Os Movimentos E Povos Indígenas E a Politização Da Etnicidade Na Bolívia E No Peru: Das Etnogêneses Às Esquerdas No Poder

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Os Movimentos E Povos Indígenas E a Politização Da Etnicidade Na Bolívia E No Peru: Das Etnogêneses Às Esquerdas No Poder Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Relações Internacionais Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Relações Internacionais Doutorado em Relações Internacionais Fábio Amaro da Silveira Duval Os movimentos e povos indígenas e a politização da etnicidade na Bolívia e no Peru: das etnogêneses às esquerdas no poder. Brasília 2014 2 Fábio Amaro da Silveira Duval Os movimentos e povos indígenas e a politização da etnicidade na Bolívia e no Peru: das etnogêneses às esquerdas no poder. Tese de Doutoramento submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Relações Internacionais do Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Universidade de Brasília como requisito para a obtenção do grau acadêmico de Doutor em Relações Internacionais. Orientador: Professor Titular Estevão Chaves de Rezende Martins, PhD. Brasília 2014 3 Aos meus pais, pelas razões que não faltam e as explicações que não bastam. 4 Agradecimentos Ao longo desse empreendimento intelectual, e na feitura da tese, inúmeros são os agradecimentos a todos aqueles que, de forma direta ou indireta, contribuíram para sua realização. Primeiramente, agradeço ao meu orientador, Professor Estevão Chaves de Rezende Martins, PhD, pelo constante e incansável apoio e pelas grandes contribuições que sua sempre aguçada inteligência e a propriedade de seus comentários trouxeram não só para esta tese, mas para minha vida acadêmica e pessoal. Razão pela qual ressalta-se que eventuais falhas neste trabalho devem-se exclusivamente às limitações de seu autor. Agradeço de maneira também especial aos professores e colegas com os quais tive a oportunidade de conviver e aprender ao longo desse trajeto: aos mestres e colegas do Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Universidade de Brasília, onde foi desenvolvida a maior parte de minha formação acadêmica, inclusive neste curso de Doutorado; àqueles com quem tive a oportunidade de sorver e dividir experiências durante meu estágio de doutorado sanduíche no Centre of Latin American Studies da Universidade de Cambridge, no Reino Unido; e aos meus colegas professores e alunos durante o período em que lecionei junto ao curso de Relações Internacionais da Universidade Católica de Brasília, e, desde 2013, no Departamento de Relações Internacionais do Centro de Integração do Mercosul da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Não poderia deixar de agradecer, também, ao apoio institucional recebido da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), pela bolsa de estudos recebida no âmbito do Programa de Doutorado Sanduíche com Estágio no Exterior, a qual tornou possível agregar a valiosa experiência acadêmica desenvolvida no Reino Unido. Igualmente importante, agradeço a aceitação, para a composição da banca de avaliação desta tese e pela propriedade de suas contribuições, ao Professor Dr. Martín León Jacques Ibañez de Novión, do Centro de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação sobre as Américas da Universidade de Brasília, ao Professor Dr. Paulo César Nascimento, do Instituto de Ciência Política da Universidade de Brasília, ao Professor Dr. Daniel Jatobá, do Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Universidade de Brasília e do Professor Dr. Paulo Gilberto Fagundes Visentini, Professor Titular de História da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. 5 Por fim, mas de forma alguma menos importante, agradeço a todas aquelas pessoas especiais de meu círculo familiar e de amizades que sabem o quanto foram essenciais em todo esse árduo processo. 6 RESUMO A presente tese pretende discutir, como questão de fundo, a politização da etnicidade como fundamento para a ação coletiva e para a constituição de fidelidades de grupo, em movimentos sociais e partidos políticos, cotejando-a com formas tradicionais de fidelidades e fundamentos para a ação assentados nas concepções de classe derivadas dos discursos da esquerda moderna. Para tanto, explora-se, recorrendo a elementos diacrônicos e sincrônicos relevantes para os processos de estruturação social, os casos da Bolívia e do Peru, tanto da perspectiva da formação e ação de movimentos indígenas e partidos étnicos propriamente ditos, como da incorporação das populações indígenas à ação política coletiva efetuadas a partir do elemento aglutinador classista pelos partidos e organizações de esquerda nos quais estão representadas. Centrada nos casos da ascensão política de Evo Morales, na Bolívia, e de Ollanta Humala, no Peru, o substrato empírico das análises percorre uma narrativa que se inicia com a conformação da etnogênese da categoria indígena pelos colonizadores espanhóis e se estende ao período contemporâneo. Palavras-chave: Bolívia; Peru; Evo Morales; Ollanta Humala; movimentos indígenas; partidos étnicos; classe social; políticas de identidade. 7 ABSTRACT The aim of the thesis is to explore, in a broader sense, ethnicity as an element to legitimate political collective action and group belonging, in the realm of social movements and political parties, comparing it to traditional class-based politics as established by modern political Left. Grounded on historical and contextual perspectives relevant to processes of social structuration, and from the viewpoint of the political action of indigenous populations, the cases compared are those of Bolivian and Peruvian leftist parties and social movements whose discourses mingle between class or ethnicity as a political tool. Focused on the political rise of Evo Morales, in Bolivia, and Ollanta Humala, in Peru, the empirical foundations of the analyses stretches from the indigenous category ethnogenesis established by the Spanish colonizers to the contemporary scene. Key-words: Bolivia; Peru; Evo Morales; indigenous movements; ethnic parties; social class; identity politics. 8 SUMÁRIO Introdução ......................................................................................................................12 Capítulo I – Das considerações ontológicas, epistemológicas e metodológicas preliminares....................................................................................................................27 1.1. Dos pressupostos ontológicos acerca da natureza das sociedades humanas e dos elementos epistemológicos para a análise da agência humana: dualidade da estrutura, agência humana e mudança social...............................................................30 1.1.1. Elementos ontológicos e epistemológicos da Teoria da Estruturação: dualidade da estrutura, reflexividade dos agentes, extremidades de tempo-espaço, sistemas intersociais e mudança estrutural.................................................................33 1.1.1.1.Dualidade da estrutura, propriedades estruturais e poder.................................34 1.1.1.2.Reflexividade dos agentes sob as constrições e os incentivos das propriedades estruturais............................................................................................................45 1.1.1.3.Da agência humana à ação coletiva: associações, organizações e movimentos sociais..................................................................................................................54 1.1.1.4.Tempo-espaço, extremidades de tempo-espaço e sistemas intersociais..............56 1.1.1.5.Contradições, conflitos, reprodução e mudança social......................................62 1.1.2. Da aplicação dos elementos epistemológicos da teoria da estruturação aos estudos de caso e da agregação de conceitos auxiliares adicionais................73 1.1.2.1.Raízes históricas, neoliberalismo e ascensão das esquerdas: sobre a aplicação dos conceitos de dualidade da estrutura, sobre a interpenetração de múltiplos níveis estruturais, sobre o tempo-mundial e sobre a reprodução e a transformação sociais..........................................................................................73 1.1.2.2.Regionalização, sistemas intersociais, extremidades de tempo-espaço, contradições existenciais e estruturais e conflitos..............................................77 1.1.2.3.Agência humana, ação coletiva e contextos de interação...................................79 1.2. Da metodologia para a análise da agência humana e seus efeitos na reprodução e na transformação social.............................................................80 Capítulo II – Sobre as terras, as gentes e as criações das mentes: perspectivas diacrônicas para a análise contemporânea da ação dos movimentos e organizações indígenas e de suas interações com das esquerdas na Bolívia e no Peru.....................89 9 2.1. Elementos da demografia indígena de Bolívia e Peru.........................................89 2.2. Os povos indígenas originários na Bolívia e no Peru: populações, território e recursos...........................................................................................................................90 2.2.1. Do período pré-colombiano ao fim do regime colonial....................................92 2.2.1.1. Dos primórdios civilizacionais ao Império Inca................................................92 2.2.1.2. O período colonial: genocídio seletivo e etnogêneses, as reformas de Toledo e dos Bourbons e as grandes rebeliões indígenas do século XVIII....................................99 2.2.2. O período republicano pós-independências no século XIX...........................111 2.2.2.1. O Peru e o “problema indígena” das regiões andinas no processo de construção nacional......................................................................................................111 2.2.2.2. A Bolívia andina entre o colonialismo e a modernidade: dos
Recommended publications
  • 159. City of Cusco, Including Qorikancha (Inka Main Temple), Santa Domingo (Spanish Colonial Convent), and Walls of Saqsa Waman (Sacsayhuaman)
    159. City of Cusco, including Qorikancha (INka main temple), Santa Domingo (Spanish colonial convent), and Walls of Saqsa Waman (Sacsayhuaman). Central highlands, Peru. Inka. C.1440 C.E.; conent added 1550-1650 C.E. Andesite (3 images) Article at Khan Academy Cusco, a city in the Peruvian Andes, was once capital of the Inca empire, and is now known for its archaeological remains and Spanish colonial architecture. Set at an altitude of 3,400m, it's the gateway to further Inca sites in the Urubamba (Sacred) Valley and the Inca Trail, a multiday trek that ends at the mountain citadel of Machu Picchu. Carbon-14 dating of Saksaywaman, the walled complex outside Cusco, has established that the Killke culture constructed the fortress about 1100 o The Inca later expanded and occupied the complex in the 13th century and after Function: 2008, archaeologists discovered the ruins of an ancient temple, roadway and aqueduct system at Saksaywaman.[11] The temple covers some 2,700 square feet (250 square meters) and contains 11 rooms thought to have held idols and mummies,[11] establishing its religious purpose. Together with the results of excavations in 2007, when another temple was found at the edge of the fortress, indicates there was longtime religious as well as military use of the facility, overturning previous conclusions about the site. Many believe that the city was planned as an effigy in the shape of a puma, a sacred animal. It is unknown how Cusco was specifically built, or how its large stones were quarried and transported to the site.
    [Show full text]
  • Empires and Diversity: on the Crossroads of Archaeology, Anthropology, and History
    UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press Title Empires and Diversity: On the Crossroads of Archaeology, Anthropology, and History Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4dq355ds ISBN 978-0-917956-34-8 Author Areshian, Gregory E. Publication Date 2013-06-01 Data Availability The data associated with this publication are within the manuscript. Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California READ ONLY / NO DOWNLOAD READ ONLY / NO DOWNLOAD EMPIRES AND DIVERSITY READ ONLY / NO DOWNLOAD COTSEN INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY PRESS IDEAS, DEBATES, AND PERSPECTIVES Number 6. Number 5. Classic Maya Political Ecology: Information and Its Role in Number 5. Number 4. Resource Management, Class Hunter-Gatherer Bands, edited Information and Its Role in Blood and Beauty: by Robert Whallon, William HHistories,unter-G aandther Politicaler Bands Change, edited Organized Violence in the inby Northwestern Robert Wha lBelizelon, W, editedilliam A. Lovis,Art an andd A rRobertchaeolo gK.y of by AJon. L C.ov iLohses, and Robert K. HitchcockMesoamerica and Central Hitchcock America, edited by Heather Orr and Rex Koontz Number 4. Number 3. Number 3. Number 2 Blood and Beauty: Settlement and Society: Settlement and Society: Chinese Society in the Age Organized Violence in the Essays Dedicated to Robert Essays Dedicated to Robert of Confucius (1000–250 Art and Archaeology of McCormick Adams, edited by McCormick Adams, edited by BC): The Archaeological Elizabeth C. Stone MesoamericaElizabet andh C . CentralStone Evidence, by Lothar von America, edited by Falkenhausen Heather Orr and Rex Koontz Number 2. Number 1. Chinese SocietyNum inber the 1. Age Settlement, Subsistence and of ConfuciusSettlemen t(1000–250, Subsistence and Social Complexity: Essays BC):S ociTheal CoArchaeologicalmplexity: Essays Honoring the Legacy of Evidence,Hono byrin Lotharg the Leg vonacy of Jeffrey R.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright by Cristina Herencia 2006
    Copyright by Cristina Herencia 2006 The Dissertation Committee for Cristina Herencia Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: THE NATIVE ANDEAN GENDER SYSTEM: THREE INTERPRETIVE ESSAYS Committee: Henry Dietz, Supervisor Bryan Roberts Brian Stross Pauline Stross Harry Cleaver The Native Andean Gender System: Three Interpretive Essays by Cristina Herencia B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December 2006 Dedication To my mother Carmela and my daughter Estefanía, whose lives are woven in this work. To Salvador Herencia Medina, my father, who offered his life for the right of Ayllus in Provincia 2 de Mayo, Huánuco, to keep their ancestral lands. To my American sister Bobsy Draper: it takes a pure heart to envision the Northern Eagle and Southern Condor embrace to secure a shared future. To Mallku Richard Schaedel, who took me under his wings as his last student -- for his love of past and present Andean and native peoples, keeping in sight the World’s people. To John Murra, who more than once protected and encouraged my call and flight, as his own awakened at first sight of Pachamama in the Andes. To Amauta Virgilio Roel Pineda who gave unfailingly profound, sensitive, and tender advice. To Martha Hardman de Bautista, whose commitment and clarity about gender in the Andes, inspired and sustained me through the years. Acknowledgements This work condenses efforts, concerns and collaboration in different disciplines over three decades.
    [Show full text]
  • The Inca Empire the Formation and Disintegration of a Pre-Capitalist State 1St Edition Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    THE INCA EMPIRE THE FORMATION AND DISINTEGRATION OF A PRE-CAPITALIST STATE 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Thomas C Patterson | 9780854963485 | | | | | The Inca Empire The Formation and Disintegration of a Pre-Capitalist State 1st edition PDF Book Denmark Netherlands United Kingdom. It is not to say it is not worth exploring these ideas, just that more has to be said about the uncertainty. View Product. Within the domestic sphere, women were known as the weavers. See also. The Last Days of the Incas. Original Title. Book ratings by Goodreads. Francisco Pizarro. While the Conquistadors may have been slightly taller, the Inca had the advantage of coping with the extraordinary altitude. Anthropologist Gordon McEwan wrote that: [9]. To see what your friends thought of this book, please sign up. Neo-Inca State. A Phenomenology of Landscape Christopher Tilley. Once married, the women were expected to cook, collect food and watch over the children and livestock. New Moon, 4 4 , Some of the most important languages were Quechua , Aymara , Puquina and Mochica , respectively mainly spoken in the Central Andes, the Altiplano or Qullasuyu , the south Peruvian coast Kuntisuyu , and the area of the north Peruvian coast Chinchaysuyu around Chan Chan , today Trujillo. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro and his brothers explored south from what is today Panama , reaching Inca territory by While Cusco was essentially governed by the Sapa Inca, his relatives and the royal panaqa lineages, each suyu was governed by an Apu , a term of esteem used for men of high status and for venerated mountains.
    [Show full text]
  • Handouts for Andes in AP Art History
    Handout 1: Teaching the Andes - Contextual Background AP Art History Content Area 5 – Works from Americas Before European Contact (14 works) • South America (Andean): Chavín, Inka (5 works) • North America: Ancestral Pueblo & San Idelfonso Pueblo--SW US, NW Coast—Canada & US, Lenape/Eastern Woodlands, Eastern Shoshone/Wind River, Mississippian--Eastern Woodlands (6 works) • Mesoamerica: (pre-classic) Olmec, (classic) Maya, Yaxchilán, (post-classic) Aztec—Tenochtitlan (3 works) Andean/ South American Works (APAH 250 Content Area 5) • 153. Chavín de Huántar. Northern highlands, Peru. Chavín. 900–200 B.C.E. Stone (architectural complex); granite (Lanzón & sculpture); hammered gold alloy (jewelry). (4 images) • 159. City of Cusco (Cuzco). Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1440 C.E.; convent added 1550–1650 C.E. Andesite. (3 images) … o City of Cusco Plan o Qorikancha (Inka main temple) / Santo Domingo (Spanish convent) o Walls at Saqsa Waman (Sacsayhuaman). • 160. Maize cobs. Inka. c. 1440–1533 C.E. Sheet metal/repoussé, metal alloys. • 161. City of Machu Picchu. Central highlands, Peru. Inka. c. 1450–1540 C.E. Granite (archit. complex). (3 images) • 162. All-T’oqapu tunic. Inka. 1450–1540 C.E. Camelid fiber and cotton. (Map credit: Google Earth) Vocabulary and Concepts for APAH Andean Works El Cusco/ Qusqu / Qosqo = (Cuzco) The Land of the Four Quarters; often referred to as the “navel” or axis mundi of the Inka world where the Four Regions meet within this capital city that is arguably puma-shaped* *(For another perspective, read Carolyn
    [Show full text]
  • Local Understandings of Neighborhood Change in Cusco, Peru Kalyn Finnell
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Architecture and Planning ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations Summer 7-22-2018 Ya no tengo vecinos: Local Understandings of Neighborhood Change in Cusco, Peru Kalyn Finnell Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/arch_etds Part of the Critical and Cultural Studies Commons, Human Geography Commons, Indigenous Studies Commons, International and Intercultural Communication Commons, Latin American Studies Commons, Leisure Studies Commons, Tourism and Travel Commons, Urban, Community and Regional Planning Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Finnell, Kalyn. "Ya no tengo vecinos: Local Understandings of Neighborhood Change in Cusco, Peru." (2018). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/arch_etds/140 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Architecture and Planning ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i Kalyn Mae Finnell Candidate Community & Regional Planning, Latin American Studies Department This thesis is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Thesis Committee: Dr. Laura Harjo, Chairperson Dr. Ronda Brulotte Moises Gonzales ii Ya no tengo vecinos: Local Understandings of Neighborhood Change in Cusco, Peru by Kalyn Finnell B.A. in Spanish University of Oklahoma, 2013 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degrees of Master of Community & Regional Planning Master of Arts Latin American Studies The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico July, 2018 iii Acknowledgments & Dedication Muchas gracias a todos los que han sido un apoyo y ayuda durante este proyecto, en especial a mi familia y amigos.
    [Show full text]
  • Qhapaq Ñan Bezeichnet Das System Von Straßen Aus Marco Pointecker Dem Alten Inkareich, Das Den Gesamten Geografi Schen Be- Siedlungsraum Der Inka Überspannte
    Der Qhapaq Ñan bezeichnet das System von Straßen aus Marco Pointecker dem alten Inkareich, das den gesamten geografi schen Be- siedlungsraum der Inka überspannte. Mit einer Länge von ca. 55.000 Kilometern ist der Qhapaq Ñan eine bauliche Meisterleistung, deren Spuren bis dato – mehr oder weni- ger gut – erhalten sind. Qhapaq Ñan Inkastraßensystem Vom gesamten Inkastraßennetz sind bisher nur wenige Ki- im Wandel der Zeit lometer als Trekking-Routen genutzt. Der wohl bekannteste Abschnitt ist der Inka Trail, der im Rahmen einer viertägi- gen Wanderung durch die Region Cuzco zu den Inkaruinen Machu Picchu führt. Wie kann nachhaltiger Tourismus entlang sensibler Teilstre- Qhapaq Ñan cken des Qhapaq Ñan erfolgreich etabliert werden, damit er einen Beitrag zur Regionalentwicklung leistet? Wie können „Schützen und Nützen“ miteinander in Einklang gebracht werden? Marco Pointecker studierte Kommunikationswissenschaft an der Universität Salzburg und promovierte im Fachbereich Transkulturelle Kommunikation und Tourismus. Er beschäf- tigt sich seit vielen Jahren mit dem Thema Kultur straßen in Lateinamerika und Europa. Marco Pointecker Marco LIT www.lit-verlag.at LIT LIT Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis ....................................................................9 Vorwort ..........................................................................................11 EINLEITUNG ................................................................................13 1. THEORETISCHE UND DEFINITORISCHE GRUNDLEGUNG 21 1.1 Kultur und Kommunikation
    [Show full text]
  • De Pedro Sarmiento De Gamboa. Estudio Y Edición Anotada
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2018 Segunda Parte de la Historia General Llamada Índica (1572) de Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa. Estudio y Edición Anotada. Aleksín H. Ortega The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2482 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] SEGUNDA PARTE DE LA HISTORIA GENERAL LLAMADA ÍNDICA (1572) DE PEDRO SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA. ESTUDIO Y EDICIÓN ANOTADA by ALEKSÍN H. ORTEGA A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in the Program in Latin American, Iberian and Latino Cultures in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2018 ii © 2018 ALEKSÍN H. ORTEGA All Rights Reserved iii Segunda parte de la Historia general llamada índica (1572) de Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa. Estudio y edición anotada. by Aleksín H. Ortega This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in the Program in Latin American, Iberian and Latino Cultures in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _____________________ _________________________________________ Date Raquel Chang-Rodríguez Chair of Examining Committee _____________________ _________________________________________ Date Fernando Degiovanni Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: José Miguel Martínez Torrejón Juan Carlos Mercado THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iv ABSTRACT Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa’s History of the Incas (1572).
    [Show full text]
  • Resistance to the Expansion of Pachakutiq's Inca Empire and Its Effects on the Spanish
    RESISTANCE TO THE EXPANSION OF PACHAKUTIQ'S INCA EMPIRE AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE SPANISH CONQUEST A Senior Scholars Thesis by MIGUEL ALBERTO NOVOA Submitted to the Office of Undergraduate Research Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the designation as HONORS RESEARCH FELLOW May 2012 Major: History Economics RESISTANCE TO THE EXPANSION OF PACHAKUTIQ'S INCA EMPIRE AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE SPANISH CONQUEST A Senior Scholars Thesis by MIGUEL ALBERTO NOVOA Submitted to the Office of Undergraduate Research Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for designation as HONORS RESEARCH FELLOW Approved by: Research Advisor: Glenn Chambers Director for Honors and Undergraduate Research: Duncan Mackenzie May 2012 Major: History Economics iii ABSTRACT Resistance to the Expansion of Pachakutiq's Inca Empire and its Effects on the Spanish Conquest. (May 2012) Miguel Alberto Novoa Department of History Department of Economics Texas A&M University Research Advisor: Dr. Glenn Chambers Department of History This endeavor focuses on the formation and expansion of the Inca Empire and its effects on western South American societies in the fifteenth century. The research examines the Incan cultural, economic, and administrative methods of expansion under Pachakutiq, the founder of the empire, and its impact on the empire’s demise in the sixteenth century. Mainstream historical literature attributes the fall of the Incas to immediate causes such as superior Spanish technology, the Inca civil war, and a devastating smallpox epidemic; however, little is mentioned about the causes within the society itself. An increased focus on the social reactions towards Inca imperialism not only expands current information on Andean civilization, but also enhances scholarly understanding for the abrupt end of the Inca Empire.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
    VESSEL OF LIFE: A CASE STUDY OF A COLONIAL ANDEAN KERO By MEGAN KIRSOP A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2013 © 2013 Megan Kirsop To my little family ACKNOWLEDGMENTS At the University of Florida, I offer my sincerest gratitude to my thesis chair and advisor, Dr. Maya Stanfield-Mazzi, whose patience, encouragement, and detailed advice allowed for the completion of this thesis. I would also like to thank Dr. Robin Poynor for generously agreeing to be on my thesis committee and for his invaluable feedback and support. I offer my gratitude to the Harn Museum of Art for providing photographs of the colonial Andean kero and for allowing me to be the first to publish them. I extend a special thanks to the UF College of Fine Arts for providing an assistantship that afforded me financial peace of mind throughout my time at UF. Furthermore, I am thankful for the encouragement and support that I received during my undergraduate studies at Missouri State University, especially from Dr. Billie Follensbee, who took me under her wing, challenged and encouraged me. A very special thank you goes to my daughter, Evelyn, and my significant other, Arif, for their continued patience, love, and support throughout this process. Finally, I extend my gratitude to my friends and family who kept me grounded throughout the grad school mini-meltdowns, especially my mom, Susan, and my dear friends Jamie, Cody, Becca, Nikki, and Rae.
    [Show full text]
  • Adivinación Y Oráculos En El Mundo Andino Antiguo
    Adivinación y oráculos en el mundo andino antiguo Colección Estudios Andinos 2 Dirigida por Marco Curatola Petrocchi ADIVINACIÓN Y ORÁCULOS EN EL MUNDO ANDINO ANTIGUO Marco Curatola Petrocchi y Mariusz S. Ziółkowski Editores INSTITUTO FRANCÉS DE ESTUDIOS ANDINOS UMIFRE 17, CNRS-MAEE Adivinación y oráculos en el mundo andino antiguo Primera edición: marzo de 2008 © Marco Curatola Petrocchi y Mariusz S. Ziółkowski, 2008 De esta edición: © Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2008 Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Perú Teléfono: (51 1) 626-2000 [email protected] www.pucp.edu.pe/publicaciones © Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos, UMIFRE 17, CNRS-MAEE, 2008 Av. Arequipa 4595, Lima 18, Perú Teléfono: (51 1) 447-6070 Fax: (51 1) 445-7650 [email protected] http://www.ifeanet.org Este volumen corresponde al tomo 18 de la Colección «Actes & Mémoires de l’Institut Français d’Études Andines» (ISSN 1816-1278) Imagen de cubierta: Martín de Murúa, Historia y Genealogía de los Reyes Incas del Perú, Manuscrito Galvin (1590) Diseño de cubierta: Juan Carlos García Miguel Cuidado de edición: Vanessa Ponce de León Prohibida la reproducción de este libro por cualquier medio, total o parcialmente, sin permiso expreso de los editores. ISBN: 978-9972-42-846-3 Hecho el Depósito Legal en la Biblioteca Nacional del Perú N° 2008-03334 Impreso en el Perú – Printed in Peru Índice Presentación: la tierra de los oráculos Marco Curatola Petrocchi y Mariusz S. Ziółkowski 9 La función de los oráculos en el Imperio inca Marco Curatola Petrocchi 15 El santuario de Catequil: estructura y agencia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Festival of the Sun - Inti Raymi - the Only Peru Guide 3/11/20, 252 PM the Festival of the Sun – Inti Raymi
    The Festival of the Sun - Inti Raymi - The Only Peru Guide 3/11/20, 252 PM The Festival of the Sun – Inti Raymi Each year on June 24 (the winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere) Cusco celebrates the Inca Festival of the Sun – Inti Raymi. Created by Inca Pachacutec, Inti Raymi was a tribute to the venerated Sun God Inti. Nowadays, the festival draws thousands of local and international visitors to the ancient Inca capital – Cusco – to celebrate one of the most important events of the calendar year. QUICK TIP: Peru is MORE than just Machu Picchu. Make sure you visit Paracas, home of the Peruvian Galapagos and Huacachina, the only desert oasis in South America as well as other hidden gems. Find out how to discover all this on the way to Machu Picchu here! During Inca Times During Inca times, approximately 25,000 people would gather in Cusco to celebrate the festival of Inti Raymi. The Sapa Inca, nobles, priests and headmen of the Inca Empire would gather in Haukaypata to a witness a parade of cloth wrapped ancestral mummies that were brought from nearby temples and shrines. As many as 200 hundred llamas would be sacrificed during the festivities and the Haukaypata ran with sacred blood and plentiful chicha (the Inca beer). The festivities took place from dawn to dusk. There were special dances and coca leaves were read and burnt in great quantities. Inti Raymi was the greatest Inca festival of the year and everyone who attended became drunk with spiritual communion. Inti Raymi Today The modern day re-enactment of Inti Raymi still retains all of its majestic glory, albeit without the procession of ancient mummies and just 1 animal https://www.theonlyperuguide.com/festival-sun-inti-raymi/ Page 1 of 6 The Festival of the Sun - Inti Raymi - The Only Peru Guide 3/11/20, 252 PM sacrifice at the culmination of the dayʼs celebrations.
    [Show full text]