Orthographies in Grammar Books
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The Assignment of Grammatical Gender in German: Testing Optimal Gender Assignment Theory
The Assignment of Grammatical Gender in German: Testing Optimal Gender Assignment Theory Emma Charlotte Corteen Trinity Hall September 2018 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The Assignment of Grammatical Gender in German: Testing Optimal Gender Assignment Theory Emma Charlotte Corteen Abstract The assignment of grammatical gender in German is a notoriously problematic phenomenon due to the apparent opacity of the gender assignment system (e.g. Comrie 1999: 461). Various models of German gender assignment have been proposed (e.g. Spitz 1965, Köpcke 1982, Corbett 1991, Wegener 1995), but none of these is able to account for all of the German data. This thesis investigates a relatively under-explored, recent approach to German gender assignment in the form of Optimal Gender Assignment Theory (OGAT), proposed by Rice (2006). Using the framework of Optimality Theory, OGAT claims that the form and meaning of a noun are of equal importance with respect to its gender. This is formally represented by the crucial equal ranking of all gender assignment constraints in a block of GENDER FEATURES, which is in turn ranked above a default markedness hierarchy *NEUTER » *FEMININE » *MASCULINE, which is based on category size. A key weakness of OGAT is that it does not specify what constitutes a valid GENDER FEATURES constraint. This means that, in theory, any constraint can be proposed ad hoc to ensure that an OGAT analysis yields the correct result. In order to prevent any constraints based on ‘postfactum rationalisations’ (Comrie 1999: 461) from being included in the investigation, the GENDER FEATURES constraints which have been proposed in the literature for German are assessed according to six criteria suggested by Enger (2009), which seek to determine whether there is independent evidence for a GENDER FEATURES constraint. -
Semester-I Semester-Ii
SEMESTER-I SEMESTER-II Basic Sciences Courses Basic Sciences Courses General Chemistry Applied Chemistry Fundamental Mathematics for Environmental Studies Biologists Applied Mathematics- I Applied Physics-i for Life Science Applied Physics -II for Life Science Behavioural Science Behavioural Science Understanding Self for Effectiveness Individual Society and Nation Communication Skills Communication Skills English Language Usage Essentials Introduction to Communication Domain Elective Courses Skills Life Style Related Diseases Domain Elective Courses Engineering Sciences Courses Life Style Related Diseases It Fundamentals and C Engineering Sciences Courses Programming Unix Operating System and Shell Electrical Science Programming Foreign Business Language Foreign Business Language Introduction to Arabic Culture Arabic Grammar – I Introduction to Chinese Culture Chinese Grammar – I Introduction to Francophone French Grammar – I Culture German Grammar – I Introduction to German Culture Japanese Grammar – I Introduction to Japanese Culture Russian Grammar – I Introduction to Russian Culture Sanskrit Grammar – I Introduction to Vedic Culture Spanish Grammar – I Introduction to Hispanic World Human Social Sciences & Management Human Social Sciences & Management Courses Courses Sociology of Health Economics for Engineers Open Elective Courses Sociology for Engineers Character Design for Animation Open Elective Courses Illustration Design Character Design for Animation Poster Designing Illustration -
The Role of Grammatical Gender in Noun-Formation: a Diachronic Perspective from Norwegian
The role of grammatical gender in noun-formation: A diachronic perspective from Norwegian Philipp Conzett 1. The relationship between gender and word-formation According to Corbett (1991: 1) “[g]ender is the most puzzling of the grammatical categories”. In modern languages, however, gender is most often seen as nothing more than an abstract inherent classificatory feature of nouns that triggers agreement in associated words. Given this perspec- tive of gender as a redundant category, the question arises of why it none- theless is so persistent in a great number of languages. This question has been answered inter alia by referring to the identifying and disambiguating function gender can have in discourse (e.g., Corbett 1991: 320–321). In this article further evidence is provided for viewing grammatical gender (henceforth gender) as an integral part of Cognitive Grammar, more spe- cifically the domain of word-formation. The relationship between grammatical gender and word-formation can be approached from (at least) two different angles. In literature dealing with gender assignment, characteristics of word-formation are often used as a base for assigning gender to nouns. This approach is presented in sec- tion 1.1. On the other hand, gender is described as a feature involved in the formation of new nouns. This perspective is introduced in 1.2. 1.1. Gender assignment based on word-formation Regularities between the gender of nouns and their derivational morphol- ogy can be detected in a number of languages. Gender can be tied to overt or covert derivational features. The former type is usually realized by suf- fixation, e.g., Norwegian klok (adj. -
Danish in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar
Danish in Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Draft comments welcome! Stefan Müller Bjarne Ørsnes [email protected] [email protected] Institut für Deutsche und Niederländische Philologie Fachbereich Philosophie und Geisteswissenschaften Freie Universität Berlin Friday 12th October, 2012 For Friederike ix Danish Danish is a North-Germanic language and belongs to the continental Scandinavian languages. Preface Its closest siblings are Norwegian (Bokmål) and Swedish. It is the official language of Denmark and also of the Faroe Islands (besides Faroese). It used to be an official language in Iceland, Greenland and the Virgin Islands. In Greenland Danish is still widely used in the administration. The aim of this book is twofold: First we want to provide a precise description of a large frag- Danish is spoken by approximately 5 million people in Denmark, but it is also spoken by mem- ment of the Danish language that is useful for readers regardless of the linguistic framework bers of the Danish minority in the region of Southern Schleswig and by groups in Greenland, they work in. This fragment comprises not only core phenomena such as constituent order and Norway and Sweden. Of course, there are also Danish-speaking immigrant groups all over the passivizating, but to a large extent also a number of less-studied phenomena which we believe world. to be of interest, not only for the description of Danish (and other mainland Scandinavian lan- Danish is an SVO-language like English, but it differs from English in being a V2-language guages), but also for comparative work in general. -
Graphemic Methods for Genderneutral
Graphemic Methods for GenderNeutral Writing Yannis Haralambous & Joseph Dichy Abstract. In this paper we present a model and a classification of graphemic genderneutral writing methods, we explore current practices in French, Ger man, Greek, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish languages, and we investigate in teractions between genderneutral writing forms and regular expressions. 1. Introduction: The General Issue of, and behind, Gender Neutral Writing The issue behind genderneutral writing is that of the representation of intergender relations carried by languages. What is at stake is the representation of equality, or not, between genders. The issue is also re ferred to as “inclusive writing,” which apparently refers to human rights, but does not cover all cases, i.e., lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons. The term “GenderNeutral Writing” is, in fact, both clearer and more inclusive. Generally speaking, languages are conservative, if not archaic. A sig nificant example is that of the idea of time, which is traditionally repre sented as a dot sliding along a straight line in a continuous movement. This has been a philosophical image of time since ancient Greek philoso phers and throughout the Middle Ages both in Arabic and European phi losophy, but can no longer be considered as a valid representation after 20th century existentialist philosophers and Heidegger’s Sein und Zeit. Yannis Haralambous 0000-0003-1443-6115 IMT Atlantique & LabSTICC UMR CNRS 6285 Brest, France [email protected] Joseph Dichy Professor of Arabic linguistics Lyon, France [email protected] Y. Haralambous (Ed.), Graphemics in the 21st Century. -
Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present (Impact: Studies in Language and Society)
<DOCINFO AUTHOR ""TITLE "Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present"SUBJECT "Impact 18"KEYWORDS ""SIZE HEIGHT "220"WIDTH "150"VOFFSET "4"> Germanic Standardizations Impact: Studies in language and society impact publishes monographs, collective volumes, and text books on topics in sociolinguistics. The scope of the series is broad, with special emphasis on areas such as language planning and language policies; language conflict and language death; language standards and language change; dialectology; diglossia; discourse studies; language and social identity (gender, ethnicity, class, ideology); and history and methods of sociolinguistics. General Editor Associate Editor Annick De Houwer Elizabeth Lanza University of Antwerp University of Oslo Advisory Board Ulrich Ammon William Labov Gerhard Mercator University University of Pennsylvania Jan Blommaert Joseph Lo Bianco Ghent University The Australian National University Paul Drew Peter Nelde University of York Catholic University Brussels Anna Escobar Dennis Preston University of Illinois at Urbana Michigan State University Guus Extra Jeanine Treffers-Daller Tilburg University University of the West of England Margarita Hidalgo Vic Webb San Diego State University University of Pretoria Richard A. Hudson University College London Volume 18 Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert and Wim Vandenbussche Germanic Standardizations Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert Monash University Wim Vandenbussche Vrije Universiteit Brussel/FWO-Vlaanderen John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements 8 of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Germanic standardizations : past to present / edited by Ana Deumert, Wim Vandenbussche. -
The Use of Third Person Accusative Pronouns in Spoken Brazilian Portuguese: an Analysis of Different Tv Genres
THE USE OF THIRD PERSON ACCUSATIVE PRONOUNS IN SPOKEN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE: AN ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT TV GENRES by Flávia Stocco Garcia A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Linguistics University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2015 by Flávia Stocco Garcia ABSTRACT This thesis presents an analysis of third person accusative pronouns in Brazilian Portuguese. With the aim to analyze the variation between the use of standard (prescribed by normative grammar) and non-standard pronouns found in oral language, I gathered data from three kinds of TV show (news, non-scripted and soap-opera) in order to determine which form of pronoun is more common and if there is any linguistic and/or sociolinguistic factors that will influence on their usage. Based on data collected, I demonstrate that non-standard forms are favored in general and that the rules prescribed by normative grammar involving standard forms are only followed in specific contexts. Among all the variables considered for the analysis, the ones that showed to be significant were the kind of show, the context of the utterance, the socio-economic status of the speaker and verbs in the infinitive. Considering my results, I provide a discussion regarding to which extent the distribution of the 3rd-person pronouns on TV reflect their use by Brazilians and a brief discussion of other issues related to my findings conclude this work. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor, Verónica Loureiro-Rodríguez, for all her help during the completion of this work. -
Journal of Language Relationship
Российский государственный гуманитарный университет Russian State University for the Humanities Russian State University for the Humanities Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences Journal of Language Relationship International Scientific Periodical Nº 3 (16) Moscow 2018 Российский государственный гуманитарный университет Институт языкознания Российской Академии наук Вопросы языкового родства Международный научный журнал № 3 (16) Москва 2018 Advisory Board: H. EICHNER (Vienna) / Chairman W. BAXTER (Ann Arbor, Michigan) V. BLAŽEK (Brno) M. GELL-MANN (Santa Fe, New Mexico) L. HYMAN (Berkeley) F. KORTLANDT (Leiden) A. LUBOTSKY (Leiden) J. P. MALLORY (Belfast) A. YU. MILITAREV (Moscow) V. F. VYDRIN (Paris) Editorial Staff: V. A. DYBO (Editor-in-Chief) G. S. STAROSTIN (Managing Editor) T. A. MIKHAILOVA (Editorial Secretary) A. V. DYBO S. V. KULLANDA M. A. MOLINA M. N. SAENKO I. S. YAKUBOVICH Founded by Kirill BABAEV © Russian State University for the Humanities, 2018 Редакционный совет: Х. АЙХНЕР (Вена) / председатель В. БЛАЖЕК (Брно) У. БЭКСТЕР (Анн Арбор) В. Ф. ВЫДРИН (Париж) М. ГЕЛЛ-МАНН (Санта-Фе) Ф. КОРТЛАНДТ (Лейден) А. ЛУБОЦКИЙ (Лейден) Дж. МЭЛЛОРИ (Белфаст) А. Ю. МИЛИТАРЕВ (Москва) Л. ХАЙМАН (Беркли) Редакционная коллегия: В. А. ДЫБО (главный редактор) Г. С. СТАРОСТИН (заместитель главного редактора) Т. А. МИХАЙЛОВА (ответственный секретарь) А. В. ДЫБО С. В. КУЛЛАНДА М. А. МОЛИНА М. Н. САЕНКО И. С. ЯКУБОВИЧ Журнал основан К. В. БАБАЕВЫМ © Российский государственный гуманитарный университет, 2018 Вопросы языкового родства: Международный научный журнал / Рос. гос. гуманитар. ун-т; Рос. акад. наук. Ин-т языкознания; под ред. В. А. Дыбо. ― М., 2018. ― № 3 (16). ― x + 78 с. Journal of Language Relationship: International Scientific Periodical / Russian State Uni- versity for the Humanities; Russian Academy of Sciences. -
Collection 13
EARLY EUROPEAN BOOKS Explore the Record of European Life and Culture About Collection 13 Early European Books Collection 13 presents a selection themed around literature, poetry and drama. Items from London’s Wellcome Library, Florence’s Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Copenhagen’s Kongelige Bibliotek and The Hague’s Koninklijke Bibliotheek provide a rich assembly of content from across Europe. Supported by key classical and medieval texts, at the heart of Collection 13 is a body of works which document the remarkable flowering of vernacular literatures witnessed during the early modern period. Among the thousands of titles featured are acknowledged literary landmarks, but also less familiar items. Brought together, Collection 13 builds up a picture of the early modern literary scene that embraces ephemeral as well as timeless works, and that strongly accentuates its creative diversity. Collection 13 comes complete with USTC subject classifications to enable and enhance user experience. From Homer to Persius The early modern period was defined by its rediscovery of classical texts, and Collection 13 presents a choice of these ranging from literary giants like Homer and Ovid to more minor figures like Persius (34-62 CE) and Claudian (c.370-c.404 CE). Prose pieces include a 1624 Amsterdam edition of Apuleius (c.124-c.170 CE) which includes his Erasmus (1466-1536) and Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560). Metamorphoses or The Golden Ass, while a 1700 edition of Other Erasmus items include a 1524 edition of Euripides Petronius’ notorious Satyricon is another bawdy inclusion. in Greek and Latin, and a 1507 Aldine printing of the same Classical literature’s rediscovery inevitably involved its Latin translation bound with his own classical imitation, reconstruction, and items featured reflect both advances Ode de laudibus Britanniæ. -
The Recollections of Encolpius
The Recollections of Encolpius ANCIENT NARRATIVE Supplementum 2 Editorial Board Maaike Zimmerman, University of Groningen Gareth Schmeling, University of Florida, Gainesville Heinz Hofmann, Universität Tübingen Stephen Harrison, Corpus Christi College, Oxford Costas Panayotakis (review editor), University of Glasgow Advisory Board Jean Alvares, Montclair State University Alain Billault, Université Jean Moulin, Lyon III Ewen Bowie, Corpus Christi College, Oxford Jan Bremmer, University of Groningen Ken Dowden, University of Birmingham Ben Hijmans, Emeritus of Classics, University of Groningen Ronald Hock, University of Southern California, Los Angeles Niklas Holzberg, Universität München Irene de Jong, University of Amsterdam Bernhard Kytzler, University of Natal, Durban John Morgan, University of Wales, Swansea Ruurd Nauta, University of Groningen Rudi van der Paardt, University of Leiden Costas Panayotakis, University of Glasgow Stelios Panayotakis, University of Groningen Judith Perkins, Saint Joseph College, West Hartford Bryan Reardon, Professor Emeritus of Classics, University of California, Irvine James Tatum, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire Alfons Wouters, University of Leuven Subscriptions Barkhuis Publishing Zuurstukken 37 9761 KP Eelde the Netherlands Tel. +31 50 3080936 Fax +31 50 3080934 [email protected] www.ancientnarrative.com The Recollections of Encolpius The Satyrica of Petronius as Milesian Fiction Gottskálk Jensson BARKHUIS PUBLISHING & GRONINGEN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY GRONINGEN 2004 Bókin er tileinkuð -
Russian Grammar 1 Russian Grammar
Russian grammar 1 Russian grammar Russian grammar (Russian: грамматика русского языка, IPA: [ɡrɐˈmatʲɪkə ˈruskəvə jɪzɨˈka]; also русская грамматика; IPA: [ˈruskəjə ɡrɐˈmatʲɪkə]) encompasses: • a highly inflexional morphology • a syntax that, for the literary language, is the conscious fusion of three elements: • a Church Slavonic inheritance; • a Western European style; • a polished vernacular foundation. The Russian language has preserved an Indo-European inflexional structure, although considerable adaption has taken place. The spoken language has been influenced by the literary one, but it continues to preserve some characteristic forms. Russian dialects show various non-standard grammatical features, some of which are archaisms or descendants of old forms discarded by the literary language. NOTE: In the discussion below, various terms are used in the meaning they have in standard Russian discussions of historical grammar. In particular, aorist, imperfect, etc. are considered verbal tenses rather than aspects, because ancient examples of them are attested for both perfective and imperfective verbs. Nouns Nominal declension is subject to six cases – nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, and prepositional – in two numbers (singular and plural), and absolutely obeying grammatical gender (masculine, feminine, and neuter). Up to ten additional cases are identified in linguistics textbooks,[1][2][3] although all of them are either incomplete (do not apply to all nouns) or degenerate (appear identical to one of the six simple cases). The most recognized additional cases are locative (в лесу, в крови, в слезах), partitive (чаю, сахару, коньяку), and several forms of vocative (Господи, Боже, отче). The adjectives, pronouns, and the first two cardinal numbers further vary by gender. -
A Computational Grammar for Portuguese
A computational grammar for Portuguese Bruno Cuconato1 and Alexandre Rademaker1;2 1 FGV/EMAp 2 IBM Research Abstract. This work presents an ongoing effort towards a Portuguese grammar under the Grammatical Framework (GF) formalism. GF and the new grammar are briefly introduced, and then we employ the gram- mar to parse HPSG's Matrix MRS test suite. We will demonstrate the use of the grammar in the parsing of text and in natural language appli- cations. Keywords: grammatical framework · computational grammar · type theory · functional programming 1 Introduction Grammatical Framework (GF) is a programming language for grammar writing. It is a functional programming language, with syntax inspired by the Haskell programming language [2]; it draws from intuitionistic type theory for its type system [3]. GF's forte lies at multilingual processing. It applies to natural languages the distinction made for programming languages: that of abstract and concrete syntaxes. Separating them allows GF to specify a single abstract grammar for several concrete languages. Translation between two natural languages there- fore becomes parsing of concrete syntax to its abstract representation, and then further linearization to the target language. Writing a grammar for even a fragment of a natural language is a complex task. GF boasts a module system, so GF grammars can import other grammars for code reusing. GF grammars can thus be divided in resource and application grammars: while the former intend to provide useful linguistic constructs for downstream grammars in a suitable and stable application programming inter- face (API) (like software libraries do to programs [4]), the latter aim to apply these and other definitions to domain-specific applications.