An Overview of Gut Microbiota and Colon Diseases with a Focus on Adenomatous Colon Polyps
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Colon Polyps & Cancer Prevention
Colon Polyps & Cancer Prevention Colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in United States. Only lung cancer is more deadly. This year we can expect about 134,000 new cases of colon cancer and 55,000 deaths from colon cancer. The good news is that it is surprisingly easy to significantly lower your risk of this disease. Colon cancer is a malignant growth that occurs on the inner wall of the colon or rectum. It is recognized that colon cancer usually begins many years earlier as a small noncancerous growth called a polyp, which grows on the inner wall of the colon. Polyps arise from genetic mutations in the DNA of the cells that line the colon. All of the risk factors for developing these genetic mutations are not known, but genetics plays an important role. Over time some polyps will grow larger until they develop into colon cancer. Although there are always exceptions, current data suggests that this malignant transformation is slow and may take 10 years or longer. What is a Colon Polyp? A colon polyp is an abnormal tissue growth which arises on the inner surface of the colon. The colon, or large intestine, is six feet long and looks like a hollow pipe with a ribbed inner surface. For many reasons, some individuals grow polyps on the inner wall of the colon. Colon polyps are found in one of two shapes; pedunculated, polyps on stems or stalks that look like mushrooms; or sessile, which are flat and sometimes more difficult to find and remove. -
Punctuation Guide
Punctuation guide 1. The uses of punctuation Punctuation is an art, not a science, and a sentence can often be punctuated correctly in more than one way. It may also vary according to style: formal academic prose, for instance, might make more use of colons, semicolons, and brackets and less of full stops, commas, and dashes than conversational or journalistic prose. But there are some conventions you will need to follow if you are to write clear and elegant English. In earlier periods of English, punctuation was often used rhetorically—that is, to represent the rhythms of the speaking voice. The main function of modern English punctuation, however, is logical: it is used to make clear the grammatical structure of the sentence, linking or separating groups of ideas and distinguishing what is important in the sentence from what is subordinate. It can also be used to break up a long sentence into more manageable units, but this may only be done where a logical break occurs; Jane Austen's sentence ‗No one who had ever seen Catherine Morland in her infancy, would ever have supposed her born to be a heroine‘ would now lose its comma, since there is no logical break between subject and verb (compare: ‗No one would have supposed …‘). 2. The main stops and their functions The full stop, exclamation mark, and question mark are used to mark off separate sentences. Within the sentence, the colon (:) and semicolon (;) are stronger marks of division than the comma, brackets, and the dash. Properly used, the stops can be a very effective method of marking off the divisions and subdivisions of your argument; misused, they can make it barely intelligible, as in this example: ‗Donne starts the poem by poking fun at the Petrarchan convention; the belief that one's mistress's scorn could make one physically ill, he carries this one step further…‘. -
Punctuation: Program 8-- the Semicolon, Colon, and Dash
C a p t i o n e d M e d i a P r o g r a m #9994 PUNCTUATION: PROGRAM 8-- THE SEMICOLON, COLON, AND DASH FILMS FOR THE HUMANITIES & SCIENCES, 2000 Grade Level: 8-13+ 22 mins. DESCRIPTION How does a writer use a semicolon, colon, or dash? A semicolon is a bridge that joins two independent clauses with the same basic idea or joins phrases in a series. To elaborate a sentence with further information, use a colon to imply “and here it is!” The dash has no specific rules for use; it generally introduces some dramatic element into the sentence or interrupts its smooth flow. Clear examples given. ACADEMIC STANDARDS Subject Area: Language Arts–Writing • Standard: Uses grammatical and mechanical conventions in written compositions Benchmark: Uses conventions of punctuation in written compositions (e.g., uses commas with nonrestrictive clauses and contrasting expressions, uses quotation marks with ending punctuation, uses colons before extended quotations, uses hyphens for compound adjectives, uses semicolons between independent clauses, uses dashes to break continuity of thought) (See INSTRUCTIONAL GOALS 1-4.) INSTRUCTIONAL GOALS 1. To explain the proper use of a semicolon to combine independent clauses and in lists with commas. 2. To show the correct use of colons for combining information and in sentence fragments. 3. To illustrate the use of a dash in sentences. 4. To show some misuses of the semicolon, colon, and dash. BACKGROUND INFORMATION The semicolon, colon, and dash are among the punctuation marks most neglected by students and, sad to say, teachers. However, professional writers—and proficient writers in business—use them all to good effect. -
Review of Set-Theoretic Notations and Terminology A.J
Math 347 Review of Set-theoretic Notations and Terminology A.J. Hildebrand Review of Set-theoretic Notations and Terminology • Sets: A set is an unordered collection of objects, called the elements of the set. The standard notation for a set is the brace notation f::: g, with the elements of the set listed inside the pair of braces. • Set builder notation: Notation of the form f::: : ::: g, where the colon (:) has the meaning of \such that", the dots to the left of the colon indicate the generic form of the element in the set and the dots to 2 the right of the colon denote any constraints on the element. E.g., fx 2 R : x < 4g stands for \the set of 2 all x 2 R such that x < 4"; this is the same as the interval (−2; 2). Other examples of this notation are f2k : k 2 Zg (set of all even integers), fx : x 2 A and x 2 Bg (intersection of A and B, A \ B). 2 Note: Instead of a colon (:), one can also use a vertical bar (j) as a separator; e.g., fx 2 R j x < 4g. Both notations are equally acceptable. • Equality of sets: Two sets are equal if they contain the same elements. E.g., the sets f3; 4; 7g, f4; 3; 7g, f3; 3; 4; 7g are all equal since they contain the same three elements, namely 3, 4, 7. • Some special sets: • Empty set: ; (or fg) • \Double bar" sets: 1 ∗ Natural numbers: N = f1; 2;::: g (note that 0 is not an element of N) ∗ Integers: Z = f:::; −2; −1; 0; 1; 2;::: g ∗ Rational numbers: Q = fp=q : p; q 2 Z; q 6= 0g ∗ Real numbers: R • Intervals: ∗ Open interval: (a; b) = fx 2 R : a < x < bg ∗ Closed interval: [a; b] = fx 2 R : a ≤ x ≤ bg ∗ Half-open interval: [a; b) = fx 2 R : a ≤ x < bg • Universe: U (\universe", a \superset" of which all sets under consideration are assumed to be a subset). -
International Language Environments Guide
International Language Environments Guide Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. Part No: 806–6642–10 May, 2002 Copyright 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. All rights reserved. This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Third-party software, including font technology, is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers. Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems, licensed from the University of California. UNIX is a registered trademark in the U.S. and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, docs.sun.com, AnswerBook, AnswerBook2, Java, XView, ToolTalk, Solstice AdminTools, SunVideo and Solaris are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. SunOS, Solaris, X11, SPARC, UNIX, PostScript, OpenWindows, AnswerBook, SunExpress, SPARCprinter, JumpStart, Xlib The OPEN LOOK and Sun™ Graphical User Interface was developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. for its users and licensees. Sun acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user interfaces for the computer industry. -
List of Approved Special Characters
List of Approved Special Characters The following list represents the Graduate Division's approved character list for display of dissertation titles in the Hooding Booklet. Please note these characters will not display when your dissertation is published on ProQuest's site. To insert a special character, simply hold the ALT key on your keyboard and enter in the corresponding code. This is only for entering in a special character for your title or your name. The abstract section has different requirements. See abstract for more details. Special Character Alt+ Description 0032 Space ! 0033 Exclamation mark '" 0034 Double quotes (or speech marks) # 0035 Number $ 0036 Dollar % 0037 Procenttecken & 0038 Ampersand '' 0039 Single quote ( 0040 Open parenthesis (or open bracket) ) 0041 Close parenthesis (or close bracket) * 0042 Asterisk + 0043 Plus , 0044 Comma ‐ 0045 Hyphen . 0046 Period, dot or full stop / 0047 Slash or divide 0 0048 Zero 1 0049 One 2 0050 Two 3 0051 Three 4 0052 Four 5 0053 Five 6 0054 Six 7 0055 Seven 8 0056 Eight 9 0057 Nine : 0058 Colon ; 0059 Semicolon < 0060 Less than (or open angled bracket) = 0061 Equals > 0062 Greater than (or close angled bracket) ? 0063 Question mark @ 0064 At symbol A 0065 Uppercase A B 0066 Uppercase B C 0067 Uppercase C D 0068 Uppercase D E 0069 Uppercase E List of Approved Special Characters F 0070 Uppercase F G 0071 Uppercase G H 0072 Uppercase H I 0073 Uppercase I J 0074 Uppercase J K 0075 Uppercase K L 0076 Uppercase L M 0077 Uppercase M N 0078 Uppercase N O 0079 Uppercase O P 0080 Uppercase -
Top Ten Tips for Effective Punctuation in Legal Writing
TIPS FOR EFFECTIVE PUNCTUATION IN LEGAL WRITING* © 2005 The Writing Center at GULC. All Rights Reserved. Punctuation can be either your friend or your enemy. A typical reader will seldom notice good punctuation (though some readers do appreciate truly excellent punctuation). However, problematic punctuation will stand out to your reader and ultimately damage your credibility as a writer. The tips below are intended to help you reap the benefits of sophisticated punctuation while avoiding common pitfalls. But remember, if a sentence presents a particularly thorny punctuation problem, you may want to consider rephrasing for greater clarity. This handout addresses the following topics: THE COMMA (,)........................................................................................................................... 2 PUNCTUATING QUOTATIONS ................................................................................................. 4 THE ELLIPSIS (. .) ..................................................................................................................... 4 THE APOSTROPHE (’) ................................................................................................................ 7 THE HYPHEN (-).......................................................................................................................... 8 THE DASH (—) .......................................................................................................................... 10 THE SEMICOLON (;) ................................................................................................................ -
Colon Warnings Everything You Need 1
5. Colon Warnings Everything You Need 1. Do not use a colon after a verb. Wrong—The topic of the pamphlet is: the colon. to Know about Right—The topic of the pamphlet is the colon. 2. Do not use a colon after consists of or such as. the Colon Wrong—Pack useful items such as: an MLA guide, . Right—Pack useful items such as an MLA guide, . 3. Do not capitalize the first item in a list included in a sentence. Right—Learn how to use the following machines: computer, printer, . WANTED Do capitalize the first item in a list in a column. Right—Learn how to use the following machines: ● Computer ● Printer 4. You do not have to capitalize the first word in a complete │ thought after a colon, but you may. Right—I was disappointed: misspelling spoiled my essay. Right—I was disappointed: Misspelling spoiled my essay. │ : 6. An Exit Exam on the Colon Front View Side View Place a colon in each of the following: Description of suspect: 1. Dear Professor 1. Fearful Colon Facts: Of Greek origin 2. On Mondays through Thursdays The Writing Center opens 2. The Top Six Excuses Used by a Colon at 9 00 a.m., but on Fridays it opens at 1 00 p.m. 3. Who can forget the Center's slogan “We'll help you write.” 3. Sometimes Mistaken for a Semicolon 4. After weeks of research, she wanted just one thing MLA 4. Sometimes Incorrectly Used as a Dash guidelines. 5. He knew it was important to revise his paper a good 5. -
Surgical Management of Polyps in the Treatment of Nasal Airway
Surgical Management of Polyps in the TreatmentofNasal Airway Obstruction Samuel S. Becker, MD KEYWORDS FESS Nasal polyps Sinonasal polyps Polyp treatment Nasal obstruction In addition to their role in chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal congestion, sinonasal polyps are associated with significant nasal obstruction. Via a purely mechanical effect (ie, obstruction at its simplest level), polyps alter and otherwise block the normal flow of air through the nose. Similarly, by blocking the drainage pathways of the paranasal sinuses, sinus inflammation and its associated symptom of congestion occur. Because the pathway that leads to the formation of sinonasal polyps has not been completely elucidated, effective long-term treatments remain difficult to pinpoint. Management of these polyps, therefore, is a difficult challenge for the contemporary otolaryngologist. Some of the more common medical treatment options include: topical and oral steroids; macrolide antibiotics; diuretic nasal washes; and intrapolyp steroid injection. Surgical options include polypectomy and functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). In addition, novel treatments for polyps are introduced with some frequency. This article presents an overview of management options for sino- nasal polyps, focusing on the indications, efficacy, and complications of the more common interventions. DIAGNOSIS AND PREVALENCE OF SINONASAL POLYPS Diagnosis of sinonasal polyps relies primarily on nasal endoscopy, with computed tomography (CT) to evaluate the extent of disease. Although unilateral -
Polyp Detection in Human Digestive System Images Mojtaba Akbari
Polyp Detection in Human Digestive System Images Mojtaba Akbari [email protected] Date of Submission: 2018/2/5 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran Degree: M.Sc. Language: Farsi Supervisor: Dr. S .Samavi, [email protected] Advisor: Dr. N. Karimi, [email protected] Abstract Colorectal cancer is one of the common cancers in the world. Polyps are the main cause of colorectal cancer. Early detection of polyps will increase chance of treatment. In medical imaging systems, especially in digestive systems imaging, cameras carry flash lights and reflection of this light into humid surface of colon will cause specular reflection. In this thesis we proposed adaptive method based on statistical features in both RGB and HSV color space for detection of specular reflections. Our proposed inpainting method has two main stages which in the first stage we select best patch based on our proposed cost function to replace into reflection section and in the second stage we use edge smoothing method to overcome unwanted edges resulting from first stage of inpainting method. We evaluated our proposed method in detection and inapinting of specular reflection on available colon database. Our proposed method reached 99.68% of accuracy which outperforms previous works in detection of specular reflections. The method we proposed for detection of colorectal polyps uses deep convolutional neural network. We also binarized weights of proposed CNN architecture in training phase for hardware implementation in future works. We evaluated our proposed method on colon database and proposed method reached 90.28% of accuracy. -
Endoscopic Management of Large, Flat Colorectal Polyps
Current Trends in the Practice of Medicine Vol. 27 No. 6, 2011 Endoscopic Management of Large, Flat Colorectal Polyps INSIDE THIS ISSUE Large sessile polyps and flat colorectal lesions greater than 3 cm may occur in as many as 5% Points to Remember of adults undergoing colonoscopy. Historically 2 Treatment Options for difficult to detect and remove, such lesions are • Once surgically managed, large, flat Benign Uterine Fibroids of particular concern because they pose a high colorectal polyps are now safely and risk of malignancy, especially on the right side effectively treated endoscopically—most of the colon. commonly with endoscopic mucosal 5 Pituitary Tumors: Team As recently as 5 years ago, most large polyps resection. Approach Advantages were managed surgically. But according to gastroenterologists at Mayo Clinic in Jackson- • Various endoscopes and snares enable ville, Florida, many of these lesions are now treatment of polyps in any part of the 6 Titanium Plates successfullyA treated using endoscopic methods gastrointestinal tract accessible to endos- Stabilize Broken Ribs (Figure 1). Advances in both imaging technology copy, including the esophagus, stomach, and treatment methods have paved the way for and duodenum. endoscopic management of difficult polyps. Chromoendoscopy allows for better identi- • Endoscopic submucosal dissection, a fication of lesions as well as better endoscopic technically demanding procedure that characterization. And the variety of endoscopes allows for en bloc resection, is gaining acceptance in a few large US centers. and snares available today make it possible to treat polyps in any part of the gastrointestinal tract accessible to endoscopy, including the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. -
Set (Mathematics) from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Set (mathematics) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A set in mathematics is a collection of well defined and distinct objects, considered as an object in its own right. Sets are one of the most fundamental concepts in mathematics. Developed at the end of the 19th century, set theory is now a ubiquitous part of mathematics, and can be used as a foundation from which nearly all of mathematics can be derived. In mathematics education, elementary topics such as Venn diagrams are taught at a young age, while more advanced concepts are taught as part of a university degree. Contents The intersection of two sets is made up of the objects contained in 1 Definition both sets, shown in a Venn 2 Describing sets diagram. 3 Membership 3.1 Subsets 3.2 Power sets 4 Cardinality 5 Special sets 6 Basic operations 6.1 Unions 6.2 Intersections 6.3 Complements 6.4 Cartesian product 7 Applications 8 Axiomatic set theory 9 Principle of inclusion and exclusion 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Definition A set is a well defined collection of objects. Georg Cantor, the founder of set theory, gave the following definition of a set at the beginning of his Beiträge zur Begründung der transfiniten Mengenlehre:[1] A set is a gathering together into a whole of definite, distinct objects of our perception [Anschauung] and of our thought – which are called elements of the set. The elements or members of a set can be anything: numbers, people, letters of the alphabet, other sets, and so on.