Landslides in Sensitive Clays Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research

Volume 36

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/6362 Jean-Sébastien L’Heureux • Ariane Locat Serge Leroueil • Denis Demers • Jacques Locat Editors

Landslides in Sensitive Clays

From Geosciences to Risk Management Editors Jean-Sébastien L’Heureux Ariane Locat Norwegian Geotechnical Institute Department of Civil Engineering Trondheim, Norway and Water Engineering Laval University Serge Leroueil Québec , QC, Canada Department of Civil Engineering and Water Engineering Denis Demers Laval University Service de la Géotechnique et de la géologie Québec , QC, Canada Ministère des Transports du Québec (MTQ) Québec , QC, Canada Jacques Locat Laboratoire d’études sur les risques naturels Department of Geology and Geological Engineering Laval University Québec , QC, Canada

ISSN 1878-9897 ISSN 2213-6959 (electronic) ISBN 978-94-007-7078-2 ISBN 978-94-007-7079-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7079-9 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013947095

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Landslides in sensitive clays or quick clays represent a major hazard in the northern countries of the world because of their retrogressive potential and high mobility. Examples of catastrophic landslides in sensitive clays that impacted populations are numerous: e.g., Saint-Jean-Vianney in 1971, Rissa in 1978, Finneidfjord in 1996 and St-Jude in 2010. In order to respond to the societal demands, the scientifi c community has to expand its knowledge of landslide mechanisms in sensitive clays to assist authorities with state-of-the-art investigation techniques, hazard assessment methods, risk management schemes, mitigation measures and planning. Scientifi c and engineering research on “Landslide in Sensitive Clays” has advanced signifi cantly during the last decades owing to elevated public awareness and collaborations between the academia and the industry. This has led to major advances including the development of highly sophisticated geotechnical and geophysical investigation tools, hazard mapping procedures, risk management schemes and mitigation measures. Great progresses in numerical modelling have also lead to a better understanding of slope processes and stability assessment in sensitive clays. This book gathers the latest scientifi c research made by international geoscientists in academia, industry and governmental agencies, and focuses on the full spectrum of challenges presented by landslides in sensitive clay terrain. The book is organized under the following topics: (1) Sensitive clays: source, nature and development; (2) Landslide characterization; (3) Geotechnical and geophysical site investigations; (4) Modelling, slope stability and progressive failure; and (5) Hazard assessment, risk management, regulations and policies.

Keywords: Sensitive clay, Quick clay, Landslide, Site investigation, Modelling, Hazard assessment, Risk assessment.

Trondheim, Norway Jean-Sébastien L’Heureux Québec, QC, Canada Ariane Locat , Serge Leroueil, Denis Demers , Jacques Locat

Contents

1 Landslides in Sensitive Clays – From Geosciences to Risk Management ...... 1 Jean-Sébastien L’Heureux , Ariane Locat , Serge Leroueil , Denis Demers, and Jacques Locat

Part I Sensitive Clay: Source, Nature and Development

2 Chemistry, Sensitivity and Quick-Clay Landslide Amelioration ...... 15 J. Kenneth Torrance 3 Nature of Sensitive Clays from Québec ...... 25 Jacques Locat and Daniel St-Gelais 4 Three-Dimensional Quick-Clay Modeling of the Gothenburg Region, Sweden ...... 39 M. A. Persson 5 Ion Exchange as a Cause of Natural Restabilisation of Quick Clay – A Model Study ...... 51 Pascal Suer , Hjördis Löfroth, and Yvonne Andersson-Sköld 6 Potassium Chloride as Ground Improvement in Quick Clay Areas – A Preliminary Study ...... 63 Tonje E. Helle, Ingelin Gjengedal, Arnﬁ nn Emdal, Per Aagaard, and Øyvind Høydal

Part II Landslide Characterization

7 Inventory of Large Landslides in Sensitive Clay in the Province of Québec, Canada: Preliminary Analysis ...... 77 Denis Demers, Denis Robitaille, Pascal Locat, and Janelle Potvin

vii viii Contents

8 Characterization of Post-failure Movements of Landslides in Soft Sensitive Clays ...... 91 V. Thakur, S. A. Degago, F. Oset, R. Aabøe, B. K. Dolva, K. Aunaas, T. Nyheim, E. Lyche, O. A. Jensen, M. B. Sæter, A. Robsrud, M. Viklund, Daniel Nigussie, and J.- S. L’Heureux 9 Controls on the Dimensions of Landslides in Sensitive Clays ...... 105 Marten Geertsema and Jean-Sébastien L’Heureux 10 Prehistoric Sensitive Clay Landslides and Paleoseismicity in the Ottawa Valley, Canada ...... 119 Gregory R. Brooks 11 Characterization and Post-failure Analysis of the 1980 Landslide in Sensitive Clays at Havre-St-Pierre, Québec, Canada ...... 133 Pascal Locat, Serge Leroueil, Jacques Locat, and Denis Demers 12 The Evolution of Material Properties Within an In Situ Shear Zone in Sensitive Clay ...... 145 Jean-Sébastien L’Heureux, Ragnar Moholdt, Vidar Gjelsvik, and Einar Lyche

Part III Integrated Geotechnical and Geophysical Site Investigations

13 The Use of Geophysics for Sensitive Clay Investigations ...... 159 Shane Donohue, Michael Long, Jean-Sébastien L’Heureux, Inger-Lise Solberg, Guillaume Sauvin, Magnus Rømoen, Thomas Kalscheuer, Mehrdad Bastani, Lena Persson, Isabelle Lecomte, and Peter O’Connor 14 Applications of 2D Resistivity Measurements for Quick-Clay Mapping in Mid Norway ...... 179 Inger-Lise Solberg, Louise Hansen, Jan Steinar Rønning, and Einar Dalsegg 15 An Integrated Approach to Quick-Clay Mapping Based on Resistivity Measurements and Geotechnical Investigations ...... 193 Andreas Aspmo Pfaffhuber, Sara Bazin, and Tonje E. Helle 16 Geophysical and Geotechnical Investigations for a Major Highway in a Quick-Clay Area ...... 205 Rolf Sandven and Inger-Lise Solberg Contents ix

17 Mapping of Quick Clay by ERT and CPT-R in the Göta Älv River Valley ...... 217 Torleif Dahlin, David Schälin, and Johannes Tornborg 18 Geophysical Data Integration for Quick-Clay Mapping: The Hvittingfoss Case Study, Norway ...... 229 Guillaume Sauvin, Isabelle Lecomte, Sara Bazin, Jean-Sébastien L’Heureux , and Maarten Vanneste 19 Joint Acquisition and Processing of Seismic Reflections and Surface Waves in a Sensitive Clay Deposit in the Outaouais Region (Québec), Canada...... 241 Gabriel Fabien-Ouellet, Richard Fortier, and Bernard Giroux 20 Empirical Geophysical/Geotechnical Relationships in the Champlain Sea Sediments of Eastern Ontario ...... 253 H. L. Crow, J. A. Hunter , A. J. M. Pugin, S. E. Pullan, S. Alpay, and M. Hinton

Part IV Slope Stability, Modelling and Progressive Failure

21 The Effect of Deformation Rate in Progressive Slope Failure ...... 267 Anders Samstad Gylland 22 Failure Mechanism of Spreads in Sensitive Clays...... 279 Ariane Locat, Serge Leroueil, and Hans Petter Jostad 23 How Well Do We Understand the Undrained Strain Softening Response in Soft Sensitive Clays?...... 291 V. Thakur, H. P. Jostad, H. A. Kornbrekke, and S. A. Degago 24 Effect of Strain-Softening in Design of Fills on Gently Inclined Areas with Soft Sensitive Clays ...... 305 Hans Petter Jostad, P. Fornes, and V. Thakur 25 Effective Stress Based Stability Analysis of Normally Consolidated Clays...... 317 Tim Länsivaara, Juho Mansikkamäki, and Ville Lehtonen

Part V Hazard Assessment, Risk Management, Regulations and Policies

26 An Overview of the Mapping of Landslide- Prone Areas and Risk Management Strategies in the Province of Québec, Canada ...... 331 Janelle Potvin, Catherine Thibault, Denis Demers, and Chantal Bilodeau x Contents

27 Regulatory Framework for Road and Railway Construction on the Sensitive Clays of Norway...... 343 F. Oset, V. Thakur, B. K. Dolva, K. Aunaas, M. B. Sæter, A. Robsrud, M. Viklund, T. Nyheim, E. Lyche, and O. A. Jensen 28 Risk Assessment for Quick Clay Slides – The Norwegian Practice ...... 355 Bjørn Kalsnes, Vidar Gjelsvik, Hans Petter Jostad, Suzanne Lacasse, and Farrokh Nadim 29 Quaternary Geology as a Basis for Landslide Susceptibility Assessment in Fine-Grained, Marine Deposits, Onshore Norway ...... 369 Louise Hansen, Fredrik Høgaas, Harald Sveian, Lars Olsen, and Bjørn Ivar Rindstad 30 Management of Quick Clay Areas in Slope Stability Investigations – The Göta River Valley ...... 383 Helen Åhnberg, Hjördis Löfroth , and Karin Lundström 31 Safety Concepts for Slope Stability ...... 395 Tim Länsivaara and T. Poutanen

Author Index...... 409

Subject Index ...... 411 Contributors

Roald Aabøe Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA) , Oslo, Trondheim , Norway Per Aagaard Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo (UiO) , Oslo , Norway Helen Åhnberg Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI) , Linköping , Sweden Sam Alpay Natural Resources Canada , Geological Survey of Canada , Ottawa , ON , Canada Yvonne Andersson-Sköld Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI) , Linköping , Sweden Department of Earth Science & COWI , University of Gothenburg , Göteborg , Sweden Kristian Aunaas Geotechnical and Landslide Division, Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA) , Oslo , Norway Mehrdad Bastani Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU) , Uppsala , Sweden Sara Bazin Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , Oslo , Norway Chantal Bilodeau Service de la Géotechnique et de la géologie (Geotechnique and Geology Branch), Ministère de la Sécurité publique du Québec, Québec City, QC , Canada Gregory R. Brooks Natural Resources Canada , Geological Survey of Canada , Ottawa , ON , Canada Heather L. Crow Natural Resources Canada , Geological Survey of Canada , Ottawa , ON , Canada Torleif Dahlin Engineering Geology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden Einar Dalsegg Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) , Trondheim , Norway Samson A. Degago Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA) , Oslo, Trondheim , Norway

xi xii Contributors

Denis Demers Service de la Géotechnique et de la géologie (Geotechnique and Geology Branch), Ministère des Transports du Québec (MTQ), Québec City, QC , Canada Bjørn K. Dolva Geotechnical and Landslide Division, Norwegian Public Roads Administration, (NPRA) , Oslo , Norway Shane Donohue School of Planning, Architecture and Civil Engineering , Queen’s University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland , UK A r n ﬁ nn Emdal Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim , Norway Gabriel Fabien-Ouellet Département de géologie et de génie géologique , Université Laval , Québec City , QC , Canada Petter Fornes Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , Oslo , Norway Richard Fortier Département de géologie et de génie géologique , Université Laval , Québec City , QC , Canada Marten Geertsema Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations , Prince George , BC , Canada Bernard Giroux INRS-ETE , Québec City , QC , Canada Vidar Gjelsvik Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , Trondheim , Norway Ingelin Gjengedal Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim , Norway Norconsult , Molde , Norway Anders Samstad Gylland Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway SINTEF Building and Infrastructure , Trondheim , Norway Louise Hansen Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) , Trondheim , Norway Tonje E. Helle Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim , Norway The Norwegian Public Roads Administration , Trondheim , Norway M. Hinton Natural Resources Canada , Geological Survey of Canada , Ottawa , ON , Canada Fredrik Høgaas Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) , Trondheim , Norway Øyvind Høydal Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , Oslo , Norway J. A. Hunter Natural Resources Canada , Geological Survey of Canada , Ottawa , ON , Canada Contributors xiii

Odd Are Jensen Landslides, Flood and River Management Division, Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE) , Trondheim , Norway Hans Petter Jostad Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , Oslo , Norway Thomas Kalscheuer ETH Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland Bjørn Kalsnes Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , Oslo , Norway H. A. Kornbrekke Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway Suzanne Lacasse Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , Oslo , Norway Tim Länsivaara Tampere University of Technology , Tampere , Finland Isabelle Lecomte International Centre for Geohazards (ICG) , Oslo , Norway Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo (UiO) , Oslo , Norway NORSAR , Kjeller , Norway Ville Lehtonen Tampere University of Technology , Tampere , Finland Serge Leroueil Department of Civil Engineering and Water Engineering, Laval University , Québec City , QC , Canada Jean-Sébastien L’Heureux Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , Trondheim , Norway Ariane Locat Department of Civil Engineering and Water Engineering , Laval University , Québec City , QC , Canada Jacques Locat Laboratoire d’études sur les risques naturels, Department of Geology and Geological Engineering , Laval University , Québec City , QC , Canada Pascal Locat Service de la Géotechnique et de la géologie (Geotechnique and Geology Branch) , Ministère des Transports du Québec (MTQ) , Québec City , QC , Canada Hjördis Löfroth Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI) , Linköping , Sweden Michael Long School of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland Karin Lundström Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI) , Linköping , Sweden Einar Lyche Landslides, Flood and River Management Division, Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE) , Trondheim , Norway Juho Mansikkamäki Tampere University of Technology , Tampere , Finland Ragnar Moholdt Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , Trondheim , Norway Farrokh Nadim Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , Oslo , Norway xiv Contributors

Daniel Nigussie Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim , Norway Trude Nyheim Landslides, Flood and River Management Division, Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE) , Trondheim , Norway Peter O’Connor Apex Geoservices , Gorey , Ireland Lars Olsen Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) , Trondheim , Norway Forde Oset Geotechnical and Landslide Division, Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA) , Oslo , Norway Lena Persson Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU) , Uppsala , Sweden Martin A. Persson Department of Earth Sciences , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden Andreas A. Pfaffhuber Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , Oslo , Norway Janelle Potvin Service de la Géotechnique et de la géologie (Geotechnique and Geology Branch), Ministère des Transports du Québec (MTQ) , Québec City , QC , Canada T. Poutanen Tampere University of Technology , Tampere , Finland A. J. M. Pugin Natural Resources Canada , Geological Survey of Canada , Ottawa , ON , Canada S. E. Pullan Natural Resources Canada , Geological Survey of Canada , Ottawa , ON , Canada Bjørn Ivar Rindstad Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) , Trondheim , Norway Denis Robitaille Service de la Géotechnique et de la géologie (Geotechnique and Geology Branch), Ministère des Transports du Québec (MTQ) , Québec City , QC , Canada A. Robsrud Technology Division, Norwegian National Railways Administration (NNRA) , Oslo , Norway Magnus Rømoen Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , Oslo , Norway Jan Steinar Rønning Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) , Trondheim , Norway M. B. Sæter Technology Division, Norwegian National Railways Administration (NNRA) , Oslo , Norway Rolf Sandven Multiconsult , Trondheim , Norway Guillaume Sauvin International Centre for Geohazards (ICG) , Oslo , Norway Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo (UiO) , Oslo , Norway NORSAR , Kjeller , Norway Contributors xv

David Schälin Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI) , Linköping , Sweden Inger-Lise Solberg Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) , Trondheim , Norway Daniel St-Gelais DSG Management Group Inc , Vancouver , BC , Canada Pascal Suer Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI) , Linköping , Sweden Harald Sveian Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) , Trondheim , Norway Vikas Thakur Geotechnical and Landslide Division, Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA) , Oslo , Norway Catherine Thibault Service de la Géotechnique et de la géologie (Geotechnique and Geology Branch), Ministère des Transports du Québec (MTQ) , Québec City , QC , Canada Johannes Tornborg Skanska , Stockholm , Sweden J. Kenneth Torrance Geography and Environmental Studies , Carleton University , Ottawa , ON , Canada Maarten Vanneste International Centre for Geohazards (ICG) , Oslo , Norway Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) , Oslo , Norway M. Viklund Technology Division, Norwegian National Railways Administration (NNRA), Oslo , Norway