je me tais le tu te taises tu suis tu suives tu te tais il/elle/on taise illelle/on suit illelle/on suive il/elle/on se tait se . nous nous taisions nous Sutvons nous survton5 nous nous taisons vous vous taisiez vous suivez vouS sutvtez vous vous taisez ils/elles taisent ils/elles suivent ils/elles suivent ils/elles se taisent se

IMPERFECT PERFECT IMPEHFECT PERFECT je me taisais al sulvl le suivais je me suis tu(e) l tu te taisais tu as suivi tu suivais tu t'es tu(e) illelle/on se taisait illelle/on a suivi illelle/on suivait il/elle/on s'est tu(e) nous nous taisions nous avons suivi nouS SUrVtOnS nous nous sommes tu(e)s vous vous taisiez vous avez Sutvl vouS SUIVIEZ vous vous €tes tu(e)(s) ils/elles se taisaient ils/elles ont suivi ils/elles suivaient ils/elles se sont tu(e)s

FUTURE CONDITIONAL FUTURE CONDITIONAL ye me tairais Sulvral je sulvrars ie me tairai le tu te tairais tu suivras tu suivrais tu te tairas il/elle/on se tairait il/elle/on suivra il/elle/on suivrait illelle/on se taira nous nous tairions nous suivrons nous sutvnonS nous nous tairons vous vous tairiez vous sutvrez vouS sutvnez vous vous tairez ils/elles se tairaient ils/elles suivront ils/elles suivraient ils/elles se tairont

PARTICIPLE IMPERATIVE PAST PARTICIPLE IMPERATIVE PAST suis/suivons/suivez sutvl tais-toi / taisons-nous / taisez-vous tu

PRESENT PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE suivant ;";;;;.

EXAMPLE PHRASES EXAMPLE PHNASFS Mon chot me suit partout dqns la maison. My cat follows me everywhere around Il s'est tu. He stopped talking. the house. Taisez-vous! Be quiet! Il a suivi un cours d'qllemond pendant six mois. He did a Cerman course for 6 months. Sophie, tais-toil Be quiet SoPhie! Elles n'anivent pas d suivre eh maths. They can't keep up in maths.

io{'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we v6us=you ils/elles=they ie/i,=|tu=youi|=he/ite||e=she/iton=we/onenous=wevous=youils/elles=they VEne TheLes VeRe Teeles w ftemfrn' (to hoto) > tCIrmflner (to fall)

prq pffi fi $E[\lT $ U H"]U NU0TI\f tr Pi?t)$H!UT H$ E rsT' $ [J ffi .$ L] ndff Tfi \./Fl PRE$EfU"tr je tombe le tiens ie tienne le tombe tombes IU tiens tu tiennes tu tombes tu illelle/on illelle/on tient illelle/on tienne il/elle/on tombe tombe nous nous teniOnS nous tombons nous tombions tenons vous vouS tenez vous teniez vous tombez tombiez ils/elles tombent ils/elles tiennent ils/elles tiennent ils/elles tombent

PHffiFE$T tftnpHRr"gcT' PERFEC'fi' I!V!FHRFEfiT je ai tenu je tenais je suis tomb6(e) tombais r tombais tu as tenu tu tenais tu es tomb6(e) tu illelle/on illelle/on a tenu il/elle/on tenait illelle/on esttomb6(e) tombait nous nous avons tenu nous tenions nous sommes tomb6(e)s tombions vous vouS avez tenu vous teniez vous 6tes tomb6(e)(s) tombiez ils/elles tombaient ils/elles ont tenu ils/elles tenaient ils/elles sont tomb6(e)s il:U'TUffiC GCIq\!mflTtolvA[- FUT[.'fi€ *${vmNTlf}NAi- je je tiendrai je tiendrais le tomberai tomberais tu tiendras tu tiendrais tu tomberas tu tomberais iUelle/on il/elle/on tiendra illelle/on tiendrait il/elle/on tombera tomberait nous nous tiendrions nous tomberons nous tomberions tiendrons vous vous tiendrez vous tiendriez vous tOmberez tomberiez ils/elles tomberaient ils/elles tiendront ils/elles tiendraient ils/elles tomberont pAR'I"[{:[$']fl- PA$T Hii I|\IgPffiffiATfiVffi *$$.$"F] flIA $?TIfi r N3 kE IMPF{4AffNVfi tiens/tenons ltenez tenu tombe/tombons/tombez tomb6

pl\H$K[u"n" $fi ffiTl(:npLF PRESE[\!T $3ds{4'11#lpLffi tenant tombant

p$"ff,-{,,q,str$ SXS iX,?,Pf.. *i PSf ffi A,$trS EXAIV{pd.F

Tiens-moi la moin. Hold mv hand. Attention, tu vas tomber! Be careful, you'll fall! her horse' EIle tenoit beaucoup d son"chot. She was really attached to her cat' Nicole est tomb4e de chevql. Nicole fell off she hurt herself falling down the stairs Tiens, prends mon stylo. Here, have my pen. Elle s'est fsit mal en tombant dans l'escalier. Tiens-toi droit!Sit up straight!

fi See pages 88-91 for informotion on how ta form the reflexive verb se tenir.

jelj'=ltu-you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nou$:we voua=you ils/elles=they jeli,=|tu=youil=he/itel|e=she/iton=we/onenou$=Wevous=youils/e||e$=they ..r l:"itri- ,+"";,:$ Vrne Teeles VeRe Tneles > traire (to milk) >

PRESENT PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE je trais je traie je vaincs le vainque tu trais tu traies vaincs tu vainques illelle/on trait illelle/on traie illelle/on vainc iUelle/on vainque nous trayons nous trayions nous vainquons nous vainquions vous trayez vous trayiez vous vainquez vous vatnqutez ils/elles traient ils/elles traient ils/elles vainquent ils/elles vainquent

PERFECT IMPERFECT PERFECT TMPERFECT i' ai trait le trayais , ar valncu le varnquars tu as trait tu trayais tu as vaincu tu vainquais illelle/on vainquait illelle/on a trait illelle/on trayait illelle/on i.:1Ti,^-,, nous avons trait nous trayions :::: :1:::::l' vous avez trait vous trayiez il:: :Yuilfl:;" vous valnqulez ils/elles ont trait ils/elles trayaient ils/elles ont vaincu ils/elles vainquaient

FUTURE CONDITIONAL FUTURE CONDITIONAL je trairai je trairais je vaincrai le varncrars tu trairas tu trairais tu vaincras tu vaincrais illelle/on traira iUelle/on trairait illelle/on vaincra illelle/on vaincrait nous trairons nous trairions nous vaincrons nous vatncnonS vous trairez vous trairiez vous vaincrez vous vaincriez ils/elles ils/elles vaincraient ils/elles trairont ils/elles trairaient ""i^ir""t IMPERATIVE PAST PARTICIPLE IMPERATIVE PAST PARTICIPLE trais/trayons ltrayez trait vaincs / vainquons / vainquez vaincu

PRESENT PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE trayant vainquant

EXAMPLE PHBASES EXAMPLE PI{BASES

A lo ferme, on o appris d troire les vaches. We learnt to milk cows on the farm. L'ormde o 6t6 vaincue. The army was defeated. q goals 2. Elle trsit les voches d six heures du motin. She milk the cows at 6 am. Lo France s vaincu la Corde trois buts deux. France beat Korea 3 to

y6u3=|ou ieli'=l tu=you il=he/it ellb=she/it on=we/one nous=we vou$=you ils/elles=they ie/i,=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we ils/elles=they Vene TneLrs Vene Taelrs p, waloif (to be worth) > vendF€ (to sell)

PRE$ENT SU B-IU I\'CTIVE PRESf;hIT PRSSHN}T $ I",' RJU N#TNVE PRESEfUT vende je vaux vaille Je vends ie le tu vendes vaux tu vailles tu venos tu illelle/on vende il/elle/on vaut illelle/on vaille il/elle/on vend nous vendions nous valons nous valions nous vendons vous vendiez vous valez vous valiez vous venoez ils/elles vendent ils/elles valent ils/elles vaillent ils/elles vendent IMPERFECT PERFECT IIMPERFEET PERFECT je venoars j' ai valu je valais I ai vendu tu vendais valu tu valais tu as vendu tu as illelle/on vendait illelle/on a valu illelle/on valait illelle/on a vendu nous vendions nous avons valu nous valions nous avons vendu vous vendiez vous valu vous valiez vouS avez vendu avez ils/elles vendaient ils/elles ont valu ils/elles valaient ils/elles ont vendu cor!DtfloNl\L FUTURg" c0rumlTl0niA[- FUTURE je vendrais je vaudrai je vaudrais je vendrai tu vendrais vaudras tu vaudrais tu vendras tu il/elle/on vendrait illelle/on vaudra illelle/on vaudrait illelle/on vendra nous vendrions nous vaudrons nous vaudrions nous vendrons vous vendriez vous vaudrez vous vaudriez vous vendrez ils/elles vendraient ils/elles vaudront ils/elles vaudraient ils/elles vendront PAST PAHTICIPTE IIV?PERATNVE PIA$T P'$,i{T!fifi?tE IMPERATIVE vendu vaux/valons lvalez valu vends/vendons/vendez

PI4HSHNT FANTfiCIPtffi PRESET\IT' PAffiT f;!PI.H valant vendant

EXAMPLE FHtrA$T'S EXAMPI-E FFffi'llsgs Il m'u vendu son vdlo pour 50 euros. He sold me his bike for 50 euros' Qo vout combien? How much is it worth? que vendez des piles? Do you sell batteries? (.o voudroit Io peine d'essoyer. lt would be worth a try. Est-ce vous ss voiture. She would like to sell her car. Il vout mieux ne pas y pensei: lt's best not to think about it. EIle voidrait vendre

on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they ieli'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we v6u5=lou ils/elle$=they ie/j,=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it Vene Tneues Vens Tasles

@ gfefiXfrffi" (to come) > w&$;na" (to dress)

P$?ffi $tr$$.d' ${."lSJ{.Jfi,{#T{l/fi PHF$nihqT Pfd ffi,S E r'j'f $ Uc tiJ [."r zu*T[Vr, PRH$$IFiT je v€te je viens le vienne je v€ts tu vetes tu viens tu viennes tu v6ts illelle/on illelle/on vient illelle/on vienne illelle/on vOt v€te nous v6tions nous venonS nous venions nous v€tons vous v6tiez vous venez vous veniez vous v€tez ils/elles v€tent ils/elles viennent ils/elles viennent ils/elles v6tent

F[WPH}TFK*T $jlHffirrtrflT $MiPffiffiFtrCT PEffiFfr#'T je v6tais suis venu(e) je venats j' ai v6tu ,e tu v€tais TU es venu(e) tu venais tu as v€tu illelle/on v€tait illelle/on est venu(e) illelle/on venait il/elle/on a v€tu nous v6tions nous sommes venu(e)s nouS venions nous avons v€tu vous v€tiez vous 6tes venu(e)(s) vous veniez vous avez vOtu ils/elles v€taient ils/elles sont venu(e)s ils/elles venaient ils/elles ont vOtu

(": q g1(_i?'L!ffiH fl:$i\trm['ffi0rsA{" FUT["0m8 {:., f d f } }T {:} h} A t je v€tirais je viendrai je viendrais je v€tirai tu v€tirais tu viendras IU viendrais tu v€tiras illelle/on v6tirait illelle/on viendra il/elle/on viendrait illelle/on v€tira nous v6tirions nous viendrons nous viendrions nous v6tirons vous v6tiriez vous viendrez VOUS viendriez vous v€tirez ils/elles v€tiraient ils/elles viendront ils/elles viendraient ils/elles v€tiront

F"dh$}' F,ft fi:iT tr$lP[.H ilf,"'[FF:&:fr"&T$Vlr ,Pl-l$l; i' l:;jl,iR'1"[r*llB]["ffi ilvtF!8trV"\.{ti/F; v6tu viens/venons /venez venu v6ts/v€tons/v€tez

pftfj*ig:i\j'l r{"r{.\$f F: F!il{fr $Hfsl'f FhqFi-['F*l PC-H ifi[[pt venant v€tant

ff-;9*4,,14Ph f,: i#j"d&4$Sr$ EK,4/WpA€ Fddffi/q$s.f; et d'un pull. He was wearing trousers. and a iumper' EIle ne viendro pas cette ann,Ae. She won't be coming this year. It 6tait v\tu d,un pantalon et se votir e'n 1 0 minutes. You have to get up, get washed Fatou et Malik viennent du S6ndgol. Fatou and Malik come from Senegal. litt fout se lever, se'lover and get dressed in 10 minutes. Je viens de manger. l've just eaten. verb se vQtir. () see pages 88-91 for informqtion on how to form the reflexive

nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they ie/i'-ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they ie/i,=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one TagLrs Vpne Tneles Vens F vivre (to live) ts v'ffifir (to see)

$U EJ IJ IUETIVE pnFsEtuT PFIESEh{T' S{"I EJU Nfr TIVH PF?H$HTST" PIft HSHIUT voie je vis ,e vlve je vois le tu vis tu vives tu vois tu voies illelle/on vit illelle/on vive illelle/on voit il/elle/on voie nous vivons nous vivions nous voyons nous voyions vous vivez vous vtvtez vous voyez vous voyiez ils/elles vivent ils/elles vivent ils/elles voient ils/elles voient

PERFECT tMPEnFd:Cl' PtrFgFffiCT' TfuXPERFSCT voyais ar vecu je vivais i' ai vu le , voyais tu as v6cu tu vivais ru as vu tu illelle/on illelle/on a v6cu illelle/on vivait il/elle/on a vu voyait nous avons v6cu nous vivions nous avons vu nous voytons vous avez v6cu vous viviez vous avez vu vous voyiez ils/elles ont v6cu ils/elles vivaient ils/elles ont vu ils/elles voyaient

FUTLIRE c0Fdmtfl0NAL FL'Tti*nfr fiffNm[Tlsl\!Al- je vlvral le vivrais je verrai verrais le verrais tu vivras tu vivrais tu verras tu illelle/on vivra illelle/on vivrait illelle/on verra illelle/on verrait nous vivrons nous vivrions nous verrons nous verrions vous vivrez vous vivriez vous verrez vous verriez ils/elles vivront ils/elles vivraient ils/elles verront ils/elles verraient

j\itF.: PA$T PAffiTIEtPLg IMFERAT[VH Pld$,"i &:'A*{Tlel PN-E llVfi Pffi F&l''\:I" vis/vivons lvivez v6cu vois/voyons /voYez

PRESETST PART'CIPI-H PF{ENiL:}ii"t n'll fi'i 1(;lF !.H vivant voyant

u. .r::...rr i, EXAMFLE f'F'fr.ASFS F.{:i^wF{ {. me when you're in Paris. Ma seur vit en Espagne. My sister lives in Spain. venez me voir quand vous serez d Paris. Come and see I can't see anything without glasses. ll o vdcu dix ans d Lyon, He lived in Lyons for 10 years. le'Est-ce ne vois rien sans mes lunettes. !Y or Have you seen him? Les gorilles vivent surtout dqns Ia fordf. Corillas mostly live in the forest. que tu l'os vu? Did you see him? Est-ce que cette tache se voitT Does that stain show?

r) see pages 88-91 for informotion on how to form the reflexive verb se voir.

ils/elles=they ieli'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nous=we vous=you ils/elles=they ielj,-ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one 6qu5=w€ vous=you Vens TneLrs Vrne lNoex qdf'}*.fifi#xq" (to b. want) ff-Bmqnr tm rusm t$te Werh frffi{$sw

$iF,J i"]idn tables. i:'Fl F:jSi E|'* T' ,:,ffi F$fr ru"f nJ[j t\jfi The verbs in bold are the model verbs which you will find in the verb All the other verbs follow one of these patterns, so the number next to each verb veux je veuille Je indicates which pattern fits this particular verb. For example, (to help) veux tu veuilles .aider tu follows the same pattern as donner (number 29 in the verb tables)' illelle/on veut illelle/on veuille nous nous voulions voulons All the verbs are in alphabetical order. For reflexive verbs like s'asseoir (to sit vous voulez vous vouliez down) or se taire (to siop talking),look under asseoir or taire, not under s' or se. ils/elles veulent ils/elles veuillent Superior numbers (1, 2 etc) refer you to notes on.page 107. These notes explain lR'XPffiFlFI:ICT ft:nr$q{:;Efr"r any differences between the verbs and their model. ai voulu je voulais I the exception of reflexive verbs which always take 6tre, all verbs have the tu a5 voulu tu voulais With (6tre or avoir) as their model verb. There are a few exceptions illelle/on a voulu illelle/on voulait same auxiliary are inilicated by a superior number 1 or 2. nouS avons voulu nous voulions which vous avez voulu vous vouliez asterisk (*) means that the verb takes avoir when it is used with a direct ils/elles ont voulu ils/elles voulaient An object, and 6tre when it isn't.

'Fcr f i.lffif,! {: r,.,} ni ["] il T i # fld s" [- r) For more information on verbs that take either avoir or €tre, see page 114. je voudrai je voudrais tu voudraS tu voudrais 29 aiguiser 29 illelle/on voudra illelle/on voudrait abaisser 36 accomplir 39 adorer 29 aoosser 29 aimanter 29 nous voudrons nous voudrions abandonner 29 accorder 29 adoucir 39 aimer 29 vous voudrez vous voudriez abattre 10 accoter ab0tir 20 accoucher 29 adresser 29 aiouter 29 ils/elles voudront ils/elles voudraient abimer 29 accouder (s') 29 adveni13 90 ajuster 29 ?q | / aerer 35 alarmer 29 pF- abolir accourtr- !ltl:$ ll' ft:l il"l"fl fi $ H $MF fiF{$:8 [\{il abonder 29 accoutumer 29 affaiblir 39 alerter 29 affairer (s') 29 alimenter 29 veuille / veuillons / veuillez voulu abonner 29 accrocher 29 aborder )9 accroitre6 22 affaisser (s') 29 all6cher 35 aboutir 39 accroupir (s') 39 affamer 29 all6ger 67 "ffi fi $] [- ]"n 35 $r,' n Fi fi &: tlil i' F),pl, T[ * aooyer 54 accueillir 23 affermir 39 all6guer 67 accumuler 29 afficher 29 aller 4 voulant ab16ger abreuver 29 accuser 29 affirmer 29 allier 20 abriter 29 acharner (s') 29 affliger 46 aflumer 29 abrutir 39 acheminer 29 affoler 29 alt6rer 35 29 a: x,jn fu,{ia{ ft ,f,i{ ff ll,$ &;$ absenter (s') 29 acheter 2 affranchir 39 alterner absorber 29 achever 44 aff16ter 35 af unir 39 Elle veut un v6lo pour Nodl.She wants a bike for Christmas. 39 absoudrea 71 acqu6rir 3 affronter 29 amaigrir qu They wanted to go to the cinema. 29 lls voulaient aller cindma. abstenir (s') 84 actionner )q agacer 13 ambitionner Tu voudrqis une tasse de th6? Would you like a cup of tea? abstraire 86 activer 29 agenouiller (s') 29 am6liorer 29 abuser 29 adapter 29 agir 39 am6nager 46 accabler 29 additionner 29 agiter 29 amener 44 ?< accaparer 29 adh6rer agrandir 39 ameuter 29 acc6der 35 adjoindre 4) ag16er 19 amincir 39 acc6l6rer ?q admettre 48 ahurir 39 amoindrir 39 accepter 29 admirer 29 aider 29 amollir 39 ie/j'=ltu=you il=he/it elle=she/it on=we/one nou$=we v6u5=lou ils/elles=they accompagner 29 adopter 29 aigrir 39 amonceler 5 V,ena Vrne lnloex luoex (,1\ef 29 coincer 13 conseiller 29 . cr6pir 39 29 balader (se) 29 bouffir 39 amorcer 13 i assembler 29 consentir 78 r creuser 29 46 29 I coincider I amplifier 20 assener 44 balafrer 29 bouger ',i\5ef 35 crever 44 t1 (.ltalOgUer 29 collaborer 29 I consid6rer I amputer 29 i asseoir (s') 7 balancer 13 bouillir ( .ttapulter 29 collectionner 29 I consister 29 i cribler 29 ^^i 39 balayer 60 bouleverser 2\) amuSer 29 asservlr consoler 29 ', crier 20 29 ( aUSef 29 coller 29 analyser 29 assi6ger 67 balbutier 2A boulonner 29 I ( coer 35 ; coloniser 29 consolider 29 critiquer 29 baliser 29 bourdonner 29 ' an6antlr 39 ; assigner colorer 29 i consommer 29 crocheter 2 )q 39 bourrer 29 c eindre 6l angorsser 29 i assimiler bannir conspirer 29 croire 21 29 r 6l6brer 35 , colorier 20 ' : animer 29 assrster 29 baptiser 29 bou rsoufler 29 t eler 2 combattre 1 0 constater 29 ' croiser 20 baratiner 29 bousculer 29 annexer 29 I associer comDter 29 consterner 29 croitre 22 29 bousiller 29 censurer t9 I annoncer 1 3 I assombrir 39 barbouiller 29 ce rcler 29 commander 29 constituer 29', crouler : barioler fo boutonner 29 I annoter 29 assommer 29 construtre 24 I croupir 39 1q 29 certifier 20 r commemorer 29 annuler 29 i assortir 39 barrer braconner 'l3 I 20 cesser 29 I commencer consulter 29 crucifier ?q barricader 29 brailler 29 ; anoblir Jv , assouplr contacter 29 I cueillir 23 86 chag riner 29 r commettre 48 , anticiper 29 i assouplir 39 basculer 29 braireT 24 chahuter 29 communier 20 contaminer 29 , cuire 29 assourdir 39 baser 29 brancher 29 aparser chamailler 29 : communiquer 29 contempler 29 I culbuter 29 assujettir 39 batailler 29 brandir 39 apercevoir 68 I comparaitre 57 , contenir 84 : cultiver 29 )9 29 branler 29 chanceler 5 . apitoyer 54 i assumer batifoler , contenter 29 I cumuler 29 29 cnanger 46 comparer 29 aplatir 39 assurer 29 bdtir 39 braquer 29 , chanter 29 compenser 29 i conter 29' curer astiquer 29 battre 10 Draver 29 t, apparaitre' 5Z i complaire 63 , contester 29 daigner 29 29 bredouiller 29 chantonner 29 appareiller 29 j astreindre 61 bavarder 35 r continuer 29 r damner 29 5 cnarger 46 compl6ter apparenrer 29 i atermoyer 54 baver 29 breveter 29 charmer 29 complimenter 29 contraindre 1 8 danser apparier 20 attabler (s') 29 b6cher 29 bricoler 29 i charrier 20 compliquer 29 I contraner 20 r dater 29 becqueter 42 brider 29 appartentr 84 I attacher contraster 29 , d6barquer 29 29 chasser 29 comporter 29 ' appauvrlr 39 i attaquer 29 b6gayer 60 briguer 29 ?o chOtier 20 composer 29 , contredire 28 , d6barrasser 5 1 atteindre 61 b6ler briller 29 appeler chatouiller 29 comPoster 29 I contrefaire 37 i d6battre 10 5 b6n6ficier 20 brimer 29 applaudir 39 i atteler comprendre 66 I contrevenirl 90 d6baucher 29 39 briser 29 chauffer 29 appliquer 29 ; attendre 8 b6nir contribuer 29 ; d6biliter 29 29 chausser 29 compromettre 48 I 29 i attendrir 39 bercer 13 broder 29 apponer chercher 29 compter 29 i contr6ler 29i d6biter 39 berner 29 broncher 29 appr6cier 20 I atterrir conceder 35 . convaincre 87 d6blat6rer 35 29 brosser 1q ch6rir 39 apprenore 66 : attirer 29 beugler 29 convenirl 90 : d6bloquer 29 )a 29 chiffrer 29 , concentrer i appreter 29 I attraper 29 beurrer brouiller 29 choisir 39 concerner 29 I convertir 19 d6boiter biaiser )o Droyer 54 apprivoiser 29 , attribuer 29 68 , convier 20 d6border 29 29 ch6mer 29 concevoir 29 augmenter 29 bichonner 29 br0ler 29 approcher choquer 29 . concilier 20 r Convoquer 29 : d6boucher 29 biffer 29 bru nir 39 approfondir 39 i autoriser coop6rer 35 d6bourser 29 29 cnoyer 54 conclure 14 approprier 20 I avachir (s') 39 blaguer 29 buter 29 chuchoter 29 concourir 17 ; copier 20 d6boutonner avaler 29 bldmer 29 cabrer (se) l9 approuver 29 1 correspondre 70 : d6brailler (se) 29 29 circoncire8 8l concurrencer 3 i appuyer 54 avancer 13 blanchir 39 cacner 29 i circonscri re 31 condamner 29 ', corriger 46 d6brancher avanlager 46 blaser 29 cadrer 29 arc-bouter 29), condenser 29 corrompre 76 d6brayer 60 39 cajoler 29 circonvenirl 90 argenter 29 i aventurer 29 bl€mir corroyer 54 d6brouiller 29 29 circuler 29 r condescendrel 25 arguer 29 i avertir 39 blesser 29 calculer 29 cirer 29 conduire 24 cOtoyer 54 d6buter aveugler 29 bloquer 29 caler 29 armer 29 i conf6rer 35 coucher 29 d6caler 29 20 (se) 39 cdliner 29 ciseler 2 arpenter 29 r avilir blottir I coudre 16' d6canter 29 29 citer 29 confier 20 arracner 29 j aviser 29 boire 11 calmer 29 clarifier 20 confire9 81 , couler 29 d6caper 29 boiter lo calomnier 20 arranger 46 aviver 29 confirmer 29 couper 29 ; d6capoter 29 bombarder 29 carquer 29 clasSer arrCter 29' avoir 9 , courber 29 d6c6der' 35 29 classifier 20 confisquer 29 arriver 6 , avouer 29 bondir 39 camper 2 cligner 29 , confondre 70 , courir 17 , d6celer 39 bdcler 29 bonifier 20 capituler 29 arrondir , clignoter 29 r conforter 29 co0ter 29 , d'6.cCl6.rer 35 ?o border 29 capter 29 arroser 29 i bafouer . couvrir 56 d6centraliser 29 29 clouer 29 cong6dier 20 asphyxrer 20 i bagarrer (se) )q borner 29 captiver 29 coder 29 r congeler 2 cracher 29 I d6cerner 29 baignel 29 boucher 29 capturer 29 aspirer 1 codifier 20 connaitre 15 craindre 18 d6cevoir 68 )9 boucler 29 caract6riser 29 assag rr 39 | bAiller conquerir 3 I craquer 29 r d6chainer 29 29 careS5er 29 cogner z9 assainir 39 I baiser 29 bouder cr6er 19 d6charger 46 29 coiffer 29 consacrer 29 assassiner 29 r baisser 29 bouffer 29 cancaturer Vrne lNoex VEne lNoex 29 disposer 29 effaroucher 29 endormir (s') 30 envoler (s') d6chiffrer d6geler 2 d6peindre 61 i d6sorienter 29 disputer 29 effectuer 29 enduire 24 envoyer 34 42 d6g6n6rer 35 d6pendre 89 I dessaisir 39 d6chiqueter 20 effeuiller 29 endurcir 39 6pandre 89 29 d6penser 29 | dess6cher dissocier d6chirer 29 d6gonfler 6nerver 29 6panouir 39 29 dissoudrel2 71 effondrer 29 d6cider 29 d69ourdir 39 d6p6rir 39 | desserrer 29 distendre 89 efforcer (s') 13 enfanter 29 6pargner d6cimer 29 d6go0ter 29 d6pister 29 | dessiner 29 distinguer )9 effrayer 60 enfermer 29 6parpiller 29 d6clamer 29 d6grader 29 d6placer 1 3 I destiner 29 distordre 50 6galer ?9 enfiler 29 6pater 29 d6clarer 29 d6gringoler 29 d6plaire 63 I destituer 29 distraire 86 6garer 29 enflammer 29 6peler 5 d6classer 29 d6griser 29 d6plier 20 i d6sunir 39 distribuer 29 egayer 50 enfler 29 6plucher 29 d6clencher 29 d6guerpir 39 d6ployer 54 i d6tacher 29 20 6qorqer 46 enfoncer 6ponger 46 29 d6polir 39 ! d6taillet 29 diversifier d6cliner 29 d6guiser 39 6pouser 29 29 diviser 29 6laborer 29 enfouir d6coder 29 d69uster 29 d6poser 29 | d6tecter 29 divorcer 13 6lancer (s') 13 enfreindre 61 dpouvanter d6col6rer 35 d,6jeter 42 d6pouiller 29 | d6teindre 6^l donner 29 6largir 39 40 6preindre 61 29 d6jeuner 29 d6ooussi6rer 35 | d6teler 5 d6coller dormir 30 6lectrifier 20 engager 46 6prendre (s') 66 29 d6jouer 29 d6pr6cier 20 i d6tendre 89 d6commander 29 6lever 44 engloutir 39 6prouver 29 29 d6prendre 66 d6tenir 84 doubler d6concerter 29 d6laisser i engourdir 39 6puiser 29 29 douter 29 6liminer 29 d6conseiller 29 d6layer 60 d6primer 29 i d6t6riorer 29 dresser 29 6lire 45 engraisser 29 6quilibrer 29 d6l69uer 35 d6raciner 29 I d6terminer 29 d6contracter durcir 39 6loigner 29 engueuler 29 6quiper 29 dEcorer 29 d6lib6rer 35 d6ranger 45 I d6tester 29 durer 29 6luder 29 enivrer 29 6quivaloir 88 d6coudre 16 d6lier 20 d6raper 29 i d6tordre 50 6bahir (s') 39 6manciper 29 enjoliver esclaffer (s') 29 d6couler 29 d6lirer 29 d6169ler 35 | d6tourner 29 6battre (s') 10 6maner 29 enlacer 13 escorter 29 d6couper 29 d6livrer 29 d6roger 46 i d6traquer 29 6baucher 29 embarrasser 29 enlever 44 esp6rer 35 d6courager 46 d6loger 46 d6rouler 29 ! d6tromper 29 6blouir 39 embaucher 29 enneiger 46 esquisser 29 d6couvrir 56 demander 29 d6router 29 i d6truire 24 €branler 29 embellir 39 ennuyer 54 esquiver 29 d6cr6ter 35 d6manteler z d6saccoutumer 29 | d6valer 29 6carteler I emboiter 29 6noncer 13 essayer 60 d6marquer 29 d6sagr6ger 67 | devancer 13 d6crier 20 (s') 29 enqu6rir (s') essorer 29 29 6carter 29 embourgeoiser d6crire 31 d6marrer 29 d6salt6rer 35 | d6velopper 29 6changer 46 emDrasser 29 enqueter 29 essouffler d6crocher 29 d6m6ler 29 d6samorcer 1 3 I devenir 26 6chapper 29 6merger 46 enraciner 29 essuyer 54 d6croitrelo 22 d6m6nager 46 d6sapprendre 66 d6verser 29 | 6chauder 29 6mettre 48 enfa9er 46 estimer 29 d6daigner 29 d6mener (se) 44 d6sapprouver 29 d6vdtir 91 6chauffer 29 6migrer 29 enregistrer 29 estroprer zv d6dicacer 13 d6mentir 78 d6sassortir 39 i d6vier 20 6chelonner 29 emm6nager 46 enrichir 39 6tablir 39 dr6dier d6mettre 48 d6savantaqer 46 I deviner 29 6chouer 29 emmener 44 enrouler 29 6taler 29 28 demeurerl l 29 d6savouer 29 i d6visser 29 d6dire 29 6mouvoir 32 enseigner 29 6tayer 60 descendre* 25 | d6voiler 29 6clabousser d6dommager 46 d6missionner 29 39 6teindre 61 27 6claircir 39 emparer (s') 29 ensevelir d6douaner 29 d6molir 39 d6semparer 29 i devoir 89 6clairer 29 empOcher 29 ensuivre (s')3 82 6tendre d6doubler 29 d6monter 29 d6sennuyer 54 i d6vorer 29 6clater 29 empi6ter 35 entamer 29 6ternuer 29 d6duire 24 d€montrer 29 d6sensibiliser 29 I d6vouer 29 29 emprrer 29 entasser 29 6tiqueter 42 20 d6sentraver 29 | dicter 29 6clipser d6faire 5/ d6multiplier 39 entendre 89 6tirer 29 35 6ceurer 29 emplir d6falquer 29 d6munir 39 d6s6ouilibrer 29 | diffdrer 29 6conduire 24 emproyer 54 enterrer 29 6toffer d6favoriser 29 d€naturer 29 d6serter 29 I diffuser 29 6conomiser 29 empoisonner 29 enthousiasmer 29 6tonner 29 d6fendre 89 d6nier 20 d€sesp6rer 35 1 dig6rer 35 6corcher 29 emporter 29 entourer 29 6touffer 29 d6f6rer 35 d6nigrer 29 d6shabiller 29 i diluer 29 6couler 29 emprisonner 29 entrainer 29 6tourdir 39 d6niveler 5 d6shabituer 29 | diminuer 29 d6ficeler 29 entraver 29 6trangler 29 i 29 6couter 29 j emprunter d6fier 20 d6nombrer 29 d6sh6riter 29 diner 36 6craser 29 i encadrer )q entrelacer 13 €tre d6figurer 29 d6noncer 13 d6signer 29 i dire 2a 6cr6mer ?< encaisser 29 entremettre (s') 48 6treindre 61 29 d6sinfecter 29 diriger 46 d6filer 29 d6nouer | 29 66 6tudier 20 90 6crier (s') 20 enchainer entreprendre d6finir 39 d6panner 29 d6sint6grer 35 | disconvenir 29 t6crire 3l enchanter 29 entrer* 33 6vader (s') d6paqueter 42 d6sint6resser 29 discourir 17 d6foncer i 29 84 6valuer 29 29 6crouler (s') 29 encombrer entretenir d6former 29 d6partager 46 d6sintoxiquer 29 i discriminer 39 6difier 20 encourager 46 entrevoir 93 6vanouir (s') d6fraichir 39 d6partir (se) 58 d€sirer 29 | discuter 29 29 encourir 17 6num6rer 35 6vaporer 29 (se) 29 j disioindre 43 6diter d6gager 46 d6passer 59 d6sister 39 6veiller 29 57 6duquer endetter 29 envahir d69ainer 29 d6payser 29 d6sob6ir 39 | disparaitre 29 effacer 1?, endoctriner 29 envelopper 29 6venter d6gauchir 39 d6pecer 44 d6soler 29 | dispenser 29 effarer 29 endommager 46 envisager 46 6vertuer (s') 29 d6gazonner 29 d6p0cher 29 d6sorganiser 29 i disPerser 29 Vene lNpex VeRe lNosx intituler 29 lubrifier 20 meuftnr 39 6viter 29 feindre 61 fr6mir 39 grimper 29 immoler 29 't intriguer 29 lutter 29 miauler 29 6voluer 29 feinter 29 fr6quenter 29 grincer 3 impatienter 29 introduire 24 macher 1A mijoter 29 6voquer 29 f6ler 29 frirerr 81 griser 29 impliquer 29 29 inventer 29 machiner 29 mimer 29 exag6rer 35 f6liciter 29 friser 29 gro9ner 29 implorer invertir 39 magnifier 20 miner 29 exalter 29 fendre eo frissonner 29 9rommeler importer 29 39 maigrir 39 minimiser 29 29 ferler 29 froisser 29 gronoer 29 impressionner 29 investir examiner ?o )o mobiliser 29 f16ler 29 grossir 39 imprimer inviter maintenir 84 exasp6rer 35 fermenter 29 1 29 invoquer 29 maitriser 29 modeler exc6der 35 fermer 29 froncer 13 grouiller 29 improviser irriter 29 majorer 29 mod6rer excepter 29 f6ter 29 frotter 29 grouper 29 inaugurer 29 29 malfaire 37 moderniser 29 exciter 29 feuilleter 42 frustrer 29 gu6rir J> inciter 29 isoler 29 jaillir 39 malmener 44 modifier 20 exclamer (s') 29 fiancer 13 fuir 40 guerroyer 54 incliner 't4 ?a maltraiter 29 moisir 39 14 ficeler \ fumer 29 guetter 29 inclurel6 laser exclure jaunir ?q manger M moissonner 29 excommunier 20 ficher 29 fusiller 29 guider 29 incommoder 29 42 manier 20 mollir 39 excuser 29 fier 20 gAcher 29 guinder 29 Incorporer 29 leter 29 je0ner 29 manifester 29 monnayer 60 ex6crer 35 figer 46 gagner 29 habiller 29 incriminer 43 manigancer 13 monopoliser 29 ex6cuter 29 filer 29 galoper 29 habiter 29 inculper 29 ioindre indiquer 29 29 manipuler 29 monter* 49 exempter 29 fileter 9aranur 39 habituer 29 louer jouir 39 man€uvrer 29 montrer 29 exhiber 29 financer 13 garoer 29 hacher 29 induire 24 juger 46 manquer 29 moquer (se) 29 exhorter 29 finir 39 garer 29 hair 4"1 infecter 29 jumeler 5 manufacturer 29 mordre 50 exiger 46 fixer 29 garnir 39 haleter 2 infeaster 29 29 manutentionner 29 morfondre (se) 70 exiler 29 flairer 29 gaspiller 29 handicaper 29 infirmer 29 JUrer 46 20 marcher 29 mortifier 20 exister 29 flamber 29 giter 29 hanter 29 infliger iustifier influencer 13 labourer 29 maner 20 motiver 29 exon6rer 35 fldner 29 gauchir 39 harceler fo 13 marquer 29 moucher exp6dier 20 flanquer 29 gaufrer )a harmoniser 29 informer 29 tacer 29 marteler moudre 51 exp6rimenter 29 flatter 29 gausser (se) 29 hasarder 29 ing6nier (s') 20 l6cher )q 29 masquer 29 mouiller 29 29 fl6chir 39 geindre bl hiter inhaler 29 laisser expirer 29 mourir 52 1q geler 44 nausSer 29 initier 20 lamenter (se) 29 massacrer expliquer 29 fl6trir T 13 masser 29 mouvoirl exploiter 29 fleurirla 39 g6mir 39 h6berger +o iniurier 20 tancer ?( languir 39 mat6rialiser 29 muer 29 exploser 29 flotter 29 g€ner 29 h6b6ter innover 29 to larmoyer 54 maudire 47 multiplier 20 exporter 29 foisonner )9 g6n6raliser hennir 39 inoculer 29 taver 29 maugr6er 19 munir 39 exposer 29 fomenter 29 g6rer h6risser 29 inonder 29 't3 35 m6caniser 29 m0rir 39 exprimer 29 foncer giboyer 54 h6riter 29 inqui6ter 35 l6cher )a l6gatiser 29 m6connaitre 15 murmurer 29 expulser 29 fonctionner 29 gifler h6siter 29 inscrire 3I l6gif6rer 35 m6contenter 29 museler 5 exterminer 29 fonder 29 givrer 29 heurter 29 insensibiliser 29 l6siner 29 m6dire 28 muter 29 extraire 86 fondre 70 gracer 13 hocher 29 ins6rer 35 lever M m6diter 29 mutiler 29 exulter 29 forcer 13 glisser 29 nonorer lv insinuer 29 lib6rer 35 m,6faire 37 mystifier 20 fabriquer 29 forger 46 glorifier 20 horrifier 20 insister 29 20 m6fier (se) 20 nager 46 fdcher 29 formaliser (se) 29 gommer 29 nuer 29 inspecter 29 licencier )o 20 m6langer 40 naitre 53 faciliter 29 former 29 gonfler 29 humaniser 29 Insprrer lier ligoter 29 m€ler 29 nantir 39 fagonner 29 formuler 29 go0ter 29 humidifier 20 installer 29 29 limer 29 menacer 13 narrer 29 facturer 29 fortifier 20 gouverner 29 humilier 20 instituer t1 29 m6nager 46 navrguer 29 faillirr3 poge 107 foudroyer 54 gracrer 20 hurler 29 instruire limiter 20 mendier 20 navrer 29 faire 37 fouetter 29 grandir 39 hypnotiser 29 insulter 29 liqu6fier liquider 29 mener 44 n6cessiter 29 falloir 38 fouiller 29 gratifier 20 id6aliser 29 insurger (s') 46 45 mentionner 29 n6gliger 46 falsifier 20 fourmiller 29 gratter 29 identifier 20 int6grer 35 lire 20 livrer 29 mentir 78 n69ocier 20 familiariser 29 fournir 39 9raver 29 ignorer 29 intensifier loger 46 m6prendre (se) 66 neiger 46 farcir 39 fourrer 29 gravir 39 illuminer 29 interc6der 35 28 lorgner 29 m6priser 29 nettoyer 54 fasciner 29 fourvoyer 54 greffer 29 illustrer 29 interdire 29 lotir 39 m6riter 29 nier 20 fatiguer 29 fracasser 29 gr€ler 29 imaginer 29 int6resser 29 loucher 29 mesurer 29 niveler 5 faucher 29 franchir 39 griffonner 29 imiter 29 interloquer louer 29 mettre 4A noircir 39 faufiler 29 frapper 29 grignoter 29 immigrer 29 interroger 46 76 rouPer 29 meubler 29 nommer 29 fausser 29 frayer 60 griller 29 immiscer (s') 13 interrompre 90 louvoyer 54 meugler 29 normaliser 29 favoriser 29 freiner 29 grimacer l3 immobiliser 29 intervenir lF|n

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l Vene lNoex Vene h{oex 29 renifler 1A retourner* 73 noter 29 partir 58 pomper 29 protester 29 16aliser 29 r6futer regagner )a renommer 29 retrancher 29 nouer 29 parvenir 90 ponctuer 29 prouver 29 rebattre t0 regaillardir ?o renoncer IJ retransmettre 48 nourrir 39 passer* 59 pondre 70 provenir 90 rebondir 39 29 regarder 29 renouer 29 r6t16cir 39 noyer 54 passionner 29 poruer 29 publier 20 rebuter ^ renouveler retrousSer 29 nuirel6 24 patienter 29 poser 29 punrr 39 receler r6g6n6rer 39 16nover )o rerouver 29 numeroter 29 p6tir 39 poss6der ?< purifier 20 recenSer 29 169ir renseigner 29 16unir 39 ob6ir 39 pauser 29 posler 29 qualifier 20 recevoir 68 16gler 35 rentrer* 69 16ussir ?o obiecter 29 paver 29 pouoroyef 54 quereller 29 16chapper 29 169ner 29 regretter 29 renverser 29 revaloir 88 obliger 46 pavoiser 29 pourfendre 89 questionner 29 16chauffer 29 fegrouper 29 renvoyer 7C r6veiller 29 oblit6rer 35 payer 60 pourrir 39 quCter 29 rechercher 29 16habiliter 29 16organiser 29 r6v6ler 35 obscurcir 39 p€cher 29 poursuivre 82 quitter 29 16citer 16clamer 29 16habituer 29 16pandre 89 revendiquer 29 obs6der p6cher 35 POUtt..r,o 29 rabattre 1 0 29 renausser 29 reparaitre 57 revenore 89 observer 29 peigner 29 pouvorr'- 65 raccommoder 29 16colter 29 16imprimer 29 rdparer 29 revenir 74 obstiner (s') 29 peindre 6"1 pratiquer 29 raccompagner 29 recommanoer 35 repartir 58 rever 29 obtenir 84 peler 44 p16c6der ?< raccorder 29 recommencer 13 16int6grer 29 relaillir 39 16partir 10 16v6rer 35 occuper 29 pencher 29 prOcher 29 raccourctr 39 16compenser rev€tir 91 29 raccrocner 29 16concilier 20 42 repeindre 61 octroyer 54 penqre 89 p16ciser eo 24 rejoindre 43 repenore r6viser 29 offenser 29 p6n6trer 35 pr6dire 28 racheter 2 reconduire 39 repentir (se) 78 revivre 92 offrir 55 penser 29 pr6f6rer J5 racler 29 16conforter 29 rr5jouir relicher 29 reperdre 62 revotr 93 omettre 48 percer 13 pr6juger 46 racoter 29 reconnaitre 15 retancer 13 35 r6volter 29 op6rer 35 percevorr 68 p16lever 44 raconter 29 reconquCrir a/ rel69uer rdpondre 70 rhabiller 29 opposer 29 perdre 62 p16m6diter 29 raffermir 39 reconstruire 44 repousser 29 ridiculiser 29 opprimer 29 perfectionner 29 i prendre 66 raffiner 29 reconvertir 39 relever relier 20 reprendre 66 rigoler 29 oroonner 29 perforer 29 pr6parer 29 rafler 29 recopier 20 16 relire 45 rep16senter 29 rire 75 organiser 29 p6rir 39 prescrrre 31 rafraichir 39 recouore reluire23 za reproduire l4 risquer )q orner 29 permettre 48 p16senter )q ragaillardir 39 recourir 17 remanier 20 16pudier 20 rivaliser 29 orthographier 20 pers6cuter 29 p16server 29 raidir 39 recouvrir 56 19 remarier 20 requ€rir 3 rogner 29 osciller 29 pers6v6rer 35 p16sider 29 railler 29 r,6c16er (se) 20 remarquer 29 r6server 29 rompre 76 oser 29 persister 29 pressentir 78 ratsonner 29 16crier 3.1 rembourser )9 16sider 29 ronfler 29 6ter 29 persuaoer 29 p16sumer 29 rajeunir 39 16crire IU r6signer 29 ronger 46 oublier 20 pervertir 1q pr6tendre Rq raiouter 29 rectifier 20 rem6dier 12 remercier 20 r6silier 20 r6tir 39 outrager 46 peser 44 pr€terr'".-' 29 rajuster 29 recueillir I 48 16sister 29 rougrr 39 ouvrir 56 p6trifier 20 pr6valoilu 88 ralentir 39 recuire z+ remettre 44 16sonner 29 rourer 29 oxyder 29 p6trir 39 i prevenrr 90 rallier 20 reculer 29 remmener i 16cup6rer 5) remonter* 49 16soudre 71 rousp6ter 35 pacifier 20 peuprer 29 j Pr6voir2r 93 rallonger 46 ?o rouvrtr 56 pner 20 rallumer 29 recycler remontrer 29 respirer 29 p6lir 39 photographier 20 Itl ?( remordre 50 resplendir 39 rutner 29 parper 29 picoter 29 I priver 29 ramasSer 29 redescendre 29 ressaisir ?o Saccager 46 palpiter 29 pi6ger 57 privil6gier 20 ramener 44 r6diger +b remorquer remoudre 51 ressembler 29 saisir 39 panser )9 pi6tiner 29 proc6der 35 ramollir 39 redire 28 29 rempracer IJ ressemeler 5 salir 39 parachever 44 pincer 13 procramer 29 ranrmer 29 redoubler 39 ressenUr 78 Satuer 29 parachuter 29 placer 13 proc16er 19 rappeler redouter 29 remplir ?o 54 ressortir 80 sanctifier 20 paraitre 57 plaider 29 produire rapponer 29 redresser remployer 24 remponer 29 rester 72 sangloter 29 pararyser 29 plaindre 18 profiter 29 rappfocner 29 r6duire remuer 29 restreindre 61 satisfaire 37 parcourir 17 plaire 63 progresser 29 raser 29 refaire 37 53 r6sulter 29 sauter 29 pardonner 29 plaisanter to +z rassembler 29 r6f6rer renaitre24 rench6rir 39 r6sumer 29 sauvegarder 29 parer 29 planifier 20 proronger 46 rass616ner 35 refermer 29 29 resurgir 39 sauver 29 parfondre 70 plaquer 29 promener 44 rasSurer 29 r6fl6chir 39 rencontrer 30 r6tablir 39 savoir 77 parfumer 29 pleurer 29 pfomettre 48 rater 29 refl6ter 35 rendormir . 2? rendre 8 retaper 29 scier 20 parier 20 pleuvoir 64 promouvorr-- JZ rationaliser 29 refondre 70 29 29 retarder 29 scinder 29 parler 29 plier 20 prononcer 13 rattraper 29 r6former renfermer 20 renfler 29 retenir 84 scintiller 29 parquer 29 plonger 46 proposer 29 ravir 39 refroidir renforcer 13 reUrer 29 s6cher partager 46 polir 39 proscrire 31 ravitailler 29 r6fugier (se) 20 renler 20 retomber 85 Secouer 29 participer 29 polluer 29 prott6ger 67 r6agir 39 refuser 29 i Vene lNoex VrRe lNoex secourir 17 suer 29 tournoyer 54 vendre 89 s6duire 24 suffire 81 tousser 29 venger 46 Notes sembler 29 sugg6rer 35 tracaSser 29 venir 90 Semer 44 suivre 82 tracer 13 verdir 39 20 traduire 24 verooyer 54 sentir 78 supplier t) Auxiliary=avoir. s6parer 29 supposer 29 trahir 39 v6rifier 20 39 Serref 29 surcharger 46 trainer 29 vernir 2) Auxiliary = €tre. sertir 39 surenchErir 39 traire 86 verrouiller 29 3) infinitive and 3rd persons of each tense used. servir 79 surfaire 37 traiter 29 verser 29 Only s6vir 39 surgerer 2 transcrire 31 v€tir 9^l 4) Past participle: absous, absoute. sevrer 44 surqir 39 transf6rer 35 VCXCT 29 -1 s) si6ger o/ surmonter' 49 transformer 29 vibrer 29 Conjugated with either avoir or etre. 48 vider 29 siffler 29 surpaS5er 59 transmettre 6) No circumflex on: j'accrois, tu accrois, and accru. signaler 29 surprenore 66 transparaitre 57 vieillir 39 signer 29 surveiller 29 transprrer 29 violer 29 z) Hardly used except in the infinitive and the 3'd persons of the present, signifier 20 survenir 90 transplanter 29 virer 29 future and conditional. simplifier 20 survtvre 92 transporter 29 viser 29 8) Past participle: circoncis. simuler 29 susciter 29 traquer 29 visiter 29 29 soigner 29 suspendre 89 travailler 29 visser e) Past participle: confit. 29 tacher 29 traversef 29 vitrifier 20 sombrer 10) sommeiller 29 tacher 29 tr6bucher 29 vitup6rer 35 No circumflex on: je d6crois, tu d6crois, and d6cru. 29 vivifier 20 songer 46 tailler 29 trembler 11) When demeurer means to live, the auxiliary is avoir; when it means 29 taire (se) 83 tremper 29 vivre 92 50nner to remain, the auxiliary is €tre. sortir* 80 taper 29 tricher 29 vocif6rer 35 souffrir 55 tater 29 tricoter 29 voiler 29 12) Past participle: dissous, dissoute. souhaiter 29 taxer 29 trier 20 voir 93 13) participle: past participle: future: je faillirai, etc; souiller 29 teindre 61 triompher 29 voter l9 Present faillant; failli; soulager 46 teinter 29 tripoter 29 vomir 39 conditional: je faillirais, efc. NB: f'ai failli tomber = | nearly fell. 29 tromper 29 voter 29 soulever 44 t6l6phoner 14) When fleurir means to prosper, the present participle is florissant, 29 t6l6viser 29 troquer 29 vouer 29 souligner and the imperfect is florissait. soumettre 48 t6moigner 29 trotter 29 vouloir 94 soupgonner 29 tendre 89 troubler 29 vouvoyer 54 1s) Past participle: frit; used mainly in the present tense singular and in soupeser 44 tenir a4 trouer 29 voyager 46 compound tenses. 29 trouver 29 vrombir 39 sourire 75 tenter 16) souscrire 3l terminer 29 truffer 29 vulgariser 29 Past participle: inclus. 29 z6brer 35 sous-entenclre 89 ternir 39 truquer 17) Past participle: m0, rnue, mus, mues. souStrarre 86 terrassef 29 tuer 29 z6zayer 60 soutenir 84 terrifier 20 tutoyer 54 ztgzaguer 29 18) Past participle: nui. (se) 84 t6ter 35 ulc6rer 35 souvenir tr) In questions, je peux can be replaced by puis: sp6cialiser 29 ti6dir 39 unifier 20 ie Puis-je vous aider? May I help you? sp6cifier 20 timbrer 29 unir 39 standardiser 29 tirer 29 urbaniser 29 20) Subjunctive: je pr6vale, efc. stationner 29 tol6rer 35 user 29 21 je st6riliser 29 tomber 85 usiner 29 ) Future: je pr6voirai, etc; conditional: pr€voirais, etc. 70 utiliser 29 stimuler 29 tondre 22) Used only in the infinitive, present and past participles, and compound 20 tonner 29 vacciner 29 stup6fier renses. subir 39 tordre 50 vaincre 87 submerger 46 torpiller 29 valoir 88 2r) Past participle: relui. subsister 29 tortiller 29 vanter 29 24) past participle, no compound tenses. substituer 29 torturer 29 varier 20 No subvenirl 90 toucher 29 v6g6ter succ6der 35 tourmenter 29 veiller 29 sucer 13 tourner 29 vendanger 46 ilt" o*rH What is the pa: The passive is a is the person o qtven, we we'

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