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Forms and Functions of Codeswitching to Hindi/Urdu in Indian English and Pakistani English

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Forms and Functions of Codeswitching to Hindi/Urdu in Indian English and Pakistani English Forms and functions of codeswitching to Hindi/Urdu in Indian English and Pakistani English Henna Kortelainen MA Thesis English, Researcher Path School of Languages and Translation Studies Faculty of Humanities University of Turku May 2020 The originality of this thesis has been checked in accordance with the University of Turku quality assurance system using the Turnitin OriginalityCheck service. UNIVERSITY OF TURKU School of Languages and Translation Studies/Faculty of Humanities KORTELAINEN, HENNA: Forms and functions of codeswitching to Hindi/Urdu in In- dian English and Pakistani English MA Thesis, 110 p., 20 p. appendices English, Researcher Path May 2020 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ This study examines the forms and functions of codeswitching to Hindi/Urdu in Indian English and Pakistani English. The aim is to find out how these local languages manifest and are used in the local non-native variety of English. Previous research on codeswitch- ing to Hindi and Urdu in Indian English and Pakistani English has mostly concentrated only on the use of single lexical items and their impact on the lexicon of the local English leaving the more varied ways in which the local languages show relatively unresearched. The material was collected from the Corpus of Global Web-based English (GloWbE). This study served additionally as a methodological experiment using the most frequent Hindi and Urdu words to locate and collect codeswitches in the corpus. The analysis of the structural patterns showed that Hindi and Urdu codeswitches manifest in a variety of different forms ranging from longer intersentential codeswitches for complete Hindi and Urdu sentences to interclausal switches, i.e. switches between main and dependent clauses, and to shorter intraclausal codeswitches like words and phrases. The structural analysis also revealed that the structural patterns appear to follow the same tendencies in both Indian and Pakistani English. The Hindi/Urdu codeswitches also served diverse types of functions. The switches could roughly be divided into switches with a communicative function and cultural switches. Communicative functions included, among others, quotations, figurative lan- guage, conveying greetings and prayers, interjections, reiterations, and metalinguistic commentary. Cultural codeswitches expressed objects and concepts specific to the Indian and Pakistani culture. Cultural switches also functioned as references to the Indian and Pakistani culture implying the Indianness or Pakistaniness of something or someone. Keywords: codeswitching, Indian English, Pakistani English, Hindi, Urdu Table of contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 2 Languages and multilingualism in India and Pakistan ............................................................ 4 2.1 Languages in India and Pakistan ...................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Hindi-Urdu ................................................................................................................. 5 2.2 English in the Indian subcontinent ................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Historical background ................................................................................................ 8 2.2.2 English in India and Pakistan today ........................................................................... 9 2.2.3 English vs. local languages ...................................................................................... 11 3 Codeswitching ....................................................................................................................... 14 3.1 Defining codeswitching .................................................................................................. 14 3.2 Social and conversational aspects ................................................................................... 15 3.3 Syntactic aspects ............................................................................................................. 23 3.3.1 Constraints on codeswitching .................................................................................. 24 3.3.2 Matrix language ....................................................................................................... 26 3.4 Codeswitching vs. borrowing ......................................................................................... 29 3.4.1 Borrowing vs. codeswitching in non-native varieties of English ............................ 32 3.5 Previous studies on codeswitching in Indian English and Pakistani English ................. 33 4 Material and method .............................................................................................................. 37 4.1 Corpora and corpus linguistics ....................................................................................... 37 4.1.1 Corpus of Global Web-based English (GloWbE) .................................................... 38 4.1.2 Sketch Engine .......................................................................................................... 39 4.2 The data and data collection ........................................................................................... 39 4.2.1 The Hindi/Urdu frequency lists ............................................................................... 40 4.2.1.1 Romanization of Hindi and Urdu ...................................................................... 40 4.2.2 Searches in the GloWbE .......................................................................................... 42 4.2.3 Construction of Excel-files ...................................................................................... 44 5 Quantitative analysis: structural patterns .............................................................................. 47 5.1 Intersentential switches ................................................................................................... 48 5.2 Intrasentential switches ................................................................................................... 50 5.2.1 Interclausal switches ................................................................................................ 50 5.2.1.1 Hindi/Urdu main clauses with an English dependent clause ............................ 51 5.2.1.2 Hindi/Urdu dependent clauses with English main clauses ................................ 51 5.2.2 Intraclausal switches ................................................................................................ 55 5.2.2.1 Proper names ..................................................................................................... 56 5.2.2.2 Genitive phrases ................................................................................................ 57 5.2.2.3 Nouns ................................................................................................................ 60 5.2.2.4 Noun phrases ..................................................................................................... 61 5.2.2.5 Postpositional phrases ....................................................................................... 61 5.2.2.6 Conjunctions ...................................................................................................... 62 5.2.2.7 Interjections ....................................................................................................... 62 5.2.2.8 Other word classes and phrase types ................................................................. 63 5.2.2.9 Other intraclausal switches ................................................................................ 64 6 Qualitative analysis: functions .............................................................................................. 66 6.1 Communicative functions ............................................................................................... 66 6.1.1 Quotations and reported speech ............................................................................... 67 6.1.1.1 Quotations of works of art and intertextuality .................................................. 67 6.1.1.2 Reported speech of Indian and Pakistani people ............................................... 70 6.1.1.3 Hypothetical quotations ..................................................................................... 74 6.1.2 Figurative language .................................................................................................. 75 6.1.3 Greetings .................................................................................................................. 76 6.1.4 Interjections .............................................................................................................. 77 6.1.5 Reiterations .............................................................................................................. 78 6.1.6 Metalinguistic commentary ..................................................................................... 80 6.1.7 Other communicative functions ............................................................................... 81 6.2 Cultural codeswitches ..................................................................................................... 85 6.2.1 Sociocultural domains of cultural switches ............................................................
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