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University of Cincinnati UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date: April 28, 2006 I, Kristín Jónína Taylor, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: Doctorate of Musical Arts in: Piano Performance It is entitled: Northern Lights: Indigenous Icelandic Aspects of Jón Nordal´s Piano Concerto This work and its defense approved by: Chair: Dr. Steven J. Cahn Professor Frank Weinstock Professor Eugene Pridonoff Northern Lights: Indigenous Icelandic Aspects of Jón Nordal’s Piano Concerto A DMA Thesis submitted to the Division of Graduate Studies and Research of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF MUSICAL ARTS in the Performance Studies Division of the College–Conservatory of Music 28 December 2005 by Kristín Jónína Taylor 139 Indian Avenue Forest City, IA 50436 (641) 585-1017 [email protected] B.M., University of Missouri, Kansas City, 1997 M.M., University of Missouri, Kansas City, 1999 Committee Chair: ____________________________ Steven J. Cahn, Ph.D. Abstract This study investigates the influences, both domestic and foreign, on the composition of Jón Nordal´s Piano Concerto of 1956. The research question in this study is, “Are there elements that are identifiable from traditional Icelandic music in Nordal´s work?” By using set theory analysis, and by viewing the work from an extramusical vantage point, the research demonstrated a strong tendency towards an Icelandic voice. In addition, an argument for a symbiotic relationship between the domestic and foreign elements is demonstrable. i ii My appreciation to Dr. Steven J. Cahn at the University of Cincinnati College- Conservatory of Music for his kindness and patience in reading my thesis, and for his helpful comments and criticism. Thank you to the Fulbright foundation for making it possible for me to compile more current and accurate research to complete my thesis. I am deeply indebted to Bjarki Sveinbjörnsson for loaning me research materials, and for his enthusiastic encouragement and support of my project. My warmest gratitude to Jón Nordal for his incredible and inspiring music, and his comments regarding his compositions. Thank you to my brother, Aðalsteinn Jón Taylor, for inspiring his little sister with his radio program on Nordic music, “Northern Lights.” Thank you to my father, Dr. Ronald Lee Taylor, for assuring me there was a support system to guide me through the process of my degree, and for your guidance through the writing process. Thank you to my mother, Vigdís Aðalsteinsdóttir Taylor, for making sure my translations were accurate, and for buying books when you were a teenager that you never dreamt your daughter would use for her doctoral research. Additional thanks to: Nína Margrét Grímsdóttir for her thoughtful insights; Tinna Þorsteinsdóttir for her work on Nordal’s Piano Concerto and belief in my project; Dr. Úlfar Ingi Haraldsson for his ideas and assistance with theoretical analysis; Dr. Árni Heimir Ingólfsson for providing compelling research with which to work, and for his intuitive comments; Árni Heiðar Karlsson for putting me in contact with the right people at a crucial point in my research; Gunnlaugur Þór Briem for assistance with computer files I thought I’d never be able to open again; Gísli Leifsson for additional computer and internet assistance; Halldór Haraldsson for his attentive musical guidance throughout the years; and Íslensk tónverkamiðstöð for providing scores and other materials, and for publishing my Finale edition of Nordal’s two-piano version of his Piano Concerto. This thesis is lovingly dedicated to the memory of Joanne Johnson Baker, Professor Emeritus of Piano at the University of Missouri – Kansas City Conservatory of Music. iii Norðurljós Northern Lights Eftir Einar Benediktsson By Einar Benediktsson, translated by Jakobina Johnson Veit duftsins son nokkra dýrðlegri sýn Was ever such vision to mortals sent en drottnanna hásal í vafurloga? As Northern Lights in the heavens flaming? Sjá grund og vog undir gullhvelfdum boga! – The shoreline a golden archway framing. Hver getur nú unað við spil og vín? – Who now is at drinking and cards content? – Sjálf moldin er hrein eins og mær við lín; The earth lies serene and on sleep intent mókar í haustsins visnu rósum. Under a cover of roses decaying. Hvert sandkorn í loftsins litum skin Rare colors the grains of sand present. og lækirnir kyssast í silfurrósum. – Where waters meet, there is a silver spraying. Við útheimsins skaut er allt eldur og skraut The north is aglow with an ornate show, af iðandi norðurljósum. Of Borealis’ displaying. Frá sjöunda himni að Ránar rönd From the seventh heav’n to the ocean’s rim, stíga röðlarnir dans fyrir opnum tjöldum, The suns hold a dance with the curtain lifted. en ljóshafsins öldur með fjúkandi földum, And white-capped billows of light are shifted, falla og ólga við skuggaströnd. – Then break on a strand of shadows dim. Það er eins og leikið sé huldri hönd An unseen hand directs at its whim hringspil með giltrandi sprotum og baugum. – This glittering round of streamers flowing. Nú mænir allt dauðlegt á lífsins lönd To regions of light from the darkness grim, frá lokuðum brautum, frá myrkum haugum, All earth-life now turns with fervor growing. og hrímklettar stara við hljóðan mar – And a crystal gaze on the glowing haze til himins með kristallsaugum. The hoary cliffs bestowing. Nú finnst mér það allt svo lítið og lágt, How base seem the issues – and trifling the call, sem lifað er fyrir og barizt er móti. That claims our life – or we strive denying. Þó kasti þeir grjóti og hati og hóti – Let mortals attack me with hatred defying, – við hverja smásál ég er í sátt. I now feel at peace with each creature small. Því bláloftið hvelfist svo bjart og hátt. So fair and immense is this vault over all – Nú brosir hver stjarna þótt vonirnar svíki, And smiling the stars – though our hopes be arrested. og hugurinn lyftist í æðri átt. The mind goes soaring, - no heights appal, – Nú andar guðs kraftur í duftsins líki. Divine is the power through the dust manifested. Vér skynjum vorn þrótt, vér þekkjum í nótt We fathom our strength – our rights are at length vorn þegnrétt í ljóssins ríki. – In the kingdom of light attested. Hve voldugt og djúpt er himinsins haf How mighty an ocean the heavens bright – og hásigldar snekkjur sem leiðina þreyta. And brave the vessels attempting the sailing. Að höfninni leita þær, hvort sem þær beita A haven they seek, with courage unfailing, í horfið – eða þær beygja af. Whether they swerve, or their course holds right; En aldrei sá neinn þann sem augað gaf But none have beheld Him who gave us sight, – og uppsprettur ljóssins ei fundnar né skýrðar, Nor shown us the source of these marvels abiding. með beygðum knjám og með bænastaf At the door of His temple, this glorious night, menn bíða við musteri allrar dýrðar. In homage they pray from their hearts confiding. En autt er allt sviðið og harðlæst hvert hlið – But vainly they wait – for locked is each gate, og hljóður sá andi sem býr þar. And silent the spirit presiding.1 1 Richard Beck, ed., Icelandic Lyrics: Originals and Translations (Reykjavík: Þórhallur Bjarnarson, 1930), 158–161. iv Notes on the Icelandic alphabet Names of people, places, texts, and musical forms are given in the original Icelandic. The following is a listing of Icelandic letters and their equivalent pronounciations, using phonetic pronounciations: Letter Represents Phonetic Pronounciation Þ (þ) th- (in English) thin The “þ” is used at the beginning of words and has a harder “th” sound. Ð (ð) -th- (in English) breathe The “ð” is used in the middle or at the ends of words and has a softer “th” sound. Æ (æ) [ai] læst [laist] Á (á) [au] ást [aust] É (é) [j] sést [sjst] Í (í) [i] bíddu [pit:] Ó (ó) [ou] bóndi [pount] Ú (ú) [u] Rússi [rus:] Ý (ý) [i] sýndu [sintu]2 2 Ari Páll Kristinsson, The Pronounciation of Modern Icelandic: A Brief Course for Foreign Students, 3d ed. (Reykjavík: Málvísindastofnun Háskóla Íslands, 2004), 8. v CONTENTS ABSTRACT . i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . iii “NORTHERN LIGHTS” . iv NOTES ON THE ICELANDIC ALPHABET . v LIST OF MUSICAL EXAMPLES . 3 Chapter INTRODUCTION . 6 1. ELEMENTS OF ICELANDIC CULTURE . 9 Historical Background . 9 Rise of Nationalism . 11 Language . 12 Sagas . 15 Poetry . 21 Nature . 26 Folk Music . 28 2. NORDAL . 37 3. INFLUENCES . 41 Non-nationalistic influences . 41 Icelandic correlations . 56 Intervals . 58 Meter . 66 Lilja Melody . 69 1 Mood and tone . 75 Depiction of Icelandic landscape . 76 CONCLUSION . 88 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 93 2 LIST OF MUSICAL EXAMPLES AND TABLES Example Page 1. Icelandic folksong, text by Jónas Hallgrímsson, “Ísland, farsælda frón” 31 2. Jón Nordal, Piano Concerto, mm. 334–338 53 3. Jón Nordal, Piano Concerto, mm. 1–18 54 4. Jón Nordal, Piano Concerto, mm. 100–118 55 5. Jón Nordal, Piano Concerto, mm. 10–11 59 6. Jón Nordal, Piano Concerto, mm. 19–25 60 7. Jón Nordal, Piano Concerto, mm. 27–33 60 8. Jón Nordal, Piano Concerto, mm. 78–82 61 9. Jón Nordal, Piano Concerto, mm. 131–134 61 10. Jón Nordal, Piano Concerto, mm. 368–371 62 11. Jón Nordal, Piano Concerto, mm. 260–263 62 12. Jón Nordal, Piano Concerto, mm. 118–124 63 13. Jón Nordal, Piano Concerto, mm. 357–360 63 14. Jón Nordal, Piano Concerto, mm. 19–20 64 15. Jón Nordal, Piano Concerto, mm. 171–173 64 16. Jón Nordal, Piano Concerto, mm. 346–349 65 17. Jón Nordal, Piano Concerto, m. 372 66 18. Jón Nordal, Piano Concerto, mm. 225–236 67 19. Jón Nordal, Piano Concerto, mm. 275–279 68 20. Jón Nordal, Piano Concerto, mm.
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