What Makes a Complex Society Complex?
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
THE CONQUEST of the INCAS Grade Levels: 8-13+ 30 Minutes AMBROSE VIDEO PUBLISHING 1995
#3593 THE CONQUEST OF THE INCAS Grade Levels: 8-13+ 30 minutes AMBROSE VIDEO PUBLISHING 1995 DESCRIPTION In 1532, Francisco Pizarro and a band of 170 conquistadors, searching for gold, embarked on the conquest of the Incan empire. Though badly outnumbered, they kidnapped Atahualpa, the god-king, and held him captive for nine months before murdering him. Reenactments and graphics help describe Incan civilization and its destruction. ACADEMIC STANDARDS Subject Area: World History ¨ Standard: Understands major global trends from 1000 to 1500 CE · Benchmark: Understands differences and similarities between the Inca and Aztec empires and empires of Afro-Eurasia (e.g., political institutions, warfare, social organizations, cultural achievements) ¨ Standard: Understands how the transoceanic interlinking of all major regions of the world between 1450 and 1600 led to global transformations · Benchmark: Understands features of Spanish exploration and conquest (e.g., why the Spanish wanted to invade the Incan and Aztec empires, and why these empires collapsed after the conflict with the Spanish; interaction between the Spanish and indigenous populations such as the Inca and the Aztec; different perspectives on Cortes' journey into Mexico) · Benchmark: Understands cultural interaction between various societies in the late 15th and 16th centuries (e.g., how the Church helped administer Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas; reasons for the fall of the Incan empire to Pizarro; how the Portuguese dominated seaborne trade in the Indian Ocean basin in the 16th century; the relations between pilgrims and indigenous populations in North and South America, and the role different religious sects played in these relations; how the presence of Spanish conquerors affected the daily lives of Aztec, Maya, and Inca peoples) INSTRUCTIONAL GOALS 1. -
The Inca's Triumph Over Geography
___________________ Date ____ Class _____ Latin America Geography and History Activity The Inca's Triumph Over Geography In 1438 the Inca ruler Pachacuti began the scorching coastal deserts, over moun building a powerful empire in what is tains more than 20,000 feet high, through today Peru. By the end of the 1400s, the tangled masses of tropical rain forest, and Incas controlled the largest empire ever across raging torrents of rivers hundreds established in the Americas. It encom of feet wide. Totaling nearly 15,525 miles passed nearly 12 million people in Peru, (25,000 km), the roads were used to tie southern Colombia, Ecuador, northern the vast empire's people together, and to Chile, western Bolivia, and part of north allow quicker movement of soldiers and ern Argentina. goods. Llamas carried loads of agricul tural products or textiles along its length. Three Distinct Regions Storehouses and barracks were placed at Three physical regions-deserts, moun regular intervals. The Inca living nearby tains, and rain forests-made up the Inca maintained each length of road. Empire. Deserts run along the Pacific The highway system also served as a coast. The Atacama Desert in northern communication network for the govern Chile is one of the driest places on Earth. ment and military. Relay runners con Fertile areas can be found, however, where stantly carried messages long distances small rivers and streams run from the often up to 250 miles (403 km) per day. Andes highlands to the sea. That same distance took the Spanish East of the coastal deserts, the Andes colonial post nearly two weeks to cover. -
ICONS and SIGNS from the ANCIENT HARAPPA Amelia Sparavigna ∗ Dipartimento Di Fisica, Politecnico Di Torino C.So Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, Italy
ICONS AND SIGNS FROM THE ANCIENT HARAPPA Amelia Sparavigna ∗ Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Torino C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, Italy Abstract Written words probably developed independently at least in three places: Egypt, Mesopotamia and Harappa. In these densely populated areas, signs, icons and symbols were eventually used to create a writing system. It is interesting to see how sometimes remote populations are using the same icons and symbols. Here, we discuss examples and some results obtained by researchers investigating the signs of Harappan civilization. 1. Introduction The debate about where and when the written words were originated is still open. Probably, writing systems developed independently in at least three places, Egypt, Mesopotamia and Harappa. In places where an agricultural civilization flourished, the passage from the use of symbols to a true writing system was early accomplished. It means that, at certain period in some densely populated area, signs and symbols were eventually used to create a writing system, the more complex society requiring an increase in recording and communication media. Signs, symbols and icons were always used by human beings, when they started carving wood or cutting stones and painting caves. We find signs on drums, textiles and pottery, and on the body itself, with tattooing. To figure what symbols used the human population when it was mainly composed by small groups of hunter-gatherers, we could analyse the signs of Native Americans. Our intuition is able to understand many of these old signs, because they immediately represent the shapes of objects and animals. It is then quite natural that signs and icons, born among people in a certain region, turn out to be used by other remote populations. -
Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor
Silva Collins, Gabriel 2019 Anthropology Thesis Title: Making the Mountains: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor: Antonia Foias Advisor is Co-author: None of the above Second Advisor: Released: release now Authenticated User Access: No Contains Copyrighted Material: No MAKING THE MOUNTAINS: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads by GABRIEL SILVA COLLINS Antonia Foias, Advisor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Anthropology WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, Massachusetts May 19, 2019 Introduction Peru is famous for its Pre-Hispanic archaeological sites: places like Machu Picchu, the Nazca lines, and the city of Chan Chan. Ranging from the earliest cities in the Americas to Inca metropolises, millennia of urban human history along the Andes have left large and striking sites scattered across the country. But cities and monuments do not exist in solitude. Peru’s ancient sites are connected by a vast circulatory system of roads that connected every corner of the country, and thousands of square miles beyond its current borders. The Inca road system, or Qhapaq Ñan, is particularly famous; thousands of miles of trails linked the empire from modern- day Colombia to central Chile, crossing some of the world’s tallest mountain ranges and driest deserts. The Inca state recognized the importance of its road system, and dotted the trails with rest stops, granaries, and religious shrines. Inca roads even served directly religious purposes in pilgrimages and a system of ritual pathways that divided the empire (Ogburn 2010). This project contributes to scholarly knowledge about the Inca and Pre-Hispanic Andean civilizations by studying the roads which stitched together the Inca state. -
The Social and Cultural Values of Caral-Supe, the Oldest Civilization of Peru and the Americas, and Their Role in Integrated Sustainable Development
The social and cultural values of Caral-Supe, the oldest civilization of Peru and the Americas, and their role in integrated sustainable development Ruth Shady Solís 1 Research team director: Dr. Ruth Shady Solís. Archaeological research: In Caral: Marco Machacuay, Jorge Aching, Marco Bezares, Oliver Huamán, Luis Miranda, David Palomino, Edwin Rivera, Carlos Robles, Gonzalo Rodríguez, Rulfer Vicente and Gustavo Espinoza. In Áspero: Daniel Cáceda, Miguel Castillo, Nancy Gutiérrez, Kati Huamán and Luis Huertas. In Vichama: Aldemar Crispín, Norka Gamarra, Greta Valderrama, Tatiana Abad, Carlos Barrientos and Marco Valderrama. Monument preservation: Víctor Pimentel (advisor), Sergio Anchi, Juan Ruíz and Geraldine Ramírez. Technical support: Workers from surrounding villages (Caral, Llamahuaca, Supe Puerto and Végueta). In Lima: Laboratory team: Pedro Novoa, Giuliano Ardito, Dolores Buitrón, Manuel Gorriti, Daysi Manosalva and Giancarlo Ubillús. Edition coordinator: Edna Quispe. English translation: Patricia Courtney de Haro and Erick Delgado. 3D graphics: Christián Magallanes and Estela Vásquez. Geographical Information System: Karin Ramírez. Graphic design and layout: Marco Chacón and Nadia Cruz. Drawings: María Teresa Ganoza and PEACS archives. The social and cultural values of Caral-Supe, the oldest civilization of Peru and the Americas, and their role in integrated sustainable development. Copyright registered at Biblioteca Nacional del Perú, Nº 2008-02193 ISBN: 978-603-45179-0-5 © Proyecto Especial Arqueológico Caral-Supe/ INC. Av. Las Lomas de La Molina Nº 327. Urb. Las Lomas de La Molina Vieja, Lima 12, Peru. Phone: 495-1515 / 260-4598 www.caralperu.gob.pe All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Proyecto Especial Arqueológico Caral-Supe/ INC. -
Brazil Eyes the Peruvian Amazon
Site of the proposed Inambari Dam in the Peruvian Amazon. Brazil Eyes the Photo: Nathan Lujan Peruvian Amazon WILD RIVERS AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AT RISK he Peruvian Amazon is a treasure trove of biodiversity. Its aquatic ecosystems sustain Tbountiful fisheries, diverse wildlife, and the livelihoods of tens of thousands of people. White-water rivers flowing from the Andes provide rich sediments and nutrients to the Amazon mainstream. But this naturally wealthy landscape faces an ominous threat. Brazil’s emergence as a regional powerhouse has been accom- BRAZIL’S ROLE IN PERU’S AMAZON DAMS panied by an expansionist energy policy and it is looking to its In June 2010, the Brazilian and Peruvian governments signed neighbors to help fuel its growth. The Brazilian government an energy agreement that opens the door for Brazilian com- plans to build more than 60 dams in the Brazilian, Peruvian panies to build a series of large dams in the Peruvian Amazon. and Bolivian Amazon over the next two decades. These dams The energy produced is largely intended for export to Brazil. would destroy huge areas of rainforest through direct flood- The first five dams – Inambari, Pakitzapango, Tambo 40, ing and by opening up remote forest areas to logging, cattle Tambo 60 and Mainique – would cost around US$16 billion, ranching, mining, land speculation, poaching and planta- and financing is anticipated to come from the Brazilian National tions. Many of the planned dams will infringe on national Development Bank (BNDES). parks, wildlife sanctuaries and some of the largest remaining wilderness areas in the Amazon Basin. -
La Cosmología En El Dibujo Del Altar Del Quri Kancha Según Don Joan
La cosmología en el dibujo del altar del Quri Kancha según don Joan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salca Maygua Rita Fink Se suele adscribir al dibujo del altar de Quri Kancha una estructura bipartita (dos campos separados por un eje vertical), la cual refleja la oposición andina de hanan-hurin o alternativamente la simetría de los altares eclesiásticos. El presente trabajo identifica los elementos del dibujo y analiza las parejas que ellos componen, examinando el simbolismo de cada una de ellas y las interrelaciones de sus componentes en varias fuentes de los siglos XVI-XX. El mundo dibujado está organizado según el principio andino de hanan-hurin aplicado en dos dimensiones, la horizontal y la vertical. Dos ejes, hanan y hurin, dividen el espacio en cuatro campos distintos. Los campos inferiores están organizados de manera inversa con respecto al espacio superior. Semejantes estructuras cuatripartitas se encuentran en otras representaciones espacio-temporales andinas. The structure of the drawing of the Quri Kancha altar has been described as dual, reflecting either the Andean hanan-hurin complementarity or the symmetry of Christian church altars. Present study identifies the elements presented in the drawing and analyses the couples which they comprise, demonstrating the symbolism of each couple and the hanan-hurin relations within them, as evident in XVI-XX century sources. The world presented in the drawing of the Quri Kancha altar is organized according to the Andean hanan-hurin principle applied on two-dimensional scale (horizontal and vertical). Two axes - hanan and hurin - divide the space into 4 distinct fields. The lower fields are inverted relative to the hanan space above. -
The Spanish Unraveling of the Incan Empire: the Importance of Fibers and Textiles of the Past
University of Wisconsin–Superior McNair Scholars Journal, volume 2, 2001 The Spanish Unraveling Of the Incan Empire: The Importance of Fibers and Textiles of the Past Rhonda R. Dass, Art History William Morgan, M.F.A. Department of Visual Arts ABSTRACT Steeped in ancient traditions, modern day Peru can boast the continuation of cultural heritage dating back before 1000 BC. The coastal desert climate is perfect for the preservation of textiles long buried in the sacred graves of past peoples. From these artifacts we can see how important the textiles of the Incan culture were to its people. Some argue that internal strife was the main factor for the ease with which the Spaniards were able to conquer the advanced civilization of the Incas. Others argue that the empire was already in decline. Perhaps the textile– based economy of the Incan empire was the prime factor. History of the Incan Empire: Geographical and Political The area of South America, which once sustained the mighty Incan empire during the early half of the 10th millennium, is a diverse, breathtaking and often inhospitable land. As the Incans, led by Manco Capac, spread their empire across the South American continent they conquered numerous small tribes scattered throughout an awesome array of nature's wonders. They started their reign in the area surrounding Lake Titicaca, still considered a sacred place by their modern day ancestors, taking control of the local Tiwanaku peoples. From this region nestled in the Andes Mountains they battled their way across mountain ridges that draw a line down the coastal areas of South America. -
Shamanism and Hegemony: a Gramscian Approach to the Chavin Staff God
Shamanism and Hegemony: A Gramscian Approach to the Chavin Staff God Sharon E. Small Men make their own history, but they do not make it as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves but under circumstances directly encountered, given and transmitted from the past. Karl Marx The art ofthe past no longer exists as it once did. Its authority is lost. In its place there is a language of images. What matters is who uses that language and for what purpose. John Berger Around 500 BC a staff-bearing feline anthropomorph arrives on the archaeological terrain at Chavin de Huantar, an Early Horizon ceremonial site located in the central Andes and type site for the Chavin Horizon. Designated the Staff God, this icon is found on ceramics, textiles, and sculpture throughout lowland, highland, and coastal zones. Its diffusion over such a vast area is generally attributed to a peaceful feline cult whose rituals centered on the shaman's transformation into an animal spirit. Early theories that the Staff God was this cult's supreme or chiefdeity whose staffs balanced the universe and whose rituals helped to unify diverse peoples around shared beliefs and practices continue to appear in Chavin studies (Rowe 1967:86, 1992:196, 199). Lacking evidence of large-scale warfare and fortifications, Andeanists describe the Staff God's rituals as noncoercive and its culture as a harmonious and tranquil one. This emphasis on the Chavin as a religious polity and not a political one, which was pioneered in the 1940's, continues to inform interpretations of Chavin rituals and iconography (Rowe 1967:86, Lumbreras 1974:70, Moseley 1992:159, Burger and Miller 1988:111,Willey 1948:10,15, in Keatinge 1988). -
As the Psychoactive Plant Utilized at Chavín De Huántar
Ñawpa Pacha Journal of Andean Archaeology ISSN: 0077-6297 (Print) 2051-6207 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ynaw20 What kind of hallucinogenic snuff was used at Chavín de Huántar? An iconographic identification Richard Burger To cite this article: Richard Burger (2011) What kind of hallucinogenic snuff was used at Chavín de Huántar? An iconographic identification, Ñawpa Pacha, 31:2, 123-140, DOI: 10.1179/ naw.2011.31.2.123 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1179/naw.2011.31.2.123 Published online: 19 Jul 2013. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 196 Citing articles: 3 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ynaw20 What kind of hallucinogenic snuff was used at Chavín de Huántar? An iconographic identification Richard L. Burger Iconography and artifacts from Chavín de Huántar attest to the importance of psychoactive substances consumed na- sally as snuff, and consequently hallucinogens other than San Pedro cactus must have been utilized. This article presents iconographic evidence from a Chavín de Huántar sculpture demonstrating the religious significance of Anadenanthera sp. (vilca), a plant containing the vision-producing bufotenine. Andenanthera colubrina var. Cebil is found east of the Peruvian Andes and consequently it is the most likely source of the psychoactive snuff ingested in the rituals at Chavín de Huántar and related ceremonial centers such as Kuntur Wasi. Aunque la utilización de substancias alucinógenas en el templo de Chavín de Huántar durante el fin del Período Inicial y el Horizonte Temprano (1000–300 a.C.) ha recibido la amplia aceptación de los arqueólogos, la única identificación de una droga alucinógena ha sido el San Pedro (Trichocereus pachanoi), un cactus rico en mescalina que hoy se encuentra en la costa y la sierra, incluyendo los alrededores de Chavín de Huántar. -
The Environmental Activism of Indigenous Women of the Ecuadorian Amazon
University of Mississippi eGrove Honors College (Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors Theses Honors College) 2019 “Nosotras Como Mujeres”: The Environmental Activism of Indigenous Women of the Ecuadorian Amazon Leta Rowan University of Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis Part of the International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Rowan, Leta, "“Nosotras Como Mujeres”: The Environmental Activism of Indigenous Women of the Ecuadorian Amazon" (2019). Honors Theses. 1220. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis/1220 This Undergraduate Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College (Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College) at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “NOSOTRAS COMO MUJERES”: THE ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVISM OF INDIGENOUS WOMEN OF THE ECUADORIAN AMAZON Leta Rowan ©2019 A thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for completion of the Bachelor of Arts degree in International Studies Croft Institute for International Studies Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College The University of Mississippi Oxford, Mississippi April 2019 Approved by: ___________________________________ Advisor: Dr. Kate Centellas ___________________________________ Reader: Dr. Oliver Dinius ___________________________________ Reader: Dr. Marcos Mendoza i Abstract Across Latin America, indigenous organizations have mobilized against environmental destruction inflicted upon their communities. Environmental destruction brought about by climate change and extractive industries has been especially devastating in the Western Amazon- the most biologically diverse region of the Amazon and home to a diversity of indigenous populations. The efforts of indigenous organizations in the Western Amazon, notably the Ecuadorian Amazon, have been successful in affecting progressive environmental policies as a means to protect their natural environments and standards of living. -
TCI Chapter 2 – Foundations of World History, Prehistory – 300 CE
TCI Chapter 2 – Foundations of World History, Prehistory – 300 C.E. 1. Introduction About 50,000 years ago, according to a widely held theory, our earliest ancestors began migrating out of Africa. Over many thousands of years, descendants of those physically modern humans spread through Asia, Australia, and Europe. They replaced existing populations of more primitive human beings. Thus, the theory goes, all modern humans originated in Africa. Not all scientists agree on the origins of the human race. But they would all agree with one statement. In nearly every environment that they encountered, early modern humans thrived. Click to read caption Around 10,000 years ago, humans began settling down. They turned to agriculture, raising crops and animals for food and clothing. Populations grew. Some 5,000 years later, the first cities arose, and with them the first civilizations. In time, a few civilizations developed into powerful empires. At each step in this progression, peoples of ancient times had basic features in common. They followed leaders, engaged in economic activities, and developed social structures. Through their accomplishments, these ancient peoples laid the foundations of world history. Theirs is the story of how human beings colonized the continents and went on to develop more and more sophisticated societies that interacted with one another in a multitude of ways. As you will learn in this lesson, their story begins with humans as hunter-gatherers. 1 TCI Chapter 2 – Foundations of World History, Prehistory – 300 C.E. Themes Cultural Interaction The move from hunting and gathering to more complex societies resulted in an enormous increase in the exchange of cultural knowledge.