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Home , Abancay, Atahualpa, Cajamarca, Cusco, Hernando Pizarro, Moyobamba

history Andy Roscoe’s Free Incan Tour Guides Interactive Maps and Tour Guides available at: AndyRoscoe.com/peru

Background Cathedral. McGarey Cusco, Cuzco, Qosqo. Doesn’t mean “navel of the and tribes. Laborers and artisans lived in world”, but “placenta of the world,”7 showing districts surrounding the ceremonial core. Stone their arrogance. In the secret Inca language of models of the city have been found. Hanan Cuzco Callawaya it means “richest of the rich”.NG Dec73 featured the Chinchaysuyu and . Hurin Cuzco featured the Cuntisuyu and Collasuyu.8 Founding. Ayars, ancestors of the Incas, Buildings had steep roofs and had large emerged from the caves at Pacarictambo and courtyards “the size of city blocks.” There were 6 wandered north looking for good land. The channels of water throughout the city and first Inca,Manco Capac, traveled here with his many fountains. A holy city in the center of sister/wife Mama Ocllo from L Titicaca or the the universe. No commerce or other typical city caves of Pacaritambo. He sunk a staff into the functions.2 ground to determine the best soil and place to Cusco walls. Most of the walls in Cusco live. This happened at Huanaypata of Cuzco. The are transitional work. The Spanish used Inca local tribe, Sauseray, was led by a strong chief, masons. Includes: House of Serpents, House Copalimayta; he was defeated and fled. Manco of Valleumbroso, House of Pumas, north side Capac and Mama Huaco settled at Cuzco and of Hatun Rumiyoc St, east side of Romeritos took control of fields, houses, and people. St. These fakes have stones of different colors, Manco divided the city into four canchas are not inclined inward, joints are located or neighborhoods: Quinti, Chumbi, Sayri, directly above another, height of stone courses 6 Yarambuy. Wards of the city are organized and is irregular, or has carved animals. Real Inca occupied by principal provinces. walls are at , and along the streets construction. The smaller buildings were of Ahuacpinta Herrajes, Q’aphchick’ijllu (Pasaje painted yellow and red, the larger buildings were ), St Catalina Angosta, and Loreta. built with perfect immense stones. Elevation: Only a few Inca doorways survive: Coricancha – 11,000ft. In a valley, tall mountains on 3 sides. interior courtyard on west side. Romeritos 402 The SW stretches into fertile plains with bogs.9 has the best exterior door and Choquechaca 2 Stone walls were sometimes stained. Streets 339. 5 and plaza paved with fine pebble. weather. Wet season: Oct – Apr. Jan and Feb Built to dazzle and impress. Population: are the wettest. Dry season: May – Sep, busiest 40,000–100,000, unsure, very little excavations. and end of June and July 28 – Aug 10.2 City layout: 12 districts based on the provinences Manco Capac I. Vautier Pachacutec. M Roscoe Sacsahuaman. R Roscoe

1533 Oct. Xaquixaguana, 5 leagues from History Cuzco. Pizarro’s and Almagro’s forces unite. is beginning to show that the Pizarro remained for several days refreshing Incas began consolidating power in the Cusco his troops. He put Challcuchima, Atahuallpa’s area in the as far away as 37mi. It was captured general to trial. He was blamed for the done peacefully. This contrasts the idea that insurgency and burned alive.5 everything started with Pachacutec.1, 2 Manco Capac II arrived with a large entourage 1100. City founded by Manco Capac I, he ruled to announce himself to Pizarro as the new Sapa for 100 years. Inca and asked for Spanish protection.5 1533. Hernado de Soto led a group ahead of 1440. Plains of Blood. Chanca attacked Pizarro to Cuzco, repairing bridges as needed. Cuzco under Hanco–Huallu with 8000 warriors. He crossed the and Apurimac Viracocha Inca and his eldest sons fled. and drew near the sierra Vilcaconga, between Pachacutec stayed to defend Cusco. Pururaucas, Cuzco and Apurimac. Here De Soto was seriously stones that rose up to fight with Pachacutec. attacked in the passes. He was able to charge The Chancas were defeated on the Plain of Blood ahead to level ground; the were most and fled into the forests of (area likely led by the great commander, . of Chachapoyas) of the upper Maranon. For Both sides waited out the night. On hearing allowing their escape the Inca general, Capac about resistences to De Soto, Pizarro sent the Yupanqui was executed. Pachacutec and the rest of his calvary, led by Almagro, who arrived following generations began expanding the Inca that night. On seeing that the Spanish number empire exponentially. Sacsahuaman was built had grown, the Peruvians slipped away in the and several out laying forts/cities.9 morning.5 1533, Mar–Apr. Martin Bueno and Pedro 1533 Nov 14, 15. 40 calvary led by Juan Martuide Moguer, illiterate soldiers and Juan Pizarro and charged ahead to Zarate, notarary – traveled to Cuzco at attack Quisquis at the outskirts of Cuzco. The and Francisco Pizzaro’s request to encourage area was flat and level. Quisquis’ 30,000 troops the removal of . They arrived by litter and had joined with another 30,000, but were still were attended to by an Incan noble. Atahualpa’s no match.4 premier General Quisquis had direct orders not to stop the Spanairds. He warned them to release 1533 Nov 15. Pizarro enters Cuzco for the first Atahualpa upon payment or he would rescue time. Population: 20,000 + metro area (maybe him. The Spanairds went to the Coricancha and exaggerated).5 He enters with Manco to a heros’ removed the 700 gold plates around its outside welcome. Manco was from Cuzco and highly walls. The spanairds returned to Pizarro with 178 favored over the Atahualpa and Quisquis.4 loads of gold.4 After murdering Atahualpa, Pizarro named 1534 Mar. Cuzco’s loot distributed, less gold Huascar’s legitimate younger bother, Toparca, than at ’s ransom, but 4 times the . But he died before Pizarro left Xauxa silver. Almagro takes Manco’s sister, Marachimbo. on his march to Cuzco.5 takes Manco’s wife/sister, Cura Ocllo.4 1535 Nov. Manco calls a secret meeting to to discuss rebellion. See Inca Rulers for more.4 capture Manco. They snuck close at 1536 Early Feb. Manco torches city during night and were then seige. (Apr 10, von Hagen) Continued from surprised by Inca 5 Battle of Calca. (May 6 MacQuarrie) forces with missles Juan Pizarro returns to Cuzco to find 200,000 of stones and arrows. Incas covering the hills. The Spanish had 200 Behind them the troops. (196 Spanish, 100-200,000 incan + was diverted and 4 several thousand Canari and Chachapoyan. ) the ground flooded. Manco beseiged Cuzco in early Feb 1536. The Hernando was forced roofs were made of thatch and easily ignited to retreat. . Hemming by hurled hot stones. Cuzco was built without Almagro arrived 3 stone gables. So the ‘hip roofs’ burned easily. from to find the country under siege. Inca warriors would run along the top of the Arriving with 500 men he arranged to meet walls attacking the Spanish, giving them a rare Manco in Yucay. The other half of the soldiers height advantage. See Cathedral for why it was stayed in Urcos. Untrusting of Almagro, the one of the few buildings not to burn. At times Incas quickly fell upon the . But they the Spanish would charge out to attack, but were easily repulsed. suffered precious losses because of ambushes, bow, and sling.5 Spanish also had 5000 Cañari. 1537 Apr 8. Almagro betrayed a treaty with Spanish would cut the hands off their prisoners Hernado and marched upon Cuzco and took of war.9 it easily. He imprisoned the Pizarro brothers. Hernando decided that they must retake Alavadro had been sent with 500 men from Sacsayhuaman. The Incas had begun using to help Hernando. He had his camp Spanish warfare against them: some swords, stationed in Xauxa. Almagro, now mayor of helmets, gunpowder, and horses. The siege was Cuzco sent messangers to Alavadro demanding country-wide. his obedience. Alavadro imprisoned the messengers and Almagro prepared to march 1536 may. Manco restocked Sacsahuaman. upon him. Alavadro moved to Abancay. (Apr 18 with levied soldiers and layed siege to Cuzco. – MacQuarrie) Led by chief priest, Villac Umu. Juan Pizarro led 50 horsemen to recapture Sacs. Along 1537 Jul 12. Pedro Lerma, a commander in Rd, climed Carmenca Hill and continued on as if Alavadro’s small army betrayed him and allowed toward Lima but turned at village Jicatica and Almagro to easily cross the river at Abancay. attacked Sacs over the hill N of Sacs.3 Lerma joined Almagro in attacking Alavadro. At night, Juan suprised the Incas and charged Out numbered and unable to tell friend from foe, into Sacsahuaman. Because of an injury to his Alavadro was forced to surrender. jaw, Juan removed his helmet. On charge of a terrace on foot, he was smashed in the head by 1537. Francisco received reinforcements and a slinged rock disabling him, he later died from stores from Licentiate Gaspar de Espinosa in his injuries. Panama and Cortez in . He started in Hernando charged back into Sacsahuaman. reclaiming Cuzco when he heard of Alavadro’s One terrace quickly fell, but the other was defeat and Almagro’s growing power. He stayed dominated by a mighty Inca noble. He slayed in Lima and increased his defenses. Espinosa those who suggested he retreat and personally was sent as emassary to Cuzco. He was highly rebuffed every Spanaird attempting to scale respected and the only man to negotiate between the walls. Hernando tried to capture him alive, Francisco and Almagro. Espinosa suddenly died, but he threw himself off the wall because of his rumored by poison. inability to protect the fortress. 1537. Almagro prepared to march on Lima, so Five months into the siege, Manco released he could establish contact with . But first the majority of his troops to go home and plant he sent Orgoñez in pursuit of Manco. With little and then return. He stayed at Ollantaytambo. support Manco was forced to flee Ollantaytambo (1537 Feb 16, 16 month siege - von Hagen) into the depths of the Vilcabamba. Hernando staged a surprise attack on 1537. Almagro held Hernando as a prisoner and brought him to face Gonzalo Pizarro, Lima and allowed an who had put himself arbitrator to judge above the Spanish the border between authority. The sicken Francisco and himself. troops recovered here It was decided that and fed on Inca stores until Spain made a of that were still ruling, Cuzco would well stocked.5 remain with Almagro and Hernando be 1547. Cotapampa. set free and forced President Gasca chose this spot to cross the to return to Spain. Rodrigo oroñez. Hemming Viceroy Toledo. Hemming But on Hernando’s Apurimac. Gonzalo had release, Francisco wanted Cuzco back and asked destroyed all bridges. Gasca also ordered the Hernando to lead the forces to secure it. preparation of building at 3 other locations, so as to divide Gonzalo’s forces.5 1538 May. Almagro set up forces at Las Salinas and prepared to fight Hernando. Orgoñez fought 1550. Start of Colonial phase. incredibly, killing several knights, but a chain phase over. Escuela Cuzquena, shool of art 9 shot penetrated his visor and his horse was flourished. killed under him. Surrounded, Orgonez requested 1560. Viceroy has city roofs tiled to avoid fire that he turn his sword over, but only to a knight. hazard. He turns it over to Fuentes, who then quickly stabs him with his dagger, cuts off his head, 1572 Sep 21. Arbieto returns to Cuzco with and pikes it in the Cuzco square as a traitor. Tupac Amaru from Vilcabamba.4 Almagro watched the battle from afar. Seeing 1572 Sep 24. Tupac Amaru is led to the main that they were losing he fled in retreat to Cuzco square for his execution. The entire city and and Hernado quickly followed. Almagro was hillsides were full with people to see the last captured. The entire battle lasted 2 hours. The Inca. A great wail rose among the crowd. Tupac dead were left and were scavenged by the locals raised his hand then lowered it – all become and left naked on the plain. silent.4 1538 Jul 8. Almagro was accused of treason 1707. Jesuits are expulsed from . Leaving and beheaded in Cuzco’s main square at the age La Universidad de Cuzco to be used as soldier of 70 by Hernando, the same man he had shown barracks.9 mercy to and released a few months earlier. Pizarro is murdered in his home by followers of 1820s. Cusco held by royalists vs Gen San Almagro. His son became the new ruler of Peru. Martin. Finished in in 1824.9 He was half Inca. But Spain declared Vaca de Castro the govenor. Manco sent him his support 1825. Simon Bolivar entered Cuzco and made in siezed armour and weapons and promised to La Universidad de Cuzco a School of Science and 9 join him in battle if needed.5 headquarters. 1542. Diego Almagro fled the battle with Vaca de Castro. He arrived in Cuzco and was arrested. He was beheaded for his rebellion in the same Mini-bibliography plaza as his father a few years prior.5 Photos by Patrick McGarey and Robert Roscoe. See Full Bibliography at website. 1547 Cuzco. Gonzalo Pizarro, because of his 1. Bauer, Brian. 7. Thomson, Hugh. full control of Peru and beyond, he openly 2. Frost, Peter. 8. von Hagen, Adriana. resisted Spain’s attempt to remove him. He sure 3. Hemming, John. 9. von Hagen, Victor. handedly defeated a much larger contigent of 4. MacQuarrie, Kim. National Geographic. President Gasca at Huarina. He then moved to 5. Prescott, William Vautier, Mireille. secure Cuzco and prepared to face Gasca. 6. Steele, Paul. painting. 1547. Andaguaylas. Royalist president, Gasca, stopped here on his march to Cuzco to 3.0