Gender Across Languages: the Linguistic Representation of Women and Men
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Tarinoita Satavuotiaasta Kalastajatorpasta Ihannetta
On olemassa vain yksi Kalastajatorppa. Samoin on olemassa myös ainutkertainen Kalastajatorpan henki – osana Munkkiniemen ja Helsingin henkeä. ”Torpalla” elämä ja vieraanvaraisuustaide pystyvät kohtaamaan toisensa. Siitä syystä eletyn tapakulttuurin keskeisin arvo onkin ihmiseen eikä tekniikan muotoilemaan olemistapaan keskittymisessä. Edellä sanotun lisäksi tasokkuuden toteutuminen on edellyttänyt eksistentiaalista moniäänisyyttä. Polyfonisuus on voinut säilyä halki vuosikymmenten vain siksi, että on osattu vaalia laadullisen moninaisuuden satavuotiaasta Kalastajatorpasta Tarinoita ihannetta. Populaarikulttuuri ja korkeakulttuuri, taide ja tiede, kotimaisuus ja kansainvälisyys, sota ja rauha, menneisyys ja tulevaisuus: kaikki nuo olemisparit ovat löytäneet, löytävät ja ovat vastakin löytävä Tarinoita Kalastajatorpasta sopusointuisen vieraanvaraisuuskodin itselleen. Jokainen voi tuntea ”Fiskiksellä” itsensä juhlavieraaksi. Hyvä lukija, tämä sanallinen ja kuvallinen vieraanvaraisuus- satavuotiaasta kattauksemme on maittava. Miksi et siis sinäkin nauttisi sen elämyksekkäistä antimista? Kalastajatorpasta Helsinkiläisen tapahtuma-, kulttuuri- ja elämyskeitaan kehitys kesäkahvilasta maailmanluokan kokoushotelliksi Toimittaneet V. A. Heikkinen, Matti Itkonen ja Sam Inkinen Tarinoita satavuotiaasta Kalastajatorpasta 1 Tarinoita satavuotiaasta Kalastajatorpasta 2 Tarinoita satavuotiaasta Kalastajatorpasta Tarinoita satavuotiaasta Kalastajatorpasta 3 Tarinoita satavuotiaasta Kalastajatorpasta Helsinkiläisen tapahtuma-, kulttuuri- ja elämyskeitaan -
Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present (Impact: Studies in Language and Society)
<DOCINFO AUTHOR ""TITLE "Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present"SUBJECT "Impact 18"KEYWORDS ""SIZE HEIGHT "220"WIDTH "150"VOFFSET "4"> Germanic Standardizations Impact: Studies in language and society impact publishes monographs, collective volumes, and text books on topics in sociolinguistics. The scope of the series is broad, with special emphasis on areas such as language planning and language policies; language conflict and language death; language standards and language change; dialectology; diglossia; discourse studies; language and social identity (gender, ethnicity, class, ideology); and history and methods of sociolinguistics. General Editor Associate Editor Annick De Houwer Elizabeth Lanza University of Antwerp University of Oslo Advisory Board Ulrich Ammon William Labov Gerhard Mercator University University of Pennsylvania Jan Blommaert Joseph Lo Bianco Ghent University The Australian National University Paul Drew Peter Nelde University of York Catholic University Brussels Anna Escobar Dennis Preston University of Illinois at Urbana Michigan State University Guus Extra Jeanine Treffers-Daller Tilburg University University of the West of England Margarita Hidalgo Vic Webb San Diego State University University of Pretoria Richard A. Hudson University College London Volume 18 Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert and Wim Vandenbussche Germanic Standardizations Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert Monash University Wim Vandenbussche Vrije Universiteit Brussel/FWO-Vlaanderen John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements 8 of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Germanic standardizations : past to present / edited by Ana Deumert, Wim Vandenbussche. -
Journal of Language Relationship
Российский государственный гуманитарный университет Russian State University for the Humanities Russian State University for the Humanities Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences Journal of Language Relationship International Scientific Periodical Nº 3 (16) Moscow 2018 Российский государственный гуманитарный университет Институт языкознания Российской Академии наук Вопросы языкового родства Международный научный журнал № 3 (16) Москва 2018 Advisory Board: H. EICHNER (Vienna) / Chairman W. BAXTER (Ann Arbor, Michigan) V. BLAŽEK (Brno) M. GELL-MANN (Santa Fe, New Mexico) L. HYMAN (Berkeley) F. KORTLANDT (Leiden) A. LUBOTSKY (Leiden) J. P. MALLORY (Belfast) A. YU. MILITAREV (Moscow) V. F. VYDRIN (Paris) Editorial Staff: V. A. DYBO (Editor-in-Chief) G. S. STAROSTIN (Managing Editor) T. A. MIKHAILOVA (Editorial Secretary) A. V. DYBO S. V. KULLANDA M. A. MOLINA M. N. SAENKO I. S. YAKUBOVICH Founded by Kirill BABAEV © Russian State University for the Humanities, 2018 Редакционный совет: Х. АЙХНЕР (Вена) / председатель В. БЛАЖЕК (Брно) У. БЭКСТЕР (Анн Арбор) В. Ф. ВЫДРИН (Париж) М. ГЕЛЛ-МАНН (Санта-Фе) Ф. КОРТЛАНДТ (Лейден) А. ЛУБОЦКИЙ (Лейден) Дж. МЭЛЛОРИ (Белфаст) А. Ю. МИЛИТАРЕВ (Москва) Л. ХАЙМАН (Беркли) Редакционная коллегия: В. А. ДЫБО (главный редактор) Г. С. СТАРОСТИН (заместитель главного редактора) Т. А. МИХАЙЛОВА (ответственный секретарь) А. В. ДЫБО С. В. КУЛЛАНДА М. А. МОЛИНА М. Н. САЕНКО И. С. ЯКУБОВИЧ Журнал основан К. В. БАБАЕВЫМ © Российский государственный гуманитарный университет, 2018 Вопросы языкового родства: Международный научный журнал / Рос. гос. гуманитар. ун-т; Рос. акад. наук. Ин-т языкознания; под ред. В. А. Дыбо. ― М., 2018. ― № 3 (16). ― x + 78 с. Journal of Language Relationship: International Scientific Periodical / Russian State Uni- versity for the Humanities; Russian Academy of Sciences. -
The Icelandic Language at the Time of the Reformation: Some Reflections on Translations, Language and Foreign Influences
THE ICELANDIC LANGUAGE AT THE TIME OF THE REFORMATION: SOME REFLECTIONS ON TRANSLATIONS, LANGUAGE AND FOREIGN INFLUENCES Veturliði Óskarsson (Uppsala University) Abstract The process of the Reformation in Iceland in its narrow sense is framed by the publication of the New Testament in 1540 and the whole Bible in 1584. It is sometimes believed that Icelandic language would have changed more than what it has, if these translations had not seen the day. During the 16th century, in all 51 books in Icelandic were printed. Almost all are translations, mostly from German. These books contain many loanwords, chiefly of German origin. These words are often a direct result of the Reformation, but some of them are considerably older. As an example, words with the German prefix be- were discussed to some length in the article. Some loanwords from the 16th century have lived on to our time, but many were either wiped out in the Icelandic language purism of the nineteenth and twentieth century, or never became an integrated part of the language, outside of religious and official texts. Some words even only show up in one or two books of the 16th century. The impact of the Reformation on the future development of the Icelandic language, other than a temporary one on the lexicon was limited, and influence on the (spoken) language of common people was probably little. Keywords The Icelandic Reformation, printed books, the New Testament, the Bible, loanwords, the German prefix be-. Introduction The Reformation in Iceland is dated to the year 1550, when the last Catholic bishop in Iceland, Jón Arason of the Hólar diocese in Northern Iceland, was executed. -
Old and Middle Welsh David Willis ([email protected]) Department of Linguistics, University of Cambridge
Old and Middle Welsh David Willis ([email protected]) Department of Linguistics, University of Cambridge 1 INTRODUCTION The Welsh language emerged from the increasing dialect differentiation of the ancestral Brythonic language (also known as British or Brittonic) in the wake of the withdrawal of the Roman administration from Britain and the subsequent migration of Germanic speakers to Britain from the fifth century. Conventionally, Welsh is treated as a separate language from the mid sixth century. By this time, Brythonic speakers, who once occupied the whole of Britain apart from the north of Scotland, had been driven out of most of what is now England. Some Brythonic-speakers had migrated to Brittany from the late fifth century. Others had been pushed westwards and northwards into Wales, western and southwestern England, Cumbria and other parts of northern England and southern Scotland. With the defeat of the Romano-British forces at Dyrham in 577, the Britons in Wales were cut off by land from those in the west and southwest of England. Linguistically more important, final unstressed syllables were lost (apocope) in all varieties of Brythonic at about this time, a change intimately connected to the loss of morphological case. These changes are traditionally seen as having had such a drastic effect on the structure of the language as to mark a watershed in the development of Brythonic. From this period on, linguists refer to the Brythonic varieties spoken in Wales as Welsh; those in the west and southwest of England as Cornish; and those in Brittany as Breton. A fourth Brythonic language, Cumbric, emerged in the north of England, but died out, without leaving written records, in perhaps the eleventh century. -
Looking for Parametric Correlations Within Faroese Höskuldur Thráinsson University of Iceland
Looking for parametric correlations within Faroese Höskuldur Thráinsson University of Iceland Abstract: This paper first reviews some parameters that have been suggested to account for variation within Scandinavian, focussing for concreteness on the parameters proposed by Holmberg and Platzack (1995) and Bobaljik and Thráinsson (1998). As this review shows, Faroese is not as well behaved as the parametric approach to Scandinavian syntax would lead us to expect. In addition, the variation found within Faroese syntax is often gradient and not as categorical as the conventional parametric approach to variation would predict. Yet it can be shown that some of the correlations predicted by Holmberg and Platzack’s (1995) Agr Parameter and Bobaljik and Thráinsson’s (1998) Split IP Parameter are found in Faroese syntax and they are turn out to be statistically significant. In the final section it is argued that to account for facts of this sort we need to revise our ideas about parametric variation, language acquisition and the nature of internalized grammars — and that this will be necessary regardless of what we think of the particular formulation of parameters assumed by Holmberg and Platzack on the one hand and Bobaljik and Thráinsson on the other. 1. Parametric variation in Scandinavian syntax1 1.1. The agreement parameter and the case parameter In their comparative work on Scandinavian around 1990, which culminated in their influential book On the Role of Inflection in Scandinavian Syntax (1995), Holmberg and Platzack (henceforth H&P or P&H, depending on the order of authors in the relevant publications) divide the Scandinavian languages into two main groups, i.e. -
Quantifying the Semantic Core of Gender Systems
Quantifying the Semantic Core of Gender Systems Adina Williams@ Ryan CotterellS,H Lawrence Wolf-SonkinS Damian´ BlasiP Hanna WallachZ @ Facebook AI Research, New York, USA SDepartment of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA HDepartment of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK PComparative Linguistics Department, University of Zurich,¨ Switzerland ZMicrosoft Research, New York City, USA [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] Abstract portion of the lexicon where this relationship is clear usually consists of animate nouns; nouns Many of the world’s languages employ gram- referring to people morphologically reflect the matical gender on the lexeme. For example, sociocultural notion of “natural genders.” This por- in Spanish, the word for house (casa) is feminine, whereas the word for paper (papel) tion of the lexicon—the “semantic core”—seems is masculine. To a speaker of a genderless to be present in all gendered languages (Aksenov, language, this assignment seems to exist 1984; Corbett, 1991). But how many inanimate with neither rhyme nor reason. But is the nouns can also be included in the semantic core? assignment of inanimate nouns to grammatical Answering this question requires investigating genders truly arbitrary? We present the first whether there is a correlation between grammatical large-scale investigation of the arbitrariness gender and lexical semantics for inanimate nouns. of noun–gender assignments. To that end, we use canonical correlation analysis to correlate Our primary technical contribution is demon- the grammatical gender of inanimate nouns strating that grammatical gender and lexical with an externally grounded definition of their semantics can be correlated using canonical lexical semantics. -
Orthographies in Grammar Books
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 30 July 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0565.v1 Tomislav Stojanov, [email protected], [email protected] Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistic Republike Austrije 16, 10.000 Zagreb, Croatia Orthographies in Grammar Books – Antiquity and Humanism Summary This paper researches the as yet unstudied topic of orthographic content in antique, medieval, and Renaissance grammar books in European languages, as part of a wider research of the origin of orthographic standards in European languages. As a central place for teachings about language, grammar books contained orthographic instructions from the very beginning, and such practice continued also in later periods. Understanding the function, content, and orthographic forms in the past provides for a better description of the nature of the orthographic standard in the present. The evolution of grammatographic practice clearly shows the continuity of development of orthographic content from a constituent of grammar studies through the littera unit gradually to an independent unit, then into annexed orthographic sections, and later into separate orthographic manuals. 5 antique, 22 Latin, and 17 vernacular grammars were analyzed, describing 19 European languages. The research methodology is based on distinguishing orthographic content in the narrower sense (grapheme to meaning) from the broader sense (grapheme to phoneme). In this way, the function of orthographic description was established separately from the study of spelling. As for the traditional description of orthographic content in the broader sense in old grammar books, it is shown that orthographic content can also be studied within the grammatographic framework of a specific period, similar to the description of morphology or syntax. -
Eric Hoekstra Review of "Studies in West Frisian Grammar. Selected
Eric Hoekstra Review of "Studies in West Frisian Grammar. Selected papers by Germen J. de Haan" (John Benjamins, 2010, edited by Jarich Hoekstra, Willem Visser and Goffe Jensma) 0. Introduction This handsome volume offers a selection of papers on topics in Frisian linguistics written by Prof. Germ de Haan. It contains an Introduction by the editors, followed by De Haan’s articles. The articles are thematically ordered. 1. The editors’ Introduction The editors have provided the volume with a brief and clear introduction about De Haan's scientific production and relevance to the field of Frisian linguistics (pp 1-6 + references 6- 10). I mention the typo 'critisizes' on page 4, since it could have been avoided by running an automatic spell check. 1.1. Relevance to the field The editors mention that De Haan held the chair of Frisian in the University of Groningen from 1991 until 2009. To this, it may be added that he was the dean of the Faculty of Letters from 2001 until 2009. In that capacity, he managed to keep the Frisian institute almost intact during a period of budget cuts, which tend to affect small studies more than big ones. The editors claim that De Haan played a central role in the field of Frisian linguistics. They do not argue the point very explicitly, doubtlessly because it would have been awkward to do so by comparing De Haan's role to the smaller part played in the field by other researchers of Frisian. Nevertheless, I believe that they are right about De Haan's central role, as is implicitly clear from his scientific production. -
Icelandic -Basque Pidgin
Icelandic -Basque pidgin J58E itiNA~IQ,~UAtDE ttJi\iversity ofIllinois) Abstract In this paper i present dn analysts fJ/What fe1iJii,tns ofit trade l~nguage born in the seventeenth cen tury as a consequence 0/ Basque fishing trips in Me North Atlantic. Since the data t~at'we have show a linguistic syifiiii in an early stage ofdevelopment and the lan gUages in contact are easily identifiable, "whichever characteristics arepr~sent £n the contact language 1 will be traceable to one ofthe initial languages or to unilvifsal tendencies • For this purpose, an analysis ofthe main typological features ofboth Basque and Icelandic is also provided. *' 1. Introduction The only remaining vestige that we have of what appears to have been used as a means of communication between Basque whale hunters and Icelandic traders in the seventeenth century is constituted by a few sentences, together with a word list. The existence of this p'idgin seems to have gone virfually unnoticed. Hancock (1977) does not mention it in his "Repertoire of Pidgin and Creole Languages" although he mentions an extinct Icelandic French Pidgin. My source of information is Nicolaas Deen's Glossaria duo Vasco-lslandica (Ams terdam 1937, reprinted in this volume), which' is a commentary and translation of two manuscripts written in Iceland in t4e'seventeenth century. Since the contact sit uation was interrupted in the 'first part of the eighteenth century and was of inter mittent nature, the contact pidgin probably never developed much further than the stage recorded in the manuscripts. The' first manuscript lacks interest for our pur poses since it is just a list of lexical items seemingly elicited from the Basque sailors ,by pointing at different objects and vaguely organized according to semantic fields. -
Indo-European Linguistics: an Introduction Indo-European Linguistics an Introduction
This page intentionally left blank Indo-European Linguistics The Indo-European language family comprises several hun- dred languages and dialects, including most of those spoken in Europe, and south, south-west and central Asia. Spoken by an estimated 3 billion people, it has the largest number of native speakers in the world today. This textbook provides an accessible introduction to the study of the Indo-European proto-language. It clearly sets out the methods for relating the languages to one another, presents an engaging discussion of the current debates and controversies concerning their clas- sification, and offers sample problems and suggestions for how to solve them. Complete with a comprehensive glossary, almost 100 tables in which language data and examples are clearly laid out, suggestions for further reading, discussion points and a range of exercises, this text will be an essential toolkit for all those studying historical linguistics, language typology and the Indo-European proto-language for the first time. james clackson is Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Classics, University of Cambridge, and is Fellow and Direc- tor of Studies, Jesus College, University of Cambridge. His previous books include The Linguistic Relationship between Armenian and Greek (1994) and Indo-European Word For- mation (co-edited with Birgit Anette Olson, 2004). CAMBRIDGE TEXTBOOKS IN LINGUISTICS General editors: p. austin, j. bresnan, b. comrie, s. crain, w. dressler, c. ewen, r. lass, d. lightfoot, k. rice, i. roberts, s. romaine, n. v. smith Indo-European Linguistics An Introduction In this series: j. allwood, l.-g. anderson and o.¨ dahl Logic in Linguistics d. -
Lenition of the Conjugated Prepositions in Irish and Welsh
Lenition of the Conjugated Prepositions in Irish and Welsh Sanne Jongeleen 3765105 25-07-2016 RMA Ancient, Medieval and Renaissance Studies Supervised by prof. dr. Peter Schrijver Plagiarism Statement I hereby declare that I have committed neither fraud nor plagiarism prior, during or after the process that has resulted in this thesis. 25-07-2016, Sanne Jongeleen 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................. 3 Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... 4 0. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 6 1. Research Questions ........................................................................................... 8 2. Theoretical background ...................................................................................... 9 3. Methodology ................................................................................................... 14 4. Selected Corpus .............................................................................................. 18 4.1 Irish .......................................................................................................... 18 4.2 Welsh ........................................................................................................ 20 5. Selected Prepositions ......................................................................................