Qhapaq Ñan Bezeichnet Das System Von Straßen Aus Marco Pointecker Dem Alten Inkareich, Das Den Gesamten Geografi Schen Be- Siedlungsraum Der Inka Überspannte

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Qhapaq Ñan Bezeichnet Das System Von Straßen Aus Marco Pointecker Dem Alten Inkareich, Das Den Gesamten Geografi Schen Be- Siedlungsraum Der Inka Überspannte Der Qhapaq Ñan bezeichnet das System von Straßen aus Marco Pointecker dem alten Inkareich, das den gesamten geografi schen Be- siedlungsraum der Inka überspannte. Mit einer Länge von ca. 55.000 Kilometern ist der Qhapaq Ñan eine bauliche Meisterleistung, deren Spuren bis dato – mehr oder weni- ger gut – erhalten sind. Qhapaq Ñan Inkastraßensystem Vom gesamten Inkastraßennetz sind bisher nur wenige Ki- im Wandel der Zeit lometer als Trekking-Routen genutzt. Der wohl bekannteste Abschnitt ist der Inka Trail, der im Rahmen einer viertägi- gen Wanderung durch die Region Cuzco zu den Inkaruinen Machu Picchu führt. Wie kann nachhaltiger Tourismus entlang sensibler Teilstre- Qhapaq Ñan cken des Qhapaq Ñan erfolgreich etabliert werden, damit er einen Beitrag zur Regionalentwicklung leistet? Wie können „Schützen und Nützen“ miteinander in Einklang gebracht werden? Marco Pointecker studierte Kommunikationswissenschaft an der Universität Salzburg und promovierte im Fachbereich Transkulturelle Kommunikation und Tourismus. Er beschäf- tigt sich seit vielen Jahren mit dem Thema Kultur straßen in Lateinamerika und Europa. Marco Pointecker Marco LIT www.lit-verlag.at LIT LIT Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis ....................................................................9 Vorwort ..........................................................................................11 EINLEITUNG ................................................................................13 1. THEORETISCHE UND DEFINITORISCHE GRUNDLEGUNG 21 1.1 Kultur und Kommunikation .......................................................................................... 23 1.1.1 Der Kommunikationsprozess .............................................................................. 24 1.1.2 Der Kulturbegri .................................................................................................. 25 1.2 Symbolischer Interaktionismus ......................................................................................27 1.2.1 Prämissen zur sozialen Interaktion und ihre Konsequenzen ........................... 28 1.2.2 Wichtige Implikationen für den Untersuchungsgegenstand ............................. 29 1.3 Innovationstheorie ...........................................................................................................31 1.3.1 Kommunikationskanäle für Innovationen ........................................................ 35 1.3.2 Zeit- und sozialsystembedingte Faktoren von Innovationen ............................ 36 1.4 Binnenmarketing für lokale Tourismusprojekte ..........................................................37 1.4.1 Ziele des touristischen Binnenmarketing ........................................................... 38 1.4.2 Maßnahmen des touristischen Binnenmarketing ............................................. 39 1.5 Nachhaltiger Tourismus .................................................................................................. 40 1.5.1 Tourismus- und Freizeitkonsum als Ausdruck von Lifestyle ............................ 41 1.5.2 Die Rolle der Medien als „Mobilitätskatalysatoren“ ......................................... 43 1.5.3 Ökologisches Bewusstsein als Korrektiv ............................................................ 45 1.5.4 Kassenschlager „Ökotourismus“? ........................................................................ 46 1.5.5 Grünes Licht für Grünes Reisen? ......................................................................... 47 1.5.6 Nachhaltige Entwicklung im Tourismussektor .................................................. 49 1.5.7 Was ist und was kann Nachhaltiger Tourismus? ............................................... 49 1.5.8 Nachhaltiger Tourismus – Traum oder Wirklichkeit? ....................................... 52 1.5.9 Der Spagat zwischen „Schützen und Nützen“ ................................................... 54 1.5.10 Integrativer Tourismus als Teil der Regionalentwicklung ................................ 55 1.5.11 Bewusstseinsbildung: Inwertsetzung des eigenen Kulturgutes ......................... 56 1.5.12 Community-Based Tourism (CBT) ..................................................................... 58 1.5.13 Pro-Poor Tourism (PPT) ...................................................................................... 66 1.6 Kultur-, Erbe- und Trekkingtourismus .........................................................................70 1.6.1 Der Kulturtourismus ............................................................................................ 71 1.6.2 Der Trekkingtourismus ....................................................................................... 77 6 Qhapaq Ñan 2. BERÜHMTE KULTURSTRASSEN – CULTURAL ROUTES ......81 2.1 Das Konzept der Cultural Route ....................................................................................83 2.2 Beispiele alpiner Kulturstraßen in Europa ....................................................................87 2.2.1 Die Grande Traversata delle Alpi (GTA) ............................................................ 88 2.2.2 ViaStoria – Kulturwege Schweiz ......................................................................... 96 3. DER QHAPAQ ÑAN – EINST UND HEUTE ............................ 107 3.1 Die Anden ....................................................................................................................... 108 3.1.1 Die Vorfahren der Inka ...................................................................................... 109 3.1.2 Das Klima der Anden .........................................................................................110 3.2 Vorinkaische und inkaische Zivilisationen ................................................................111 3.3 Das Inkareich ..................................................................................................................112 3.3.1 Aufstieg und Expansion ......................................................................................113 3.3.2 Tahuantinsuyu – das Reich der vier Weltgegenden .........................................114 3.4 Die Quellen und ihre Bedeutung ..................................................................................114 3.4.1 Die spanischen Chronisten .................................................................................115 3.4.2 Wiederentdeckung und Erforschung des Qhapaq Ñan .................................... 116 3.5 Denition des Begris „Inkastraßen” ........................................................................ 120 3.5.1 Länge des Qhapaq Ñan .........................................................................................123 3.5.2 Cuzco – Ausgangspunkt des Qhapaq Ñan ....................................................... 124 3.5.3 Anden-, Küsten- und Verbindungsstraßen ...................................................... 125 3.5.4 Inkastraßen oder Prä-Inkastraßen? .................................................................. 127 3.5.5 Architektur der Inkastraßen ............................................................................. 128 3.5.6 Straßenbau im Reich der Inka ........................................................................... 129 Ø Die Hängebrücke über den Apurimac ...................................................................... 132 Ø Die Hängebrücke von Q´eswachaka ............................................................................ 133 3.5.7 Die UNESCO und der Qhapaq Ñan ................................................................. 136 3.5.8 Das Qhapaq Ñan-Projekt des INC .................................................................... 138 3.5.9 Der Qhapaq Ñan im Bedeutungswandel .......................................................... 140 Ø Chasquis – die laufenden Boten der Inka ................................................................ 146 Ø Khipu – die Knotenschnüre der Inka .........................................................................147 Ø Wandmalereien als Form der Geschichtsschreibung ............................................... 148 Ø Grundzüge der Religionen des zentralen Andenraumes ..........................................151 Ø Sonnenkult – die ozielle Religion zur Legitimation der Inka-Elite ......................151 Ø Das Weltbild der Inka ................................................................................................ 153 Ø Die heilige Geographie – das Ceque-System ............................................................. 153 Ø Die Bedeutung des Pilgerwegs nach Pachacamac .................................................... 154 Ø Die Bedeutung der Pilgerwege heute ......................................................................... 155 4. DIE INKASTRASSEN ALS LEBENDE KULTURSTRASSEN .. 159 4.1 Tourismus am Quapaq Nan ..........................................................................................159 4.1.1 Das Gebiet des Inca Naani ................................................................................ 160 4.1.2 Beschreibung des Tourismusprojekts „Inca Naani“ ........................................ 162 4.1.3 Projekterfahrungen zur Tourismusinitiative „Inca Naani“ ........................... 163 4.1.4 Aktueller Stand des „Inca Naani“-Tourismusprojekts ................................... 165 4.2 „Llama 2000“: CBT-Projekt an der Prä-Inkastraße ..................................................168 Inhalt 7 4.2.1 Beschreibung des Tourismusprojekts „Llama 2000“ ....................................... 168 4.2.2 Lamas – Bedeutung
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