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Home , Braj Bhasha, Kannauji language

Kannauji language is an Indo-Aryan language spoken served easily, are as below: in parts of the Indian state of . Kannauji Kannauji is a Prodrop language. In such languages pro- is closely related to Hindustani. Some consider it to be nouns are dropped as per ease of the speaker. (This fea- a dialect of Hindustani, whereas others consider it a sep- ture includes pronouns of WH category, too.) arate Western language.[3] Kannauji has about 6 million speakers. • For example, ka: tum huan jaiyo: Kannauji shares many structural and functional differ- • can also be said as huan jaiyo: ences from other dialects of Hindi, but in the Linguistic Survey of it has been added as a variant of Vraj and Avadhi. 4 Word formation processes Kannauji has two dialects or variants of its own: Tirhari and Transitional Kannauji, which is between standard Word formation processes of Kannauji are more or less Kannauji and Awadhi. like of Hindi, but some processes of word formation of Kannauji are not found in Hindi. Here are the word for- mation processes of Kannaiji: 1 Geographical distribution

Kannauji is not a standard dialect of Hindi and can be as- 4.1 Borrowing words sumed to be the transitory phase between Bhasha and Awadhi. Eastern parts are totally Awadhi while In borrowing something from other language is taken di- Western districts are Braj speaking. Kannauji is predom- rectly into a language. It is a very common and very pro- inantly spoken around the historic town of in the ductive process of word formation. following districts of the Ganga-Yamuna : On the lexical and semantic basis we can divide borrow- ing in two types: • Kannauj • 4.1.1 Lexical borrowing (loan words) • In lexical borrowing a word is directly taken into a lan- • guage from other language. Lexical borrowing is very common in Kannauji. • Auraiya Sometimes a word is not borrowed as it is. Some pho- • netic changes are made to it to match the properties of target language. The word is localized for ease of native In the non-Doabi areas, it is spoken in Hardoi, western speakers. For example: parts of Lakhimpur Kheri and Sitapur districts in and Shahjahanpur and Pilibhit of . 4.1.2 Semantic borrowing (calque) A distribution of the geographical area can be found in volume 9 of 'Linguistic Survey of India' by George A. In semantic borrowing some concept from another lan- Grierson. guage is taken into a language, but the words used to ex- press that concept are made in the target language. In this type of borrowing concepts/words are localized. For 2 Works example:

3 Grammar 4.2 Coining

There is no published grammar of Kannauji till date, but Coining is a less frequent and a less productive word for- some of the basic features of Kannauji, which can be ob- mation process. In coining meaning of a word is extended

1 2 4 WORD FORMATION PROCESSES up to an extent that it starts being used as an category. 'par-' + dosh → pardo:sh Here are some examples of coining. (others) (defects) ‘ap’ and ‘par’ are prefixes here. New words are be- • chyawanpra:sh was a product made by Dabur. Af- ing formed by adding them to two old words ‘jash’ and ter that, many other companies launched their sim- ‘dosh’. ilar products. The name of chyawanpra:sh became so popular that now every such product is known as chyawanpra:sh. Suffix In this type of affixation an affix is inserted at the end of a word; this way a new word is formed. • pachmo:la: When Vaidyanaath launched its diges- tive tablets it named them pachmo:la:. This product • became so popular that afterwards all such products ‘-aevo’ are known as pachmo:la:. dikha:na: + -aevo → dikhaevo (showing) 4.3 Word formation by addition rakhna: + -aevo → rakhaevo In Kannauji new words are formed by inflection old (keeping) words, too. According to different properties this pro- cess is divided into two main types: • ‘-pan’

4.3.1 Inflection apna + -pan → apno:pan (self) In inflection a new word is formed from an old word by adding something in it. It is the most common process of word formation in Kannauji. This process is category Infix In this type of affixation an affix inserted some- specific. The grammatical category of a word remains where in the middle of the word. same even after inflection. For example: • ‘-la-’ -ini ladka + '-ini' = ladkini dikh aevo: + -la- → dikhlaevo: (boy) (girl) (showing)(making something show by some other per- son) Here '–ini' is used to make a feminine form of the word ladka. Here is another example of inflection: • ‘-va-’ sangi + '-ini' = sangini (mate- male) (mate- female)

hasa evo: + -va- → hasavaevo: 4.3.2 Derivation- (to make laugh)(causing people laugh by some other per- son) In derivation, too, new words are formed by old words us- ing affixes. This is a very common process like inflection. There are three types of affixation found in Kannauji. 4.4 Blending

Blending is the process in which parts of two words Prefix In this type of affixation an affix is inserted ini- (which are already present in that language) are joined tially in a word. to make a new word. choti: + bit͜ti: →chotit͜ti: • ‘ap-’ (small) (girl)

'ap-' + jash → apjash badi: + bit͜ti: →badit͜ti: (big) (girl) (evil) (fame) bade: + dad͜da: →badid͜da: • ‘par-’ (big) (brother) 4.9 Eco formation 3

4.5 Compounding Here ghare is formed following the word ghare so it is an example of reduplication. In compounding two words are stringed together to form a new word. This process is a common word formation process. This type of formation process is used more by 4.9 Eco formation educated persons. Eco formation is a similar process like reduplication. In For example: eco formation a similar sounding word is made from nom- guru + ghantal = gurughantal inal and adjectival. There is no logic behind why this for- Here gurughantal is made by stringing guru and ghantal mation is done but it increases the stylistic effectiveness and the meaning referred by the stringed word is reflected of conversation. For example: by the words. Although it is not necessary in every con- tasla-wasla dition. For example: Here wasla, a similar sounding word is formed after word am͜ma aur dad͜da → am͜ma: dad͜da: tasla so it is an example of eco formation process. Some other examples are 4.6 Conversion • haldi-waldi

Conversion is a very productive but less frequent process • ata-wata of word formation. In this process a word starts being used as another word (having some similar properties). In this process a word of some grammatical category 4.10 Metaphoric expansion- starts being using as word of other grammatical category, too. Here are some examples of conversion. In metaphor a word is objected on another one because of some similarity. In metaphoric expansion a word is • wao: baura: hai (He is a moron) used in different situations and environments due to one similar quality. The meaning of a word is expanded • baurane: kahe: hau: dadda: (Why are you behaving metaphorically in this word formation process. For ex- like a moron?) ample: dama:d → sarka:r ko dama:d Baura is an abstract noun. In the first sentence baura: is used as an abstract noun. After conversion it started being dama:d is a person who is preferred very much in his/her used as a verb also, as in the second sentence. in-laws family/house. So sarka:r ko dama:d is used to refer a person who is favored very much by government. Here is another example of metaphoric expansion- 4.7 Suppletion shekhchil ͜li: → gao ke shekhchil ͜li:

In suppletion another relative form of a word is formed without any morpho-phonological similarities with the 4.11 Onomatopoeic words previous one. These forms do not relate morphologically or phonologically. For example: Onomatopoeic words are supposed as absolute or original ja:t and gao: words. They sound like the actions and things they are related to. For example: ja:t - ham ja:t hai gao: - wao gao: hato • khatar-patar It is a sound made by friction of two ‘ja:t’ is present participle for very ‘go’ whereas ‘gao:’ is the heavy objects. past participle form. • dhum-dhama:ko: It sounds similar to firing some- thing. 4.8 Reduplication • satar-patar Reduplication is a very common process of word forma- tion in Kannauji. Most of the reduplicated forms are 4.12 Importance of word formation made by adjectival and nominal words. This is not a pro- ductive type of word formation process; instead it adds Word formation processes are very necessary for devel- stylistic effect in conversation. For example: oping a language. In Kannauji new types of word forma- ghare-ghare tion processes are underway. 4 5 REFERENCES

5 References

[1] Kannauji at (18th ed., 2015)

[2] Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). “Kanauji”. Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolution- ary Anthropology.

[3] Kannauji

1. http://www.sumania.com/lang/allindi4.html 5

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