DOCSLIB.ORG

PHARMACOPEIA of QOLLAHUAYA ANDEANS Summary This Research

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PHARMACOPEIA of QOLLAHUAYA ANDEANS Summary This Research Journal of Rthnopharmiicolofiy. 8 n<in:h 97-111 97 Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd. PHARMACOPEIA OF QOLLAHUAYA ANDEANS JOSEPH W. BASTIEN Department of Anthropology. University of Texas, Arlington, Texas 76019 (U.S.A.) (Accepted September 29. 1982) Summary This research report contains a list of 89 medicinal plants employed by the Qollahuaya (Callawaya) Andeans of Bolivia, who are famous herbalists in South America. This list contains botanical classification, origin of plant, quality, therapeutical properties, and medicinal uses. An analysis is made of the distribution of qualities and therapeutical uses to ascertain the scope of their pharmacology and incidence of disease. Therapeutic properties are interrelated with physiology in an effort to understand Qollahuaya eth- nophysiology. Introduction This paper contains the classifications and systematics of the Qollahuaya (Callawaya) Andean herbalists. This provides an understanding of Andeans' ethnopharmacology and ethnophysiology. The ethnographic background and sociological analysis of "Herbal Curing by Qollahuaya Andeans" appears in a previous volume of this journal so the reader is referred to this article for more complete background information (Bastien, 1982b). Briefly, Qolla- huayas live in the Province Bautista Saavedra, midwestern Bolivia, border- ing on Peru. The ethnic population is 11,960 people living in an area about the size of the U.S. State of Delaware. They live at altitudes of 2700^*300 m where they farm and herd. Although the majority speak Quechua, Tschopik (1946) classified them as a special cultural subgroup of the Aymara nation. Traditionally, they were probably a distinct ethnic group which later adopted Aymara and Quechua features (see Bastien, 1973, 1978, 1979, 1981. 1982a and b; Oblitas, 1963, 1968, 1969; Otero, 1951; Stark, 1972) for more ethnographic information about the Qollahuayas). The villages of Chajaya and Curva are noted for their herbalists: Chajaya has 28 and Curva has 37, with the same proportion of 27% herbalists to non-herbalists. These herbalists follow a tradition of more than a 1000 years of medicinal expertise: they performed brain surgery and used Ilex guayusa, a holly-like plant, for an anesthetic as early as 700 A.D. 0378-8741/83/$04.80 ©1983 Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd. Published and Printed in Ireland 98 (Ryden, 1957-9; Wassen, 1972). Presently, they commonly employ more than 300 medicinal plants and are renowned throughout Argentina, Bolivia, Peru and Chile as very skilled herbalists. Andean people call them "The Lords of the Medicine Bag" ("Qolla Kapachayuh"). 1 began fieldwork among the Qollahuaya Andeans in 1972, when I analyzed the function of Qollahuaya diviners in ritual curing (Bastien, 1973, 1978, 1981).! returned to the Qollahuaya region in 1979, 1980 and 1981 to study the herbalists of Chajaya and Curva and their use of medi- cinal plants. I collected the medicinal uses of plants from five herbalists and gathered 212 plant samples. Botanical classification was done by associates of the New York Botanical Garden. Table 1 is a partial list of 89 plants out of 175 analyzed (37 plants lacked sufficient data). Selection was based on use by three or more herbalists (see Bastien (1984) for the complete list as well as prescribed formulas for treating different illnesses). Qollahuayas classify herbs according to quality (ca/tdad), therapeutic properties (propiedad.es), and medicinal uses (aplicacion) (see Table 1). They categorize the qualities according to hot, warm, cordial, fresh, poisonous and fetishistic. Hot and warm refer to the degree to which a plant is heat-producing in the body (primarily as linaments, sudorifics, and tranquilizers) (see columns 1 and 2, Table 2). Cordial and fresh refer to the degree to which a plant is cooling to the body (primarily as biliary regulants, disinflammatory and febrifuge) (see columns 3 and 4, Table 2). Cordial is to fresh as warm is to hot; lesser degrees of cooling or heating to - the body. Some plants (chilto, hinojo and llanten) are characterized as cordial for temporary and mild ailments (canker sores, gal&ctostasis and indigestion). Herbalist categorize a plant as poisonous when it is used to kill animals or people. Although some herbs are toxic in overdoses, for example ch'ullu ch'ullu (Digitalis purpurea L.), Qollahuayas do not classify it as poisonous but rather consider this factor by carefully regulating the dosage. Only skilled herbalists attempt to treat edema with Purple Foxglove and if so they stay with the patient for several weeks. Although herbalists some- times disagree whether a plant is hot, warm, cordial and fresh, they all agree on poisonous and fetishistic categories. Fetish refers to plants employed for magical ends: for example, coca for divining etiology, incense for ritual curing, and willalayo, an amulet to ward off the evil-eye. Qollahuayas attribute certain therapeutic properties to herbs according to the affects which the herbs have on the body: make a person sweat (sudorific), reduce fever (febrifuge), remove mucous (expectorant), calm pain (analgesic), regulate bile (biliary regulant), cause menstruation (emmenagogue), increase lactation (galactophorous), repel worms (ver- mifuge), relax muscles (linament, tranquilizer), dispel products (emetics and purgatives), and more. (See Table 2). Many plants have chemical'com- ponents with noted therapeutic affects: for example, quinine (quina cas- carilla) is an effective febrifuge for malaria, cocaine (Erythroxylum coca) and bocanine (amaqari) are analgesic, digitalis (ch'ullu ch'ullu) is a very 99 important medicine for treating congestive heart failure (edema). Herbalists claim that pharmaceutical companies have utilized more than 50 species from the Qollahuaya pharmacopeia for use in manufacturing drugs. Essen- tially, Qollahuayas herbalists have a vast knowledge of how certain plants affect the physiology of Andeans. This is a science in that it is based on observation and empirical investigation of cause and effect; moreover, this body of knowledge decreases or expands over time. Qollahuayas employ plants for certain therapeutic effects according to how they understand human physiology. Table 3 indicates the following: (1) about half (42%)* of the therapeutic uses are concerned with liquids (blood, bile, milk, phlegm, urine and water) or fluids (air, food and fecal matter); (2) a quarter (28%) are concerned with regulating and purifying the con- duits and processing organs; (3) the remainder (30%) deal with pain and injuries of the skin, muscles and bones. This suggests that these Andeans understand the human body as a humoral system characterized by a mus- cular-skeletal framework and conduits through which air, blood, feces, milk, sweat and phlegm flow. Herbalists are concerned with repairing the framework and cleaning out the conduits from bile, feces, gas, phlegm, sweat and urine, which need to be regularly eliminated because if they accumulate, they become toxic. According to their concepts, Qollahuaya humoral physiology conceives of the circulation of primary fluids (blood, fat, water and air), with distillation", processes (breathing, digestion and reproduction) which produce secondary fluids (phlegm, bile, gas, milk, sweat, urine and feces) that need to be regularly eliminated. If these processed fluids accumulate, they become noxious and must be purged from the body with carminatives, emetics, enemas, fastings, dietary restrictions and baths. Basically, the body is a hydraulic system with distillation processes: the circulation of primary fluids and elimination of secondary fluids. After elimination, some secon- dary fluids, urine and milk, can be incorporated into the body and processed again: e.g. Andean ladies wash their hair in urine decomposed by the sun, and babies are nourished by maternal milk. Concepts of Andean humoral physiology partially explain their style of administering medicinal plants in mate, cooking, parches, enemas, sup- positories, massages and baths (see Medicinal Uses in Table 1). Fifty-five herbs (62%) are administered as mate (seeping parts of the plants in a cup of boiled water for 10 min, then drinking it) or cooking (boiling parts of plant in 11 of water for 5 min, then drinking a cup of this). In either case, the medicinal qualities are removed from the plant and absorbed into the water. This transferring of the plant's chemicals to a liquid form symbolic- ally parallels the distillation processes within the body: the stomach transfer 'This percentage is even higher if you include the 13 herbs classified for respiratory organs which are primarily used to regulate mucous. TABLE 1 QOLLAHUAYA MEDICINAL PLANTS' Name Botanical classification11 Origin' Quality Therapeutic properties41 Medicinal uses Altamisa Ambrosia peruviana Willd. Andes Poison Vermifuge Suppository: worms (mugwort) Malvaceae Warm Analgesic Massage: muscles Allqo Khishka Xanthium spinosum var. Andes Cordial Purify blood mate: VD and alcoholism (espinillo) catharticum H.B.K. Febrifuge mate: high fever Compositae Amaqari Bocconia integrifolia H. & B. Andes Warm Expectorant mate: colds Papaveraceae Analgesic Massage: sore muscles Antiseptic Topically: wounds Anis del Campo Tagetes pusilla H.B.K. vel affin. Europe Warm Carminative mate: colic and indigestion (wild anis) Compositae Andes Sudorific mate: colds Galactophorous mate: galactostasis Arrayan Eugenia myrtomimenta Diels. Europe Warm Analgesic Topically: toothaches (myrtle) Myrtaceae Aya Zapatilla Calceolaria cuneiformis
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Races of Maize in Bolivia
    RACES OF MAIZE IN BOLIVIA Ricardo Ramírez E. David H. Timothy Efraín DÍaz B. U. J. Grant in collaboration with G. Edward Nicholson Edgar Anderson William L. Brown NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES- NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Publication 747 Funds were provided for publication by a contract between the National Academythis of Sciences -National Research Council and The Institute of Inter-American Affairs of the International Cooperation Administration. The grant was made the of the Committee on Preservation of Indigenousfor Strainswork of Maize, under the Agricultural Board, a part of the Division of Biology and Agriculture of the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council. RACES OF MAIZE IN BOLIVIA Ricardo Ramírez E., David H. Timothy, Efraín Díaz B., and U. J. Grant in collaboration with G. Edward Nicholson Calle, Edgar Anderson, and William L. Brown Publication 747 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES- NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Washington, D. C. 1960 COMMITTEE ON PRESERVATION OF INDIGENOUS STRAINS OF MAIZE OF THE AGRICULTURAL BOARD DIVISIONOF BIOLOGYAND AGRICULTURE NATIONALACADEMY OF SCIENCES- NATIONALRESEARCH COUNCIL Ralph E. Cleland, Chairman J. Allen Clark, Executive Secretary Edgar Anderson Claud L. Horn Paul C. Mangelsdorf William L. Brown Merle T. Jenkins G. H. Stringfield C. O. Erlanson George F. Sprague Other publications in this series: RACES OF MAIZE IN CUBA William H. Hatheway NAS -NRC Publication 453 I957 Price $1.50 RACES OF MAIZE IN COLOMBIA M. Roberts, U. J. Grant, Ricardo Ramírez E., L. W. H. Hatheway, and D. L. Smith in collaboration with Paul C. Mangelsdorf NAS-NRC Publication 510 1957 Price $1.50 RACES OF MAIZE IN CENTRAL AMERICA E.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of the New York Botanical Garden
    JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VOL. 47 JUNE PAGES No. 558 19^6 133—160 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CAROL H. WOODWARD, Editor JUNE BLOOM AT THE GARDEN Roses HE great Rose Garden on the east side of the grounds, largely contributed by the T firm of Bobbink 5? Atkins, contains 7,000 or more plants in some 800 varieties and species which will be at their peak the first half of June. To reach the Rose Garden by automobile, turn into the grounds at the second gate going east off Fordham Road; or, follow the road from the Main Entrance toward the rear of the Museum Building, then east and south to the Rose Garden. By subway, the nearest route is by way of the White Plains Road line on the East Side IRT, walk­ ing westward from the Pelham Parkway Station. Peonies A collection of 240 varieties, including the Saunders hybrids, at the north end of the Main Conservatory, will be in flower in early June. Rhododendrons Starting in late May, the Garden's large collection of rhododendron hybrids will continue to flower during the early part of June. Daylilies Late June and July is the peak season for daylilies, to be seen in the Experimental Garden on the east side of the grounds. Rock Garden While the peak of the season comes in May, many attractive flowering plants will give pleasing color and pattern during June. JUNE EVENTS AT THE GARDEN Members' Day June 5 Painting Wild Flowers in Westchester County Eloise P.
    [Show full text]
  • Prehispanic Use of Domestic Space at La Huerta De Huacalera Jorge Roberto Palma Universidad De Buenos Aires, [email protected]
    Andean Past Volume 8 Article 15 2007 Prehispanic Use of Domestic Space at La Huerta de Huacalera Jorge Roberto Palma Universidad de Buenos Aires, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Palma, Jorge Roberto (2007) "Prehispanic Use of Domestic Space at La Huerta de Huacalera," Andean Past: Vol. 8 , Article 15. Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past/vol8/iss1/15 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Andean Past by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PREHISPANIC USE OF DOMESTIC SPACE AT LA HUERTA DE HUACALERA Jorge Roberto Palma Instituto de Ciencias Antropológicas, Sección Arqueología Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires INTRODUCTION necessary for subsistence activities; or (b) as a society marked by differentiation of status From the end of the first millennium A.D. among its members with unequal access to the human occupation of the Humahuaca goods and resources. The first category arises Quebrada was marked, as was that of all of from the implicit assumption that societies northwestern Argentina, by a sudden rise in naturally require a hierarchical division of labor large urban centers exhibiting a high degree of (Earle 1987; Johnson and Earle 1987; Service internal structural complexity (Nielsen 1996, 1984; Wright 1984). This position is strongly 1997a; Palma 1987/89, 2000). La Huerta de held by those who consider change to be an Huacalera (SJujTil12) is a typical example of adaptive response to environmental pressures one of these settlements.
    [Show full text]
  • Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Modulation Properties of Azorella Pedunculata Methanolic Extract on A549 Cancer Cells
    International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research (eIJPPR) | August 2019 | Volume 9| Issue 4| Page 10-22 Marcelo Grijalva, Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Modulation Properties of Azorella pedunculata Methanolic Extract on A549 Cancer Cells Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Modulation Properties of Azorella pedunculata Methanolic Extract on A549 Cancer Cells Marcelo Grijalva1, 2*, Nayara Gómez2, Lizeth Salazar1, María José Vallejo3, María Elena Cazar 4, Adriana Jara Bermeo5, Luis Castillo6 1 Centre of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of the Armed Forces ESPE, P.O. Box 171-5-231B, Sangolquí, Ecuador. 2 Departament of Life Sciences, University of the Armed Forces ESPE, P.O. Box 171-5-231B, Sangolquí, Ecuador. 3 Research and Teaching Unit, Nueva Aurora Luz Elena Arismendi Hospital, P.O. BOX 170701, Quito, Ecuador. 4 Biotechnology and Biodiversity Group, University of Cuenca, PO Box. 0101168. Cuenca, Ecuador. 5 Natural Resources Chemistry Institute, University of Talca. PO Box 747-721. Talca, Chile. 6 School of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, Central University of Ecuador, P.O. Box 1701521, Quito, Ecuador. ABSTRACT Species of the genus Azorella have been widely studied for the presence of secondary metabolites with biological activities. Azorella pedunculata is the most common species of Azorella genus in Ecuadorian moors. The present study evaluated the oxidative stress-protective and antioxidant effects of methanolic extract from A. pedunculata on A549 cells treated with hydrogen peroxide (for induction of oxidative stress). The DPPH assay (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) was used to assess the antioxidant activity of the extract. Cell viability for extract-treated cells was assessed by the 3-(4, 5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.
    [Show full text]
  • Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2003 Pollen Dispersal and Deposition in the High-Central Andes, South America Carl A. Reese
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2003 Pollen dispersal and deposition in the high-central Andes, South America Carl A. Reese Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Reese, Carl A., "Pollen dispersal and deposition in the high-central Andes, South America" (2003). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 1690. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/1690 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. POLLEN DISPERSAL AND DEPOSITION IN THE HIGH-CENTRAL ANDES, SOUTH AMERICA A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Carl A. Reese B.A., Louisiana State University, 1998 M.S., Louisiana State University, 2000 August 2003 Once again, To Bull and Sue ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank my major professor, Dr. Kam-biu Liu, for his undying support throughout my academic career. From sparking my initial interest in the science of biogeography, he has wisely led me through swamps and hurricanes, from the Amazon to the Atacama, and from sea level to the roof of the world with both patience and grace.
    [Show full text]
  • Mulinane and Azorellane Diterpenoid Biomarkers by GC-MS from a Representative Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Species of the Andes
    molecules Article Mulinane and Azorellane Diterpenoid Biomarkers by GC-MS from a Representative Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Species of the Andes Bernd R.T. Simoneit 1,*, Daniel R. Oros 2, Rudolf Jaffé 3 , Alexandra Didyk-Peña 4,*, Carlos Areche 5, Beatriz Sepúlveda 6 and Borys M. Didyk 7 1 Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA 2 Consultant, 72 Marina Lakes Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, USA; [email protected] 3 Southeast Environmental Research Center and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA; jaffer@fiu.edu 4 Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile 5 Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago 8320000, Chile; [email protected] 6 Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile; [email protected] 7 Consultant, Casilla 942, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (B.R.T.S.); [email protected] (A.D.-P.); Tel.: +1-541-737-2081 (B.R.T.S.) Academic Editor: Motoo Tori Received: 16 January 2019; Accepted: 13 February 2019; Published: 14 February 2019 Abstract: Extracts of bled resin from Azorella compacta, of the Azorelloideae family from the Andes (>4000 m), were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The mass spectra of the dominant compounds of the resin and its hydrogenation products were documented. The most abundant compounds were oxygenated diterpenoids, namely mulinadien-20-oic (D11,13 and D11,14) acids, azorell-13-en-20-oic acid, 13α,14β-dihydroxymulin-11-en-20-oic acid, and azorellanol, with a group of azorellenes and mulinadienes.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Medicinal Plants of the Argentinean Puna
    1 MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE ARGENTINEAN PUNA: A COMMON PROPERTY RESOURCE AND AN OPPORTUNITY FOR LOCAL PEOPLE F.R. Barbarán1 Abstract Considering that poverty increased in Argentina due to local currency devaluation (400 %) in 2002, the objective of the project Cultivating the Health is to create certified phyto- medicines to give them for free to the rural poor. In order to contribute to that objective, I collected and identified the medicinal plants of the Argentinean Puna. The study area is placed in NW Argentina in Salta (Los Andes Department: 25636 Km2) and Jujuy Provinces (Susques Department: 9200 Km2), placed between 3500 and 5000 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.), near the border with Bolivia and Chile. With the help of 3 medicine women and 18 local guides, 42 species of plants used as medicine by local people, were identified: 1 Pteridaceae, 1 Amaranthaceae, 1 Anacardiaceae, 2 Apiaceae, 13 Asteraceae, 2 Cactaceae, 2 Chenopodiaceae, 1 Ephedraceae, 2 Fabaceae, 1 Krameriaceae, 3 Lamiaceae, 2 Malvaceae, 1 Plantaginaceae, 3 Poaceae, 1 Rosaceae, 2 Solanaceae, 1 Tiphaceae and 4 Verbenaceae. According to their medicinal properties, 10 of those species are offered to tourists, despite one of them Werneria poposa (Asteraceae) is endangered. The traditional knowledge about the use of those plants is being eroded and lost, because now a day is easier for the dwellers to obtain medical attention in primary health care systems. On the other hand, the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of most of those species are little known. There is pharmaceutical information available for only 36 % of the species identified.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisión Taxonómica Del Género Sudamericano Mulinum (Azorelloideae, Apiaceae)
    Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 74(1): e048 2017. ISSN: 0211–1322. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2433 Revisión taxonómica del género sudamericano Mulinum (Azorelloideae, Apiaceae) Martina Fernández*, Cecilia Ezcurra & Carolina I. Calviño Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina; [email protected] Resumen Abstract Fernández, M., Ezcurra, C. & Calviño, C.I. 2017. Revisión taxonómica del Fernández, M., Ezcurra, C. & Calviño, C.I. 2017. Taxonomic revision of género sudamericano Mulinum (Azorelloideae, Apiaceae). Anales Jard. the South American genus Mulinum (Azorelloideae, Apiaceae). Anales Bot. Madrid 74(1): e048. Jard. Bot. Madrid 74(1): e048. El género Mulinum es endémico del sur de Sudamérica, donde domina la The genus Mulinum is endemic to southern South America, where it vegetación de regiones elevadas de los Andes y la estepa patagónica, de domains the vegetation of the high Andes and the Patagonian steppe, aquí su importancia ecológica. Presentamos un tratamiento en el que se and behold its ecologic importance. We present a treatment in which 10 aceptan 10 especies y 3 variedades. Se aportan una clave para su recon- species and 3 varieties are accepted. A diagnostic key to the species is ocimiento, listas de sinónimos, descripciones, observaciones sobre afini- included, and lists of synonyms, morphological descriptions, observations dades morfológicas entre las especies, discusión de datos bibliográficos, on the morphological affinities between species, review of the relevant ilustraciones y mapas de distribución. También se analizan y resuelven literature, illustrations, and distribution maps are provided.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluación Etnobotanica De La Yareta (Azorella Compacta) En Arequipa (Perú) Y Sus Posibles Aplicaciones
    Quad. Bot. Amb. Appl., 23 (2012): 15-30. Evaluación etnobotanica de la Yareta (Azorella compacta) en Arequipa (Perú) y sus posibles aplicaciones F. CACERES De BALDARRAGO 1, I. POMA 2 & V. SPADARO 3 1 Área de Botánica. Departamento de Biología. Universidad Nacional de San Agustin, Appartato 32. Goyeneche 2016. Mi- raflores, Perú. 3 Dip. dei Sistemi Agroambientali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze 13 – 90128 Palermo, Italia. 2 Laboratorio di Biologia farmaceutica, Dip. di Biologia ambientale e Biodiversità, Università degli Studi di Palermo, via Archirafi 28 – 90123 PalermoItalia. ABSTRACT – Ethnobotanical study of the Yareta Arequipa plant (Azorella compacta Phil) and its possible applications. – The aim of this work is the ethnobotanical characterisation of the Yareta Arequipa plant (Azorella compacta Phil.), to report indi- cations about its uses within the “Salinas y Aguada Blanca” National Reserve (RNSAB) populations and to find its possible applications. The survey has been carried out on nine communities of the Arequipa Region (Perú). It concerned the present degree of conservation of the plants, the botanical description and classification, the ecological characterization, the use and the distribution in ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology and all the uses of the RNSAB populations of Arequipa. The results show that all the nine communities use the yareta plant as combustibile, as medicine and seldom as biocide. The population use mainly the resin of the plant as medicine to repair the bones system, i.e. breaks
    [Show full text]
  • Descarga El Libro De Resúmenes Aquí
    LXII REUNIÓN ANUAL SOCIEDAD DE BIOLOGÍA DE CHILE XIII REUNIÓN ANUAL SOCIEDAD CHILENA DE EVOLUCIÓN XXVI REUNIÓN ANUAL SOCIEDAD DE ECOLOGÍA DE CHILE XXIX REUNIÓN ANUAL SOCIEDAD DE BOTÁNICA DE CHILE HOTEL VILLA DEL RÍO, 11, 12 y 13 marzo 2020 Valdivia 1 AUSPICIADORES 2 CONFERENCIAS 3 CONFERENCIA DR. HERMAN NIEMEYER Breast Cancer Genetics in Chile and Latin America: the history of colonization associated to founder mutations Carvallo, Pilar1. (1) Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Breast cancer is one of the first causes of death by cancer in Chile as in many countries in Latin America. The incidence of breast cancer in Latin American populations varies between 24/100,000 a 71/100,000, being Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil, countries with the highest incidence. This high incidence of breast cancer is associated to the European component, as it has been demonstrated in different studies among Hispanic populations. In relation to genetics, since 2000 the screening of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations has been performed in several Latin American countries, in women with hereditary breast cancer. Mutations in these two genes have been found in all populations studied until today, finding a 13.7% to 26.3% of mutation carriers among women with hereditary breast cancer. Only few populations share some mutations: Brazil/Argentina (13), México/Argentina (8), Chile/Argentina (7) and Chile/Brazil (6). Most mutations in Latin America have been already described in Spain, Portugal and among European populations, in concordance with our history of colonization. Also some founder mutations have been described in Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, being the most striking finding the 9 founder mutations in Chilean population.
    [Show full text]
  • The Community Ecology, Dynamics and Productivity of Tropical Grasslands in the Andes
    The Pdramo Vegetation of Ecuador: the Community Ecology, Dynamics and Productivity of Tropical Grasslands in the Andes. by Paul Michael Ramsay A thesis submitted for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor of the University of Wales. December 1992 School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW. i Dedicated to the memory of Jack Higgins, my grandfather. "... a naturalist's life would be a happy one if he had only to observe and never to write." Charles Darwin ii Table of Contents Preface AcknoWledgements vii Summary ix Resumen Chapter 1. Introduction to the Ecuadorian P6ramos 1 Ecuador 2 The Pâramos of the Andes 2 Geology and Edaphology of the Paramos 6 Climate 8 Flora 11 Fauna 14 The Influence of Man 14 Chapter 2. The Community Ecology of the Ecuadorian P6ramos 17 Introduction 18 Methods 20 Results 36 The Zonal Vegetation of the Ecuadorian Paramos 51 Discussion 64 Chapter 3. Plant Form in the Ecuadorian Paramos 77 Section I. A Growth Form Classification for the Ecuadorian Paramos 78 Section II. The Growth Form Composition of the Ecuadorian Pâramos Introduction 94 Methods 95 Results 97 Discussion 107 Section III. Temperature Characteristics of Major Growth Forms in the Ecuadorian PSramos Introductio n 112 Methods 113 Results 118 Discussion 123 III Table of Contents iv Chapter 4. Aspects of Plant Community Dynamics in the Ecuadorian Pgramos 131 Introduction 132 Methods 133 Results 140 Discussion 158 Chapter 5. An Assessment of Net Aboveground Primary Productivity in the Andean Grasslands of Central Ecuador 165 Introduction 166 Methods 169 Results 177 Discussion 189 Chapter 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Ministerio Del Ambiente -Perú
    Ministerio del Ambiente -Perú- Serie Indicadores Ambientales 2 013 Ministerio del Ambiente 2 012 Javier Pulgar Vidal Ministro del Ambiente Mariano Castro Sánchez Moreno Viceministro de Gestión Ambiental Ana Sabogal Dunin Borkowski Directora General de Investigación e Información Ambiental Serie de indicadores ambientales Nº 1 Indicadores ambientales Cusco Nº 2 Indicadores ambientales Junín Nº 3 Indicadores ambientales San Martín Nº 4 Indicadores ambientales Arequipa Nº 5 Indicadores ambientales Ayacucho Nº 6 Indicadores ambientales Cajamarca Nº 7 Indicadores ambientales Loreto Nº 8 Indicadores ambientales Ancash Nº 9 Indicadores ambientales Piura Nº10 Indicadores ambientales Tacna Nº11 Indicadores ambientales La Libertad Nº12 Indicadores ambientales Amazonas Nº13 Indicadores ambientales Tumbes Equipo de producción Verónika Mendoza Díaz Coordinadora de información ambiental Dirección General de Investigación e Información Ambiental - MINAM Hipólita Paniagua Chambe Consultora Agradecimiento Ministerio del Ambiente agradece a todas las entidades que colaboraron brindando la información necesaria para la elaboración del Boletín de indicadores ambientales del departamento de Moquegua las mismas que se encuentran citadas a lo largo del documento. Un agradecimiento especialmente al Ing. Agapito Mamani Luis - Gerente de Recursos Naturales y Gestión del Medio Ambiente y al Ing. Francisco Flor, por su apoyo. Indicadores Ambientales Moquegua Índice INTRODUCCIÓN 5 I. ASPECTOS GENERALES Y SOCIO ECONÓMICOS DE LA REGIÓN 6 1.1. Geográfico 6 1.1.1. Ubicación y división política 6 1.1.2. Clima 8 1.1.3. Geografía 10 1.1.4. Hidrografía 11 1.1.5. Hidrotermalismo 17 1.1.6. Volcanismo 17 1.1.7. Oceanografía 18 1.1.8. Clasificación de los espacios naturales 19 1.2.
    [Show full text]