“El Señor De Viñaka: El Pongo De La Yunka”

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“El Señor De Viñaka: El Pongo De La Yunka” UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES UNIDAD DE POSGRADO “EL SEÑOR DE VIÑAKA: EL PONGO DE LA YUNKA” TESIS Para optar el grado académico de Magister en Antropología AUTOR Carmen Cazorla Zen ASESOR Ladislao Landa Vásquez Lima – Perú 2015 2IIII II “EL SEÑOR DE VIÑAKA; EL PONGO DE LA YUNKA” 3 III Para: Mayu, José Víctor y Gabriela Mis hermosos hijos 4 IV AGRADECIMIENTO A mi familia por el apoyo incondicional y el empuje para continuar con esta investigación. A los Kamayoq. Pedro Anyosa, Germán Carrera y Mariano Huillca, por sus testimonios tan importantes en la investigación. 5 V Contenido INTRODUCCION .............................................................................................................................. 9 CAPITULO I ..................................................................................................................................... 13 CONSIDERACIONES TEÓRICAS Y METODOLÓGICAS ...................................................... 13 1.1 Justificación ......................................................................................................................... 13 1.2 Algunos puntos de partida................................................................................................ 14 1.3 Problemática ......................................................................................................................... 16 1.4 Objetivo General ................................................................................................................. 19 1.4.1 Objetivos Específicos.................................................................................................. 19 1.5 Hipótesis: ............................................................................................................................. 20 1.6 Propuesta Metodológica ................................................................................................ 20 1.6.1 Etapas del trabajo. .................................................................................................. 22 CAPITULO II .................................................................................................................................. 23 REFERENCIAS GENERALES DEL ÁREA DE ESTUDIO ....................................................... 23 2.1 Ubicación Geográfica ......................................................................................................... 23 2.2 Límites de la Provincia de La Mar .................................................................................. 24 2.3 Límites del Distrito de Tambo: .......................................................................................... 26 2.4 Vía de acceso ................................................................................................................ 29 2.5 Corredores y sub corredores económicos .................................................................. 29 2.6 Los movimientos cocaleros y el narcotráfico en el VRAEM ...................................... 31 2.7 Antecedentes históricos de la provincia de La Mar................................................... 40 2.7.1 época prehispánica. .................................................................................................... 40 2.7.2 San Miguel en la colonia ........................................................................................... 41 CAPITULO III .................................................................................................................................. 50 CONTEXTO RELIGIOSO DE LA ZONA .................................................................................... 50 3.1. La presencia de los Jesuitas en la provincia de La Mar ............................................. 50 3.2 Fiestas religiosas en el Distrito de Tambo y los conflictos de poder ....................... 52 3.3 San Juan Bautista es patrón de los “chutos”................................................................. 56 3.4 La Inmaculada Concepción y sus devotas aristocráticas ........................................... 58 6 3.5 La religión en la esfera económica cocalera ................................................................. 64 3.6 Las festividades religiosas durante la guerra interna .................................................... 68 3.7 Santos marginales, santos católicos y el narcotráfico .................................................. 77 3.7.1 La santa muerte ......................................................................................................... 85 3.7.2 El Chayo y Malverde .............................................................................................. 90 3.7.3 San Judas Tadeo y San Juan Macías ..................................................................... 92 3.7.4 La narrativa musical del narco-corrido. .................................................................... 98 CAPITULO IV ................................................................................................................................ 101 LOS PONGOS, ÁNGELES Y WAMANIS. .............................................................................. 101 4.1 EL PONGO: un sacerdote .............................................................................................. 107 4.1.2 El Kamayoq Pedro Anyosa de Vilcashuamán ..................................................... 108 4.2 Los ángeles y los Santos................................................................................................ 118 4.2.1 El “llamado” a los ángeles custodios. .................................................................... 121 4.2.2 Don German Carrera Vargas: El Pongo kamayoq de Huayao ......................... 129 4.2.3 El sistema de salud estatal y el curanderismo ..................................................... 131 4.3 Los elementos del pago o despacho ............................................................................ 136 4.4 El Pongo Mariano Huillca de Tiaparo-Apurímac ......................................................... 140 CAPITULO V ................................................................................................................................. 144 LA FESTIVIDAD DEL SR. DE VIÑAKA EL PONGO DE LA YUNKA .................................. 144 5.1 El pongo y sus servicios sectorizados .......................................................................... 162 5.2 Retórica de oralidad andina para comunicarse con los Apus. ................................. 164 5.3 La hoja de coca en la ritualidad del Sr. De Viñaka. ................................................... 169 5.4 Los Cargachitos y el espacio ritual ............................................................................... 173 5.4.1 Los “Cargachitos” bajo la protección de Yaya Manuel del Quinto. .................. 178 5.4.2 Juan un cargachito viejo ........................................................................................ 182 5.5 Decadencia de la fiesta del Sr. de Viñaka y surgimiento de la fiesta de San Agustín ....................................................................................................................................... 186 5.6 Muerte y el constructo mítico del Pongo ...................................................................... 190 5.7 Testimonio del Kamayoq o asistente del Pongo: ....................................................... 195 5.8 El Cerro San Cristóbal recibe a San Agustín ............................................................ 204 5.9 Wamani Manuel del Quinto iconizado en el ángel doctor. ........................................ 219 7 CONCLUSIONES ......................................................................................................................... 231 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ............................................................................................................................. 234 INDICE DE MAPAS, CUADROS Y FOTOGRAFÍAS. .............................................................................. 241 ANEXO ........................................................................................................................................... 243 RELACION DE TESTIMONIOS ................................................................................................. 243 8 VIII RESUMEN La presente investigación consiste en un análisis y exposición de un proceso religioso en el contexto de producción y comercialización de la coca en la región conocida como el VRAEM. Trata de cómo se fue construyendo un culto a una deidad cristiana que sin embargo tiene fuertes raíces en la religiosidad andina prehispánica. Los agentes que forjaron este culto están muy relacionados al sacerdocio andino y el chamanismo propio de las culturas andinas. ABSTRACT This investigation is an analysis and exposition about religious process in production and marketing context of coca in VRAEM region. It is a studio how Christian religion constructed, but Andean religion roots are very important. The agents that make this cult are much related with Andean shamanism in Andean culture Palabras clave Religión andina- cocaleros- Kamayoq-Pongo Key Words Andean religion- cocaleros- shamanism 9 INTRODUCCION Las relaciones económicas y culturales de los pueblos cercanos a la ceja de selva se han transformado dramáticamente en los últimos años debido al desplazamiento de algunos polos de desarrollo. Esto se refleja cuando observamos que ciudades como San Francisco, en la provincia de La
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