A Modernização Militar Da Índia: As Virtudes Do Modelo Híbrido

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A Modernização Militar Da Índia: As Virtudes Do Modelo Híbrido UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS ECONÔMICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS ESTRATÉGICOS INTERNACIONAIS EDSON JOSÉ NEVES JÚNIOR A MODERNIZAÇÃO MILITAR DA ÍNDIA: AS VIRTUDES DO MODELO HÍBRIDO Porto Alegre 2015 EDSON JOSÉ NEVES JÚNIOR A MODERNIZAÇÃO MILITAR DA ÍNDIA: AS VIRTUDES DO MODELO HÍBRIDO Tese apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais, pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais, Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Miguel Quedi Martins Porto Alegre 2015 EDSON JOSÉ NEVES JÚNIOR A MODERNIZAÇÃO MILITAR DA ÍNDIA: AS VIRTUDES DO MODELO HÍBRIDO Tese apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais, pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais, Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Aprovado em: Porto Alegre, 12 de junho de 2015. BANCA EXAMINADORA _______________________________________ Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Miguel Quedi Martins PPGEEI/UFRGS _______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Lucas Kerr de Oliveira UNILA _______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Eduardo Munhoz Svartman PPGPOL/UFRGS _______________________________________ Prof. Dr. André Luiz Reis da Silva PPGEEI/UFRGS A todos os meus mestres pelos ensinamentos, pelo estímulo à docência e à pesquisa, e pelo exemplo. AGRADECIMENTOS Fim de tese é um momento especial e muitos contribuíram direta ou indiretamente para o texto aqui desenvolvido e para a formação do autor. Afinal, nesses quatro anos não apenas uma pesquisa foi produzida, mas disciplinas foram cursadas, artigos publicados e parcerias de trabalho e amizades valiosas adquiridas. Assim, como o espaço é curto e os agradecimentos são muitos, vamos a eles. Os primeiros agradecimentos vão para a família, minha filha e minha esposa. À filhota Valquíria Camboim Neves por toda a importância que tem na minha vida. À minha esposa Jaqueline Maissiat pelo companheirismo, pela amizade, pelo amor e por ter aceitado compartilhar esses momentos da tese comigo. Gratidão extra à doutora Jaqueline por ter formatado e relido a tese, pelas sugestões e por ter elaborado muitas das ilustrações utilizadas. Aos amigos gratulações pelo apoio e, eventualmente, colaboração nas etapas desse e de outros trabalhos. Ao Rodrigo Torsiano Martins que há alguns anos sugeriu as Relações Internacionais como um campo profissional interessante e promissor. À Cristine Koehler Zanella, amiga e colega de doutorado, pelo apoio, sinceridade e parceria profissional – muitas foram as conquistas nesses anos, não Cris? E ao amigo Rodrigo Fracalossi de Moraes, hoje cursando seu doutorado em Oxford, pelas produtivas conversas e pela contribuição no acesso aos dados que em muito contribuíram para a análise apresentada. Ao professor orientador José Miguel Quedi Martins sem o qual essa pesquisa não teria sido possível. As aulas, as reuniões, as Oficinas, e todos os outros momentos de aprendizagem contribuíram sobremaneira para as páginas que seguem. Essas poucas palavras não refletem o quanto sou grato pela ajuda, supervisão e crescimento profissional. Também congratulações aos integrantes do grupo de pesquisa coordenado pelo professor José Miguel e que ajudaram de alguma forma e em etapas diferentes nesse trajeto: João Artur da Silva Reis, Osvaldo Alves Pereira Filho, Helena Marcon Terres, Bruno Magno, Guilherme Simionato, Laís Trizotto, João Gabriel Burmann da Costa, Luiza Costa Lima Corrêa, Giovana Esther Zucatto e Raul Cavedon Nunes. Meus profundos agradecimentos a todos vocês. Agradeço ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais - PPGEEI, representado atualmente pelo professor Dr. André Luiz Reis da Silva e, quando ingressei, pelo professor Dr. Paulo Fagundes Visentini. O ambiente criado e a maneira como administram o curso propiciam as melhores condições para o aprendizado e a pesquisa. Impossível esquecer a secretária administrativa, Alanna Teixeira, também uma colega historiadora, por todo o auxílio ao longo dos anos. Aos docentes do curso de Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais um agradecimento especial pelo enriquecimento intelectual e pelo exemplo. Os nomeio aqui: Marco Aurélio Chaves Cepik, Eduardo Ernesto Filippi, Paulo Gilberto Fagundes Vizentini, Érico Esteves Duarte, André Luiz Reis da Silva, Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira, Anna Carletti e José Miguel Quedi Martins. Se sou professor hoje é porque me espelhei nos meus mestres e procurei seguir seus passos. Aos que me acompanharam durante todo ou parte do percurso da pós-graduação, meus colegas, muito obrigado por tudo: Larlecianne Piccolli, Cassiana Borilli, Alessandra Scangarelli Brites, Fernanda Barth Barasuol, Bruna Kunrath, Sérgio Leusin, Júnior, Mamadou Alpha Diallo, Robson Coelho Cardoch Valdez e Lauren Machado. Agradeço meus colegas de trabalho pelos debates acadêmicos, compartilhamento de experiências e mesmo conversas de corredor que, sem dúvidas, ajudaram na minha formação: Flavia Nico Vasconcelos, Viviane Mozine Rodrigues, Andreia Coutinho e Silva, Vitor Amorim de Angelo e Teresa da Silva Rosa. Por fim, agradeço aos avaliadores da banca, professores Lucar Kerr de Oliveira, Eduardo Munhoz Svartman e André Luiz Reis da Silva por aceitarem analisar meu trabalho de doutoramento e pelas considerações e contribuições ao texto. RESUMO Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar as características da modernização militar da Índia para o Comando do Espaço e para a Batalha Aeronaval no Oceano Índico. O destaque ao âmbito espacial, aéreo e naval se justifica pela prioridade que o país atribui a esses campos em suas metas de modernização. O conceito base de modernização militar é sintetizado na digitalização das plataformas de guerra para incremento da Consciência de Situação do teatro de operações e para proporcionar capacidade de Ataque de Precisão. Essa ideia é complementada pela constituição de um perfil de forças que tenha massa e pela internalização das tecnologias adquiridas, ou indigenização. A hipótese principal é que a modernização indiana tem se realizado de acordo com um Modelo Híbrido. Em tal modelo há a ênfase nos meios espaciais, aéreos e navais para operações principalmente no Oceano Índico, combinada com a manutenção estrutural e organizacional das Forças Armadas do país. Este padrão é uma convergência do conceito de modernização apresentado pelos Estados Unidos na Guerra do Golfo de 1991 com as necessidades demonstradas após a Guerra do Kargil de 1999, e com os fundamentos tradicionais e a função social das forças militares do país. Do modelo híbrido são derivadas hipóteses auxiliares para o Comando do Espaço e para a Batalha Aeronaval. Em relação ao primeiro caso, atribuiu-se a categoria de Modelo Intermediário Público-Privado, que reflete o nível, a sustentabilidade econômica e o viés social do programa espacial, ajustado aos propósitos militares e regionais do país na Ásia meridional. No segundo, da Batalha Aeronaval, foi empregado o termo Modelo Heterogêneo Defensivo, relativo à conjugação de aeronaves e embarcações de origens e gerações distintas, e ao pragmatismo no estabelecimento de parcerias internacionais para aquisição de plataformas e transferência de tecnologia. A modernização militar indiana tem privilegiado o Comando do Espaço e a Batalha Aeronaval para projetar força em áreas do Oceano Índico, se deslocando de sua área de interesse histórica, a fronteira terrestre com o Paquistão. Como não há uma definição da zona operacional oficial no Índico declarada pelo governo do país, procurou-se defini-la a partir dos documentos doutrinários e estratégicos e das capacidades militares do país. Assim, se estabeleceu uma Área Vital, da qual a Índia depende para a manutenção de suas linhas de comunicações internacionais e crescimento econômico, e uma Área Operacional, onde ocorreria a Defesa Avançada. A modernização espacial e aeronaval, e a atuação na área vital e operacional com redundância de meios têm por objetivo garantir supremacia na porção norte do Índico. Palavras-chave: Modernização militar. Modelo híbrido. Índia ABSTRACT This research aims to analyze the characteristics of the military modernization of India to the Space Command and the Air-Sea Battle in the Indian Ocean. The highlight to the space, air and naval dimensions is justified by the priority that the country concedes to these fields in their modernization goals. The military upgrading core concept is summarized in the digitization of war platforms to increase the Situational Awareness of theater operations and to provide Precision Attack capability. This idea is complemented by the creation of a profile of forces that has mass and the internalization of the acquired technologies, or indigenization. The main hypothesis is that the Indian modernization is performed according to a Hybrid Model. In such a model there is emphasis on space, air and naval assets to military operations primarily in the Indian Ocean, combined with the structural and organizational maintenance of the Armed Forces of the country. This pattern is a convergence of the concept of modernization introduced by US in the 1991 Gulf War with the requirements demanded after the Kargil War of 1999 and with to the traditional bases and the social function of the military forces of the country. Of the hybrid model are derived auxiliary hypotheses for the Space Command and the Air-Sea Battle.
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