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Local Understandings of Neighborhood Change in Cusco, Peru Kalyn Finnell University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Architecture and Planning ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations Summer 7-22-2018 Ya no tengo vecinos: Local Understandings of Neighborhood Change in Cusco, Peru Kalyn Finnell Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/arch_etds Part of the Critical and Cultural Studies Commons, Human Geography Commons, Indigenous Studies Commons, International and Intercultural Communication Commons, Latin American Studies Commons, Leisure Studies Commons, Tourism and Travel Commons, Urban, Community and Regional Planning Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Finnell, Kalyn. "Ya no tengo vecinos: Local Understandings of Neighborhood Change in Cusco, Peru." (2018). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/arch_etds/140 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Architecture and Planning ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i Kalyn Mae Finnell Candidate Community & Regional Planning, Latin American Studies Department This thesis is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Thesis Committee: Dr. Laura Harjo, Chairperson Dr. Ronda Brulotte Moises Gonzales ii Ya no tengo vecinos: Local Understandings of Neighborhood Change in Cusco, Peru by Kalyn Finnell B.A. in Spanish University of Oklahoma, 2013 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degrees of Master of Community & Regional Planning Master of Arts Latin American Studies The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July, 2018 iii Acknowledgments & Dedication Muchas gracias a todos los que han sido un apoyo y ayuda durante este proyecto, en especial a mi familia y amigos. Quiero dar gracias primero a Ruth, Waldo, Ceci y Jorge, mi familia cusqueña que me han hecho sentir como en casa en Cusco, quienes me han enseñado tanto del cariño de los cusqueños. Runasimi yachachiqniypas, Reginapas, runamanta, qosqomanta, kawsaymanta ima askha askha yachachiwaranku. A todos en Centro Tinku, gracias por su ayuda con este proyecto. A mis amigos sambleños, muchas gracias por compartir sus experiencias, sabiduría y memorias conmigo y por mantener esta amistad. También a las personas de la Junta de Vecinos y de la Asociación de Artesanos, gracias por su apoyo en realizar este proyecto y por todo lo que hacen en su comunidad. Gracias a mis amigos en Lima, por hacerme querer volver al Perú, lo que ha resultado en este proyecto. A Yuliana Kenfield y Amanda Cortez por su apoyo con mi proyecto en Cusco. Gracias a Daniel y Soledad por su amistad y su ayuda con las traducciones de esta tesis al español. Thank you to my Grandma Syd for the time, energy and love you have put into reading every word of this thesis. Thank you to my parents and my brother Cale, for your endless love, support and encouragement. Also thank you to my Nana for your love, and for the support of Kaitlin, Carlos, Jackie, Harjo and Claudia during this long endeavor. This project would not have been possible without the support from the Latin American & Iberian Institute at UNM, the Tinker Foundation, the Department of Community & Regional Planning at UNM and the Roger’s Research/Project Award. Este proyecto es para los sambleños y espero con todo mi corazón que les beneficie. iv Ya no tengo vecinos: Local Understandings of Neighborhood Change in Cusco, Peru by Kalyn Finnell B.A. Spanish Master of Community & Regional Planning Master of Arts Latin American Studies ABSTRACT This thesis involves the San Blas neighborhood in the Historic Center of Cusco, Peru. It aims to better understand local effects of the changes that San Blas has undergone since the 1990s and to explore possibilities related to improving the qualities of life of long-term residents (vecinos) who have lived in San Blas for at least two generations. It has two principal objectives: 1) Make recommendations to present to various public and private entities who have a presence and influence over the San Blas neighborhood to improve the likelihood that vecino demands are heard, 2) Illuminate the ways that vecinos are adapting to neighborhood change in order to maintain a sense of community, traditions and ways of life in spite of the strong presence of tourism in the neighborhood. The data in this thesis were derived from participatory asset mapping sessions and interviews with San Blas vecinos, academic literature, literature published by the Municipality of Cusco and the Ministry of Culture, the Master Plan of the Historic Center of Cusco and participatory observation. Recommendations for improving vecino qualities of life were suggested by vecinos and myself. While this thesis is specific to the San Blas neighborhood of Cusco, I hope that its findings, methods and methodologies might be applied to additional areas of the Historic Center of Cusco and other UNESCO World Heritage cities of Latin America and beyond for exploring strategies and solutions to the displacement of long-term residents and the disruption of their livelihoods in the context of highly concentrated cultural tourism. Keywords: cultural tourism, gentrification, Indigenous mapping, placemaking, cultural patrimony, Research Justice, Cusco v RESUMEN EJECUTIVO Esta tesis trata del Barrio San Blas en el Centro Histórico del Cusco, Perú. Tiene el objetivo de conocer mejor los efectos de los cambios que el barrio ha sufrido desde los años 90 y de explorar ideas acerca del mejoramiento del barrio para los vecinos que han estado ahí por dos generaciones o más. Tiene dos objetivos principales: 1) Hacer recomendaciones para presentar a varias entidades públicas y privadas que tienen una presencia e influencia en el barrio para que tomen en cuenta las peticiones de los vecinos, y 2) Demostrar las maneras en las que los vecinos se están adaptando a los cambios en el barrio para mantener su comunidad, tradiciones y modos de vivir a pesar de la fuerte presencia del turismo en el barrio. Las metodologías de esta tesis valoran el conocimiento y sabiduría de los vecinos igual, o incluso más, que la literatura de la academia, de organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONGs) y de las ramas del gobierno del Cusco y del Perú. Este documento es tratado como una conversación e intercambio de información entre los vecinos, que están viviendo las realidades que se menciona en esta tesis, y yo, como investigadora. Así mismo, examina la historia del turismo en Cusco y en San Blas, el cambio de régimen económico del país en el año 1990, la entrada de capital extranjero en el barrio y el cambio de población, y los efectos que estas circunstancias han tenido en el Barrio San Blas y sus pobladores. Las sugerencias para mejorar la calidad de vida de los sambleños son recomendaciones hechas por los vecinos mismos y por mí como investigadora. Esta tesis se enfoque en el Barrio de San Blas en Cusco, sin embargo, espero que sus resultados, métodos y metodologías puedan ser aplicados a otras partes del Centro Histórico del Cusco y a otras ciudades designadas por la UNESCO Patrimonio Cultural del Mundo en Latinoamérica. Adicionalmente, que sirva como base para que se siga explorando estrategias y soluciones al desplazamiento de residentes y a la agitación de sus vidas en el contexto de este turismo cultural concentrado. vi Table of Contents Acknowledgments and Dedication……………………………………………….…….iii List of Figures………………………………………………………………...………….ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………….…………1 1.1 Problem Statement………………………………………………...…………………1 1.2 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..2 1.3 Analytical Framework……………………………………………………………….7 A. METHODOLOGIES……………………………………………………………7 B. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT & ASSET MAPPING ……………………..11 1.4 Methods……………………………………………………………………….……..14 A. INTERVIEWS…………………………………………………………..……..16 B. MAPPING SESSIONS………………………………………………….……..17 C. PARTICIPATORY OBSERVATION……………………………………….….19 CHAPTER 2: HISTORY & SOCIAL MAKEUP OF CUSCO ……………………..20 2.1 Indigenous history of Cusco & San Blas…………………………..………………21 2.2 Rural-urban blurring in Cusco…………………………………………..………..26 2.3 Tourism history of Cusco and San Blas……………………………….…………..28 A. 1920s-1940s……………………………………………...……………………28 B. 1950s-1980s……………………………………………………………..…….30 C. 1980s-1990s……………………………………………………………..……33 2.4 Summary……………………………………………………………………...……..35 CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW………………………..……………………35 vii 3.1 Gentrification…………………………………………………………...…………..35 3.2 Prioritizing local place and voices…………………………………………………37 3.3 Contextualizing gentrification……………………………………….…………….38 A. NEOLIBERAL POLITICS OF GENTRIFICATION…………………………..40 i. Unequal distribution of tourism and wealth…………………...………40 ii. Inaccessibility to the tourism sector…………………………….…….41 iii. Cusco at capacity……………………………………………………..42 B. SYMBOLIC GENTRIFICATION……………………………………….……..43 i. Gringos legitimizing Indigenous culture……………………...……….43 ii. Commodification of culture…………………………………...………45 iii. Historic value and urban practicality………………………………..47 3.4 Contestations of space…………………………………………………...………….47 3.5 Summary…………………………………………………………………….………51 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS…………………………………………………….………..51 4.1 Leaving and staying……………………………...…………………………………51 4.2 Assets……………………………………………………………………….………..53 A. PUBLIC & GREEN SPACE…………………………………………………..53 B. TRANQUILITY & SAFETY………………………………………..………….57 C. ARTISAN WORK, TRADITIONS & CUSTOMS………………………….…..60 D. PATRIMONY………………………………………………………...………..64
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