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The Social and Cultural Values of Caral-Supe, the Oldest Civilization of Peru and the Americas, and Their Role in Integrated Sustainable Development

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The Social and Cultural Values of Caral-Supe, the Oldest Civilization of Peru and the Americas, and Their Role in Integrated Sustainable Development The social and cultural values of Caral-Supe, the oldest civilization of Peru and the Americas, and their role in integrated sustainable development Ruth Shady Solís 1 Research team director: Dr. Ruth Shady Solís. Archaeological research: In Caral: Marco Machacuay, Jorge Aching, Marco Bezares, Oliver Huamán, Luis Miranda, David Palomino, Edwin Rivera, Carlos Robles, Gonzalo Rodríguez, Rulfer Vicente and Gustavo Espinoza. In Áspero: Daniel Cáceda, Miguel Castillo, Nancy Gutiérrez, Kati Huamán and Luis Huertas. In Vichama: Aldemar Crispín, Norka Gamarra, Greta Valderrama, Tatiana Abad, Carlos Barrientos and Marco Valderrama. Monument preservation: Víctor Pimentel (advisor), Sergio Anchi, Juan Ruíz and Geraldine Ramírez. Technical support: Workers from surrounding villages (Caral, Llamahuaca, Supe Puerto and Végueta). In Lima: Laboratory team: Pedro Novoa, Giuliano Ardito, Dolores Buitrón, Manuel Gorriti, Daysi Manosalva and Giancarlo Ubillús. Edition coordinator: Edna Quispe. English translation: Patricia Courtney de Haro and Erick Delgado. 3D graphics: Christián Magallanes and Estela Vásquez. Geographical Information System: Karin Ramírez. Graphic design and layout: Marco Chacón and Nadia Cruz. Drawings: María Teresa Ganoza and PEACS archives. The social and cultural values of Caral-Supe, the oldest civilization of Peru and the Americas, and their role in integrated sustainable development. Copyright registered at Biblioteca Nacional del Perú, Nº 2008-02193 ISBN: 978-603-45179-0-5 © Proyecto Especial Arqueológico Caral-Supe/ INC. Av. Las Lomas de La Molina Nº 327. Urb. Las Lomas de La Molina Vieja, Lima 12, Peru. Phone: 495-1515 / 260-4598 www.caralperu.gob.pe All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Proyecto Especial Arqueológico Caral-Supe/ INC. First edition. Printed in Peru by Comunica2 Lima, December - 2007. 2 The social and cultural values of Caral-Supe, the oldest civilization of Peru and the Americas, and their role in integrated sustainable development Ruth Shady Solís INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE CULTURA PROYECTO ESPECIAL ARQUEOLÓGICO CARAL-SUPE 3 CREDITS FOR THE TRAVELING EXHIBITION: General coordination: Edna Quispe Museographic design: Yoshio Cano and Silvia Prudencio Mounting of the exhibition: Jorge Aguilar and Edgar Asencios Management of archaeological collection and conservation: Sonia López Scale models: Valerie Viñas and Santiago Ramos Support in social projection: Liliana Tapia, Elizabeth Pedraza, Sergio Challco, and Jeanet Guillergua Musical research: Carlos Leyva Guest researchers: Guido Lombardi, Alberto Castro, and María Inés Barreto Guest sculptor: Edilberto Mérida Guest artist: Angel Rojas Photographs: PEACS files and Chris Kleihege Volunteer scale model makers: Carlos Milla, Fiorella Torres, Jessica Asalde, Patricia Zevallos, Claudia Weis, and Andy Aquije 4 ContentsContents I.- Introduction: Caral-Supe Special Archaeological Project 4 II.- The Caral-Supe Civilization and its Place in the World Cultural Process 6 III.- Caral and the Pre-Hispanic Andean Cultural Process 8 IV.- Where Civilization came into being: the North-Central Area of Peru 10 V.- Supe Valley and the Settlements Contemporary with Caral 12 VI.- The Coast of Supe: Áspero, the Fishing Town in the Civilized Area 14 VII.- The Capital Zone of Caral-Supe and its Importance 16 .The Settlements in the Capital Zone 18 VIII.- The Organization and Economic Basis 20 .Agriculture: Technology and Agricultural Products 22 .Fishing: Technology and Products from the Coast 24 .The Importance of Specialization and Agriculture-Fishing Complementary Activities 26 .Trade and the Transverse Management of the Territory and Resources 28 .Manufacturing Prestige Objects: Beads, Charms, Necklaces, etc. 30 .Goods Produced for Everyday Use 32 IX.- Social and Political Organization 34 .Social Stratification, Hierarchies, and Authorities 36 .Man Sacrificed at the Greater Pyramid in Caral 38 .Human Figurines and Garments 40 X. Urban Project: The Sacred City of Caral 42 .Architectural Components 44 .Pyramidal Public Buildings 46 .Housing 48 XI.- World View and Ideology 50 .Myths, Ceremonies, Rites and Offerings 52 .Multiple Offerings on Pallets 54 XII.- The Importance of Art and Music 56 XIII.- The Production of Science and its Technological Application 58 XIV.- Master Plan for the Integrated Sustainable Development of the Populations of Caral and its Area of Influence: for the formation of a social and economic pole of development 62 XV.- Vichama, the Hidden City of Végueta 64 XVI.- History of the Caral Project (PEACS) 66 XVII.- Scientific Production and Publications for the General Public 67 XVIII.- Visit Caral, the Oldest City in the Americas, and other Contemporary Towns 68 5 I.-I.- Introduction:Introduction: TheThe Caral-SupeCaral-Supe SpecialSpecial ArchaeologicalArchaeological ProjectProject The Caral-Supe Special Archaeological Project (Spanish acronym: PEACS) is a governmental institution, founded by Supreme Decree Nº 003-2003-ED and by Law Nº 28690, fully autonomous in its scientific, administrative, and financial management, responsible for the activities of research, conservation and dissemination of the archaeological heritage of the Supe Valley and its area of influence; its purpose is to identify and describe the oldest civilization in the Americas, to inform the country and the world of its social and cultural values and preserve them for the benefit of the present and future populations. In addition, at the same time as PEACS is working on the revaluation of the archaeological heritage, it also seeks to turn Caral into a “pole of development” – a centre that will promote integrated sustainable development. With this in mind, PEACS is excavating in five archaeological settlements in the Supe Valley – Caral, Chupacigarro, Miraya, Lurihuasi, and Áspero – and in one settlement in the Huaura Valley, Vichama, all of the Late Archaic period. The Project studies and analyzes the materials obtained; carries out permanent monitoring and conservation of the architectural structures; draws up scientific reports and keeps the public informed; designs tour circuits for visitors; prepares the archaeological areas for tourism; and organizes events and exhibitions to make known to the public the historic and cultural importance of the Caral-Supe civilization. Besides to the scientific study of archaeological sites, the conservation, restoration of the monuments, the preservation of the landscape, and revaluation of the non-material culture, PEACS has been working on fund-raising for the execution of a series of projects to promote social and economic development. The idea is to turn the rich cultural heritage of Caral-Supe, the oldest civilization in the Americas, into the centre that will promote the well-being of the populations in the vicinity. 6 MISSION To research, conserve, and disseminate the values of the archaeological heritage of the origins of civilization in Peru; to encourage tourism and promote integrated sustainable social and economic development, following the Master Plan and using a multidisciplinary approach. VISION To link the past with the present and achieve the value enhancement of the archaeological heritage of the north-central area in a preserved natural environment and in a developed, prosperous social context. 7 II.-II.- TheThe CivilizationCivilization ofof Caral-SupeCaral-Supe andand itsits PlacePlace inin thethe WorldWorld CulturalCultural ProcessProcess The Caral-Supe civilization was formed in the north-central area of Peru earlier than in any other part of the Central Andes. The civilizing development of Caral-Supe was precocious in comparison with that of other populations of the Americas. Its EUROPE Crete antiquity is similar only to the earliest centres of civilization in 3,000 years before the present the Old World. When the pyramid of Saqqara was being built in Egypt, or the later ones were going up in the Giza Valley, or MESOAMERICA Olmeca when the Sumerian cities of Mesopotamia were being occupied, 3,200 years before the present or markets were growing in India, between 3000 and 2500 B.C., Caral’s pyramidal buildings were already being constructed and remodelled, and in the city’s plazas the people gathered periodically ASIA China for economic, social, and ceremonial purposes. However, whereas 3,900 years before the present the civilizations of the Old World were able to exchange goods and experiences among each other, Caral-Supe and the societies of the north-central area were progressing in isolation from the THE FAR EAST India rest of Peru and the Americas, which were at a lower stage of development. 4,600 years before the present The north-central area was the territory between the Santa and SOUTH AMERICA Caral-supe Chillón rivers, and it included the regions of the coastal strip, 5,000 years before the present 5,000 Andean highlands, and Andean jungle. Transverse management of the resources took place within that space. AFRICA Egypt In the Supe Valley and its areas of influence, a complementary 5,300 years before the present economy of fishing and agriculture, with produce traded locally, sustained the social system and promoted the division of labour, inter-regional exchange, the accumulation of wealth, and THE MIDDLE EAST Mesopotamia development. The exchanging of dried anchovies and sea-foods 5,700 years before
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