BIBLIOGRAPHIE ACOSTA, Joseph De 1979 [1589] Histoire Naturelle Et

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

BIBLIOGRAPHIE ACOSTA, Joseph De 1979 [1589] Histoire Naturelle Et Bibliographie 1092 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ACOSTA, Joseph de 1979 [1589] Histoire naturelle et morale des Indes occidentales. Traduit par J. Rémy- Zéphyr. Bibliothèque Historique, Payot, Paris. AGURTO CALVO, Santiago 1984 Lima Prehispanica. Municipalidad de Lima Metropolitana, Lima. ALAPERRINE-BOUYER, Monique 1987 Des Femmes dans le Manuscrit de Huarochiri. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Etudes Andines , 16 (3-4) :97-101. Lima. ALBORNOZ, C. 1967 [fin du XVIe s.] La Instruccion para Descubrir Todas las Guacas del Piru y sus Camayos y Haziendas. Voir Duviols 1967. ALTAMIRANO ENCISO, Alfredo 1995 Analisis Arqueozoologico de la Piramide con Rampa 3, Pachacamac, Excavaciones de 1995. Ms. Anonyme 1982 El Formativo del valle de Lima. Gaceta Arqueologica Andina, 3:9. Lima. ALVA ALVA, Walter 1988 Discovering the New World's Richest Unlooted Tomb. National Geographic, 174 (4) : 510-55. 1990 New Tomb of Royal Splendor. National Geographic, 177 (6) 2-16. ALVA ALVA, Walter & C. B. DONNAN 1993 Royal Tombs of Sipan. Fowler Museum of Cultural History, University of California, Los Angeles. AMAT OLAZABAL, Hernan 1992 Los Yaros en la historia de Huarochiri. In Huarochiri. Ocho mil anos de historia (T.I), ed. Vladimiro Thatar Alvarez, 67-116. Municipalidad de Santa Eulalia de Acopaya, Huarochiri-Lima. ANTUNEZ DE MAYOLO R., Santiago E. 1981 La Nutricion en el Antiguo Peru. Banco Central de Reserva del Peru, Oficina de Numismatica, Lima. ANDERS, Martha B. 1991 Structure and Function at the Planned Site of Azangaro : Cautionnary Notes for the Model of Huari as a Centralized Secular State. In Huari Administra- tive Structure, Prehistoric Monumental Architecture and State Government, Peter Eeckhout Thèse de doctorat Bibliographie 1093 eds. William H. Isbell & G.F. McEwan, 165-98. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C. 1992 Experiencia wari en el arte de gobernar : una perspectiva desde Azangaro. In Estudios de Arqueologia Peruana, ed. Duccio Bonavia, 237-78. Fomciencias, Lima. ARRIAGA, Pablo Josef de 1920 [1621] La Extirpacion de la Idolatria en el Peru. Coleccion de Libros y Documentos Referentes a la Historia del Peru, Tomo I (2a Serie). Sanmarti y Ca, Lima. AVILA, Francisco de 1966 [1598?] Dioses y Hombres de Huarochiri. Narracion quechua recogida por Francisco de Avila. Traduction de José Maria ArgÜedas, étude biobibliographique de Pierre Duviols. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima. 1980 [1608?] Rites et Traditions de Huarochiri.. Texte quechua établi et traduit par Gérald Taylor. Editions l'Harmattan, Paris. BAKER, R.K. 1984 The Relationship of Cranial Suture Closure and Age Analized in a Modern Multi-Racial Sample of Males and Females. California State University, Fullerton. BALLESTEROS GAIBROIS, Manuel 1981 Racchi (Peru), un enigma arqueologico. Investigacion y Ciencia, 54:7-16. Madrid. BARCO LOPEZ, Alejandro 1972 Los tesoros de Pachacamac y Catalina Huanca. Talleres Graficos Villanueva, S.A., Lima. BASS, W.M. 1987 Human Osteology. A Laboratory Field Manual. Special Publication of the Missouri Archaeological Society, 2. Columbia. BASTIAN, Adolf 1878 Die Culturländer des Alten Americas (Vol. 1 : ein Jhar auf Reisen). Berlin. BAUER, Brian S. 1992 Avances en arqueologia andina. Archivos de Historia Andina, 16, Centro de Estudios regionales andinos "Bartolomé de las Casas", Cuzco. BAZAN DEL CAMPO, Francisco 1990 Arqueologia y Ethnohistoria de los Periodos Prehispanicos Tardios de la Costa Central del Peru. Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima. 1992 Arqueologia de Lima. Evaluacion del termino Huancho. Los estilos de ceramica de Lima a fines del Horizonte Medio. Serie Estudios Arqueologicos, CREarte, Lima. Peter Eeckhout Thèse de doctorat Bibliographie 1094 BENNETT, Wendell C. 1946a Andean Highlands. In Handbook of South American Indians (Vol. II), ed. Julian H. Steward, 1-59. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 143. Washington. 1946b Archaeology of Central Andes. In Handbook of South American Indians (Vol. II), ed. Julian H. Steward, 61-147. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 143. Washington. 1949 Architecture and Engineering. In Handbook of South American Indians ( Vol. V), ed. Julian H. Steward, 1-61. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 143. Washington. BENNETT, Wendell C. & J.B. BIRD 1949 Andean Culture History .Lancaster Press, New York. BETANZOS, Juan Diez de 1924 (1551) Suma y Narracion de los Incas. In Historia de los Incas y Conquista del Peru, 75-202.Coleccion de Libros y Documentos Referentes a la Historia del Peru (Tomo 8, 2a Serie). Sanmarti y Ca, Lima. BONAVIA, Duccio 1959 Ceramica de Puerto Viejo (Chilca). Actas del II Congreso Nacional de Historia del Peru, 137-68. Lima. 1962 Sobre el estilo Teatino. Revista del Museo Nacional, 31:43-94. Lima. 1965 Arqueologia de Lurin. Tesis antropologica. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima. 1985 Mural Paintings in Ancient Peru.. Indiana University Press, Bloomington. 1991 Peru Hombre e Historia I. De los origenes al siglo XV. Ediciones Edubanco, Lima. BONAVIA, Duccio & R. RAVINES 1970 Arqueologia Peruana : Precursores. Casa de la Cultura del Peru, Lima. 1971 Influence inca sur la Côte nord du Pérou. Bulletin Suisse de la Société des Américanistes, 35:16-32 Genève. BOURGET, Steve 1990 Un trousseau pour l'éternité : déballage d'un fardo funéraire péruvien. Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec, 20 (1):76-83. Montréal. 1994 El mar y la muerte en la iconografia Moche. In Moche : propuestas y perspectivas, éds Santiago Uceda & E. Mujica B, 125-49. Institut Français d'Etudes Andines, Lima. BRAY, Warwick Peter Eeckhout Thèse de doctorat Bibliographie 1095 1990 Le travail du métal dans le Pérou préhispanique. In Inca-Peru. 3000 Ans d'Histoire. Catalogue de l'exposition présentée aux Musées Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire de Bruxelles, 292-315. Imschoot Uitgevers, Gand. BRAYGARAC, Enrique 1982 Informe de Excavaciones en Armatambo. Ms, Archivos del Museo Nacional de Antropologia, Arqueologia e Historia, Lima. BROWMAN, David 1970 Early Peruvian Peasants : The Cultural History of a Central Highlands Valley. Ph. D. Diss. Harvard University, Cambridge BRUNDAGE, Burr Cartwright 1963 Empire of the Inca. Univerity of Oklahoma Press, Norman. BUENO, Cosme 1951 Geografia del Peru Virreynal. Siglo XVIII. Publicado por Carlos Daniel Valcarcel, Lima. BUENO MENDOZA, Alberto 1974a Peru : Materiales para el estudio de la Arquitectura Arqueologica. Serie tecnicos I, Editorial Universo, Lima. 1974b Proyecto Huaycan de Cieneguilla para el estudio de un pueblo rural arqueologico. Ms de la communication présentée au Segundo Congreso Peruano del Hombre y la Cultura Andina, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo (27/10-2/11 1974). Archivos del Museo Nacional de Arqueologia, Anthropologia e Historia, Lima. 1974-75 Cajamarquilla y Pachacamac : Dos Ciudades de la Costa Central del Peru. Boletin Bibliografico de Antropologia Americana. Vol. XXXVII, 46 : 171- 211. 1977 Urbanismo Prehispanico en Lurin. Inca, Segunda Epoca , 3 (6):59-65. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima. 1978 Huaycan. Revista Espacio , 1(1):66-71. Lima. 1980 Cieneguilla : Arqueologia, Historia y Turismo. Revista Espacio , 3 (1):44- 51. Lima. 1982 El Antiguo Valle de Pachacamac : Espacio, Tiempo y Cultura. Editorial de Los Pinos, Lima. 1990 Hallazgo de un kipu en Pachacamac. In Quipu y Yupana. Coleccion de escritos, eds. Carol Mackey, Hugo Pereyra, Carlos Radicati, Humberto Rodriguez, Oscar Valverd, 97-105. CONCYTEC, Lima. Peter Eeckhout Thèse de doctorat Bibliographie 1096 1992 Arqueologia de Huarochiri. In Huarochiri. Ocho mil anos de historia (T.I), ed. Vladimiro Thatar Alvarez, 13-66. Municipalidad de Santa Eulalia de Acopaya, Huarochiri-Lima. BUIKSTRA, Jane A. 1995 Tombs for the Living...or ...For the Dead : The Osmore Ancestors. In Tombs for the Living : Andean Mortuary Practices, ed. Tom. D. Dillehay, 239-80. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C. BURGER, Richard L. 1995 Chavin and the Origins of Andean Civilization. Thames and Hudson, Londres. BURGER, Richard L. & L. SALAZAR-BURGER 1992 La seconda temporada de investigaciones en Cardal, valle de Lurin (1987). In Estudios de Arqueologia Peruana, ed. Duccio Bonavia, 123-148. Fomciencias, Lima. BUSE, Herman 1960 Guia Arqueologica Lima-Pachacamac. Coleccion "Nueva Cronica". Talleres Graficos Villanueva, Lima. 1962 Peru 10.000 Anos. Coleccion "Nueva Cronica". Talleres Graficos Villanueva, Lima. CALANCHA, Antonio de 1975 [1638] Cronica Moralizada del Orden de San Augustin en el Peru, con Successos Ejemplares Vistos en este Monarquia. Cronicas del Peru, Vol. 4,5,6. Edicion Ignacio Prado Pastor, Lima. CALVETE DE LA ESTRELLLA, Juan Cristobal 1964 Rebelion de Pizarro en Peru y vida de don Pedro Gasca. Biblioteca de Autores Espanoles, T. 167. Ediciones Atlas, Madrid. CANZIANI, José A. 1987 Analisis del complejo urbano Maranga-Chayavilca. Gaceta Arqueologica Andina, 14:10-17. Lima. CARDENAS, Mercedes 1969 Descripcion de los pozos en la plataforma superior de la Huaca Tres Palos (Pando, Lima). Boletin del Seminario de Arqueologia, 7:1-29. Instituto Riva- Agüero, Pontifica Universidad Catolica del Peru, Lima. CARDOZA, Carmen Rosa 1995 Informe del Analisis Arqueozoologico del Material de Pachacamac, Piramide 3 (Primera Temporada de Excavaciones). Ms. CARMICHAEL, Patrick H. Peter Eeckhout Thèse de doctorat Bibliographie 1097 1995 Nasca Burial Patterns : Social Structure and Mortuary Ideology. In Tombs for the Living : Andean Mortuary Practices, ed. Tom. D. Dillehay, 161- 88. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection,
Recommended publications
  • The Aztecs Gave the Tribe the Name Olmec
    Mayan, Incan, and Aztec Civilizations: The Arrival of Man Alternate Version Download The Arrival of Man Crossing the Bering Strait Land Bridge Giant ice caps once covered both the Arctic and Antarc- tic regions of the earth. This was over 50,000 years ago. The levels of the oceans were lower than today. Much of the earth’s water was trapped in the polar ice caps. The lower water level showed a piece of land that connected Siberia to Alaska. To- day this area is once again under water. It is called the Bering Strait. Many scientists believe that early humans crossed over this land bridge. Then they began to spread out and settle in what is now North America. These people then moved into Central and South America. The Bering Strait land bridge was covered with water again when the ice caps thawed. This happened at the end of the Ice Age around 8,000 B.C. Today, we call the first people who settled in the West- ern Hemisphere Paleo-Indians. They are also called Paleo- Americans. Paleo is a prefix from the Greek language mean- As tribes migrated throughout North, ing “old.” The term Indian comes from the time of Columbus’ Central, and South America, they dis- voyages. He thought he had landed in India. Other names for covered agriculture and learned how to native people include Native Americans and First Nations. make stone tools and clay pottery. Each tribe or cultural group has its own name for its people. Hunting and Gathering The Paleo-Indians were hunters and gatherers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Incas.Pdf
    THE INCAS THE INCAS By Franklin Pease García Yrigoyen Translated by Simeon Tegel The Incas Franklin Pease García Yrigoyen © Mariana Mould de Pease, 2011 Translated by Simeon Tegel Original title in Spanish: Los Incas Published by Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2015 © Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015 Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32 - Perú Tel.: (51 1) 626-2650 Fax: (51 1) 626-2913 [email protected] www.pucp.edu.pe/publicaciones Design and composition: Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú First English Edition: January 2011 First reprint English Edition: October 2015 Print run: 1000 copies ISBN: 978-9972-42-949-1 Hecho el Depósito Legal en la Biblioteca Nacional del Perú N° 2015-13735 Registro de Proyecto Editorial: 31501361501021 Impreso en Tarea Asociación Gráfica Educativa Pasaje María Auxiliadora 156, Lima 5, Perú Contents Introduction 9 Chapter I The Andes, its History and the Incas 13 Inca History 13 The Predecessors of the Incas in the Andes 23 Chapter II The Origin of the Incas 31 The Early Organization of Cusco and the Formation of the Tawantinsuyu 38 The Inca Conquests 45 Chapter III The Inca Economy 53 Labor 64 Agriculture 66 Agricultural Technology 71 Livestock 76 Metallurgy 81 The Administration of Production 85 Storehouses 89 The Quipus 91 Chapter IV The Organization of Society 95 The Dualism 95 The Inca 100 The Cusco Elite 105 The Curaca: Ethnic Lord 109 Inca and Local Administration 112 The Population and Population
    [Show full text]
  • Contrasting Views of Titu Cusi Yupanqui and Pedro Sarmiento De Gamboa
    Were the Incas Natural Lords of Peru? Contrasting views of Titu Cusi Yupanqui and Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa By Katherine Hoyt, Ph.D. Alliance for Global Justice (retired) Prepared for delivery at the 2021 Virtual Meeting of the Western Political Science Association April 3. 2021 Writing in 1570 from the last Inca stronghold of Vilcabamba, the Inca Titu Cusi Yupanqui begins his Relación de la conquista del Perú by saying that he is the grandson of the Inca Huayna Capac and son of Manco Inca Yupanqui, “the natural lords that used to rule these kingdoms and provinces of Peru.”1 The term “natural lords” was used by Spanish philosophers and theologians, including Francisco de Vitoria at the University of Salamanca in Spain, to indicate rulers of hierarchical societies whose subjects accepted their rule. Meanwhile, writing in Cuzco, the Spanish navigator and conquistador Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa was given the task by Viceroy Francisco de Toledo of proving exactly the opposite: that the Incas were not natural lords of their lands and were, in fact, tyrants. Vitoria had maintained that it was not legitimate to attack societies ruled by their natural lords except in the case of tyranny, protection of innocent people, or self-defense. Titu Cusi makes a special effort to show the devotion of the people to his father Manco Inca and thus prove that he ruled with their support and favor. On the other hand, Sarmiento de Gamboa worked to compile acts of cruelty and tyranny on the part of each Inca ruler in order to prove that the conquest had been justified.
    [Show full text]
  • Bartolomé De Las Casas, Soldiers of Fortune, And
    HONOR AND CARITAS: BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, SOLDIERS OF FORTUNE, AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS Dissertation Submitted To The College of Arts and Sciences of the UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Theology By Damian Matthew Costello UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON Dayton, Ohio August 2013 HONOR AND CARITAS: BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, SOLDIERS OF FORTUNE, AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS Name: Costello, Damian Matthew APPROVED BY: ____________________________ Dr. William L. Portier, Ph.D. Committee Chair ____________________________ Dr. Sandra Yocum, Ph.D. Committee Member ____________________________ Dr. Kelly S. Johnson, Ph.D. Committee Member ____________________________ Dr. Anthony B. Smith, Ph.D. Committee Member _____________________________ Dr. Roberto S. Goizueta, Ph.D. Committee Member ii ABSTRACT HONOR AND CARITAS: BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS CASAS, SOLDIERS OF FORTUNE, AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AMERICAS Name: Costello, Damian Matthew University of Dayton Advisor: Dr. William L. Portier This dissertation - a postcolonial re-examination of Bartolomé de las Casas, the 16th century Spanish priest often called “The Protector of the Indians” - is a conversation between three primary components: a biography of Las Casas, an interdisciplinary history of the conquest of the Americas and early Latin America, and an analysis of the Spanish debate over the morality of Spanish colonialism. The work adds two new theses to the scholarship of Las Casas: a reassessment of the process of Spanish expansion and the nature of Las Casas’s opposition to it. The first thesis challenges the dominant paradigm of 16th century Spanish colonialism, which tends to explain conquest as the result of perceived religious and racial difference; that is, Spanish conquistadors turned to military force as a means of imposing Spanish civilization and Christianity on heathen Indians.
    [Show full text]
  • THE RAINBOW FLAG of the INCAS by Gustav Tracchia
    THE RAINBOW FLAG OF THE INCAS by Gustav Tracchia PROLOGUE: The people of this pre-Columbian culture that flourished in the mid- Andes region of South America (known as The Empire of The Incas) called their realm: Tawantinsuyo, meaning the four corners. The word INCA is Quechua for Lord or King and was attached to the name of the ruler e.g., Huascar Inca or Huayna Capac Inca. In Quechua, the official language of the empire; Suyo is corner and Tawa, number four. Ntin is the way to form the plural. Fig. 1 Map of the Tawantinsuyo Wikipedia, (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:inca expansion.png) 1 Gustav Tracchia The "four corners" or suyos radiated from the capital, Cuzco: - Chincasuyo: Northwest Peru, present day Ecuador and the tip of Southern Colombia. - Contisuyo: nearest to Cuzco, south-central within the area of modern Peru. - Antisuyo: almost as long as Chincansuyo but on the eastern side of the Andes, from northern Peru to parts of upper eastern Bolivia. - Collasuyo: Southwest: all of western Bolivia, northern Chile and northwest of Argentina. Fig. 2 Cobo, Historia, schematic division of the four suyos 2 The Rainbow Flag of the Incas Fig. 3 Map of Tawantinsuyo, overlapping present day South American political division. ()www.geocities.com/Tropics/beach/2523/maps/perutawan1.html To simplify, I am going to call this still mysterious pre-Columbian kingdom, not Tawantinsuyo, but the "Empire of the Incas" or "The Inca Empire." I am also going to refer to events related to the culture of the Incas as "Incasic" or "Incan".
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Relatos Míticos Y Prácticas Rituales En Pachacamac
    Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines ISSN: 0303-7495 [email protected] Institut Français d'Études Andines Organismo Internacional Eeckhout, Peter Relatos míticos y prácticas rituales en Pachacamac Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines, vol. 33, núm. 1, 2004, pp. 1-54 Institut Français d'Études Andines Lima, Organismo Internacional Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=12633101 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto RELATOSBull. Inst. fr.MÍTICOS études andines Y PRÁCTICAS RITUALES EN PACHACAMAC 1 2004, 33 (1): 1-54 RELATOS MÍTICOS Y PRÁCTICAS RITUALES EN PACHACAMAC Peter EECKHOUT* Resumen En el marco del presente ensayo, propongo una síntesis crítica de las informaciones y los conocimientos actuales referentes al culto de Ychsma, importante divinidad prehispánica cuyo santuario se encontraba en el sitio monumental de Pachacamac, costa central del Perú. Este análisis se basa en fuentes etnohistóricas y etnográficas, así como en los nuevos datos arqueológicos recolectados durante las investigaciones llevadas a cabo hace poco en el sitio y su comarca. La etimología y el estudio de las fuentes escritas subrayan la especificidad costeña del dios y demuestran también que el culto y los mitos han sido manipulados por los incas. Una serie de prácticas rituales (sacrificos humanos y de animales, ofrendas diversas, romería, adivinación, culto a los ancestros) se examinan bajo la luz de los testimonios coloniales (principalmente las extirpaciones de idolatrías) así como de los hallazgos arqueológicos.
    [Show full text]
  • Pedro Sarmiento De Gamboa History of the Incas Translated by Sir Clements Markham K.C.B
    Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa History of the Incas Translated by Sir Clements Markham K.C.B. (1907) In parentheses Publications Peruvian Series Cambridge, Ontario 2000 To His Sacred C¾sarian Majesty the King, Don Felipe, Our Lord. Among the excellencies, O sovereign and catholic Philip, that are the glorious decorations of princes, placing them on the highest pinnacle of estimation, are, according to the father of Latin eloquence, generosity, kindness, and liberality. And as the Roman Consuls held this to be the principal praise of their glory, they had this title curiously sculptured in marble on the Quirinal and in the forum of TrajanÑÒMost powerful gift in a Prince is liberality.Ó1 For this kings who desired much to be held dear by their own people and to be feared by strangers, were incited to acquire the name of liberal. Hence that royal sentence became immortal ÒIt is right for kings to give.Ó As this was a quality much valued among the Greeks, the wise Ulysses, conversing with Antinous, 2 King of the Ph¾acians, saidÑÒYou are something like a king, for you know how to give, better than others.Ó Hence it is certain that liberality is a good and necessary quality of kings. I do not pretend on this ground, most liberal monarch, to insinuate to your Majesty the most open frankness, for it would be very culpable on my part to venture to suggest a thing which, to your Majesty, is so natural that you would be unable to live without it. Nor will it happen to so high minded and liberal a lord and king, what befell the Emperor Titus who, remembering once, during suppertime, that he had allowed one day to pass without doing some good, gave utterance to this laudable animadversion of himself ÒO friends! I have lost a day.Ó3 For not only does your Majesty not miss a day, but not even an hour, without obliging all kinds of people with benefits and most gracious liberality.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert Barker
    Robert Barker An Analysis of the Creation of Chronology and Genealogy of the Inca Dynasty in a Selection of Early Peruvian Chronicles Robert Barker Department of Spanish and Latin American Studies University College London 1 Robert Barker Contents Acknowledgements 3 Abstract 4 Chapter 1: J.H. Rowe‘s Chronological Hypothesis and his Legacy 7 Chapter 2: Reviewing the Textual Evidence: A New Look at the Early Peruvian Chroniclers 44 Chapter 3: Alternative Methodologies: From Ethno-history to Archaeology 96 Chapter 4: The ‗Lost‘ Incas: A New Hypothesis 133 Summary Conclusion 174 Glossary 177 Bibliography 180 2 Robert Barker Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone who has helped and encouraged me to complete this thesis. In particular, I would like to specially mention my supervisors Professor Stephen Hart and Dr José Oliver who patiently and expectantly encouraged and guided me to the completion of this work. Professor Jason Wilson who from the very beginning encouraged me to do this PhD, as well as Dr David Henn without whose help and advice I would probably have been forced to leave this work unfinished. I would also like to take this opportunity to thank the Graduate School who organised many courses, which assisted me in the organisation, research, planning and writing of this thesis as well as providing financial help for a field trip to Peru. Furthermore, the time spent and advice given on how to tackle this difficult project by Professor Makowski of the La Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Fransisco Hernández of the same university and Dr Alfredo Valencia of the San Antonio de Abad Universidad del Cuzco, and César Astuhuaman from University College London, Simon Luff, Richard Slack, and Simon Williams, friends and colleagues who made several suggestions and comments which are included in this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Inca Garcilaso De La Vega, Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru
    Book Reviews / Journal of Early Modern History 12 (2008) 443-466 449 Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru. Abridged edition translated by Harold V. Livermore, edited, with an introduction, by Karen Spalding (Indianapolis: Hackett Publish- ing Company, 2006), xxx + 232 pp., ISBN 9 780 87220 8438 (paper). Titu Cusi Yupanqui, History of How the Spaniards Arrived in Peru. Dual- language edition, translated, with an introduction by Catherine Julien (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2006), xxxv + 180 pp., ISBN 0 872 20828 1 (paper). From a global history viewpoint, the expansion of the Inca Empire and the story of how the Incas were conquered by the Spanish are salient events in early modern history. Th e Incas presided over the largest state in the New World and the Spanish conquest of their empire led to a political crisis of large proportions, a deep demographic crisis that took the lives of millions, set the basis for the emergence of an empire ruled from Spain, and the forging of a distinctive culture. Th e Royal Commentaries of the Incas is one of the most important works providing an account of the history of the Incas, the Spanish conquest and the ensuing wars between the Spaniards a few decades after. Th e author, Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, wrote this book while living in Spain in the late sixteenth century, and the work was first published in Lisbon in 1609. Th e mestizo son of a Spanish conquistador and an Inca noblewoman, Garcilaso was born in Peru in 1539 and grew up close to his Inca relatives from whom he learned the Quechua language, as well as many of the stories he put years later in this brilliant account.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    Chapter One Introduction On Friday, November 15, 1532, Francisco Pizarro brazenly led a force of 168 frightened Spaniards into the maw of the most powerful empire ever seen in the Americas. Late that afternoon, the brigade entered the plaza at Caja- marca, an imperial Inca center in the Peruvian highlands. They had every reasontobedismayedbythesightthatlaybeforethem,sincetheIncaprince Atawallpa was savoring his recent victory in a dynastic war in the midst of an 80,000-man army camped just outside town. Because he was completing a fast at the hot springs of Kónoj, Atawallpa declined an invitation to disrupt his solemn duties. He would not meet his unwanted guests in the city that afternoon,butagreedtoreceivethemafteranight’srest.Astonishingly,he was Pizarro’s prisoner by the next evening, captured during a surprise strike that was underpinned by equal parts of bravado, armaments, and faith. Over the next eight months, the Spaniards extracted a ransom fit for an earthly deity in exchange for a promise of Atawallpa’s freedom. An enor- mous amount of treasure was melted down from the empire’s architectural dressings, personal jewelry, idols, and service ware hauled off from temples, aristocratic households, and perhaps even graves. By today’s standards, the value would have been an astonishing US$335 million in gold and US$11 million in silver.1 Oncetheransomhadbeenpaid,Pizarroordered Atawallpa to be tried and then executed on July 26, 1533, overriding the grave misgivings voiced by some members of his party. The power that the Inca had wielded over his vast domain even while captive had apparently convinced the Spaniard that decapitating the state was his best hope of stayingaliveandassertinghisowncontrol.Inlightofthedivisionsthat had already rivenCOPYRIGHTED the empire, his decision touched MATERIAL off the collapse of Tawantinsuyu,or“TheFourPartsTogether,”astheIncascalledtheirrealm.
    [Show full text]
  • Incas: the History of the Tyranny of Nature, Or the Most Careful Attitude
    Incas: the history of the tyranny of nature, or the most careful attitude to it? Many of us know about the Incan Empire because of mysterious stories about gold hidden in the forests of the Andes mountains, or because Machu Picchu (the holy city of the Incan Empire) is one of the eight wonders of the world. But few people know that it was the Incas who invented terraces for growing plants, could predict earthquakes, worshipped animals, and that the rainforest and mountains were their most natural habitat. How did they manage to tame nature? Or did the environment force people to adapt to this way of life? Was it indeed a powerful empire, connected to technological progress and the love and care of nature? Or was this apparent success achieved at the cost of nature, which let these people into its wilds? How can we characterize this relationship? I will not be able to give specific answers to these questions. As in any science, the solutions will be abstract. But I will try to provide a complete description of Inca life and their relationship with nature, based on literature and personal knowledge. When I started writing this essay, I had the feeling that the Incas, like any ancient empire, simply worshipped nature and were afraid of it. But in the process, I realized that their relationship with nature was much more profound and more reliable than I had imagined. PREREQUISITES FOR THE USE OF NATURE 1) Place of habitat: heaven or hell? Let's start with the places where the Incas lived.
    [Show full text]
  • Mining and the Inca Road in the Prehistoric Atacama Desert, Chile
    MINING AND THE INCA ROAD IN THE PREHISTORIC ATACAMA DESERT, CHILE by Francisco Javier Garrido Escobar Lic., Universidad de Chile, 2004 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2015 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Francisco Javier Garrido Escobar It was defended on April 27, 2015 and approved by Elizabeth Arkush, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology Robert D. Drennan, PhD, Distinguished Professor, Anthropology Bryan Hanks, Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology James B. Richardson III, Phd, Professor, Anthropology Mark B. Abbott, PhD, Associate Professor, Geology Dissertation Advisor: Marc P. Bermann, PhD, Associate Professor, Anthropology ii Copyright © by Francisco Javier Garrido Escobar 2015 iii MINING AND THE INCA ROAD IN THE PREHISTORIC ATACAMA DESERT, CHILE Francisco Javier Garrido Escobar, PhD. University of Pittsburgh, 2015 Traditionally, treatments of the Inca Empire have sought to document its deep economic and political impact on local populations in the Andes. There has been less study of how subject groups might have independently negotiated opportunistic economic responses to the Inca Empire. This research explores this issue through the investigation of the relationship between the Inca Road and a recently discovered, non-Inca system of mining camps, isolated deep in the Atacama Desert, northern Chile. Study of the development of these camps, and of their relationship with the Road aimed at addressing whether the Atacama Inca Road, served as a linear exchange nexus, or only as a highway servicing Inca imperial needs.
    [Show full text]