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Obsidian Procurement and Cosmopolitanism at the Middle Horizon Settlement of Conchopata, Peru Richard L

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Obsidian Procurement and Cosmopolitanism at the Middle Horizon Settlement of Conchopata, Peru Richard L Andean Past Volume 12 Article 5 2016 Obsidian Procurement and Cosmopolitanism at the Middle Horizon Settlement of Conchopata, Peru Richard L. Burger Yale University, [email protected] Catherine M. Bencic Binghamton University--SUNY, [email protected] Michael D. Glascock University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Burger, Richard L.; Bencic, Catherine M.; and Glascock, Michael D. (2016) "Obsidian Procurement and Cosmopolitanism at the Middle Horizon Settlement of Conchopata, Peru," Andean Past: Vol. 12 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past/vol12/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Andean Past by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. OBSIDIAN PROCUREMENT AND COSMOPOLITANISM AT THE MIDDLE HORIZON SETTLEMENT OF CONCHOPATA, PERU Richard L. Burger Yale University Catherine M. Bencic Binghamton University Michael D. Glascock University of Missouri Research Reactor INTRODUCTION in antiquity has encouraged studies of obsidian exchange at different scales of analysis, includ- Efforts to determine the sources of obsidian ing pan-regional surveys (Burger 2006, 2009), artifacts from Peru and Bolivia began in the regional surveys (Burger et al. 2000; Burger et al. 1970s (Burger and Asaro 1977, 1979; Burger et 2006b; Eerkens et al. 2010), and valley surveys al. 2000:271-272). In a multi-year pilot study at (DeLeonardis and Glascock 2013). In addition, the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) in intensive investigations at the largest of the Berkeley, California, the existence in Peru of Peruvian obsidian source areas were initiated. three major and five minor obsidian source These have largely focused on extraction tech- deposits was posited on the basis of their chemi- nology and compositional variability (Jennings cal signatures. These eight types of obsidian and Glascock 2002; Rademaker et al. 2013; comprised 97 percent of the 871 artifacts ana- Tripcevich and Contreras 2011; Tripcevich and lyzed by neutron activation (INAA) and X-ray Mackay 2011). fluorescence (XRF). It was not until 2003 that the geological sources for all of the major and all Another type of study with great promise is but one of the minor chemical signatures were the in-depth study of obsidian procurement and finally discovered. This progress has made it use at individual sites. Such studies have the possible to identify the geological source for potential to track changes in obsidian utilization almost all of the archaeological obsidian subse- as the nature and economy of the site and the quently studied from Peru. After the original region in question evolved. To be done well, pilot study of Central Andean obsidian four such in-depth studies require the analysis of a decades ago, only a small number of new chemi- large sample of obsidian artifacts from controlled cal signatures such as Acangagua and Chumbi- contexts that span the history of the site under vilcas have been encountered, and their use in study. Studies of this kind also require an under- prehistoric times appears to have been modest standing of the cultural context in which obsid- in scale and of mainly local significance (Burger ian was consumed at the site. A study following et al. 2000; Glascock et al. 2007). such an approach was published for Marcaya in the Nasca drainage (Vaughn and Glascock The successful identification of the geologi- 2005) and an even more extensive application cal sources of Central Andean obsidian utilized of this approach exists for the Olmec site of San ANDEAN PAST 12 (2016):21-44. ANDEAN PAST 12 (2016) - 22 Lorenzo in Veracruz, Mexico (Hirth et al. 2013). obsidian nodules at the Quispisisa source can be The present study of Conchopata, a Huari site quite large, up to thirty centimeters in diameter, in the Department of Ayacucho, provides those from the Puzolana source are rarely larger another example of this approach. than three to four centimeters. During Pre- ceramic, Initial Period, and Early Horizon times, For this investigation, a large sample of the people of the Ayacucho Basin used both the obsidian artifacts (n=93) from the Middle Quispisisa and the Puzolana obsidian sources Horizon site of Conchopata was analyzed to and over eighteen percent of the pre-Huari determine the source of the volcanic glass by obsidian analyzed came from the Puzolana using INAA at the University of Missouri Re- source (Burger 1982; Burger and Asaro 1979; search Reactor (MURR). Prior to this, Burger and Glascock 2000/2001, 2002:362; Catherine Bencic carried out lithic analysis of Table 1). In contrast, previous analyses on the obsidian and the other stone artifacts from artifacts from the site of Huari suggested that the site (see Bencic 2016, this volume). Obsid- the Middle Horizon urban center ignored the ian from Conchopata was of particular interest Puzolana source in favor of the more distant because of the complex patterning of obsidian quarries of obsidian at Quispisisa (Burger and exchange that occurred through much of the Glascock 2000/2001). Central Andes in conjunction with the expan- sion of the Huari state. In many Middle Horizon One question that we hoped to address with sites, such as Pikillaqta, the pattern of obsidian this study was whether a pattern of obsidian acquisition during the Middle Horizon differed procurement that focused almost exclusively on both from the earlier and later regional patterns Quipisisa, typical of the site of Huari, was found of obsidian procurement (Burger 2006; Burger et elsewhere in the Huari heartland at sites such as al. 2000; Burger and Glascock 2000). The Conchopata. A second question of interest is increased interregional interaction that charac- whether the procurement and utilization of terizes the Middle Horizon in Peru had a clear obsidian changed during the occupation of the impact on the large-scale movement of obsidian, Conchopata site. The Conchopata obsidian as did the close association of the Huari state sample was carefully excavated by the Concho- with Quispisisa, a massive obsidian source near pata Archaeological Project directed by William the modern towns of Sacsamarca and Huanca Isbell, Anita Cook, José Ochatoma Paravicino, Sancos in the Ayacucho Region (Burger and and Martha Cabrera Romero and it was then Glascock 2000, 2002; Figure 1). subsequently studied by lithic analyst Catherine Bencic. Judging from the radiocarbon evidence, The site of Conchopata, which will be the site appears to have been occupied for no discussed in more detail below, offers an intrigu- less than four or five centuries. The controlled ing focus for study. It is located over eighty provenience of the obsidian samples analyzed kilometers from the Quispisisa obsidian source, here makes it possible to evaluate whether there but only a few kilometers from a minor source of were shifts in obsidian procurement over time, obsidian. The latter source, originally dubbed and if so, to explore what socioeconomic factors the Ayacucho Type in the LBL pilot study, is were responsible. A third question of concern now known as the Puzolana Source, and it was the degree to which Conchopata could be extends from the outskirts of the modern city of considered a cosmopolitan community. This Ayacucho (Burger and Glascock 2000/2001) for theme has been explored previously by William at least 20 kilometers to the south of the city, Isbell and Tiffiny Tung using other classes of and perhaps significantly farther. While the archaeological material, and we believed that 23 - Burger et al.: Obsidian at Conchopata obsidian sourcing data could be a valuable tool early 1970s revealed stratified refuse that dated in such a consideration. from the earliest phases of the Huari culture (Lumbreras 1974; Ochatoma 2007; Pozzi-Escot Before presenting the results of the sourcing 1991). A large midden containing pottery and study and a discussion of its implications for production tools indicated specialized ceramic these three questions, we will provide back- production, and Lumbreras proposed that ground information on the Conchopata site. A Conchopata was primarily a settlement of ce- description of patterns of obsidian usage at ramic specialists (Lumbreras 1974). In October Conchopata, designed to complement this 1977, workmen digging a trench for a new article, is presented in a separate Research pipeline along Conchopata’s main road uncov- Report by Bencic (2016, this volume). ered a new ceremonial offering of ceramics in a pit containing thousands of fragments of finely THE SITE OF CONCHOPATA decorated jars (Isbell 1987; Isbell and Cook 1987). An emergency salvage operation was The site of Conchopata stands 2700 meters carried out by the Huari Urban Prehistory above sea level on the northern edge of the city Project directed by William Isbell and Abelardo of Ayacucho in the central Peruvian Andes. Sandoval. The surrounding area was excavated Although the site originally covered twenty and visible surface architectural remains in the hectares or more (Isbell and Cook 2002), the area were mapped (Isbell 1987). construction of an airport, an army base, and an extensive residential development have de- After the 1977 salvage project, no additional stroyed most of the archaeological site. The work was conducted at the site until June of three and a half hectares that remain intact 1982, when area excavations were undertaken contain the site’s architectural core. The surviv- at Conchopata by Denise Pozzi-Escot as part of ing area of the site is bisected by a paved road an evaluation of Ayacucho’s archaeological and known as Avenida del Ejército, a street that is colonial monuments (Pozzi-Escot 1991; Pozzi- dotted with modern buildings, construction Escot et al. 1998). These excavations, more walls, and trenches.
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