DOCSLIB.ORG

Una Breve Aproximación Al Rol Del Qhapaq Ñan En El Proceso Conducente a La Formación Del Pueblo De Tambo, Sausa, Junín

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Una Breve Aproximación Al Rol Del Qhapaq Ñan En El Proceso Conducente a La Formación Del Pueblo De Tambo, Sausa, Junín UNA BREVE APROXIMACIÓN AL ROL DEL QHAPAQ ÑAN Manuel F. Perales Munguía EN EL PROCESO Proyecto Qhapaq Ñan – Sede Nacional CONDUCENTE A LA Autor FORMACIÓN DEL PUEBLO DE TAMBO, 21 de febrero SAUSA, JUNÍN, PERÚ de 2020 El 24 de febrero de 1965 se creó el distrito de Sausa mediante Ley N° 15437, fijándose su capital en la villa homónima, categoría y denominación que le fueron otorgadas al antiguo pueblo de Tambo a través de la Ley N° 10155 del 30 de diciembre de 1944 (Aranda 2009: 25). No obstante, este último nombre –Tambo– posee una singular connotación histórica, pese a que en la actualidad está cayendo en desuso frente al de Sausa, el cual ha ido ganando terreno a partir de la adquisición del estatus distrital de la localidad.1 Considerando lo expuesto, el presente trabajo desarrolla un conjunto de planteamientos en torno al proceso que condujo a la formación inicial del pueblo de Tambo, que en la actualidad constituye el núcleo urbano del moderno distrito de Sausa, localizado sobre los 3371 msnm y dentro de la jurisdicción de la provincia de Jauja, en el departamento de Junín (figura 01). Dicho proceso tuvo hitos importantes, como el establecimiento del extenso complejo inca de Hatun Xauxa en la segunda mitad del siglo XV y la fundación de la ciudad hispana de Xauxa por par de Francisco Pizarro entre 1533 y 1534, consolidándose durante las décadas de 1560 y 1570, cuando alcanzó funcionamiento pleno el tambo colonial del mismo nombre. Figura 01: Mapa de ubicación del distrito de Sausa, en la provincia de Jauja, departamento de Junín. 1 Se puede plantear que el nombre castellanizado de Sausa corresponde a una pronunciación particular que se ha venido haciendo de la denominación Xauxa, la misma que aparece en la documentación escrita colonial y de la que deviene también el término Jauja. De acuerdo a la lingüística, Xauxa debió representar a la voz quechua shausha o shawsha (v. Cerrón-Palomino 1989: 53-57), sobre cuyo origen se brindan algunos alcances más adelante en este documento. 1 Cabe precisar que el enfoque que se desarrolla en las páginas siguientes resalta el papel desempeñado por los caminos –integrados, en tiempos incaicos, al propio Qhapaq Ñan– a lo largo del proceso arriba señalado, incidiendo en la posición estratégica del territorio que actualmente comprende el distrito de Sausa en el establecimiento de antiguas rutas de comunicación terrestre que se fueron estructurando con el paso del tiempo, por lo menos desde el siglo III de nuestra era hasta el siglo XVI. De este modo, se espera que el presente documento sirva para contribuir al reconocimiento de los valores del patrimonio cultural del lugar por parte de la población sausina en general, así como al fortalecimiento de sus identidades y sus vínculos con la historia de su localidad, continuando con la labor iniciada años atrás por autores de la zona como Pedro Aranda (2009). Antecedentes: los tiempos previos al Tawantinsuyu De acuerdo a las investigaciones realizadas hasta la fecha (v. g. D’Altroy 1981, 1992, 2015; Parsons et al. 2013), las evidencias más antiguas de la presencia humana en el territorio que actualmente corresponde al distrito de Sausa datan de los periodos Intermedio Temprano (ca. 200 a.C. – 600 d.C.) y Horizonte Medio (ca. 600 – 1000 d.C.). De manera concreta, se ha señalado que durante esos tiempos se pudieron haber establecido al menos dos pequeños asentamientos, de los cuales solo se han reportado hasta el momento restos dispersos de cerámica fragmentada superficial (figura 02). Figura 02: Ubicación y probable extensión de los sitios arqueológicos JASP 549 y JASP 550 con evidencias de ocupaciones de los periodos Intermedio Temprano y Horizonte Medio. El primero de dichos sitios se localizó hacia el lado noroeste del área urbana de Sausa y habría ocupado una superficie estimada en cinco hectáreas (D’Altroy 1992: 111; 2015: 244; Parsons et al. 2013: 234).2 Siguiendo las referencias disponibles, se puede plantear que ese espacio se habría ubicado principalmente hacia el sector por donde hoy corren los jirones Túpac Amaru, Dos de Mayo y Huayna Cápac. El segundo posible asentamiento, de unas 3.4 hectáreas, estuvo emplazado a unos 500 metros al sureste del anterior, hacia la parte alta del pueblo de Sausa (figura 02), en una ladera de suave 2 Sitio 550 de acuerdo al registro del Proyecto de Reconocimiento Arqueológico Junín o JASP (Junin Archaeological Survey Project) por sus siglas en inglés (Parsons et al. 2013: 232-234) y sitio J5 según el Proyecto de Investigaciones Arqueológicas Alto Mantaro o UMARP (Upper Mantaro Archaeological Research Project) por sus siglas en inglés (D’Altroy 1992: 113). 2 pendiente muy cerca del sector conocido como Macón y en la margen izquierda de la sección superior de la quebrada Huatanay (Parsons et al. 2013: 232).3 Algunos hallazgos recientes confirman la eventual existencia de ocupaciones humanas preincas en Sausa y brindan algunos alcances adicionales al respecto. Por un lado, se cuenta con una figurina zoomorfa de cerámica (figura 03a),4 similar a otros especímenes que han sido reportados en sitios vecinos con ocupación temprana como San Juan Pata al noroeste de Jauja (Perales et al. 2015: 84-87; Villanes et al. 2009: 82-83), los mismos que se pueden clasificar dentro del estilo Usupuquio del periodo Intermedio Temprano (ca. 300 – 500 d.C.), definido décadas atrás por David Browman (1970).5 De manera específica, el ejemplar referido representa a un camélido –posiblemente una alpaca de la variedad huacaya– en estado de preñez, con las patas extendidas y el cuello erguido. Figura 03a: Figurina zoomorfa de Figura 03b: Cuenco de estilo cerámica (estilo Usupuquio), procedente Huacrapuquio, procedente de Sausa del sector noroeste de Sausa. (Colección Sergio Reyes Peralta). 3 Sitio 549 en el reporte del JASP (Parsons et al. 2013: 232). 4 Esta figurina fue recuperada en el marco de la ejecución de un proyecto de monitoreo arqueológico de obras civiles a lo largo de la avenida Hatun Xauxa en el año 2017. De acuerdo a la información brindada, un punto de referencia de la ubicación de su hallazgo es la intersección de la referida vía con la avenida Héroes de la Breña (Dannal Aramburú, comunicación personal 2017). 5 Inicialmente Christine Hastorf et al. (1989: 96) consideraron la cerámica Usupuquio dentro de una categoría mayor denominada Huacrapukio I, a partir de sus estudios en el cercano sitio de Ninacanya en Pancán, Jauja. No obstante, en una publicación posterior, Terence D’Altroy (2001: 30) retoma el término Usupuquio para referirse a toda la cerámica desarrollada en Jauja durante el periodo Intermedio Temprano. 3 De otra parte, también se cuenta con un cuenco de base redondeada y engobe naranja (figura 03b),6 con decoración interior de aspecto geométrico, consistente en bandas rectas de tono rojizo que se entrecruzan de manera casi perpendicular, conformando dos campos reticulados de aspecto triangular que se unen a su vez por un vértice ubicado hacia la parte central de la pieza. Adicionalmente, hacia sus bordes dicho cuenco presenta más bandas similares que corren de forma horizontal, definiendo otros campos reticulados parecidos a los anteriores. De acuerdo a la clasificación alfarera de Browman (1970) este espécimen correspondería al estilo Huacrapuquio, que se habría vuelto popular en el valle del Mantaro hacia la parte final del periodo Intermedio Temprano (ca. 500 – 600/650 d.C.).7 Otros hallazgos adicionales se han reportado cerca del lado noreste del distrito de Sausa, hacia las orillas del río Yacus y a un lado del aeropuerto Francisco Carlé, en donde se han recuperado de manera fortuita piezas de cerámica que evidentemente pertenecen al periodo Horizonte Medio. A modo de ejemplo, se puede mencionar una vasija cerrada de cuerpo globular, que presenta apéndice con orificio, gollete ancho y superficies pulidas, además de decoración polícroma con atributos relacionados al estilo Chakipampa (figura 04a). De otro lado, también podemos señalar una vasija abierta, en la forma de vaso con bordes divergentes y superficies pulidas (figura 04b), vinculado al estilo conocido como Negro Decorado, específicamente con su variante llamada Wari Negro (v. Menzel 1964; cf. Pozzi-Escot et al. 1994).8 6 Si bien se sabe que esta pieza procede de Sausa, no se cuenta con información precisa sobre el lugar del hallazgo de la misma. En la actualidad obra como parte de la colección particular del Sr. Sergio Reyes Peralta, ciudadano del distrito de Sausa y miembro de la Comunidad Campesina de Tambo. 7 Tal como se ha indicado en la nota 5, también ha habido cambios en relación al uso del término Huacrapuquio en los esquemas de periodificación elaborados para Jauja y el valle del Mantaro por parte de los integrantes del UMARP. En un principio dicho nombre se utilizó para denominar a toda la tradición alfarera del área señalada, desarrollada desde casi la mitad del periodo Intermedio Temprano hasta la primera porción del Horizonte Medio (Hastorf et al. 1989: 96). No obstante, años después se reconsideró su aplicación para incluir únicamente a los estilos alfareros del periodo Horizonte Medio, como Calpish y Quinsahuanca definidos previamente por Browman (D’Altroy 2001: 30). Esta situación deja entrever la necesidad de revisar con detenimiento el problema de la periodificación arqueológica en la región. Por este motivo, en este texto se emplea la propuesta inicial de Browman, para evitar mayores confusiones. 8 En el caso de las dos piezas que se acaban de describir, ambas actualmente son parte de la colección del investigador jaujino Henoch Loayza Espejo, quien las recibió en calidad de donación y quien, gentilmente, nos ha brindado alcances respecto de las circunstancias de su hallazgo (Henoch Loayza, comunicación personal, 2014). 4 Figura 04a: Vasija con atributos Figura 04b: Vaso relacionado al estilo Wari Negro, procedente de las estilísticos Chakipampa, procedente de las inmediaciones del río Yacus al noreste de inmediaciones del río Yacus al noreste de Sausa (Colección Henoch Loayza Espejo).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • What Makes a Complex Society Complex?
    What Makes a Complex Society Complex? The Dresden Codex. Public domain. Supporting Questions 1. How did the Maya use writing to represent activities in their culture? 2. What did the Aztecs do to master their watery environment? 3. Why were roads important to the Inca Empire? Supporting Question 1 Featured Source Source A: Mark Pitts, book exploring Maya writing, Book 1: Writing in Maya Glyphs: Names, Places & Simple Sentences—A Non-Technical Introduction to Maya Glyphs (excerpt), 2008 THE BASICS OF ANCIENT MAYA WRITING Maya writing is composed of various signs and symbol. These signs and symbols are often called ‘hieroglyphs,’ or more simply ‘glyphs.’ To most of us, these glyphs look like pictures, but it is often hard to say what they are pictures of…. Unlike European languages, like English and Spanish, the ancient Maya writing did not use letters to spell words. Instead, they used a combination of glyphs that stood either for syllables, or for whole words. We will call the glyphs that stood for syllables ‘syllable glyphs,’ and we’ll call the glyphs that stood for whole words ‘logos.’ (The technically correct terms are ‘syllabogram’ and ‘logogram.’) It may seem complicated to use a combination of sounds and signs to make words, but we do the very same thing all the time. For example, you have seen this sign: ©iStock/©jswinborne Everyone knows that this sign means “one way to the right.” The “one way” part is spelled out in letters, as usual. But the “to the right” part is given only by the arrow pointing to the right.
    [Show full text]
  • Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor
    Silva Collins, Gabriel 2019 Anthropology Thesis Title: Making the Mountains: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor: Antonia Foias Advisor is Co-author: None of the above Second Advisor: Released: release now Authenticated User Access: No Contains Copyrighted Material: No MAKING THE MOUNTAINS: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads by GABRIEL SILVA COLLINS Antonia Foias, Advisor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Anthropology WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, Massachusetts May 19, 2019 Introduction Peru is famous for its Pre-Hispanic archaeological sites: places like Machu Picchu, the Nazca lines, and the city of Chan Chan. Ranging from the earliest cities in the Americas to Inca metropolises, millennia of urban human history along the Andes have left large and striking sites scattered across the country. But cities and monuments do not exist in solitude. Peru’s ancient sites are connected by a vast circulatory system of roads that connected every corner of the country, and thousands of square miles beyond its current borders. The Inca road system, or Qhapaq Ñan, is particularly famous; thousands of miles of trails linked the empire from modern- day Colombia to central Chile, crossing some of the world’s tallest mountain ranges and driest deserts. The Inca state recognized the importance of its road system, and dotted the trails with rest stops, granaries, and religious shrines. Inca roads even served directly religious purposes in pilgrimages and a system of ritual pathways that divided the empire (Ogburn 2010). This project contributes to scholarly knowledge about the Inca and Pre-Hispanic Andean civilizations by studying the roads which stitched together the Inca state.
    [Show full text]
  • Brazil Eyes the Peruvian Amazon
    Site of the proposed Inambari Dam in the Peruvian Amazon. Brazil Eyes the Photo: Nathan Lujan Peruvian Amazon WILD RIVERS AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AT RISK he Peruvian Amazon is a treasure trove of biodiversity. Its aquatic ecosystems sustain Tbountiful fisheries, diverse wildlife, and the livelihoods of tens of thousands of people. White-water rivers flowing from the Andes provide rich sediments and nutrients to the Amazon mainstream. But this naturally wealthy landscape faces an ominous threat. Brazil’s emergence as a regional powerhouse has been accom- BRAZIL’S ROLE IN PERU’S AMAZON DAMS panied by an expansionist energy policy and it is looking to its In June 2010, the Brazilian and Peruvian governments signed neighbors to help fuel its growth. The Brazilian government an energy agreement that opens the door for Brazilian com- plans to build more than 60 dams in the Brazilian, Peruvian panies to build a series of large dams in the Peruvian Amazon. and Bolivian Amazon over the next two decades. These dams The energy produced is largely intended for export to Brazil. would destroy huge areas of rainforest through direct flood- The first five dams – Inambari, Pakitzapango, Tambo 40, ing and by opening up remote forest areas to logging, cattle Tambo 60 and Mainique – would cost around US$16 billion, ranching, mining, land speculation, poaching and planta- and financing is anticipated to come from the Brazilian National tions. Many of the planned dams will infringe on national Development Bank (BNDES). parks, wildlife sanctuaries and some of the largest remaining wilderness areas in the Amazon Basin.
    [Show full text]
  • La Cosmología En El Dibujo Del Altar Del Quri Kancha Según Don Joan
    La cosmología en el dibujo del altar del Quri Kancha según don Joan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salca Maygua Rita Fink Se suele adscribir al dibujo del altar de Quri Kancha una estructura bipartita (dos campos separados por un eje vertical), la cual refleja la oposición andina de hanan-hurin o alternativamente la simetría de los altares eclesiásticos. El presente trabajo identifica los elementos del dibujo y analiza las parejas que ellos componen, examinando el simbolismo de cada una de ellas y las interrelaciones de sus componentes en varias fuentes de los siglos XVI-XX. El mundo dibujado está organizado según el principio andino de hanan-hurin aplicado en dos dimensiones, la horizontal y la vertical. Dos ejes, hanan y hurin, dividen el espacio en cuatro campos distintos. Los campos inferiores están organizados de manera inversa con respecto al espacio superior. Semejantes estructuras cuatripartitas se encuentran en otras representaciones espacio-temporales andinas. The structure of the drawing of the Quri Kancha altar has been described as dual, reflecting either the Andean hanan-hurin complementarity or the symmetry of Christian church altars. Present study identifies the elements presented in the drawing and analyses the couples which they comprise, demonstrating the symbolism of each couple and the hanan-hurin relations within them, as evident in XVI-XX century sources. The world presented in the drawing of the Quri Kancha altar is organized according to the Andean hanan-hurin principle applied on two-dimensional scale (horizontal and vertical). Two axes - hanan and hurin - divide the space into 4 distinct fields. The lower fields are inverted relative to the hanan space above.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spanish Unraveling of the Incan Empire: the Importance of Fibers and Textiles of the Past
    University of Wisconsin–Superior McNair Scholars Journal, volume 2, 2001 The Spanish Unraveling Of the Incan Empire: The Importance of Fibers and Textiles of the Past Rhonda R. Dass, Art History William Morgan, M.F.A. Department of Visual Arts ABSTRACT Steeped in ancient traditions, modern day Peru can boast the continuation of cultural heritage dating back before 1000 BC. The coastal desert climate is perfect for the preservation of textiles long buried in the sacred graves of past peoples. From these artifacts we can see how important the textiles of the Incan culture were to its people. Some argue that internal strife was the main factor for the ease with which the Spaniards were able to conquer the advanced civilization of the Incas. Others argue that the empire was already in decline. Perhaps the textile– based economy of the Incan empire was the prime factor. History of the Incan Empire: Geographical and Political The area of South America, which once sustained the mighty Incan empire during the early half of the 10th millennium, is a diverse, breathtaking and often inhospitable land. As the Incans, led by Manco Capac, spread their empire across the South American continent they conquered numerous small tribes scattered throughout an awesome array of nature's wonders. They started their reign in the area surrounding Lake Titicaca, still considered a sacred place by their modern day ancestors, taking control of the local Tiwanaku peoples. From this region nestled in the Andes Mountains they battled their way across mountain ridges that draw a line down the coastal areas of South America.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Region, Culture, and Identities
    1 region, culture, and identities The Mantaro Valley: History and Regional Development Some colonial sources suggest that when the first Spanish troops arrived in the Mantaro Valley (see map) in 1533 they expected war. Instead,they were surprised to be hailed by thousands of natives who celebrated their coming with songs and feasts (Arguedas 1975:81). It was later that the invaders would realize that the native inhabitants of the valley—the Wan- kas—had been subdued by the imperial Incas long ago and since then had been their fierce adversaries.1 Thus,they saw in the arrival of the con- querors an opportunity for revenge and liberation from Inca rule. An al- liance,which was considered mutually beneficial,soon followed. The Wanka leaders saw in their collaboration a way of recovering the regional autonomy they had lost when the Incas arrived in the valley around 1460 (Espinoza Soriano 1973:68). The Inca state,while allowing the regional chieftains to maintain many of their privileges,had undermined their po- litical power to a great extent. They were closely supervised and severely punished if they did not comply with the policies of the empire. However, the Spaniards needed the local support to compensate for the greater forces of the Inca army. They were coming from Cajamarca in the north and were on their way to Cuzco,the capital of the Inca empire. For the journey they were in need of provisions and servicemen,which the caciques,the native 13 14 debating the past Map of the Mantaro Valley leaders,promptly provided.
    [Show full text]
  • Tectono-Stratigraphic History of the Huancayo Intermontane Basin, Central Peru
    Bol. Soc. geol. Perú 102: 63-78 (2007) © Sociedad Geológica del Perú SGP ISSN 0079-109163 TECTONO-STRATIGRAPHIC HISTORY OF THE HUANCAYO INTERMONTANE BASIN, CENTRAL PERU HISTORIA TECTÓNICA DE LA CUENCA INTERMONTAÑOSA DE HUANCAYO, PERÚ CENTRAL James M. Wise ABSTRACT Sedimentary sequences of the Huancayo intermontane basin in central Peru provide age constraints on the late Miocene regional Quechua III contractional deformation event, contribute evidence for younger contraction, and record major changes in the canyon and stream network during ongoing uplift of the Cordillera Oriental. A new 40Ar/39Ar date of 5.39±0.05 Ma on the Mataula Formation of the Jauja Group combined with a review of regional data indicates the Quechua III contractional event occurred between 4.8 and 5.4 Ma. The Huancayo basin was previously interpreted as a synformal trough, however basin depth and geometry remain unknown. Significantly, basement rock along the western basin margin was thrust over the Jauja Group, defining recent asymmetric basin closure development. Several major facies changes in the Pliocene to Recent basin deposition happened during the exhumation of the Precambrian crystalline rock of the Huaytapallana Massif of the Cordillera Oriental. These include abandonment of the Upper Pliocene (?) Torre Torre conglomerate, widespread deposition of the uppermost Pliocene-Pleistocene (?) Chupaca gravels from integration of the ancestral río Mantaro into the Huancayo basin, and arrival of Precambrian clasts into the Pleistocene to Recent Huancayo alluvial fans. Recent depositional patterns and Pleistocene folding of the gravels illustrate contraction in the basin, distinguishing it from other intermontane basins of Peru. Incisement of the Chupaca gravels and development of at least three stages of river terraces along río Mantaro may represent climate change.
    [Show full text]
  • The Incas Road: Last Tambo in Mendoza
    INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS 1 1 EL CAMINO DE LOS INCAS AF-3 Not fur pubbhn&&out w~~~ mnsmk l5 AUGUST 1992 Skm 1925 the Institute of CumWafd Affairs (the Cme-Rcgm F~~im)has IXOVW ~-Wm ~kwSh@6 to en- out- stamkg zdib to heamida ttm Unkd Wes and wit9 abui hmahnd areas isues.Enmby the late Charies %. crm, m ,"Wte is *qqxwtd by mtimmfrom !imi~v~& hwdatiom. !T have seen with my own eyes that most of the towns, tarnbos and set- tlements of the indians are deserted and burned...9 1 Crigt6bd Vaca de Castro King Charlest Emissary to Peru, Tambo Ordinances of 1543 eyes from the word sddand, with some "C mela"8czatched of the &ones that are into one of the roch piled up here, they making up what'a improvised a grill ta left of the ruined make an asado. tad10 wall. Curmela, Carmela+ Mkthey ate Carmela's lover put have the garbage on a few been itt tin^ page8 of LOBAndes newspaper>made it here in thi; into a sower ball, ma mountain tossing it into the spotlegs landscape, felt like Mardona for for a few a wuple of mhute~, The game ended hours and, when some ofthe despite dl the beauty garbage started to fd of the lm&mp and out. the huge emotion of being here at one of the very lmt tmh~ Cwmela and her of the Incan empire, 1 laver had a picnic on cm%take away my a wnddlSunday rnarnhg?maybe ~ittingat the same spot 1 am sitting at how.
    [Show full text]
  • Clio Ch 1 Accuosti.Pdf
    Accuosti, Pizarro Family The Pizarro Family and the Conquest of Peru Francine Accuosti Known for his conquest of the Incan Empire in Peru, Francisco Pizarro (d. 15 4 1) most likely had no idea what was waiting for him when he started out on his expedition in December of 15 30. Little did he know that what was happening in the Incan Empire was in his favor. Setting out on his adventure, he probably thought he was in for fame and fortune, great wealth, and power, as Hernán Cortés (14 8 5 -15 4 7 ) did almost a decade earlier. Because of many failed attempts at an expedition, Pizarro finally, with the help of his friend Diego de Almagro (14 7 5 -15 38 ), was able to gain the funds for a quest into Peru. Because of the previous failures, he knew he had to deliver on profit to make his expedition successful, and to receive reinforcements. The huge success of Cortez in Mexico probably put a lot of pressure on Pizarro to succeed. To join them, Pizarro brought along his four brothers and his cousin. This was a strategic move on his part. This would mean that instead of any profits and titles being shared two ways, it would be split between all seven giving the Pizarro family 86 percent of the rewards. Much of Pizzaro’s first profits accompanied his brother Hernando back to Spain in the summer of 15 33. A lot of the Pizarro wealth was distributed in land purchase in and around the town of Trujillo in Spain where the family was from, and in purchase of royal juros.
    [Show full text]
  • Catarpe in the Atacama Desert of Chile
    CATARPE IN THE ATACAMA DESERT OF CHILE: The Spirit Site or the Site of the Spirit? Jorge Atria Lannefranque Architect Abstract Among many cultural manifestations developed by the people who inhabited our Pre Hispanic America, we find the Incas who stopped their conqueror step and set their eyes on Catarpe, which is an extended meseta (plateau), at the Chilean north, that overlooks the San Pedro River, in the middle of the Atacama Desert. Attentive to the "site spirit" that detained and met them with its silence and the vastness of its faraway horizons, the Incas built a new settlement that turned out to be both useful and functional at their founding purposes, but also enabled them to give sacred character to the territory full of meanings by means of an architecture that collects and integrates in a whole the space, the matter, the landscape and a particular understanding of the universe that characterized these people worshippers of the sun. Even today the "site spirit" in Catarpe is still beating, becoming this place in the "site of the spirit", in the place that the memory cannot disappear or move into oblivion. A Path Arises It is almost a matter of fact that first people who inhabited America had not in fact their origin in that new world which they attained to reach through the Bering isthmus, towards the end of the Wisconsin period, just before the thaw would have actually increased the oceans level, interrupting the weak track that led by that time, the passing from the north southwards of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • The Inca Empire the Formation and Disintegration of a Pre-Capitalist State 1St Edition Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    THE INCA EMPIRE THE FORMATION AND DISINTEGRATION OF A PRE-CAPITALIST STATE 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Thomas C Patterson | 9780854963485 | | | | | The Inca Empire The Formation and Disintegration of a Pre-Capitalist State 1st edition PDF Book Denmark Netherlands United Kingdom. It is not to say it is not worth exploring these ideas, just that more has to be said about the uncertainty. View Product. Within the domestic sphere, women were known as the weavers. See also. The Last Days of the Incas. Original Title. Book ratings by Goodreads. Francisco Pizarro. While the Conquistadors may have been slightly taller, the Inca had the advantage of coping with the extraordinary altitude. Anthropologist Gordon McEwan wrote that: [9]. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. Neo-Inca State. A Phenomenology of Landscape Christopher Tilley. Once married, the women were expected to cook, collect food and watch over the children and livestock. New Moon, 4 4 , Some of the most important languages were Quechua , Aymara , Puquina and Mochica , respectively mainly spoken in the Central Andes, the Altiplano or Qullasuyu , the south Peruvian coast Kuntisuyu , and the area of the north Peruvian coast Chinchaysuyu around Chan Chan , today Trujillo. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro and his brothers explored south from what is today Panama , reaching Inca territory by While Cusco was essentially governed by the Sapa Inca, his relatives and the royal panaqa lineages, each suyu was governed by an Apu , a term of esteem used for men of high status and for venerated mountains.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chincha Kingdom: the Archaeology and Ethnohistory of the Late Intermediate Period South Coast, Peru
    FEATURE The Chincha Kingdom: The Archaeology and Ethnohistory of the Late Intermediate Period South Coast, Peru Ben Nigra1, Terrah Jones2, Jacob Bongers3, Charles Stanish4, Henry Tantaleán5, and Kelita Pérez6 It Is unclear exactly when the German Shortly after his arrival at the Chincha port of naturalist and medical doctor Ernst Middendorf first Tambo de Mora, a guide escorted Middendorf by mule heard of the monumental ruins in the lower Chincha to an area of what appeared to be a series of sandy Valley, but by the mid-1880s, he had determined to hills rising out of the valley bottom. It was here that see them for himself. Middendorf became an early Middendorf made the first modern description of authority on pre-Hispanic cultures during his 25 years Chincha material culture: of work and travel across the Andes. Apart from ama- teur archaeology and ethnography, he had a penchant A half-kilometer north of the port begin the for linguistics and published volumes on Quechua, ruins of an ancient city, which consist of temples Aymara, and Mochica—the three major indigenous in the form of pyramids, great patios and small dwellings, all quite deteriorated and crumbling. languages in western South America (Reina 2008). The greater part of the existing walls and slopes His travels in the Quechua-speaking regions outside are constructed of compressed mud and not with of Lima exposed him to a host of archaeological sites adobes, and therefore belong to more ancient that were previously unknown to European scholars. times like the constructions of Cañete and of the At the same time, his appetite for Peruvian prehistory Rimac Valley, which are materially similar.
    [Show full text]