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De Pedro Sarmiento De Gamboa. Estudio Y Edición Anotada City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2-2018 Segunda Parte de la Historia General Llamada Índica (1572) de Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa. Estudio y Edición Anotada. Aleksín H. Ortega The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/2482 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] SEGUNDA PARTE DE LA HISTORIA GENERAL LLAMADA ÍNDICA (1572) DE PEDRO SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA. ESTUDIO Y EDICIÓN ANOTADA by ALEKSÍN H. ORTEGA A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in the Program in Latin American, Iberian and Latino Cultures in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2018 ii © 2018 ALEKSÍN H. ORTEGA All Rights Reserved iii Segunda parte de la Historia general llamada índica (1572) de Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa. Estudio y edición anotada. by Aleksín H. Ortega This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in the Program in Latin American, Iberian and Latino Cultures in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _____________________ _________________________________________ Date Raquel Chang-Rodríguez Chair of Examining Committee _____________________ _________________________________________ Date Fernando Degiovanni Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: José Miguel Martínez Torrejón Juan Carlos Mercado THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iv ABSTRACT Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa’s History of the Incas (1572). A Critical Study and Annotated Edition. by Aleksín H. Ortega Advisor: Raquel Chang-Rodríguez Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa wrote his polemic and undoubtedly political History of the Incas at the request of Francisco de Toledo (Viceroy of Peru, 1569-1581). Toledo wanted to deliver to the Spanish King a version of Incan history which could subsequently be used as an ideological tool in the search of legal and moral arguments to defend the Andean colonization by the Spanish monarchy. Since his arrival to the Peruvian territories, Toledo embarked on a long personal visit to the lands under his control, in which he intended to learn as much as possible about the government of the Incas. Sarmiento de Gamboa’s chronicle is presented as the final product in the Viceroy’s project, as this text depicts a heavily ideologically charged version of Incan history with the underlying purpose to discredit the ancient rulers of Tawantinsuyu and therefore to excuse the presence and reign of the Spanish Crown. The Spanish historiographer used Andean sources in the construction of his text to later depict the former Inca lords as cruel tyrants. The annotated edition of Sarmiento’s chronicle introduced in this dissertation is preambled by a critical study. A brief biographical glimpse on the chronicler is offered, followed by a metatextual analysis of the chronicle. Specifically, I focus on its historical references, which v studies the sociopolitical climate in which the text germinated, thus explaining its position among the cultural and ideological influences of its time. This critical study was guided by the theoretical frame on colonial and imperial policies as proposed by A. Padgen, Jürgen Osterhammel, Eduardo Subirats, Frantz Fanon, Jeremy Munford, Pierre Duviols, and additionally by Walter Mignolo’s ideas on the Colonization of History. Consequently, it is concluded that Sarmiento’s chronicle came to be the product of the final stage of Spanish colonial ideological rhetoric. Ever since the first denouncements of abuse in the new territories by the conquistadors emerged, the Spanish Crown summoned jurists and theologians to discuss the legality and humanity of the conquest and colonization. By the second half of the sixteenth century these intellectuals, disposed of rhetorical arguments to validate Spanish presence and dominium of the American territories, concluded that the evidence of tyranny of the ancient rulers of the Inca Empire would constitute their only and most powerful justification. It is under this ideological perspective that Sarmiento de Gamboa’s chronicle is read. Additionally, this study also includes an analysis of its formal aspect. An annotated edition of the chronicle, whose text is presented in a modernized way, comprises the main part of this dissertation. The annotations were accomplished under a multidisciplinary approach, using the most current works on history, ethnography, archeology and anthropology of ancient Peru. Additionally, the textual analysis is guided by a philological methodology which included the latest research on Hispanic, Quechua, Puquina and Aymaran linguistics. A thorough explanation of the lexicon of Andean languages used by the chronicler enriches this edition. The basis is a transcription of the Manuscript of Göttingen—the only known handwritten copy of the chronicle—task accomplished with the goal to establish a definite accurate copy of the text. This edition of Sarmiento’s History of the Incas, thanks to its modernized text, numerous vi explanations, references and its extensive bibliography will aid both the scholarly and non- academic reader to a well-informed view into of this early Spanish version of Andean historiography. Moreover, it constitutes an important reference for a class of Spanish Colonial Literature and History. vii Introducción A finales del siglo XIX en la ciudad alemana de Göttingen el filólogo Wilhelm Meyer publica en el Boletín de la Real Sociedad de las Ciencias de enero de 1893 un informe sobre el manuscrito que años antes los estudiosos habían dado por perdido, la Historia índica del capitán Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, historiador y cosmógrafo más conocido por sus travesías en el Estrecho de Magallanes y su viaje a las Islas Salomón. Meyer en su artículo proporciona un resumen de la crónica, comenta sobre el momento histórico en la que se concibió e incluye cortas biografías de su autor y del virrey Francisco de Toledo, bajo cuya orden se redactó dicho texto. Como colofón Meyer extiende la invitación a futuras investigaciones. El estudioso alemán propone lo siguiente: 1) que dicha crónica sea incluida dentro del corpus de las fuentes sobre la historia incaica, y 2) en comparación con otras sobre el mismo tema, intentar verificar si es posible desacoplar ficción e historia en la elaboración historiográfica sobre el Imperio de los Incas. La Historia índica de Sarmiento de Gamboa, una crónica sobre los gobernantes andinos es un texto relativamente corto, 133 folios sin contar la “Probanza de fe”. Estos folios nos presentan a los incas no siempre como soberanos afables y virtuosos, por lo contrario, los retratan como despiadados y expertos guerreros, crueles usurpadores de los territorios que llegaron a formar parte del extenso Tahuantinsuyo. Francisco de Toledo, virrey del Perú entre 1569 y 1581, llegó a tierras andinas con claros objetivos: por un lado, organizar el territorio, no solamente para los españoles, sino también para la población indígena y, por otro, con la finalidad de eliminar, o por lo menos debilitar, los esfuerzos de los últimos descendientes de los incas que aún luchaban contra el poder español desde el enclave en Vilcabamba. Sin embargo, se podría argüir que la misión de Toledo en el Perú fue justificar definitivamente la conquista y la posesión legal de los territorios andinos por parte de la Corona española. La crónica sarmientina, obra de un indudable carácter político, viii se convierte de esta manera en el instrumento historiográfico más importante que Toledo manda redactar y quizá con el cual se propuso dejar en claro definitivamente las dudas sobre la legalidad de la conquista. Desde su hallazgo el texto cautivó el interés de estudiosos. El primero fue el profesor alemán Richard Pietschmann quien en 1906 presentó la primera transcripción de la crónica, la cual anotó y editó, acompañada de una amplia introducción escrita en alemán. Esta es realmente hasta la fecha la única edición anotada de la Historia índica. Un año más tarde Sir Clements Markham publicó la primera traducción al inglés acompañada de un breve estudio introductorio. A estas dos primeras publicaciones del manuscrito le siguió en 1942 una segunda edición, esta vez en español, publicada por Roberto Levillier; sin embargo, este trabajo aparece como parte del tercer volumen de su libro, Francisco de Toledo: supremo organizador del Perú. A diferencia de Pietschmann, Levillier compara la crónica de Sarmiento de Gamboa con otras historias, como los Comentarios reales del Inca Garcilaso y la Historia de las Indias de Bartolomé de las Casas, entre otras. No obstante, su trabajo no constituye una edición crítica. Al comparar la crónica de Sarmiento de Gamboa con las del Inca Garcilaso y Bartolomé de las Casas, Levillier solo critica las ideas de estos historiadores concernientes a la cultura incaica y, sorprendentemente, defiende la ideología del texto de Sarmiento de Gamboa; es decir, reafirma el concepto de la tiranía de las dinastías incas. En el mismo año, 1942, Ángel Rosenblat publicó una tercera edición, también en español; si bien es cierto que este trabajo incluye un extenso ensayo sobre la vida y obra de Sarmiento de Gamboa, los comentarios críticos en su introducción dedicados a la Historia índica son escasos. En el año 2001, Ramón Alba publicó una edición de la crónica en cuyo prólogo recopila información sobre su autor, su vida, viajes al Estrecho de Magallanes y una corta historia del manuscrito. Sin embargo, su edición no propone un análisis crítico de la Historia índica. ix Recientemente, en el 2012, Ángel Amilcar Alberto Manzo publica una edición de la crónica; si bien este trabajo presenta un estudio preliminar, no ofrece un análisis directo del texto ni llega a anotarlo detalladamente. La segunda traducción al inglés, publicada en el año 2007, acompañada de un iluminador ensayo introductorio, fue encabezada por los antropólogos estadounidenses Brian S.
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