DOCSLIB.ORG

International Language Environments Guide

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
International Language Environments Guide International Language Environments Guide Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. Part No: 806–6642–10 May, 2002 Copyright 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. All rights reserved. This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Third-party software, including font technology, is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers. Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems, licensed from the University of California. UNIX is a registered trademark in the U.S. and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, docs.sun.com, AnswerBook, AnswerBook2, Java, XView, ToolTalk, Solstice AdminTools, SunVideo and Solaris are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. SunOS, Solaris, X11, SPARC, UNIX, PostScript, OpenWindows, AnswerBook, SunExpress, SPARCprinter, JumpStart, Xlib The OPEN LOOK and Sun™ Graphical User Interface was developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. for its users and licensees. Sun acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user interfaces for the computer industry. Sun holds a non-exclusive license from Xerox to the Xerox Graphical User Interface, which license also covers Sun’s licensees who implement OPEN LOOK GUIs and otherwise comply with Sun’s written license agreements. Federal Acquisitions: Commercial Software–Government Users Subject to Standard License Terms and Conditions. DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED “AS IS” AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS, REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT, ARE DISCLAIMED, EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT THAT SUCH DISCLAIMERS ARE HELD TO BE LEGALLY INVALID. Copyright 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. Tous droits réservés Ce produit ou document est protégé par un copyright et distribué avec des licences qui en restreignent l’utilisation, la copie, la distribution, et la décompilation. Aucune partie de ce produit ou document ne peut être reproduite sous aucune forme, par quelque moyen que ce soit, sans l’autorisation préalable et écrite de Sun et de ses bailleurs de licence, s’il y en a. Le logiciel détenu par des tiers, et qui comprend la technologie relative aux polices de caractères, est protégé par un copyright et licencié par des fournisseurs de Sun. Des parties de ce produit pourront être dérivées du système Berkeley BSD licenciés par l’Université de Californie. UNIX est une marque déposée aux Etats-Unis et dans d’autres pays et licenciée exclusivement par X/Open Company, Ltd. Sun, Sun Microsystems, le logo Sun, docs.sun.com, AnswerBook, AnswerBook2, et Solaris sont des marques de fabrique ou des marques déposées, ou marques de service, de Sun Microsystems, Inc. aux Etats-Unis et dans d’autres pays. Toutes les marques SPARC sont utilisées sous licence et sont des marques de fabrique ou des marques déposées de SPARC International, Inc. aux Etats-Unis et dans d’autres pays. Les produits portant les marques SPARC sont basés sur une architecture développée par Sun Microsystems, Inc. L’interface d’utilisation graphique OPEN LOOK et Sun™ a été développée par Sun Microsystems, Inc. pour ses utilisateurs et licenciés. Sun reconnaît les efforts de pionniers de Xerox pour la recherche et le développement du concept des interfaces d’utilisation visuelle ou graphique pour l’industrie de l’informatique. Sun détient une licence non exclusive de Xerox sur l’interface d’utilisation graphique Xerox, cette licence couvrant également les licenciés de Sun qui mettent en place l’interface d’utilisation graphique OPEN LOOK et qui en outre se conforment aux licences écrites de Sun. CETTE PUBLICATION EST FOURNIE “EN L’ETAT” ET AUCUNE GARANTIE, EXPRESSE OU IMPLICITE, N’EST ACCORDEE, Y COMPRIS DES GARANTIES CONCERNANT LA VALEUR MARCHANDE, L’APTITUDE DE LA PUBLICATION A REPONDRE A UNE UTILISATION PARTICULIERE, OU LE FAIT QU’ELLE NE SOIT PAS CONTREFAISANTE DE PRODUIT DE TIERS. CE DENI DE GARANTIE NE S’APPLIQUERAIT PAS, DANS LA MESURE OU IL SERAIT TENU JURIDIQUEMENT NUL ET NON AVENU. 020304@3332 Contents Preface 15 1 Solaris Internationalization Overview 21 New Internationalization and Localization Features 22 Internationalization and Localization Defined 23 Basic Steps in Internationalization 23 Localization Functions in Solaris Interfaces 25 What Is a Locale? 26 Full and Partial Locales 27 Behavior Affected by Locales 28 Locale Categories 28 Using Locale Categories for Localization 29 Time Formats 29 Date Formats 30 Numbers 30 Currency 31 Language Word and Letter Differences 33 Word Delimiters 33 Sort Order 34 Character Sets 34 Keyboard Differences 36 Differences in Paper Sizes 37 2 General Internationalization Features 39 Support for Codeset Independence 39 3 CSI Approach 40 CSI-enabled Commands 40 Solaris 9 CSI-enabled Libraries 41 Locale Database 41 Process Code Format 42 Multibyte Support Environment 42 Dynamically Linked Applications 43 Changed Interfaces 43 ctype Macros 44 Internationalization APIs in libc 45 genmsg Utility 52 User Defined and User Extensible Code Conversions 53 3 Localization in the Solaris 9 Environment 55 Software Support for Localization 55 Summary of the Solaris 9 Locale Packages 55 Additional Locales in This Release 56 Supported Locales 57 Multiple Key Compose Sequences for Locales 63 Keyboard Support in the Solaris 9 Product 64 Changing Between Keyboards on SPARC Systems 66 Changing Between Keyboards on Intel Systems 69 4 Supported Asian Locales 77 Asian Supported Locales 77 Input Method Auxiliary Window Support for Simplified and Traditional Chinese 78 Thai Localization 80 Thai Input Method Auxiliary Window 80 Simplified Chinese Localization 80 Traditional Chinese Localization 83 Japanese Localization 86 Japanese Locales 86 Japanese Character Sets 86 Japanese Fonts 87 Japanese Input Systems 88 Terminal Setting for Japanese Terminals 88 4 International Language Environments Guide • May, 2002 Japanese iconv Module 89 User-Defined Character Support 89 Differences Between Partial and Full Locales 89 Korean Localization 90 5 Overview of UTF-8 Locale Support 93 Unicode Overview 93 Unicode Locale: en_US.UTF-8 Support Overview 94 Desktop Input Methods 96 Script Selection and Input Modes 97 Accessing Input Mode 97 Traditional Chinese Input Mode 114 Traditional Chinese (Hong Kong) Input Mode 114 Unicode Hexadecimal Input Mode 114 Table Lookup Input Mode 115 System Environment 115 Locale Environment Variable 115 TTY Environment Setup 116 Code Conversions 119 DtMail 120 Programming Environment 122 FontSet Used with X Applications 123 FontList Definition in CDE/Motif Applications 123 6 Complex Text Layout 125 Overview of CTL Technology 125 Overview of CTL Architecture 126 CTL Support for X Library Based Applications 126 New XOC Resources 126 Changes in Motif to Support CTL Technology 127 XmNlayoutDirection 128 Determining the Layout Direction 128 XmStringDirection 129 XmRendition 129 Additional Layout Behavior 130 XmText and XmTextField 131 Character Orientation Action Routines 132 Contents 5 Character Orientation Additional Behavior 132 XmText Action Routines 132 XmTextFieldGetLayoutModifier 135 XmTextGetLayoutModifier 135 XmTextFieldSetLayoutModifier 136 XmTextSetLayoutModifier 136 XmStringDirectionCreate 137 UIL Arguments 137 How to Develop CTL Applications 138 Layout Direction 138 Creating a Rendition 139 Editing a Rendition 140 Creating a Render Table in a Resource File 141 Creating a Render Table in an Application 142 Horizontal Tabs 143 Mouse Selection 144 Keyboard Selection 145 Text Resources and Geometry 145 Porting Instructions 146 7 Print Filter Enhancement With mp 147 Printing for UTF-8 147 mp Print Filter Enhancement Overview 148 Using mp with the Locale Specific Font Configuration File mp.conf 149 Using mp With the Locale-specific PostScript Prologue Files 149 Using mp as an Xprt (X Print Server) Client 149 Localization of the Configuration File 150 Customizing Existing prolog Files and Adding New prolog Files 156 PostScript File Customization 156 .xpr File Customization 159 Creating a New .xpr File 162 6 International Language Environments Guide • May, 2002 A iconv Code Conversions 165 B Partial Locale Package List on Software CDs 193 C Full Locale Package List on Languages CD 201 Index 221 Contents 7 8 International Language Environments Guide • May, 2002 Tables TABLE 1–1 International Time Formats 29 TABLE 1–2 International Date Formats 30 TABLE 1–3 International Numeric Conventions 31 TABLE 1–4 International Monetary Conventions 31 TABLE 1–5 User Locales To Support the Euro Currency 32 TABLE 1–6 German Locale and Corresponding LC_MONETARY 33 TABLE 1–7 Common International Page Sizes 37 TABLE 2–1 Messaging Functions in libc 45 TABLE 2–2 Code Conversion in libc 46 TABLE 2–3 Regular Expressions in libc 46 TABLE 2–4 Wide Character Class in libc 46 TABLE 2–5 Modify and Query Locale in libc
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tilde-Arrow-Out (~→O)
    Chapter 5: Derivations in Sentential Logic 181 atomic). In the next example, the disjunction is complex (its disjuncts are not atomic). Example 2 (1) (P ´ Q) → (P & Q) Pr (2) •: (P & Q) ∨ (~P & ~Q) ID (3) |~[(P & Q) ∨ (~P & ~Q)] As (4) |•: ¸ DD (5) ||~(P & Q) 3,~∨O (6) ||~(~P & ~Q) 3,~∨O (7) ||~(P ∨ Q) 1,5,→O (8) ||~P 7,~∨O (9) ||~Q 7,~∨O (10) ||~P & ~Q 8,9,&I (11) ||¸ 6,10,¸I The basic strategy is exactly like the previous problem. The only difference is that the formulas are more complex. 13. FURTHER RULES In the previous section, we added the rule ~∨O to our list of inference rules. Although it is not strictly required, it does make a number of derivations much easier. In the present section, for the sake of symmetry, we add corresponding rules for the remaining two-place connectives; specifically, we add ~&O, ~→O, and ~↔O. That way, we have a rule for handling any negated molecular formula. Also, we add one more rule that is sometimes useful, the Rule of Repetition. The additional negation rules are given as follows. Tilde-Ampersand-Out (~&O) ~(d & e) ––––––––– d → ~e Tilde-Arrow-Out (~→O) ~(d → f) –––––––––– d & ~f 182 Hardegree, Symbolic Logic Tilde-Double-Arrow-Out (~±O) ~(d ± e) –––––––––– ~d ± e The reader is urged to verify that these are all valid argument forms of sentential logic. There are other valid forms that could serve equally well as the rules in question. The choice is to a certain arbitrary. The advantage of the particular choice becomes more apparent in a later chapter on predicate logic.
    [Show full text]
  • SLP-5 Setup for Uni-3/5/7 & WM-Nano Chinese BIG5 Characters
    SLP-5 Configuration for Uni-3, Uni-5, Uni-7 & WM-Nano Chinese BIG5 Characters The Uni-3, Uni-5, Uni-7 scales and WM-Nano wrapper can display and print PLU information in Chinese BIG5, also known as Traditional, characters but all menus, etc. remain in English. Chinese characters are entered in SLP-5 and sent to the scales. Chinese characters cannot be entered at the scales. Refer to the following procedure to configure the scales and wrapper and SLP-5. SCALE SETUP Update the firmware for the Uni-5, Uni-7 and WM-Nano to the following versions. Uni-5: C1830x Uni-7: C1828x (PK-260A CF CPU), C2072x (PK-260B SD CPU) WM-Nano: C1832x (PK-260A CF CPU), C2074x (PK-260B SD CPU) Uni-3: C1937U or later, C2271x The Language setting in the Uni-3 must be set to print and display Chinese characters. Note: Only the Uni-3L2 models display Chinese characters. KEY IN ITEM No. Enter 6000, press MODE 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 <B00 SETUP> Enter 495344, press PLU <B00 SETUP> <B00 SETUP> Enter 26, press Down Arrow <B00 SETUP> B26 COUNTRY Press ENTER B26 COUNTRY *LANGUAGE 1:ENGLISH Enter 15, press ENTER B26-01-02 LANGUAGE 1 *LANGUAGE 15:FORMOSAN After the long beep press MODE B26-01-02 LANGUAGE 15 REBOOT Shut off the scale for this setting change to 19004-0000 take effect. SLP-5 SETUP SLP-5 must be configured to use Chinese fonts. Refer to the instructions below. The following Chinese character sizes are available.
    [Show full text]
  • Background I. Names
    Background I. Names 1. China It used to be thought that the name ‘China’ derived from the name of China’s early Qin dynasty (Chin or Ch’in in older transcriptions), whose rulers conquered all rivals and initiated the dynasty in 221 BC. But, as Wilkinson notes (Chinese History: A Manual: 753, and fn 7), the original pronunciation of the name ‘Qin’ was rather different, and would make it an unlikely source for the name China. Instead, China is thought to derive from a Persian root, and was, apparently, first used for porcelain, and only later applied to the country from which the finest examples of that material came. Another name, Cathay, now rather poetic in English, but surviving as the regular name for the country in languages such as Russian (Kitai), is said to derive from the name of the Khitan Tarters, who formed the Liao dynasty in north China in the 10th century. The Khitan dynasty was the first to make a capital on the site of Beijing. The Chinese now call their country Zhōngguó, often translated as ‘Middle Kingdom’. Originally, this name meant the central – or royal – state of the many that occupied the region prior to the unification of Qin. Other names were used before Zhōngguó became current. One of the earliest was Huá (or Huáxià, combining Huá with the name of the earliest dynasty, the Xià). Xià, in fact, combined with the Zhōng of Zhōngguó, appears in the modern official names of the country, as we see below. 2. Chinese places a) The People’s Republic of China (PRC) [Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó] This is the political entity proclaimed by Máo Zédōng when he gave his speech (‘China has risen again’) at the Gate of Heavenly Peace [Tiān’ān Mén] in Beijing on October 1, 1949.
    [Show full text]
  • The Backspace
    spumante e rosato* (choose 2) per la tavola glera NV lunetta prosecco, veneto straw, baked apple, peach 11 43 farm greens :: giardiniera, red onion, pecorino romano lambrusco NV medici ermete, emilia romagna black currant, violet, graphite 10 39 lamb & pork meatballs :: stewed tomato, bread crumb, asiago, mint NV l’onesta, emilia romagna fresh strawberry, violet, orange zest 11 43 baked ricotta :: lemon, poached tomato, olive oil * lambrusco whipped lardo bruschetta :: herbs, citrus segment * aglianico 2015 feudi di san gregorio ‘ros‘aura’, irpinia, campania fresh strawberry, rose petal 12 47 shishito peppers :: melon, basil roasted corn :: ricotta, pesto bianco bombino bianco 2016 poderi dal nespoli “pagadebit”, romagna gooseberry, apple, hawthorn blossom 11 43 antipasti (choose 3) pinot grigio 2015 ronchi di pietro, friuli hazelnut, white peach, limestone 48 sweet potato :: cippolini onion, mushroom, rosemary friulano 2014 villa chiopris, friuli grave straw, white flowers, almond 10 39 braised greens :: golden raisins, pecan, red pepper falanghina 2014 terredora, campagna lemon, quince, pear 13 51 :: tomato, basil, balsamic house-made mozzarella chardonnay 2014 tenute del cabreo ‘la pietra’, chianti classico peach preserves, salted popcorn, vanilla 85 roasted beets :: celery, lemon zest, pepperoncini moscato 2015 oddera cascina di fiori, asti tangerine, peach, sage 12 47 the backspace marinated olives :: lemon, rosemary, oregano green beans :: pancetta, garlic, lemon family-style menu rosso $20 per guest pizze (choose 2) pergola rosso
    [Show full text]
  • Proposal to Add U+2B95 Rightwards Black Arrow to Unicode Emoji
    Proposal to add U+2B95 Rightwards Black Arrow to Unicode Emoji J. S. Choi, 2015‐12‐12 Abstract In the Unicode Standard 7.0 from 2014, ⮕ U+2B95 was added with the intent to complete the family of black arrows encoded by ⬅⬆⬇ U+2B05–U+2B07. However, due to historical timing, ⮕ U+2B95 was not yet encoded when the Unicode Emoji were frst encoded in 2009–2010, and thus the family of four emoji black arrows were mapped not only to ⬅⬆⬇ U+2B05–U+2B07 but also to ➡ U+27A1—a compatibility character for ITC Zapf Dingbats—instead of ⮕ U+2B95. It is thus proposed that ⮕ U+2B95 be added to the set of Unicode emoji characters and be given emoji‐ and text‐style standardized variants, in order to match the properties of its siblings ⬅⬆⬇ U+2B05–U+2B07, with which it is explicitly unifed. 1 Introduction Tis document primarily discusses fve encoded characters, already in Unicode as of 2015: ⮕ U+2B95 Rightwards Black Arrow: Te main encoded character being discussed. Located in the Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows block. ⬅⬆⬇ U+2B05–U+2B07 Leftwards, Upwards, and Downwards Black Arrow: Te three black arrows that ⮕ U+2B95 completes. Also located in the Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows block. ➡ U+27A1 Black Rightwards Arrow: A compatibility character for ITC Zapf Dingbats. Located in the Dingbats block. Tis document proposes the addition of ⮕ U+2B95 to the set of emoji characters as defned by Unicode Technical Report (UTR) #51: “Unicode Emoji”. In other words, it proposes: 1. A property change: ⮕ U+2B95 should be given the Emoji property defned in UTR #51.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Gut Microbiota and Colon Diseases with a Focus on Adenomatous Colon Polyps
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review An Overview of Gut Microbiota and Colon Diseases with a Focus on Adenomatous Colon Polyps Oana Lelia Pop 1 , Dan Cristian Vodnar 1 , Zorita Diaconeasa 1 , Magdalena Istrati 2, 3 4 1, Adriana Bint, int, an , Vasile Virgil Bint, int, an , Ramona Suharoschi * and Rosita Gabbianelli 5,* 1 Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; [email protected] (O.L.P.); [email protected] (D.C.V.); [email protected] (Z.D.) 2 Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology “Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor”, 400158 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; [email protected] 3 1st Medical Clinic, Department of Gastroenterology, Emergency County Hospital, 400006 Cluj Napoca, Romania; [email protected] 4 1st Surgical Clinic, Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj Napoca, 400006 Cluj Napoca, Romania; [email protected] 5 Unit of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (R.G.) Received: 6 August 2020; Accepted: 2 October 2020; Published: 5 October 2020 Abstract: It is known and accepted that the gut microbiota composition of an organism has an impact on its health. Many studies deal with this topic, the majority discussing gastrointestinal health. Adenomatous colon polyps have a high prevalence as colon cancer precursors, but in many cases, they are hard to diagnose in their early stages. Gut microbiota composition correlated with the presence of adenomatous colon polyps may be a noninvasive and efficient tool for diagnosis with a high impact on human wellbeing and favorable health care costs.
    [Show full text]
  • Localizing Into Chinese: the Two Most Common Questions White Paper Answered
    Localizing into Chinese: the two most common questions White Paper answered Different writing systems, a variety of languages and dialects, political and cultural sensitivities and, of course, the ever-evolving nature of language itself. ALPHA CRC LTD It’s no wonder that localizing in Chinese can seem complicated to the uninitiated. St Andrew’s House For a start, there is no single “Chinese” language to localize into. St Andrew’s Road Cambridge CB4 1DL United Kingdom Most Westerners referring to the Chinese language probably mean Mandarin; but @alpha_crc you should definitely not assume this as the de facto language for all audiences both within and outside mainland China. alphacrc.com To clear up any confusion, we talked to our regional language experts to find out the most definitive and useful answers to two of the most commonly asked questions when localizing into Chinese. 1. What’s the difference between Simplified Chinese and Traditional Chinese? 2. Does localizing into “Chinese” mean localizing into Mandarin, Cantonese or both? Actually, these are really pertinent questions because they get to the heart of some of the linguistic, political and cultural complexities that need to be taken into account when localizing for this region. Because of the important nature of these issues, we’ve gone a little more in depth than some of the articles on related themes elsewhere on the internet. We think you’ll find the answers a useful starting point for any considerations about localizing for the Chinese-language market. And, taking in linguistic nuances and cultural history, we hope you’ll find them an interesting read too.
    [Show full text]
  • TI-83 Plus Graphing Calculator Keystroke Guide
    TI-83 Plus Graphing Calculator Keystroke Guide In your textbook you will notice that on some pages a key-shaped icon appears next to a brief description of a feature on your graphing calculator. In this guide the page number in the textbook on which each of these icons occurs is shown, as well as the key word or phrase that appears in the box, followed by a detailed description of how to use this feature on your TI-83 Plus graphing calculator. Each feature is also given its own number for easy reference. page 2 1 Negative and Subtract You may have noticed that the calculator has two keys with a minus sign on them. The (–) key in the bottom row of keys is actually the negative key. The negative key is used only to write a negative number. The following numbers and expressions would be entered using the negative key: --57* 6-4+154/(-6) . The – key in the right-hand column on the keyboard with the +, ×, and ÷ keys, is the subtraction key. It is grouped with the other keys used to perform the basic four arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division). The subtraction key is used between two numbers to indicate that a subtraction is to be done. The following expressions would be entered using the blue subtraction key: 17-813* 7-25-6(3+ 4) . You can tell which of these keys has been used from the screen display, if you look closely. The negative sign produced by the negative key is one pixel (dot) shorter and placed one pixel row higher than the subtraction sign produced by the subtraction key.
    [Show full text]
  • Arabic Alphabet - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Arabic Alphabet from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Arabic alphabet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia َأﺑْ َﺠ ِﺪﯾﱠﺔ َﻋ َﺮﺑِﯿﱠﺔ :The Arabic alphabet (Arabic ’abjadiyyah ‘arabiyyah) or Arabic abjad is Arabic abjad the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right to left, in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters. Because letters usually[1] stand for consonants, it is classified as an abjad. Type Abjad Languages Arabic Time 400 to the present period Parent Proto-Sinaitic systems Phoenician Aramaic Syriac Nabataean Arabic abjad Child N'Ko alphabet systems ISO 15924 Arab, 160 Direction Right-to-left Unicode Arabic alias Unicode U+0600 to U+06FF range (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf) U+0750 to U+077F (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf) U+08A0 to U+08FF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf) U+FB50 to U+FDFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf) U+FE70 to U+FEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf) U+1EE00 to U+1EEFF (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1EE00.pdf) Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols. Arabic alphabet ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet 1/20 2/14/13 Arabic alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia غ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ي History · Transliteration ء Diacritics · Hamza Numerals · Numeration V · T · E (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Arabic_alphabet&action=edit) Contents 1 Consonants 1.1 Alphabetical order 1.2 Letter forms 1.2.1 Table of basic letters 1.2.2 Further notes
    [Show full text]
  • Urdu Alphabet 1 Urdu Alphabet
    Urdu alphabet 1 Urdu alphabet Urdu alphabet ﺍﺭﺩﻭ ﺗﮩﺠﯽ Example of writing in the Urdu alphabet: Urdu Type Abjad Languages Urdu, Balti, Burushaski, others Parent systems Proto-Sinaitic • Phoenician • Aramaic • Nabataean • Arabic • Perso-Arabic • Urdu alphabet ﺍﺭﺩﻭ ﺗﮩﺠﯽ [1] Unicode range U+0600 to U+06FF [2] U+0750 to U+077F [3] U+FB50 to U+FDFF [4] U+FE70 to U+FEFF Urdu alphabet ﮮ ﯼ ء ﮪ ﻩ ﻭ ﻥ ﻡ ﻝ ﮒ ﮎ ﻕ ﻑ ﻍ ﻉ ﻅ ﻁ ﺽ ﺹ ﺵ ﺱ ﮊ ﺯ ﮌ ﺭ ﺫ ﮈ ﺩ ﺥ ﺡ ﭺ ﺝ ﺙ ﭦ ﺕ ﭖ ﺏ ﺍ Extended Perso-Arabic script • History • Diacritics • Hamza • Numerals • Numeration The Urdu alphabet is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Urdu language. It is a modification of the Persian alphabet, which is itself a derivative of the Arabic alphabet. With 38 letters and no distinct letter cases, the Urdu alphabet is typically written in the calligraphic Nasta'liq script, whereas Arabic is more commonly in the Naskh style. Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into Roman letters (called Roman Urdu) omit many phonemic elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the Latin script. The National Language Authority of Pakistan has developed a number of systems with specific notations to signify non-English sounds, but ﺥ ﻍ ﻁ these can only be properly read by someone already familiar with Urdu, Persian, or Arabic for letters such as Urdu alphabet 2 [citation needed].ﮌ and Hindi for letters such as ﻕ or ﺹ ﺡ ﻉ ﻅ ﺽ History The Urdu language emerged as a distinct register of Hindustani well before the Partition of India, and it is distinguished most by its extensive Persian influences (Persian having been the official language of the Mughal government and the most prominent lingua franca of the Indian subcontinent for several centuries prior to the solidification of British colonial rule during the 19th century).
    [Show full text]
  • Basis Technology Unicode対応ライブラリ スペックシート 文字コード その他の名称 Adobe-Standard-Encoding A
    Basis Technology Unicode対応ライブラリ スペックシート 文字コード その他の名称 Adobe-Standard-Encoding Adobe-Symbol-Encoding csHPPSMath Adobe-Zapf-Dingbats-Encoding csZapfDingbats Arabic ISO-8859-6, csISOLatinArabic, iso-ir-127, ECMA-114, ASMO-708 ASCII US-ASCII, ANSI_X3.4-1968, iso-ir-6, ANSI_X3.4-1986, ISO646-US, us, IBM367, csASCI big-endian ISO-10646-UCS-2, BigEndian, 68k, PowerPC, Mac, Macintosh Big5 csBig5, cn-big5, x-x-big5 Big5Plus Big5+, csBig5Plus BMP ISO-10646-UCS-2, BMPstring CCSID-1027 csCCSID1027, IBM1027 CCSID-1047 csCCSID1047, IBM1047 CCSID-290 csCCSID290, CCSID290, IBM290 CCSID-300 csCCSID300, CCSID300, IBM300 CCSID-930 csCCSID930, CCSID930, IBM930 CCSID-935 csCCSID935, CCSID935, IBM935 CCSID-937 csCCSID937, CCSID937, IBM937 CCSID-939 csCCSID939, CCSID939, IBM939 CCSID-942 csCCSID942, CCSID942, IBM942 ChineseAutoDetect csChineseAutoDetect: Candidate encodings: GB2312, Big5, GB18030, UTF32:UTF8, UCS2, UTF32 EUC-H, csCNS11643EUC, EUC-TW, TW-EUC, H-EUC, CNS-11643-1992, EUC-H-1992, csCNS11643-1992-EUC, EUC-TW-1992, CNS-11643 TW-EUC-1992, H-EUC-1992 CNS-11643-1986 EUC-H-1986, csCNS11643_1986_EUC, EUC-TW-1986, TW-EUC-1986, H-EUC-1986 CP10000 csCP10000, windows-10000 CP10001 csCP10001, windows-10001 CP10002 csCP10002, windows-10002 CP10003 csCP10003, windows-10003 CP10004 csCP10004, windows-10004 CP10005 csCP10005, windows-10005 CP10006 csCP10006, windows-10006 CP10007 csCP10007, windows-10007 CP10008 csCP10008, windows-10008 CP10010 csCP10010, windows-10010 CP10017 csCP10017, windows-10017 CP10029 csCP10029, windows-10029 CP10079 csCP10079, windows-10079
    [Show full text]
  • Orthographies in Grammar Books
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 30 July 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201807.0565.v1 Tomislav Stojanov, [email protected], [email protected] Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistic Republike Austrije 16, 10.000 Zagreb, Croatia Orthographies in Grammar Books – Antiquity and Humanism Summary This paper researches the as yet unstudied topic of orthographic content in antique, medieval, and Renaissance grammar books in European languages, as part of a wider research of the origin of orthographic standards in European languages. As a central place for teachings about language, grammar books contained orthographic instructions from the very beginning, and such practice continued also in later periods. Understanding the function, content, and orthographic forms in the past provides for a better description of the nature of the orthographic standard in the present. The evolution of grammatographic practice clearly shows the continuity of development of orthographic content from a constituent of grammar studies through the littera unit gradually to an independent unit, then into annexed orthographic sections, and later into separate orthographic manuals. 5 antique, 22 Latin, and 17 vernacular grammars were analyzed, describing 19 European languages. The research methodology is based on distinguishing orthographic content in the narrower sense (grapheme to meaning) from the broader sense (grapheme to phoneme). In this way, the function of orthographic description was established separately from the study of spelling. As for the traditional description of orthographic content in the broader sense in old grammar books, it is shown that orthographic content can also be studied within the grammatographic framework of a specific period, similar to the description of morphology or syntax.
    [Show full text]