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Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2003 Pollen Dispersal and Deposition in the High-Central Andes, South America Carl A. Reese

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Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2003 Pollen Dispersal and Deposition in the High-Central Andes, South America Carl A. Reese Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2003 Pollen dispersal and deposition in the high-central Andes, South America Carl A. Reese Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Reese, Carl A., "Pollen dispersal and deposition in the high-central Andes, South America" (2003). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 1690. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/1690 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. POLLEN DISPERSAL AND DEPOSITION IN THE HIGH-CENTRAL ANDES, SOUTH AMERICA A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Carl A. Reese B.A., Louisiana State University, 1998 M.S., Louisiana State University, 2000 August 2003 Once again, To Bull and Sue ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank my major professor, Dr. Kam-biu Liu, for his undying support throughout my academic career. From sparking my initial interest in the science of biogeography, he has wisely led me through swamps and hurricanes, from the Amazon to the Atacama, and from sea level to the roof of the world with both patience and grace. I am who I am today because of him, and I want to sincerely thank him for that. I thank Dr. Robert Rohli for his support and advice throughout my doctoral program. He has not only been a great teacher and advisor to me, but has proved to be a true friend as well. I would also like to thank Drs. Steve Namikas, Nina Lam, and Laurie Anderson for serving on my committee and for their interest in this project. Dr. G. Bruce Williamson deserves special thanks not only for his guidance, but also for the seemingly hundreds of recommendation letters that he so kindly and carefully crafted for me. Thanks also to Mary Lee Eggart and Jason K. Blackburn for their cartographic assistance on this project. For his priceless help in the field, I thank Dr. Keith R. Mountain. The reason this dissertation exists is because of him and his hard work. At times I asked him to bear an unbearable load, and he never complained, and he never failed me. He is proof positive that, “No hill is too great for a climber”. I also want to further extend my gratitude to Dr. Lonnie G. Thompson for supplying me with not only research materials and data, but with the invaluable lessons that I have learned from him in the field. He is a world-class researcher, as well as a world-class human being. I am deeply indebted to the following for their financial support of this project; The National Science Foundation, The Association of American Geographers, The Geological iii Society of America, The Sigma-Xi National Research Society, The Department of Geography and Anthropology at Louisiana State University, and once again, Dr. Kam-biu Liu. Finally, I could not have done this without the support, encouragement, and love from my fiancée, Olivia Drinkwater. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION................................................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................1 1.1 Expected Significance...................................................................................................5 1.2 References ....................................................................................................................5 CHAPTER 2. A 25,000-YEAR HIGH-RESOLUTION POLLEN RECORD FROM THE SAJAMA ICE CAP, BOLIVIA...............................................................................9 2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................9 2.2 Background.................................................................................................................11 2.2.1 Environment and Vegetation .......................................................................11 2.3 Methods.......................................................................................................................14 2.4 A 39-year Ice-core Pollen Record of El Nino-Southern Oscillation from the Sajama Ice Cap, Bolivia, 1958-1996 .......................................................................................15 2.5 A 400-year High-resolution Ice Core Pollen Record from Mt. Sajama, Bolivia........20 2.6 A 25,000-year High-resolution Pollen Record from the Sajama Ice Cap, Bolivia.....25 2.7 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................31 2.8 References...................................................................................................................32 CHAPTER 3. POLLEN DISPERSAL AND DEPOSITION ON THE QUELCCAYA ICE CAP, PERU....................................................................................................35 3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................35 3.2 Background.................................................................................................................36 3.2.1 Vegetation....................................................................................................39 3.2.2 Wind Patterns...............................................................................................40 3.3 Methods and Materials................................................................................................41 3.4 Results.........................................................................................................................43 3.4.1 2000 Results.................................................................................................44 3.4.2 2001 Results.................................................................................................47 3.5 Discussion and Conclusion.........................................................................................50 3.5.1 The Intra-Annual Results.............................................................................50 3.5.2 The Inter-Annual Results.............................................................................53 3.5.3 Conclusions..................................................................................................56 3.6 References...................................................................................................................56 CHAPTER 4. POLLEN DISPERSAL AND DEPOSITION ON THE ICE CAP OF VOLĆAN PARINACOTA, SOUTHWESTERN BOLIVIA ..........................63 4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................63 4.2 Background.................................................................................................................64 4.3 Materials and Methods................................................................................................68 v 4.4 Results.........................................................................................................................70 4.5 Discussion...................................................................................................................72 4.6 References...................................................................................................................75 CHAPTER 5. A MODERN POLLEN-RAIN STUDY FROM THE CENTRAL ANDES REGION OF SOUTH AMERICA.........................................................................78 5.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................78 5.2 Study Area ..................................................................................................................79 5.2.1 Physiography................................................................................................79 5.2.2 Climate and Wind Patterns ..........................................................................81 5.2.2.1 Surface Winds...............................................................................81 5.2.2.2 Upper-Level Winds.......................................................................83 5.2.3 Vegetation....................................................................................................85 5.3 Methods and Materials................................................................................................88 5.4 Results.........................................................................................................................90 5.4.1 Pollen Results...............................................................................................94
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