Disadvantages- HD TV- 3D Television

What does 6500K on the tube light means? It denotes that the light distribution that lamp is equal to the black body at 650 0 Kelvin. Washing Machine- Washing machine works by converting electrical energy into centrifugal force which is used for both washing and drying. Spin Drying and tumble drying- In spin drying the cloth are rotated at a speed of 50 0 revolutions per minute. This squeezes the majority of water from the cloths. Tumble Drying- In tumble drying heat is used to dry the cloths. It uses 2400 watt compared to a spin dryer that uses 400 watt of power. Television- invented by Philo Farnsworth, television is one of the most important inventions of 2o th century. Television works by sending and receiving electronic signal. There are three equipments used in television signalling 1. TV camera- it is a photo sensitive device that captures images and videos and convert light signal into analog/digital signal. 2. TV Transmitter sends signal electromagnetic or longer radio wave signals to the communication satellite. Transmitter are necessary component of many other electronic devices like radio, cell phone, wireless computer network, Bluetoo th enable services, spacecraft and garage door opener. 3. TV receiver – it capture the signal and convert into light and sound. It can be an antenna or a cable dish. Different types of television of cathode ray tube television are -

1. Cathode Ray Television (CRT)- Cathode ray tube is a vacuum tube containing electron gun (a source of electrons). The CRT tube receive the electronic signal and deflect into audio and radio signals which reaches the screen to create images or loudspeaker to produce sound. CRT was used in older television the newer form of television are LCD, Plasma Display and OLED. LCD- LCD or liquid crystal display is a flat electronic visual display that uses light modulating properties of liquid crystal sandwiched between two transparent electrodes (made up of Indium Tin Oxide Liquid crystal are specialized molecules that behave both like liquid and solid. Like liquid they flow while like solid they polarise light. Polarisation- polarisation is a property of waves that can oscillate with more than one orientation. Example- Electromagnetic wave such as light. Polarise light is more shining as the light changes angle before reaching our eyes. LCD consist of a layer of liquid crystal between two transparent electrode When electric signals fall on the LCD screen they polarise the liquid crystal. The crystal line up in such way that different coloured images are formed. LCD is inferior to CRT images in image sharpness and viewing angle is poor. LED- Light emitting diode television uses LED as a back lighting to glow its LCD screen. LED consists of small semiconductor which glows during expo sure to electric current. The current flows between LED anode and cathode. LED TV is more advanced version of LCD TV. It is slimmer and brighter than LCD TV. It also consumes 20 to 30 % less energy compared to LCD. Plasma TV- Plasma TV are a type of flat panel display the screen of which made up of cells containing ionized gases or microscopic fluorescent lamps. Advantages- The plasma TV display have a brighter images than LCD screen. Wider viewing angle than LCD Disadvantages- Uses more electrical power Like fluorescent lamp, the phosphor of the plasma cell decreases its brightness over time. HD TV- High definition TV produces high definition pictures. The resolution of the picture depends on number of pixels squeezed into a given area. The standard definition delivers the resolution of 720 pixel across 480 scanning lines. The HDTV and Ultra HDTV standards are laid by international telecommunication union (ITU) The HDTV resolution is 1280 pixel across 720 scanning line. It is read like 1280X720 Pixel. The first level UHDTV picture size is of the order of 8mega pixel or 3840x2160 pixels. It is also called 4K UHDTV system. The second level UHDTV picture size is of the order of 32mega pixels or 7680x4320 pixels. It is also called 8K UHDTV system.

3D Television- Our brain generates 3D picture largely with two eyes spaced short distance apart. Human do not have 3D vision. We have two eyes both have which see a 2D image. The combination of two lenses gives us an illusion of 3D vision. Human see three separate dimensions length, width and depth.

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Depth perception occurs at six month of age. For 3D viewing both eyes see light rays with the different polarisation. When light bends from same distant object by one eye, it gives the feeling of a 3D view or spectroscopic vie w. In 3D television a special polarized 3D system is placed behind the screen. There are several techniques to produce 3D picture. 1. Displaying Technology- It commonly uses passive colour filters or polarization filters. a. Polarization Filters- In this method viewer wears low cost eye glasses which contains pair of polarising filters oriented differently (for example at an angle of 90 degree to each other.)Normally light waves From an object vibrate in different direction But polarised filters put on the screen filters the wave in one direction. This gives the perception of depth. A linear polarizer converts an unpolarized beam into one with a single linear polarization. b. Active shutter 3D system- it uses liquid crystal shutter glasses just like in LCD. It The vertical components of all waves are works by openly presenting the image to the left eyes while blocking the right eye’s transmitted, while the horizontal components are absorbed and reflected. view, then presenting the right eye image while blocking the left eye and repeating it rapidly that it do not interfere with the fusion of two images into a 3D image. Disadvantage of 3D- 1. 3D system reduces brightness considerably because of the changing reflection of light from the object (the brightness is measured in candela per square meter. 4D- 4D is an example of entertainment technology which combines 3D films with physical effect that occurs in theatre like simulation of rain, wind, vibration, movement of animals, smoke, smell etc. The first 4D film show cased was The Sensorium in 1984. Other films released in 4D are Shrek 4D and Ice Age Dawn of the Dina sour. What are Piezoelectronics? Certain biological material (bone, DNA, protein) and ceramics produce a unique property of producing electric charge on mechanical pressure. Piezo electronics finds various beneficial practical applications like 1. Cigarette Lighter uses a piezoelectric crystal. When we press the button the crystal produces sufficient high voltage electric current which ignite the inflammable gas to produce the flame. 2. Energy harvesting. The USA army have attempted to power battle field equipment by inserting piezoelectric generator in soldiers boots. Upon walking the pressure energy gets converted into electrical energy. Piezoelectric Sensor- Piezoelectric sensor use to determine pressure changes in the environment generally sound waves are sensed in micro phone and electric guitar. Actuator in Robot- Actuator is a type of motor to control motion. It converts energy in to motion and vice versa. Piezoelectric actuator produces motion when high electric fields are applied. Microwaves electronics- Microwaves electronics uses for sending or receiving signals. They are mostly use in microwave oven and defence electronic. Microwave is within 3GHz to 300GHz, because of high frequency spectrum, microwaves can carry large number of signals. Masers – Microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation are used for amplifying microwaves in signals from satellite, space craft and radio.

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073. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Computers – Computers are the electronic devices which receive a set of instructions and carry out tasks like calculations, problems solving, internet, internet telephony etc. Computers are made up of two main parts Hardware- hardware is the physical part of computer. It is made up of 1. Input devices like- A. Keyboard and mouse-they uses infrared or radio waves to send the information. B. Electronic pen- the electrons are used to send the information’s. C. Scanner- Scanner contain optical character recognition software which translate the image into a digital text. Common uses of scanner are bar codes at the counter in store, biometric scanning including fingerprint and iris scanning . D. Storage devices- storage devices made up of chips are internal example memory devices or external example CD, DVD, Floppy Discs and Hard Discs. These devices store data on a magnetically sensitive medium or discs made up of metal.

a. Hard discs stores digital data on rotating plates of magnetic material. The discs can store hundreds gigabits of information. b. CD- CD - stores the data using laser technique. Data is written by burning microscopic holes on the discs surface by powerful laser. The data is decoded by using scattering properties of light. The holes scatter the light while land portions of the discs reflect the laser light to the photo detectors. The photo detectors convert the light and darks spots into electrical impulses in the form of the bits. It can store data upto .7 Gigabyts. c. DVD- Digital video discs contain 15 time more storage capacity because of closed data packaging i.e 4.7 Gigabytes. d. Blue Ray Discs- BD is the next generations optical discs developed by a consortium of electronic makers like Sony Dell Apple. The format can hold data upuo 25 Gigabytes. What are Bits and Bytes?

 Bits and Bytes both measure amounts of data but in two different contexts.  Bits, are used to data transfer speeds. This refers to how fast a file is downloaded, or how fast the internet connection is. For example, if we are downloading a file on cable modem, the download speed is 240Kbps. It is abbreviated as b  Bytes, on the other hand, are used to measure data storage. For example, a CD holding 700MB (megabytes) of data means it’s store 700 megabytes of information. It is abbreviated as B  1byte contains 8 bits of data i.e 1Byte of data per sec=8bits of data per sec Therefore, a 240Kbps download is only transferring 30KB of data per second.

1 bit (binary digit*) = the value of 0 or 1

8 bits = 1 byte

1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte

1024 kilobytes = 1 megabyte

1024 megabytes = 1 gigabyte

1024 gigabytes = 1 terabyte

1024 terabytes = 1 petabyte

for computers, technically 1kb is 1024 bytes due to the binary math (1x2=2, 2x2=4, 4x2=8, 8x2=16 ...... 512x2=1024) fibreoptic cable containing signal either analog (analog computer) or digital (digital computer) 1. Output devices comprise of video display, audio display, and documented data. a. Printer- Printer puts the computer generated image or text on paper. b. Video Display Unit (VDU) c. Speaker

2. Main memory- The memory of the computer is a physical device that stores information. It features three types of information storage.  Random access memory (RAM) they act as temporary storage device for programmes and data currently running on computer.  Read only memory (ROM) contains information’s which is permanently fixed in the chips by chip maker. It contain the information for the programme run on the computers and cannot be erased on it.

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 Data storage memory- the data storage memory is the memory fixed in the discs, pen drive which act additional of the computer.

4. Central Processing Unit (CPU)-It carries out the instruction of the computers programme by performing basic arithmetic, logical, input-output operations of the system. The older computer contained larger CPU but with the development of Micro Processor, a CPU is now mounted in a single silicon chip. Containing large integrated circuit with millions of nano sized transistor on a single chip. The modern personal computer contain microprocessor. Two classical component of CPU 1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)- It performs arithmetic and logical operations. 2. Control Unit- It draws the instruction in the memory decoded and translated into activities. It also indicates the order and time in which individual operations use the CPU. Software- Software is a computer programme that encodes instruction for the hardware to do work. The programme is developed in a special computer language called computer language. The computer understand language expressed in binary form that is bits of 1or 0. There are two main categories of software- 1. Operating system or System Software- It controls the execution of instruction in the CPU of the computers. They perform general tasks. The Software are formed in some machine language. Important computer language and their uses are giving below. a. ALGOL (Algorithmic Language) b. BASIC (Beginner all purpose symbolic instruction code) it is easy to use c. Linux (Personal computer) d. OS X (apple computers) f. C, C++, Java (micro soft computers) g. Android (Used in Tablet and Mobile Phone)

2. Application software- They addresses useful task beyond the running the computer itself like word processing, internet browsing. Important application software are Word processing Programme (Microsoft word) enable people to type words into a computer to write articl e, books, reports, letter, and documents. The user can insert, change, move or delete letters, words entire sections of a document. Computer added design programme allows professional in engineering, architecture, aviation and textile industries to produce paperless designs using powerful mathematic software.

Open source Software or cloud computing – Is computer software that has source code made available by developer to the user. The developer has the copyright to sell, distribute the software to anyone for any purpose. Here user are treated as co - developer and shearing of software occur to economy of scale and to improve business climate. It operate in various model like infrastructure as a service (IaaS) and software as a service (SaaS)

Computer network- Computer is a discrete machine containing individual data. However data can be shared between two and more computers using data cables (made up of fibre optic or copper wire) this inter connectivity can be achieved through computer networking. The transmitted information is coded in bits form into data cable. The information reaches the receiving computer where its CPU decode the information. Computer networking had started through local area network where computer are connected at local level. Example Ethernet, which gave to wide area network and finally internet.

Internet- Internet is a network based on common address system and guidelines termed as communication protocol. Internet origin can be traced to 1983 when US department of defence started ARPANET (Advance researched project agency network) Internet allows transfer of mails. Messages, pictures, news, text, document etc. The data is transmitted of data package. Cell phone and PCs can also access the internet through wireless telephone network. Examples- WiFi and Wi-max. Internet protocol regulates how data packets are formed and processed.

The data movement on the Internet Even though the Internet is still a young technology, but tod ay it has become indispensible part of our life. This network of networks criss crosses the globe and even extends into space. To understand the Internet, we have to look at it as a system with two main components. The first of those components is hardware. That includes cables which carry terabits of information every second to your computer. Other types of hardware that support the Internet includes routers, servers, cell phone towers, satellites, radios, smartphones and other devices. The computer, smartphone or other device are called as end points clients. Machines that store the information (we seek on the Internet) are servers. Other elements are nodes which serve as a connecting point along a route of traffic. Fourth are the transmission lines which can be physical, like cables and fibre optics, or they can be signals from satellites, cell phone or 4G towers, or radios.

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All this hardware requires a second important component of the Internet: the protocols. Protocols are sets of rules that machines follow to complete tasks. Without a common set of protocols, a seamless communication between devices couldn't happen. The protocols provide both the method and a common language for machines to use to transmit data.

Internet Protocol - IP? IP (short for Internet Protocol) specifies the technical format of data packets and the addressing scheme for computers to communicate over a network. IP can be compared to something like the postal system. It allows you to address a package and drop it in the system, but there's no direct link between you and the recipient. There are currently two version of Internet Protocol (IP): IPv4 (First and the dominant version) and a new version called IPv6. IPv6 is an evolutionary upgrade to the Internet Protocol. IPv6 will coexist with the older IPv4 for some time. IPv4 uses a 32- bit address scheme allowing for a total of 232 addresses (because of the binary data transmission) which means 4 billion addresses. With the growth of the Internet it is expected that the number of unused IPv4 addresses will eventually run out because every device -- including computers, smartphones and game consoles -- that connects to the Internet requires an address. Different Between IPv4 and IPv6- Addresses are 32 bits (4 bytes) in Addresses are 128 bits (16 bytes) in length length. It can support 4 Billion Addresses. It can support 3x1039 or limitless Addresses. Routers Hardware devices that connect networks in the internet called IP routers. A Routers either deliver the package to a computer in LAN or to other router which finally delivers data to the computer. Router can deliver packets even across wireless LAN called Wi-Fi in faster mode than wire based LAN. Cell Phones access the internet through wireless cellular telephone network, however the access is slower than the broadband access. Internet Governance The unique characteristics of the Internet are openness, global interconnectedness, its decentralized nature. Internet governance is a sensitive issue because the Internet works around and beyond political boundaries. The Arab spring has shown that internet has become a great tool in the hands of common people to overcome repressive regime. However government is not always wrong and it needs content regulation for security, safety, maintaining law and order and prevent misuse of internet crime like piracy, child abuse etc. The efforts for internet governance took concrete shape in the form of United Nation led World Summit on the information society (WSIS) held in two stages in 2003 and 2005. Its major outcome was the formation of Internet Governance Forum (IGF) in 2006 made up of 50 members, is a multi stake holder origination (with representatives from government, Private sector civil society and NGOs). The four major areas of discussion of IGF are 1. Openness (free expression) 2. Security (protection of users and network including cyber security, cyber terrorism) 3. Diversity (Cultural and linguistic) 4. Access (specially in developing country. In this direction laptop were given freely under open source software agreement The seventh IGF meeting was held in Baku, Azerbaijan from 6 to 9 November 2012. Its main theme was Internet Governance for sustainable human economic and social development. Key Points of Baku declaration 1.Internet and information communication technologies (ICTs) High-•‐speed internet connectivity, broadband services and applications are essential for modern society as they offer economic growth and social benefits. 2. It can significantly improve the public service system such as: education system, financial services and healthcare as well a s empowering women and improving the quality of life especially in developing countries. 3. It recognises cyber crime is a real issue and calls for International cooperation in child protection and global cyber security. 4. It favours freedom of expression online because the world is becoming hyper connected and more and more people are using internet for availing services. 5. It makes sure that in order to protect universal human rights, governments should take necessary step to protect the free flo w of information. Internet Administration Other International organisations for internet administration are- 1. Internet telecommunication Union (ITU). It had set international telecommunication regulation (ITR) 1988 as a binding global treaty to facilitate international connectivity of ICT services. Recent World Conference on international telecommunication (WCIT-12) was held in Dubai did not make the change in ITR and late the foundation for innovation and market growth.

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2. ICANN -Internet corporation for assigned names and numbers is a US non profit organisation, administer allocation of domain name and IP addresses.

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08. SUPER COMPUTERS

Super computers are the fastest type of computers which are design not for general purposes but for complex applications like high speed calculation seismology, studying weather phenomenon and artificial intelligence. Difference between Computer and super computer Computer Super Computer These are the machine for general purpose. These computer perform a particular task which is complex in nature.

Their processing capacity is very low compare to They have very high processing capacity. super computer

They made up of few micro processor. They are made up of thousand of micro processors.

They are not much costly. They are highly costly thus their shared recourses. A typical computer can use 15 to 200 kw energy. A super computer uses 4 megawatt electricity. Heat management is a complex issue. Operating System- The operating system in The operating system of super computers is simple computer ranges from custom tailored and is adaptation of generic Linux to Cobol Algol etc. software such as Linux. Unit of measurement of performance In super computer the unit of measurement of In simple computer it is bits per second. operations is floating point of operation per second or flops. First mechanical computer was invented by First super computer was CDC 1604 developed by Charles Babbage in 1822 Seymour Cray in 196 4. Other example of super First Digital computer was Atanasoff – berry computer are computer or ABC developed in 1937 1. Deep Blue- It defeated chess Player Garry Kasprove 2.Blue Gene – Peak speed 280 teraflops (1012 ) FLOPS developed by IBM. It was use by Veselin

Topalove world chess player for prepration. 3. Cray1 is used for weather forecasting in arrow dynamic research. 4. Tiahne-1A (speed 2.5 Peta FLOPS, 1 P FLOPS =1015 FLOPS) developed by china in 2010 for studying molecular dynamic.

5. IBM Sequoia- peaks speed 16P FLOPS in 2012. 6. Cray Titan- world fastest super computer till date Some of the uses of computers. Super computer performs function like complex Simple computer performs function like weather forecasting, oil and gas exploration, Algorithm, Logical Reasoning, calculation and climate research, molecular modelling (computing internet connectivity. the structure and properties of chemical compound and simulation test (simulation of nuclear weapon and research into nuclear fusion) Supercomputing in India- India supercomputing research gain prominence in late 1980 when Cray super computer was denied to India in the wake of India’s voluntary nuclear weapon testing and the denial of dual use technology by NSG. India’s first super computer was PARAM 800 developed by Centre for development of advance computing (CDAC) Other notable supercomputers of India are 1. PARAM YUVA II unveiled in 2013 by CDAC has a peak speed of .5 PFLOPS. It is an energy efficient supercomputer and ranked 33 in top green 500 supercomputer of the world. 2. SAGA 220 developed by ISRO has a peak speed 220 Terra FLOPS is used to study complex aeronautical. 3. EKA- Meaning number one in Sanskrit is build by computational research laboratory technical assistance by Hewlett Packard.

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4. ANUPAM- A fifteen GFLOPS supercomputer developed by BARC. It finds application in crystal structure analysis and gamma rays simulation. 5. VIRGO- 97 TeraFLOPS was developed by Indian institute of technology (IIT) Madras 6. PACE / ANURAG Processor for aerodynamics computation and evaluation is a supercomputer developed by ANURAG (Advanced Numerical Research and Analysis Group) a laboratory of DRDO. It is used in a) Aircraft and Automobile Designing b) Weather Forecasting c) Molecular Biology

Robots And Artificial Intelligence- Artificial Intelligence is a branch of computer science which deals with computers emulating human mental processes. So far no machine can been considered as intelligent as human. Alan Turing was the first person to talk of artificial intelligence. Intelligence includes components like reasoning, adapting to new situations, analysing, problems solving and learning new skills. Computer however are machines made to follow a strict set of instructions. The research in artificial intelligence emphasises upon increasing the problem solving knowledge of computers. It involves making specialized computers which perform complex task. We call such computers as experts system. Medical diagnosis, For instance is today done by computers other than doctors. For this a computer must know thousands of symptoms to understand hundred of diseases. By making software for complex computing and problem solving expert system for medical diagnostics. Other uses of AI are 1. Games 2. Making military robots. 3. Weather studies 4. Tackling dangerous task such as mining fire fighting and handling radioactive waste. 5. Making Robot to reduce air and water pollution. 6. Pushing the space exploration. Land rover sent over mars by messenger space craft is a n example of artificially intelligent robot. 7. In medicine AI find use in medical diagnostic and robotic surgery. Robots- Robots are machine which involves disciplines like mechanical engineering and computers. How Robot works? Robot body is made to simulate human body. Human body made up of five main components. 1. Body structure 2. Muscles to move the body 3. Power source to activate muscles and sensor 4. Sensory system to receive information from outside environment 5. Brain to coordinate muscles and sensor Robot is made up of same components but non living in nature. 1. Robot has a movable body structure. 2. Power It is generally the electrical energy which is converted into kinetic energy of the robotic arms and legs 3. The brain is generally made up of centre processing of computer. 4. Robotic muscles are made up of special material called Piezo ceramics and special plastic. 5. Actuator is defined as a device that converts electrical energy into physical motion. The vast majority of actuators produce either rotational or linear motion. a. Rotational Actuator- They transform electrical energy into rotational motion. Example DC motors, AC motors (rarely use), Stepp er motor. b. Linear Actuator- They convert electrical energy into linear motor. Example of linear motors are 1. DC Linear Actuator – In this actuator is connected to a led screw. A traveller on the led screw is force to move towards or away from the motors. 2. Solenoid- Solenoid is a coil of wire wound around a moving core. When electric current is passed through the wire it produces magnetic field (because of the phenomenon of electromagnetism) which moves the core either forward or backward. 3. Pneumatic and Hydraulic Actuator use air and liquid respectively to produce linear motion. 6. Sensors- Sensor translates between physical environment and abstract world of micro controller. It helps robot sense physical environment like a human being and makes than intelligent by responding according to the situation. In robot verity of sensor of use 1. Analog Sensor use to measure light intensity. Made up of cadmium sulphide the sensor is made to respond to a voltage change of 0 to 5 volts when light fall on them. 2. Thermal sensor helps in detecting the temperature changes in the surrounding.

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3. Ranging sensor- they allow a robot to see a obstacle without having to come in contact with it. They are either made up of infrared emitter / detector or sonar (Sound navigation and detection ranging). The ranging sensor emit light rays (laser) infrared or sound waves which strikes an obstacle and return back to be received by the micro controller detector. It helps t he robot to avoid the obstacle and perform difficult task. 4. Colour sensor- It helps in perception in colour. 5. Vision Sensor- It uses digital video camera with high speed processing to protect real world. 6. Digital compass- It detects earth magnetic field. Uses of Robots- 1. In mining and manufacturing industries to perform difficult and hazardous tasks. Example- High volume assembling of discrete component in auto mobile, television, aircraft industry. It also performs multiple tasks in plastic garment and other industry. 2. Nuclear Applications- Robotics is one of the thrust areas of R&D programme at BARC and IGCAR. A five-degree-of- freedom robot (Movement possible in five direction and six-degree-of-freedom robot (movement possible in three dimensional space i.e, up/down, forward/backward, left/right and rotation) are used for handling radioactive chemical at BARC. At IGCAR robots like mobile scanner (MOBSCAN) and ROPMAN are used for automated evaluation. 3. A DRDO venture, the centre for artificial intelligence for robotic has developed some useful robot these are a) DAKSH is an electrically powered for locating, handling and destroying hazardous objects like radioactive waste and nuclear weapon safely. b) CHATUROBOT c) NIPUNA 4. Humanoid robot- they look like human being and use to perform house hold task. The first robot to walk on two legs was ASIMO. 5. Human Machine interface One of the important discoveries of 2012, human machine interface is an attempt to increase innovative capabilities of robot by combing robot dynamics or movement with brain signals. In this electrodes are placed inside the mind of a paralysed human patient which capture thought signals and translate it into robot action. One such machine has been made which is a wearable robot- The EKSO.

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09. SPACE Space Technology- Space in second half 20th century has transformed from mere a physical bridge between earth and universe to a platform useful for mankind. Sputnik 1 became the first artificial satellite by erstwhile USSR to orbit the earth in 1957. Launching vehicle and technology Launching vehicle is the vehicle to send satellite and other space craft into space. It is not easy because every object is bound to earth by the strong gravitational force of earth called gravity. To escape the gravitational pull of the earth, a rocket must obtain an escape velocity. To reach the escape velocity rockets are divided into stages put one upon each other. Every stage uses strong fuels which burn to generate heat which lift against rockets. First stage is a more powerful stage because it has to lift the whole launch vehicle. Sometimes for example in PSLV special booster are required to give extra thrust. Second stage- the second stage carries less weight because the first stage has dropped off the rocket. In second stage the vehicle attains much higher speed. Third stage- A third stage puts the space craft into the orbits. (For a mission designed to orbit the earth) or for deep space mission. The third stage allows the space craft to reach escape velocity.

Propulsion Method for launch vehicle Rocket uses chemical fuel in solid, liquid or cryogenic form and an oxidizer that contains the oxygen needed to burn the fuel. Together fuel and oxidizer are called propellant. Todkay roc et use both solid and liquid fuel are used in combination. Solid Fuel propellant - These are composite fuel that are made up of synthetic rubber like butyl and plastic and powder aluminium nitric acid etc. along with additives that bind the fuel together. Solid Oxidizer is ferric oxide or rust. These composite fuels burn faster, thus more thrust is produce in short period of time. Hence solid fuel forms the first stage of rocket when higher thrust is required. Booster rocket that produces larger thrust uses extra chemicals to increase the burning rate. Liquid Fuel - Liquid fuel commonly used is liquid nitrogen, liquid hydrogen, alcohol, hydrazine and kerosene and liquid oxygen as oxidizer. Advantages  Liquid fuel provides greater impulse (mass into velocity) because liquid fuels are denser and burn for a longer period of time.  The combustion rate can be controlled in liquid fuel rocket, thus it helps in stopping, restarting and steering the course of rocket.  The raw material like hydrogen and oxygen are abundantly available, hence easy to manufacture. Disadvantage  Liquid fuel is very difficult to handle. Hence required complex containers.  It requires highly precise oxygen and liquid fuel injection metering. Cryogenic Fuel- Cryogenic rocket uses cryogenic fuel. Cryogenic fuel are fuels that require extremely low temperature to maintain them in liquid state. These fuel are used in rocket bound to space because ordinary fuel cannot be used there due to absence of oxygen that support combustion. Most common cryogenic fuel used is liquid hydrogen. Hydrogen is a gas in normal state. However it requires temperature of -252 degree Celsius or 21 Kelvin to cross the critical point of conversion from gas to liquid. At such low temperature the molecules of hydrogen become closely packed and concentrated into a useable form. Once liquef ied, it can be maintained as a liquid in pressurised and thermally insulated containers. The cryogenic fuel uses liquid oxygen as oxidizer. Cryogenics is the study of production of very low temperature and the behaviour of material of such low temperature. In India cryogenic technology is in development stage in Mahendergiri in Tamilnadu and Liquid propulsion centre Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala. India launched GSAT-4 by GSLV powered by indigenous cryogenic engine, which however failed to ignite. India’s Launch Vehicle Launch Vehicle is used to transport satellite into space. India’s first experimental satellite launch vehicle (SLV-3) was developed in 1983. ASLV ASLV was derived by adding two booster to SLV-3 and was successful in 1992. PSLV It is first operational launch vehicle of ISRO. It is capable to launch 1600 kg satellite in sun synchronous orbit and 50 kg satellite in GEO orbit. It first successful flight was in October 1994. It is a four stage launch vehicle which uses solid and liquid fuel alternately. It’s second stage is powered by Vikas engine.

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PSLV XL was used in Chandrayan -1 mission. PSLVXL is made more powerful by using large strap on motors. GSLV GSLV is made to launch INSAT-II class of satellite (2000-2500kg) in to Geo synchronous orbit. It is a three stage vehicle. The third stage is cryogenic stage. Out of seven launches since its first launch 2001, two launches have been successful. Variants of GSLV 1. GSLV Mk-I uses foreign cryogenic engine. 2. GSLV Mk-II uses indigenous cryogenic engine. It is capable to launch 2500 kg satellite. 3. GSLV Mk-III is envisaged to launch 4 tonns satellite in GTO. It first stage is liquid, second solid and third stage is cryogenic. It will have a lift of 62 9 tonns. Space Recovery Experiment- SRE is a Indian experimental space craft launched in 2007 by PSLVC7. SRE -1 was designed to recover orbiting space capsule and performing experiment in microgravity, navigation, management of communication blackout etc. The SRE-1 contains equipment and devices to power re-entry. These include parachute, telemetry and tracking system and sensor. It was made up of cone shaped heat tolerant silica tiles to withstand the heat generated due to friction while coming down. On January 2007 the capsule was reoriented for re-entry in the dense atmosphere at the height of hundred kilometres with the speed of 8km/s. Orbits of satellite- orbit are the path taken by satellite as it travels around earth. The orbit shape can be a circle or ellipse. The artificial satellite in the circular orbit travels at a constant speed. For example a satellite in geostationary orbit rotates round the earth at a constant speed. The satellite in elliptical orbit travels at different speed. The speed is greatest at perigee (minimum altitude) and least a t apogee (maximum altitude). Example is satellites launched in polar orbit. Low earth orbit- low earth orbit is at a height of 500 and 1500 kilometre. LEO is a circular orbit. The orbit is nearest among all orbits and because of greater gravity the satellite in low earth orbit requires higher speed to avoid gravitational pull. At LEO a satellite completes the orbit one and half hours. Satellites for environment monitoring and remote sensing are launched in LEO. The international space station is also placed in LEO (340 km). It makes 17 orbits per day. Medium Earth orbit is at a height of 5000 to 10000 km. MEO is an elliptical orbit. Satellite for navigation (For example GPS of USA, GLONASS of Russia and CNS/ATM of India) are launched in MEO. Geo stationary orbit is a circular orbit approximately at 36000 km above earth equator. The Geo stationary orbit is for away from the earth. The Geo stationary satellite completes one rotation in 24 hours over equator. Hence it remains fixed with respect to an ob server/user on the equator. The satellites for communication are launched in GEO. As the satellite are farthest from earth, the satellite rotate at slow velocity result in longer life span. Polar earth orbit PEO. PEO is an elliptical orbit that passes through boNth orth Pole and South Pole (the axis of rotation of the earth). Satellites for earth mapping, earth observation, weather monitoring are launched in PEO, because they observe the earth from pole to po le in 24 hours. Sun synchronous orbit is an orbit which combines height and inclination in such way that the satellite in the orbit complete means solar time. Since earth is a bulging geoid with low gravity at equator and high at poles, this asymmetry acts to slowly rotate the plane of orbit about the axis of earth. When the inclination is chosen as 8 degree off the polar orbit the motion of satellite matches the motion of sun. The one full rotation is covered in one year around the earth. Generally weather and spy satellites and remote sensing instruments that require sun light (ocean and atmospheric monitoring) are launched in sun synchronous orbit. GEO transfer orbit (GTO)- GTO acts as an intermediate orbit to launch communication satellite from LEO to GEO. It is an orbit where apogee (farthest point) of LEO intersects with perigee (nearest point) of GEO. The launch vehicle can move from LEO to GTO by firing a rocket at a tangent to LEO to increase velocity. How communication satellite works? A telecommunication satellite is a satellite launched in a GEO stationary orbit. It is made up of cluster of radio transmitter called transponder, antenna and sensor or receiver. The basic work of the GEO communication satellite is to receive the data signals from a ground station and send it to the receiver (antennas and dish). The signals are sent by earth station in the form of micro waves or radio waves in high frequency (Gigahertz range) to satellite. The three most commonly used satellite frequency bands are C-band, Ku-band and Ka-band. C-band satellite operate the signals in 4 to 8 Ghz frequency range. The frequency and wave length shows inverse relation to each other. When frequency increases wave length decreases. As wave length increases larger antenna are needed to gather the signals. As C-band operate in low frequency larger satellite antenna is require to gather low signals. Ku-band satellite receives signals in 11 to 20 Ghz frequency. The relatively high frequency corresponds to smaller antennas to receive the signals. Most of the digital dish antennas operate in Ku-band. Ka-band transmission occupies 20 to 30 Ghz frequency range. At such high frequency the signal weakens as it reaches the satellite at higher altitude. Because of higher competition must of the direct to home (DTH) systems use Ku-band transmission. The GEO satellite also contain power amplifier to amplify the signals as the signals weakens when it is reaches the satellite. After travelling to ground based antenna or dish the signals again weakens. Hence a low noise block amplifier the signals and convert them into lower frequency.

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Navigation system- satellite based navigation; timing and positioning service has become increasingly important for in present day world. A satellite navigation system is a system of satellite that determines the locations and time i nformation in all-weather conditions on or near the earth. It is useful for both military and civilian purposes. Its application include i.e Mobile navigation Air traffic management, rail navigation (Indian railway GPS name is kavatch). Oil and gas exploration Precision agriculture and fisheries Entertainment like navigation games Important global positioning systems (GPS) are a. CNS/ATM Communication navigation and surveillance (CNS)/Air Traffic Management (ATM) system has been adopted by international civil aviation organisation (ICAO) for world wide air traffic management. b. GPS- global po sitioning system created by US department of defence is made up of 24 satellite and operational since 1994. c. GLONASS is a Russian global navigation satellite system made up of 21 satellites operational since 1995. d. Galileo is a navigation system of European Union. e. Compass is Chinese navigation system. f. IRNSS- Indian regional navigation satellite system develop by Indian space research organisation (ISRO). IRNSS-1 is one of the 7 satellite constellation launched by PSLVC22 in 2012 in GEO stationary orbit. It contains the navigation payload which generates navigation signals in L5 and S-band. g. GAGAN- GPS aided Geo augmented navigation system is implemented by airport authority of India with the help of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to improve satellite base navigation, communication, air traffic management. The project involve 3 Indian navigation uplink stations, GAGAN payload on GSAT-8 and GSAT-10 communication satellite and 3 mission control centres. One essential component of GAGAN project is the study of ionosphere behaviour over the Indian region.

Other uses of communication satellites a. Tele-education- the network of IGNOU, UGC and NCERT have been setup under telecommunication satellite system. Gyandarsan and Gyanvani and various programmes for university students are prepared by education media research centres and broadcasted through Indian national satellite system or INSAT system. Today there are over 9000 edusat classroom operational in the country. Edusat Edusat or GSAT-3 is a communication satellite launched in 2004 to meet the demand of interactive satellite based distance system. It is launch in GEO stationary orbit. Victers (Virtual class technology on edusat for rural school) is India’s first broadband network on Edusat for schools to provide web based training to teachers and virtual education for students in interactive mod e using Eduset satellite. b. Tele-health Is the delivery of health related services to remote, rural and inhospitable areas via telecommunication satellite. c. Pan e African Network- It is a ICT project between Indian and African union that seeks to connect 53 African countries through satellite and fibre optic network. The enetwork is made up of undersea cable and satellite connectivity through C-band transponder of INTELSAT 904 and RASCOM (regional African satellite communication organisation provides TV broadcast and internet access in rural areas in Africa. The project links premier Indian and African universities and super speciality hospital and 53 tele-medicine and tele-education centre in Africa. The project aims to enhance the skill of African doctors and nurses. The project won the Hermes prize for innovation by European institu te of innovation and creative strategies in 2010. d. Village Resource Centre- Initiated in 10th plan VRC act as terminal hub of space based services such as- 1. Tele- medicine 2. Tele-education 3. Agricultural advisories 4. Weather advisories 5. National resource and data management system 6. Adult and computer literacy 7. Livelihood related vocational training. 8. Agro marketing 9. Micro credit facilities

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e. Radio Networking through INSAT makes available reliable, quality 10/15 Khz channels for national and regional networking. For this C and S band transponders are used.

Remote Sensing – Remote sensing is a technique used to gather information about natural resources and weather phenomenon on earth without directly coming in contact with it. It uses special devices for data collection, processing and sending it to remote sensing data centres. The instruments can be broadly divided into two main types 1. Passive RS instrument detects light reflected naturally from earth object. Some of the passive instrument are a. Spectrometer- It captures the specific portion of electromagnetic spectrum emitted by different materials. Every substance releases different light frequencies which are light their fingerprint. The spectrometer on board remote sensing satellite de tects measure and analyse the spectral content of material lying on earth or on oceans. Electromagnetic spectrum of an object is the range of electromagnetic radiation combination emitted by that particular object. It extends from low frequency radio wave to high frequency gamma rays.

Frequency- 10000 hertz 1010 hz 1014 hz 1015 hz 1016 hz 1016 hz 1019 hz Wave length 10m to 50cm 1cm-1mm .01mm .4-.7mu 10nm 1nm .01nm Radio meter- Radio meter measures the wavelength of longer electromagnetic wave for example microwave and radio wave produced by various objects on earth. Active instruments- Active instruments do not use sun energy but send directed wave of electromagnetic spectrum on to the earth object and detect and analyse the reflected radiation. Some of the active instrument used are 1. Radar – Radio detection and ranging A radar sends a directed radio or microwave frequency which hit various object on earth the object reflect a part of frequency which are detected and analysed by radar. 2. Lidar- Light detection and ranging The lidar uses laser to send high energy, directional light pulses on to the objects on earth and like radar, lidar a lso detects and analyse back scattered or reflected light.

INDIA’S SPACE ORGANISATION India endeavour into space started with the setting up of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) stabilised in 1969. Eventually department of space was setup 1972. India’s space programme is executed by ISRO and 4 research facilities.

A. RESEARCH FACILITIES OF ISRO- 1. National remote sensing agency – Hyderabad is devoted to acquisition, processing and dissemination of remote sensing data. Data is acquired via India on satellite like IRS 1-A and 1-B and satellite of other countries such as USA’s LANDSAT. It also provide training to decision makers and scientist through it Indian institute of remote sensing of Dehradun. 2. Physical research laboratory - Ahmedabad is a national research institute which carry research on 1. Astronomy (studies star information) planetary science, earth science (studies include glacial and Ocean studies. 3. North eastern space application centre, Shillong provides development support to north east by using remote sensing. 4. National atmospheric research laboratory, Chittoor is a autonomous institute funded by department of space. It is engaged in fundamental and applied research in atmospheric science.

B. Test facilities of ISRO- Liquid propulsion system centre located three places 1. Valiyamala Thiruvananthapuram district Kerala. 2. Mahendragiri in Kanyakumari District TN 3. Bangaluru, Karnatka LPS is engaged in development of liquid and cryogenic fuel.

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C. CONSTRUCTION LAUNCH FACILITIES OF ISRO- 1. Satish Dhavan space centre Shriharikota is a launch centre for PSLV and ASLV. It is home to India’s largest solid propellant booster plant. 2. Vikramsarabhai space centre Thiruvananthapuram is venue for development of PSLV, ASLV series. These facilities also developing GSLV series. It experimental plant at Aluva produces Ammonium per chlorate solid propellant. VSSE is involved in the development of space recovery experiment module and development of modified version of PSLV, PSLVC11 which was used for launching for Chandrayan 1.

D. TRACKING FACILITIES OF ISRO 1. ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and command centre, (ISTRAC) Bangaluru provides tracking and command support to satellite and launched mission. The tracking station are located through out the country and all over the world in Port Louis (Mauritius), Bearslake (Russia). 2. Master control facility Hassan karnatka is responsible for monitoring and controlling the satellite launched by ISRO. Currently MCF control 10 communication satellites such as INSAT 4A, GSAT-8 and GSAT-12

INSAT SYSTEM INSAT is a multipurpose satellite system for 1. Television and Radio broadcasting 2. Meteorological observation It is a joint venture of department of space (DoS), department of telecommunication (DoT), Indian meteorological department (ImD), All India radio and Doordarshan Established in 198s3 in such ystem in one of the largest communication satellite system in Asia Pacific. In consist 10 operational satellites INSAT series, KALPANA- 1, EDUSAT and GSAT-2, GSAT-8, GSAT-12 and GSAT-10. GSAT-10 is recently launched and fields C, Ku-band transponder.

IRS SYSTEM IRS system is world largest constellation of RS satellite. Important RS satellite operations are 1. IRS-1C and IRS-1D 2. Ocean SAT-1, it is meant to study ocean’s physical and biological aspects. It uses payloads like ocean colour monitor and microwave monitor. 3. Resource SAT-1 launched in 2003 by PSLV-C5. 4. CARTOSAT-1 launched in 2005 by PSLV-C6. It is an advance remote sensing satellite which contains 2 panchromatic cameras with the resolution of 2.5 Cm than CARTOSAT-2 is the advance version of CARTOSAT-1. It contains single panchromatic camera with resolution of 1cm. 5. RISAT-2 is a radar imaging satellite launched in 2009 by PSLV-12. It monitor India’s border as a part of anti terrorist and anti infiltration operation. 6. MEGHA TROPIQUES is launched in 2011 by PSLV-C18, jointly develop ed by Indian-France to study Indian Monsoon. 7. RISAT-1 2012 by PSLV-C19. RISAT-1 is a first indigenous all weather radar imaging satellite. It’s images are to facilitate agriculture and disaster management. 8. SARAL launched in February 2013 by PSLV-C20 is a joint Indo-France satellite for oceanographic studies.

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10. DEFENCE

Indian Armed Forces The Indian Armed Forces are the military forces of the Republic of India. They consist of the Army, Navy, Air Force and Indian Coast Guard, supported by Paramilitary forces (Assam Rifles and Special Frontier Force) and various inter-service institutions such as the Strategic Forces Command. The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces. The Indian Armed Forces are under the management of the Ministry of Defence (MoD), which is led by the Union Cabinet Minister of Defence. Indian Army The Indian Army is the land based branch of the Indian Armed Forces. The Chief of Army Staff (COAS), a General, is a four star commander and commands the army. Its primary mission is to ensure the national security and defence of the Republic of India from external aggression and threats, and maintaining peace and security within its borders. It also conducts humanitarian rescue operations during natural calamities and other disturbances. Major Exercises

1. Ashwamedha Indian Army tested its network centric warfare capabilities in the exercise Ashwamedha. The exercise was held in the Thar desert, in which over 300,000 troops participated. Asymmetric warfare capability was also tested by the Indian Army during the exercise. 2.Exercise Yuddh Abhyas

3.Yuddh Abhyas Exercise Yuddh Abhyas is part of an ongoing series of joint exercises between the Indian and United States Armies since 2005, agreed upon under the New Framework of India-US Defence Relationship.

4.Exercises Shoorveer Indian Army launched a massive summer exercise in the Rajasthan desert as part of its efforts to shore up its battle worthiness on the western front with Pakistan. The exercise, code-named "Shoorveer", is being conducted by the Jaipur-based South Western Command.

5.Exercise Rudra Akrosh Western Army Command conducted its summer training exercises in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir. "Codenamed Exercise Rudra Akrosh, the war games are aimed to validate the operational and transformational effectiveness of various formations under the Western Army Command.

A new launch facility has come up at Machlipatnam in Krishnapatnam district Andrapradesh Indian Navy The Indian Navy is the naval branch of the armed forces of India. The President of India serves as the Commander -in-Chief of the Navy. The Chief of Naval Staff (CNS), usually a four-star officer in the rank of admiral, commands the navy. The Indian Navy operates three Commands. Each Command is headed by a Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the rank of Vice Admiral. The Andaman and Nicobar Command at Port Blair under is a joint Tri-services Command reporting to the Chief of Integrated Service Command (CISC) in New Delhi. The Andaman and Nicobar Command, a joint Indian Navy, Indian Army and Indian Air Force Command was set up in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in 2001. Commands HQ Location Western Naval Command Mumbai Eastern Naval Command Visakhapatnam Southern Naval Command Kochi

In 2005, the Indian Navy commissioned the base, INS Kadamba at Karwar, 100 km from Goa. This is the third operational naval base after Mumbai and Vishakapatnam and the first to be controlled exclusively by the Navy. (The other bases share port facilities with civilian shipping, but this one is for purely naval use.) Built under Phase I of the multi -billion dollar Project Seabird, it is the largest naval base in the region. Asia's largest Naval academy INS Zamorin, is at Ezhimala (set up in 2009). Another naval base is being planned for the eastern shores, near Vishakapatnam in Rambilli Mandal. It will have comprehensive anti-aircraft, anti-submarine and amphibious capability. This east coast base expansion program is in direct response to Chinese PLA Navy activities in the region.

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The Indian Navy is setting up a naval station in Madagascar, to monitor and patrol the coast of Mozambique as well as the southern Indian Ocean.

In service Ships The names of all in service ships (and Naval Bases) of the Indian Navy are prefixed with the letters INS, designating Indian Naval Ship.

1Indian Aircraft Carrier  INS Viraat- The carrier is planned for decommissioning after the induction of the first domestically built Vikrant class aircraft carrier.  INS Vikrant class aircraft carrier is being built under project 71 at Cochin shipyard Limited, Kochi as the first indigenous aircraft carrier.  INS Vikramaditya or Admiral Gorshkov is the aircraft carrier bought from Russia. It is expected to join active service by December 2013. The Indian Navy has an amphibious transport dock of the Austin class, re -christened as INS Jalashwa in Indian service. Besides, it also maintains a fleet of landing ship tanks. It is expected that four LPD amphibious assault ships are to be constructed in the future.

2.Guided Missile Destroyer (Designed to launch guided missile) List of Guided missile destroyer of Indian Navy

 Kolkata Class- INS Kolkata, INS Chennai, INS Kochi,  Kolkata class destroys are going to replace Delhi and Rajput class.  Delhi class- INS Delhi, INS Mumbai  Rajput Class- INS Rajput, INS Ranveer 3.Frigates-  Shivalik class- Shivalik class are being built under project 17A at Mazagon dock Limited Mumbai and GRSE, kolkata  Talwar class Corvette- Corvette are small, manoeuvrable warship smaller than a frigate and larger than fast attack craft. Indian navy operate Kora, Khukri, Veer and Abhay class corvettes. The next generation Kamorta class is under development. Submarines- Indian navy operates Sindhughosh (Diesel, electric) and Shishumar class submarines and has started construction of six scorpene submarine. India has developed first indigenously developed submarine INS Arihant which was launch 2009 in Vishakhapatnam. DRDO The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is an agency of the Republic of India, responsible for the development of technology for use by the military, headquartered in New Delhi, India. It was formed in 1958 by the merger of the Technical Development Establishment and the Directorate of Technical Development and Production with the Defence Science Organisation. DRDO has a network of 52 laboratories which are engaged in developing defence technologies covering various fields, like aeronautics, armaments, electronic and computer sciences, human resource development, life sciences, materials, missiles, combat vehicles development and naval research and development.

Achievements of DRDO A. Missile System A missile is a self-propelled guided weapon system. Missiles have four system components: targeting and/or guidance, flight system, engine, and warhead. Missiles come in types adapted for different purposes: surface-to-surface, surface-to-air missiles (anti-aircraft), air-to-air missiles, and anti-satellite missiles. Missile propelles by chemical reactions inside a rocket engine. Non-self-propelled airborne explosive devices are generally referred to as shells and usually have a shorter range than missiles.

Integrated Guided Missile Development Program The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) was an Indian Ministry of Defence program for the research and development of a comprehensive range of missiles. The program was managed by the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) and Ordnance Factories Board in partnership with other Indian government research organisations. The project started in early 1980s and ended in 2008. The last major missile developed under the program was the Agni 3 intermediate-range ballistic missile.

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1. Prithvi missile system The Prithvi missile (from Sanskrit pṛthvī "Earth") is a family of tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missiles (SRBM) and is India's first indigenously developed ballistic missile. Missile Type Warhead Payload (kg) Range (km) Prithvi-I Tactical Nuclear, submunitions, chemical 1,000 150 Prithvi-II Tactical Nuclear, submunitions, chemical 350–750 350 Prithvi-III Tactical Nuclear, submunitions, chemical 500–1,000 350–600 1. User: Army 2. Naval variant of Prithvi I and Prithvi II class missiles are codenamed Dhanush (meaning Bow). Ballistic Missiles A ballistics is the science of projectiles such as bullets, gravity bombs and rocket. Ballistic missile is a missile that follows a ballistic flight path with the objective of delivering warheads to a predetermined target.

Types of ballistic Missiles 1. Tactical ballistic missile: Range between about 150 km and 300 km (Designed for short range battle field use. They are mobile for quick deployment ) e.g. Prithvi 2. Theatre ballistic missile (TBM): Range between 300 km and 3,500 km e.g. Shahab 3, Sejjil Iran, Gauri Pakistan. 3. Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) or long-range ballistic missile (LRBM): Range between 3,500 km and 5,500 km e.g. Agni-IV, Agni III, Shahab 5, Shahab 6, Poseidon 4. Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM): Range greater than 5500 km e.g. Agni V, Agni VI (10000 Km under development), DF41 China, Jericho III Israel, Topol M Russia and Peacekeeper USA.

Short- and medium-range missiles are often collectively referred to as theater or tactical ballistic missiles (TBMs). Long- and medium-range ballistic missiles are generally designed to deliver nuclear weapons because their payload is too limited for conventional explosives to be cost-effective (though the U.S. is evaluating the idea of a conventionally armed ICBM for near-instant global air strike capability despite the high costs). The flight phases are like those for ICBMs, except with no exoatmospheric phase for missiles with ranges less than about 350 km.

3. Agni The Agni missile (Sanskrit: , Agnī, root of English ignite) is a family of Medium to Intercontinental range ballistic missiles developed by DRDO of India and manufactured by Bharat Dynamics Limited.

Missile Type Warhead Payload (kg) Range (km) User

Nuclear, sub- Army, Air Agni-I MRBM 1,000 700–1,250 munitions, force

Nuclear, sub- Army, Air Agni-II IRBM 750–1,000 2,000–3,500 munitions, force

Agni- Nuclear, sub- Army, Air IRBM 2,000–2,500 3,500–5,000 III munitions, force

Agni- Nuclear, sub- Army, Air IRBM 800–1,000 3,000–4,000 IV munitions, force

Nuclear, sub- Army, Air Agni-V ICBM 1,500 (3–10 MIRV) 5000–8000 munitions, force

Agni- Nuclear, sub- Army, Air ICBM 1,000 (10 MIRV) 8,000 – 10,000 VI munitions, force 4. Trishul missile system

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Trishul (Sanskrit: , meaning trident) is the name of a short range surface-to-air missile developed by India as a part of the IGMDP. It has a range of 9 km and is fitted with a 5.5 kg warhead. Designed to be used against low-level (sea skimming) targets at short range, the system has been developed to defend naval vessels against missiles and also as a short range surface to air missile on land. India officially shut the down Trishul Missile project on 27 February 2008. The program, one of the five missiles being developed by Defense Research and Development Organization as part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program, has been shelved. Defence Minister George Fernandes indicated this in Rajya Sabha (upper house of parliament), when he said the Trishul missile had been de-linked from user service, though it would be continued as a technology demonstrator. 5. Akash missile system Akash (Sanskrit: meaning Sky) is a medium range surface-to-air missile developed as part of IGMDP to achieve self-sufficiency in the area of surface-to-air missiles. It has an intercept range of 30 km. It has a launch weight of 720 kg. Akash flies at supersonic speed, reaching around Mach 2.5. It can reach an altitude of 18 km. It is propelled by a solid fuelled booster stage. The Akash can attack multiple targets (up to 4 per Battery). The Akash missile's use of ramjet propulsion system allows it to maintain its speed without deceleration. unlike the Patriot missiles. The missile is supported by a multi-target and multi-function phased array fire control radar called the 'Rajendra' with a range of about 80 km in search, and 60 km in terms of engagement.

Ramjet Engine A ramjet, (sometimes referred to as a stovepipe jet), is a type of supersonic engine which gives the rocket the supersonic speed.

How ramjet engine works? An object moving at high speed through air generates a high pressure region upstream. A ramjet uses this high pressure in front of the engine to force air through the tube, where it is heated by combusting some of it with fuel. It is then passed through a nozzle to accelerate it to supersonic speeds. This acceleration gives the ramjet forward thrust. A scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet) is a variant of a ramjet airbreathing jet engine in which combustion takes place in supersonic airflow The Akash system meant for the Army uses the T-72. The Akash system can be deployed by rail, road or air.

6. Nag missile system Nag is India's third generation "Fire-and-forget" anti-tank missile. It is an all weather, top attack missile with a range of 3 to 7 km. Nag uses Imaging Infra-Red (IIR) guidance with day and night capability. A helicopter launched version (On Dhruv) is called HELINA.

The Army, the missiles will be carried by specialist carrier vehicles (NAMICA-Nag Missile Carrier) equipped with a thermal imager for target acquisition. For the Air Force, a nose-mounted thermal imaging system has been develop ed for guiding the missile's trajectory. Further versions of the missile uses an all-weather Milli Metric Wave (MMW) seeker technology. 7. Other Missiles 1. Tactical Missiles 1. Pinaka The name pinaka means the divine bow wielded by lord Shiva. Pinaka is a multiple rocket launcher produced in India and developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) for the Indian Army. The system has a maximum range of 39–40 km and can fire a salvo of 12 rockets in 44 seconds, neutralizing a target area of 3.9 km2. The system is mounted on a Tatra truck for mobility. Pinaka missiles were used during Kargil War, where they were successful in neutralizing enemy positions on the mountain tops. The Pinaka will be operated in conjunction with indigenously developed BEL Weapon Locating Radar.

2. Prahar Prahaar (Sanskrit: , Strike) is a solid-fuelled Surface-to-surface guided short-range tactical ballistic missile that would be equipped with all directional warheads. 3. Astra

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Astra is a 'Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile' (BVRAAM) being developed for the Indian Air Force.

Theatrical Ballistic Missile Hypersonic Missile

a. Shaurya The Shaurya missile is a short-range theatrical surface-to-surface ballistic missile developed for use by the Indian Army. Capable of hypersonic speeds, it has a range of 600 km and is capable of carrying a payload of one- tonne conventional or nuclear warhead.

Supersonic is a missile that flies faster than the speed of sound. (mach 1 or greater) Mach 1 is defined as speed of sound i.e. 340 meter/sec or 760miles/hrs.

Hypersonic Missile is a missile that uses scramjet engine to reach speeds of mach 5 and above. Mach 5 means 5 times the speed of sound (340X5=1700m/s).

K Missile family The K family of missiles is a series of submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) developed by India to boost its second-strike capabilities and thus the nuclear deterrence. "The classified 'K' missile family" is known as the "Black Project" which DRDO are faster, lighter and stealthier.

Missiles in the series TYPE RANGE Warhead length Status

750 km- Integrated with INS Arihant. (indigenous built K-15/Sagarika 1 tonne 10 m 1,500 km nuclear submarine)Its land version is Shaurya . K-4 Mark I 3,500 km 2.5 tonnes 10 m to be inducted in 2017. K-4 Mark II 5,000 km 1 tonne 12 m Under development Hypersonic missile project called ‘Air launched Air Launched 200 km 500 kg 4 m article’. It is designated to fit with Sukhoi Su-30- MKI.

K-5 (SLBM Version of 6,000 km 1 tonne Under Development by DRDO AGNI-VI) Cruise Missile A cruise missile is a guided missile the major portion of whose flight path to its target (a land-based or sea-based target) is guided. Cruise missiles are designed to deliver a large warhead over long distances with high accuracy. Modern cruise missiles can travel at supersonic or high subsonic speeds, are self-navigating, and can fly on a non-ballistic, extremely low altitude trajectory. They are distinct from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in that they are used only as weapons and not for reconnaissance. In a cruise missile, the warhead is integrated into the vehicle and the vehicle is always sacrificed in the mission. Cruise missiles generally consist of a guidance system, payload, and propulsion system.

Guidance systems Guidance systems use radars to calculate altitudes, pressure measuring barometers and satellite navigation and terrain contour matching (TERCOM). Use of an automatic target recognition (ATR) devices in the guidance system increases accuracy of the missile.

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Hypersonic Cruise missile 1. Brahmos missile  BrahMos) is a supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from submarines, ships, aircraft or land. It is a joint venture between Republic of India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Russian Federation's NPO Mashinostroeyenia who have together formed BrahMos Aerospace Private Limited. The name BrahMos is a combination word formed from the names of two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia.  BrahMos has the capability of attacking surface targets by flying as low as 10 metres in altitude. It can gain a speed of Mach 2.8, and has a maximum range of 290 km.[1] The ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead, whereas the aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead.  It has a two-stage propulsion system, with a solid-propellant rocket for initial acceleration and a liquid-fuelled ramjet responsible for sustained supersonic cruise. Air-breathing ramjet propulsion gives the missile supersonic speed  India's India/Russia BrahMos-II is a stealth hypersonic missile jointly under developed by India and Russia.

2.The Shaurya (missile) India is a hypersonic (Mach 7.5) surface-to-surface tactical missile developed by the Indian Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) for use by the Indian Armed Forces. Shaurya is a ballistic missile that has a semi-cruise features because of its final path curvature. There are many ballistic missiles in the world that are hypersonic and with cruise features.

Subsonic Cruise Missile

Medium range subsonic 1. Nirbhay Nirbhay will be an all-weather low-cost medium-range cruise missile with stealth and high accuracy. The missile will have a range of 750 km. It will weigh about one tonne and will have a length of 6 metres. It will carry a ring laser gyroscope for high-accuracy navigation and a radio altimeter for the height determination. It will be capable of being launched from multiple platforms on land, sea and air and shall be inducted into Indian Navy, Army.

Sudarshan It is India’s first laser guided bomb.

B. Indian Combat Vehicles 1. Arjun The Arjun is a third generation main battle tank developed by India's DRDO, for the Indian Army. It can achieve a maximum speed of 70 km/h (43 mph). Its feature include 1. Automatic fire detection and suppression are included. 2. All-round anti-tank warhead protection by the newly developed Kanchan armour. Arjun is developed at Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment (CVRDE) Ahmadnagar Maharastra. Arjun Mark II Arjun Mark II has a total of 93 upgrades, Such as-  missile-firing capability  Night vision to engage targets effectively at night. Elbit, Israel is helping to enhance its firepower and battlefield survivability.

2.T-72 Ajay The T-72 is a Soviet second-generation tank. The T-72 was one of the most widely produced post-World War II tanks, and the basic design has also been further develop-ed as the T 90. T72 is the Indian version T72 of tank containing Exclusive Reactive Armour (ERA), global engine test facility.

3.T-90 Bhishma The T-90 is a Russian third-generation main battle tank that is a modernisation of the T-72. The T-90M Bhishma is a customised, improved version of the T-90S, which India developed with assistance from Russia and France, with both of whom India has very close ties. (Bhishma was a near invincible warrior in the ancient Hindu epic, the Mahabharata). The tanks are equipped with the French Thales built thermal sights and utilize Russian explosive reactive armoured plates.

4.Sarvatra Mobile bridge laying system Sarvatra is a truck-mounted, mobile bridging system developed by Research and Development Establishment (R&DE) of Defence Research and Development

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Organisation for the Indian army. Its nodal production agency is Bharat Earth Movers, Bangalore. Remotely Operated Vehicle Daksh Daksh is a remotely controlled robot used for locating, handling and destroying hazardous objects safely.

C. Aeronautics

Avionics 1. Light Combat Aircraft HAL Tejas The HAL Tejas is a multirole light fighter developed by India. The programme began in the 1980s to replace India's ageing MiG-21 fighters. The Tejas has a pure delta wing configuration, with no tailplanes and a single dorsal fin. It integrates technologies such as fly-by-wire flight control system, multi-mode radar, integrated digital avionics system, composite material structures, and a flat rated engine. It is Designed by Aeronautical Development Agency and Manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). The Tejas is the second supersonic fighter developed indigenously by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited after the HAL Marut. The LCA is constructed of aluminium-lithium alloys, carbon-fibre composites (C-FC), and titanium-alloy steels.

AvionicsThe Tejas has a night vision goggles (NVG)-compatible "glass cockpit" that is dominated by an CSIR-CSIO developed indigenous head-up display (HUD). Three 5 in x 5 in multi-function displays, two Smart Standby Display Units (SSDU), and a "get-you-home" panel providing the pilot with essential flight information in case of an emergency. Navigation is via both GPS and an inertial navigation system. Instrument Landing System (ILS) is used for landing in poor weather.

What is Radar?

Radar is an object detection system which uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects. It is used to detect aircraft, ships, guided missiles, weather formations, and terrain. The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or microwaves called radar signals which bounce off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of the wave's energy to a dish or antenna which is usually located at the same site as the transmitter. A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves in predetermined directions. When these come into contact with an object they are usually reflected or scattered in many directions. Radar signals are reflected especially well by materials of considerable electrical conductivity—especially by most metals, by seawater and by wet lands. The radar signals that are reflected back towards the transmitter are the desirable ones that make radar work. If the object is moving either toward or away from the transmitter, there is a slight equivalent change in the frequency of the radio waves, caused by the Doppler Effect. Radar receivers are usually, but not always, in the same location as the transmitter. Although the reflected radar signals captured by the receiving antenna are usually very weak, they can be strengthened by electronic amplifiers. Doppler Radar

Doppler Radar is a 4D radar system which detect the changing frequency coming from objects moving toward away from radar it is based on Doppler effect.

Doppler Effect The Doppler effect (or Doppler shift), named after the Austrian physicist Christian Doppler, who proposed it in 1842 in Prague, is the change in frequency of a wave (or other periodic event) for an observer moving relative to its source. It is commonly heard when a vehicle sounding a siren or horn approaches, passes, and recedes from an observer. The received frequency is higher (compared to the emitted frequency) during the approach, it is identical at the instant of passing by, and it is lower during the recession. The relative changes in frequency can be explained as follows. When the source of the waves is moving toward the observer, the time between the arrival of successive wave crests(peaks) at the observer is reduced, causing an increase in the frequency. The waves sort of "bunch together". Conversely, if the source of waves is moving away from the observer, the arrival time between successive waves is increased, reducing the frequency, so the waves "spread out".

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Light Trainer Aircraft Saras Saras is the light trainer aircraft indigenously developed by National Airspace Laboratory Bangalore. It is civil aircraft to train pilot. Advance light Helicopter Dhruv Dhruv is the indigenously developed multirole helicopter for army, air force, navy, coast guard and civil operation, for both utility and attack roles by day and night. Its powerful engine is called Shakti. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and Israel Aircraft Industries have an agreement to market the Dhruv helicopter worldwide. Rudra Helicopter Army version is fitted with Nag missile. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot on board. Its flight is controlled either autonomously by computers in the vehicle, or under the remote control of a pilot on the ground or in another vehicle. They are primarily deployed for military applications, but also used for civilian purposes such as policing, disaster management and surveillance of pipelines. UAVs are often preferred for missions that are "dangerous" for manned aircraft. Examples of Indian UAVs 1. DRDO Lakshya Lakshya is an Indian remotely piloted vehicle target drone system developed by the Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE) of DRDO. The variant Lakshya-1 is used to perform aerial reconnaissance of battlefield and target acquisition. The drone is remotely piloted by a ground control. Specifications (Lakshya PTA)  General characteristics  Max takeoff weight: 705 kg  Maximum speed: Mach 0.7  Range: 150 km  Launch: Rocket Assisted  Recovery: Two stage parachute

2. DRDO Nishant The DRDO Nishant is an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) developed by India's ADE (Aeronautical Development Establishment) a branch of DRDO for the Indian Armed Forces. The Nishant UAV is primarily tasked with intelligence gathering over enemy territory and also for reconnaissance, training and surveillance. The 380 kg Nishant UAV requires rail-launching from a hydro-pneumatic launcher and recovered by a Parachute System. Development The Nishant RPV made its first test flight in 1995. In July 1999, for the first time the Indian army deployed its new Nishant UAV system in the fight against guerilla forces backed by Pakistan in Kashmir. Features a) Day/night capability training vehicle b) All terrain mobility c) Target designation (using integral laser target designator) d) Endurance: 4 h 30 min

3. DRDO Rustom Rustom is a medium altitude long endurance UAV for all the three wings of Indian army forces. Its distinct features are- 1. Digital flight control and navigation system. 2. Long endurance of 12 to 24 hours.

4. DRDO AURA 1. It is a stealth UAV capable of releasing missiles, bombs and precision-guided munitions (PGM, smart weapon).

PGM is a guided munition (Munition is the collective term for all types of ammunition used in combat such as bombs, missiles and mines) to precisely hit a specific target and to minimize collateral damage (the civilian damage surrounding the intended target). Type of PGM are-

1. Radio control weapon 2. Radar, Infrared, guided weapon 3. Satellite guided weapon 46

5. DRDO Abhyas 6. DRDO Fluffy (production discontinued) 7. DRDO Imperial Eagle It is a light weight mini UAV weighing 2.5kg can carry day light and night vision camera. It is designed to be carried in soldier’s back pack. Its primary uses are National Security Guard, Indian Army and Indian Air force. 8. DRDO Netra It is a light weight UAV for surveillance and reconnaissance operation in low intensity conflict. The Netra is designed for anti terrorist and counter insurgency operations in forested areas. Its primary users are paramilitary forces such as Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) and Border Security Force (BSF). D. Electronic and Computer System Electronic warfare refers to any action using electromagnetic spectrum of light to attack an enemy or to counter the enemy attack. Electronic warfare includes three major subdivisions: electronic attack (EA), electronic protection (EP), and electro nic warfare support (ES).

Electronic attack involves the use of EM energy, directed energy, weapons to attack personnel, equipment with the intent of destroying enemy combat capability.

Electronic protection involves actions taken to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment from any effects of enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum that destroy friendly combat capability.

Electronic warfare support involves actions, to search for, or localize enemy EM sources. Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE), set up by the Defence Research and development Organisation (DRDO) in 2001 develop s EW Systems in collaboration with private industry partners such as CMC and Tata Power, as also with select international companies. It has developed 1. Static as well as mobile ESM system Divya Drishti (divine eye). 2. A comprehensive EW system known as SAMYUKTA for the Army and SANGRAHA for navy. 3. Advance ESM system VARUNA. 4. Convoy protection jammer SAFARI and STRIDE. Radars 5. Indian Dopplar radar INDRA. 6. Multi function phased array radar Rajendra. 7. Weapon locating radar.etc

E. Naval Research and Development DRDO, BEL and the Indian Navy have developed a range of sonars and related systems for the Indian Navy's frontline combat ships.

These include:  APSOH (Advanced Panoramic SOnar Hull mounted),  HUMVAD (Hull Mounted Variable Depth sonar),  HUMSA (the acronym HUMSA stands for Hull Mounted Sonar Array),  Nagan (Towed Array Sonar),  Panchendriya (Submarine sonar and fire control system).  Other sonars such as the airborne sonar Mihir are in trials, whilst work is proceeding apace on a new generation of sonars. Sonars may be considered one of DRDO's most successful achievements as the Indian Navy's most powerful ships rely on DRDO made sonars. Torpedoes DRDO is currently engaged in developing multiple torpedo designs. Torpedos under development Advanced Light Torpedo Shyena is an advanced experimental torpedo developed by the Naval Scientific and Technological Laboratory (NSTL), a DRDO wing. Development was started in 1990.

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11. WAVE

Wave is a disturbance or oscillation that travels through space and matter accompanied by a transfer of energy. Wave motion transfers energy but not the particle of medium. For example when water wave are formed by throwing stone in still water, the water molecules oscillate up and down forming wave but water molecule remain at their original place. Waves are an example of periodic motion. Periodeic motion m ans a motion that repeats regularly after a fixed period of time. Waves can be divided in two waves

A. on the basis of medium B. on the basis of particle movement A. On the basis of medium waves are two main types 1. Mechanical or elastic waves – they produce and propagate in material medium and the substance of this medium is deformed. Common example include water waves, sound waves, waves on stretched string of musical instruments and waves on coiled spring. 2. Electromagnetic waves do not require material medium or matter. They can travel through a vacuum and can have different wave length and frequencies. Examples include radio wave, micro wav e, infrared, visible light, ultra violet, X-rays and gamma rays. B.On the basis of movement of particle of the medium waves are of two main type 1. Transverse wave is the one in which the particles of the medium move in perpendicular of the direction to the direction of wave propagation. Example- light wave. In transverse wave the upward movement of particles is called crest and downward movement is called trough. E.g light waves. 2. Longitudinal Wave is the wave in which the particles of the medium move back and fourth in the form of compression and rarefaction Fig.7.1 A Transverse Wave 3. same as the direction of wave propagation. E.g. sound. Both Transverse and longitudinal wave are examples of simple harmonic motion because the individual particle motion is simple and harmonic.

Compression Rarefaction Fig 7.2 A Longitudinal Wave Characteristics of a harmonic wave 1. Amplitude The amplitude of a wave is the magnitude of maximum displacement of the vibrating particle of the medium on either side of their mean. 2. Wavelength Wavelength – when a harmonic wave travel to a medium, particular pattern repeat itself after fixed distance called the wavelength of a wave. It is usually represented by λ (Greek letter lambda). Its SI unit is meter. In figure 7.1 the distance between two consecutive crests or two consecutive troughs is equal to the wavelength. In figure 7.2 the distance between two consecutive compression or rarefaction is also called the wave length.

3. Time period Time period-The time taken by the wave pattern to complete one wavelength is called the time period. It is represented by T. Its SI unit is second.

4. Frequency- Frequency-Frequency of the wave is equal to the frequency of oscillation of the particle in one second. Thus the frequency of the wave is equal to 1/T. Its SI unit is hertz (with unit symbol Hz).

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