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159. City of Cusco, Including Qorikancha (Inka Main Temple), Santa Domingo (Spanish Colonial Convent), and Walls of Saqsa Waman (Sacsayhuaman)
159. City of Cusco, including Qorikancha (INka main temple), Santa Domingo (Spanish colonial convent), and Walls of Saqsa Waman (Sacsayhuaman). Central highlands, Peru. Inka. C.1440 C.E.; conent added 1550-1650 C.E. Andesite (3 images) Article at Khan Academy Cusco, a city in the Peruvian Andes, was once capital of the Inca empire, and is now known for its archaeological remains and Spanish colonial architecture. Set at an altitude of 3,400m, it's the gateway to further Inca sites in the Urubamba (Sacred) Valley and the Inca Trail, a multiday trek that ends at the mountain citadel of Machu Picchu. Carbon-14 dating of Saksaywaman, the walled complex outside Cusco, has established that the Killke culture constructed the fortress about 1100 o The Inca later expanded and occupied the complex in the 13th century and after Function: 2008, archaeologists discovered the ruins of an ancient temple, roadway and aqueduct system at Saksaywaman.[11] The temple covers some 2,700 square feet (250 square meters) and contains 11 rooms thought to have held idols and mummies,[11] establishing its religious purpose. Together with the results of excavations in 2007, when another temple was found at the edge of the fortress, indicates there was longtime religious as well as military use of the facility, overturning previous conclusions about the site. Many believe that the city was planned as an effigy in the shape of a puma, a sacred animal. It is unknown how Cusco was specifically built, or how its large stones were quarried and transported to the site. -
What Makes a Complex Society Complex?
What Makes a Complex Society Complex? The Dresden Codex. Public domain. Supporting Questions 1. How did the Maya use writing to represent activities in their culture? 2. What did the Aztecs do to master their watery environment? 3. Why were roads important to the Inca Empire? Supporting Question 1 Featured Source Source A: Mark Pitts, book exploring Maya writing, Book 1: Writing in Maya Glyphs: Names, Places & Simple Sentences—A Non-Technical Introduction to Maya Glyphs (excerpt), 2008 THE BASICS OF ANCIENT MAYA WRITING Maya writing is composed of various signs and symbol. These signs and symbols are often called ‘hieroglyphs,’ or more simply ‘glyphs.’ To most of us, these glyphs look like pictures, but it is often hard to say what they are pictures of…. Unlike European languages, like English and Spanish, the ancient Maya writing did not use letters to spell words. Instead, they used a combination of glyphs that stood either for syllables, or for whole words. We will call the glyphs that stood for syllables ‘syllable glyphs,’ and we’ll call the glyphs that stood for whole words ‘logos.’ (The technically correct terms are ‘syllabogram’ and ‘logogram.’) It may seem complicated to use a combination of sounds and signs to make words, but we do the very same thing all the time. For example, you have seen this sign: ©iStock/©jswinborne Everyone knows that this sign means “one way to the right.” The “one way” part is spelled out in letters, as usual. But the “to the right” part is given only by the arrow pointing to the right. -
The Bioarchaeology of Societal Collapse and Regeneration in Ancient Peru Bioarchaeology and Social Theory
Bioarchaeology and Social Theory Series Editor: Debra L. Martin Danielle Shawn Kurin The Bioarchaeology of Societal Collapse and Regeneration in Ancient Peru Bioarchaeology and Social Theory Series editor Debra L. Martin Professor of Anthropology University of Nevada, Las Vegas Las Vegas , Nevada , USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11976 Danielle Shawn Kurin The Bioarchaeology of Societal Collapse and Regeneration in Ancient Peru Danielle Shawn Kurin University of California Santa Barbara , USA Bioarchaeology and Social Theory ISBN 978-3-319-28402-6 ISBN 978-3-319-28404-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-28404-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016931337 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. -
Travel Manual
Travel Manual 2017-2018 Confidential Rates ECS TRAVEL Your one-stop Travel Supplier for Peru 1 Welcome Thanks for your interest in working with ECS Travel. Since 2001, ECS Travel has been a leading full-service Tour Operator specialized in providing high quality customized tours that cover all Peru’s unique destinations: Cusco, Machu Picchu, Lake Titicaca, Nasca Lines, The Amazon, Lima and other highlights. We are a fully licensed Inca Trail Operator, we can guarantee your clients’ Inca Trail permits, and thanks to our local bilingual Guides and crew of native Quechua Porters we can provide you with only the best memorable experiences for your clients. Your clients will receive full attention to detail in every step of their travel experience. From the moment, they touch down at Lima International Airport until they board their flight to return home, you can be assured that they are in our safe and knowledgeable hands. 2 Contents ➢ Hiking Tours ➢ Classic Tours ➢ Tour Extensions ➢ Airport/Hotel Transfer services ➢ Hotels ➢ How to Book ➢ Terms and Conditions 3 INDEX Welcome ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2 I) Hiking Tours ........................................................................................................................................................... -
Winter 2010/2011
Winter 2010 / 2011 (Vol. XVI No.1) Yachay Wasi ‘Simin’ The Voice of Yachay Wasi RUNASIMI (Quechua) is the Inka language still spoken by the descendants of this ancient civilization. The Inka empire was called TAWANTINSUYU (the Four Quarters) and extended from modern Colombia thru Tierra del Fuego. The Four Quarters are: NorthEast: Antisuyu, SouthEast: Qollasuyu, SouthWest: Kuntisuyu and NorthWest: Chinchaysuyu. Yachay Wasi means House of Learning in Quechua. From Mr. Achim Steiner, United Nations Under-Secretary-General, and Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme: “The Billion Tree Campaign is delighted to partner with Yachay Wasi. This initiative will assist in conserving the health of vast fresh water lakes which support communities and wildlife alike. The economic and environmental imperative to restore lost and damaged ecosystems from forests and freshwater to mangroves and wetlands can no longer be ignored if we want growth through job generation and poverty alleviation, all of which are so needed to deliver sustainability in the 21st century." (July 2010) RECOVERY OF THE CIRCUIT OF FOUR LAKES A Water and Sanitation Project and Planting Native Trees in Peru Andes A Water and Planting High Altitude Native Trees Sanitation Project during the rainy season First Phase First Stage 2008-2009 Lakes Acopia Second Stage 2009-2010 & Pomacanchi Third Stage 2010-2011 2007 - 2008 BIODIVERSITY COP-10 Forum on CLIMATE CHANGE in Nagoya, Japan in Almaty, Kazakhstan 18 thru 29 October, 2010 1 thru 4 November 2010 Sandra Ramos -
Memoria Anual 2013
MINISTERIO DE CULTURA MEMORIA ANUAL 2013 INDICE PRESENTACIÓN I. INTRODUCCIÓN I.1 La Cultura I.2 Breve historia del Ministerio I.3 El Marco normativo II. PANORAMA GENERAL II.1 Cultura en el Perú, sus condicionantes II.2 A dónde queremos ir II.3 Ejes de la Política Cultural III. ALTA DIRECCIÓN III.1 Las relaciones con el Legislativo III.2 Presencia en el país III.3 Representando al Perú en el Mundo IV. PATRIMONIO CULTURAL MATERIAL E INMATERIAL IV.1 La milenaria herencia andina IV.2 Los aportes coloniales y republicanos IV.3 Cerámica, tejidos y pinturas en vitrina IV.4 Lenguas, tradiciones y costumbres IV.5 Valorando el paisaje cultural IV.6 Cultura peruana en el mundo IV.7 Defensa del patrimonio Cultural V. INDUSTRIAS CULTURALES V.1 Audiovisual, fonografía y los nuevos medios V.2 Libro y lectura VI. CREACIÓN CULTURAL Y ARTES VIVAS VI.1 Alentando la creación artística VI.2 Difundiendo cultura VII. PERÚ, MULTICULTURAL Y MULTIÉTNICO VIII. PRESENCIA DEL MINISTERIO EN LAS REGIONES IX. SOPORTE DE LA GESTIÓN IX.1 Organización IX.2 Avances institucionales IX.3 Estados Financieros PRESENTACIÓN La presente Memoria describe los avances realizados por el Ministerio de Cultura en el año. Resaltamos la continuidad del trabajo institucional, pese a que el período fue cubierto por dos gestiones. Con improntas lógicamente diferenciadas, ambos equipos de trabajo contribuyeron al proceso de institucionalización de un Ministerio joven, permitiendo afrontar los desafíos de las áreas programáticas que la ley le asigna, tener voz en las máximas instancias de decisión política del país y hacer las coordinaciones intersectoriales que le corresponden por su rol rector en el campo de la cultura. -
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Archaeological, Radiological, and Biological Evidence Offer Insight Into Inca Child Sacrifice
Archaeological, radiological, and biological evidence offer insight into Inca child sacrifice Andrew S. Wilsona,1, Emma L. Browna, Chiara Villab, Niels Lynnerupb, Andrew Healeyc, Maria Constanza Cerutid, Johan Reinharde, Carlos H. Previglianod,2, Facundo Arias Araozd, Josefina Gonzalez Diezd, and Timothy Taylora,3 aDepartment of Archaeological Sciences, and cCentre for Chemical and Structural Analysis, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom; bLaboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; dInstitute of High Mountain Research, Catholic University of Salta, Salta A4400FYP, Argentina; and eNational Geographic Society, Washington, DC 20036 Edited by Charles Stanish, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, and approved June 18, 2013 (received for review March 21, 2013) Examination of three frozen bodies, a 13-y-old girl and a girl and defining, element of a capacocha ritual. We also recognize that boy aged 4 to 5 y, separately entombed near the Andean summit the capacocha rite analyzed here was embedded within a multi- of Volcán Llullaillaco, Argentina, sheds new light on human sac- dimensional imperial ideology. rifice as a central part of the Imperial Inca capacocha rite, de- The frozen remains of the ∼13-y-old “Llullaillaco Maiden,” the scribed by chroniclers writing after the Spanish conquest. The 4- to 5-y-old “Llullaillaco Boy,” and the 4- to 5-y-old “Lightning high-resolution diachronic data presented here, obtained directly Girl” provide unusual and valuable analytical opportunities. Their from scalp hair, implies escalating coca and alcohol ingestion in the posture and placement within the shrine, surrounded by elite lead-up to death. -
Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor
Silva Collins, Gabriel 2019 Anthropology Thesis Title: Making the Mountains: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads Advisor: Antonia Foias Advisor is Co-author: None of the above Second Advisor: Released: release now Authenticated User Access: No Contains Copyrighted Material: No MAKING THE MOUNTAINS: Inca Statehood on the Huchuy Qosqo Roads by GABRIEL SILVA COLLINS Antonia Foias, Advisor A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Anthropology WILLIAMS COLLEGE Williamstown, Massachusetts May 19, 2019 Introduction Peru is famous for its Pre-Hispanic archaeological sites: places like Machu Picchu, the Nazca lines, and the city of Chan Chan. Ranging from the earliest cities in the Americas to Inca metropolises, millennia of urban human history along the Andes have left large and striking sites scattered across the country. But cities and monuments do not exist in solitude. Peru’s ancient sites are connected by a vast circulatory system of roads that connected every corner of the country, and thousands of square miles beyond its current borders. The Inca road system, or Qhapaq Ñan, is particularly famous; thousands of miles of trails linked the empire from modern- day Colombia to central Chile, crossing some of the world’s tallest mountain ranges and driest deserts. The Inca state recognized the importance of its road system, and dotted the trails with rest stops, granaries, and religious shrines. Inca roads even served directly religious purposes in pilgrimages and a system of ritual pathways that divided the empire (Ogburn 2010). This project contributes to scholarly knowledge about the Inca and Pre-Hispanic Andean civilizations by studying the roads which stitched together the Inca state. -
La Cosmovisión Religiosa Andina Y El Rito De La Capacocha
La cosmovisión religiosa andina y el rito de la Capacocha The Andean religious world view and the rite of the Capacocha Recibido: 10/09/2009 María del Carmen Martín Rubio Aprobado: 05/10/2009 Universidad Complutense. Madrid [email protected] RESUMEN A raíz de los recientes descubrimientos de ofrendas de niños y niñas de escasa edad en las altas cumbres nevadas del Perú, Chile y Argentina, decidí profundizar las investigaciones acerca de las motivaciones, patrones de comportamiento y las prácticas rituales que acompañaron a esta forma de sacrificios humanos a las deidades andinas. Basamos nuestros estudios en la versión de una serie de arqueólogos y cronistas, especialmente Betanzos, quien narra con lujo de detalles, cómo estos niños eran «enterrados vivos por todos los lugares, donde había estado el inca, mil niños y mil niñas de cuatro y cinco años». Se describe a «la niña de Tanta Cachua», hacemos un detenido análisis de «la momia de Ampato: ‘Juanita’», «Las momias de Salta», la mujeres y niños acompañantes en la muerte, y por último, se señala la supervivencia del ancestral culto a los Apus. Palabras clave: Capacocha, ritual, teocracia, ofrendas, ajuar funerario, culto. ABSTRACT Following recent discoveries of offerings from small children age into snow-covered mountains of Peru, Chile and Argentina, decided to intensify the research on the motivations, behavioral patterns and ritual practices that accompanied this form human sacrifices to Andean deities. We base our studies on the release of a number of archaeologists and writers, especially Betan- zos, who narrates in detail how these children were «buried alive by all the places where the Inca had a thousand children and four thousand girls and five years. -
Archaeological, Radiological, and Biological Evidence Offer Insight Into Inca Child Sacrifice
Archaeological, radiological, and biological evidence offer insight into Inca child sacrifice Andrew S. Wilsona,1, Emma L. Browna, Chiara Villab, Niels Lynnerupb, Andrew Healeyc, Maria Constanza Cerutid, Johan Reinharde, Carlos H. Previglianod,2, Facundo Arias Araozd, Josefina Gonzalez Diezd, and Timothy Taylora,3 aDepartment of Archaeological Sciences, and cCentre for Chemical and Structural Analysis, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom; bLaboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; dInstitute of High Mountain Research, Catholic University of Salta, Salta A4400FYP, Argentina; and eNational Geographic Society, Washington, DC 20036 Edited by Charles Stanish, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, and approved June 18, 2013 (received for review March 21, 2013) Examination of three frozen bodies, a 13-y-old girl and a girl and defining, element of a capacocha ritual. We also recognize that boy aged 4 to 5 y, separately entombed near the Andean summit the capacocha rite analyzed here was embedded within a multi- of Volcán Llullaillaco, Argentina, sheds new light on human sac- dimensional imperial ideology. rifice as a central part of the Imperial Inca capacocha rite, de- The frozen remains of the ∼13-y-old “Llullaillaco Maiden,” the scribed by chroniclers writing after the Spanish conquest. The 4- to 5-y-old “Llullaillaco Boy,” and the 4- to 5-y-old “Lightning high-resolution diachronic data presented here, obtained directly Girl” provide unusual and valuable analytical opportunities. Their from scalp hair, implies escalating coca and alcohol ingestion in the posture and placement within the shrine, surrounded by elite lead-up to death. -
Bowl Round 6 Bowl Round 6 First Quarter
NHBB Nationals Bowl 2015-2016 Bowl Round 6 Bowl Round 6 First Quarter (1) This location is the setting of an \Outdoor Scene" often paired with \The Pond" and \Halloween" by Charles Ives. One section of this region was dedicated on October 9, 1985, is a short walk from the Dakota apartment complex, and features a tile mosaic around the word \Imagine." A 1981 benefit concert to revive this location brought 500,000 people to it to listen to \Mrs. Robinson" and other Simon and Garfunkel songs. The Strawberry Fields memorial to John Lennon is located in, for ten points, what landmark green space designed by Frederick Law Olmstead in Manhattan? ANSWER: Central Park (accept Central Park in the Dark) (2) This man's step-grandfather, White Man Runs Him, served as a scout for Custer's forces prior to the Battle of the Little Bighorn. This man published a book on buffalo jump techniques and, while serving in World War II, managed to steal 50 horses belonging to the SS, an exploit that helped this 2009 recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom become a War Chief. For ten points, name this Plains Indians War Chief of the Crow nation who died in 2016 at the age of 102. ANSWER: Joseph Medicine Crow High Bird (3) The scope of this amendment was expanded by a case filed against a worker who was paid an advance of $15 by the Riverside Company, then quit shortly thereafter. James Mitchell Ashley introduced a bill that was rolled into this amendment. The aforementioned Bailey v.