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COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Studies in Latin American Ethnohistory & Archaeology Joyce Marcus General Editor Volume I A Fuego y Sangre: Early Zapotec Imperialism in the Cuicatlán Cañada, Oaxaca, by Elsa Redmond, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 16. 1983. Volume II Irrigation and the Cuicatec Ecosystem: A Study of Agriculture and Civilization in North Central Oaxaca, by Joseph W. Hopkins, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 17. 1984. Volume III Aztec City-States, by Mary G. Hodge, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 18. 1984. Volume IV Conflicts over Coca Fields in Sixteenth-Century Peru, by María Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 21. 1988. Volume V Tribal and Chiefly Warfare in South America, by Elsa Redmond, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 28. 1994. Volume VI Imperial Transformations in Sixteenth-Century Yucay, Peru, transcribed and edited by R. Alan Covey and Donato Amado González, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 44. 2008. Volume VII Domestic Life in Prehispanic Capitals: A Study of Specialization, Hierarchy, and Ethnicity, edited by Linda R. Manzanilla and Claude Chapdelaine, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 46. 2009. Volume VIII Yuthu: Community and Ritual in an Early Andean Village, by Allison R. Davis, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 50. 2011. Volume IX Advances in Titicaca Basin Archaeology–III, edited by Alexei Vranich, Elizabeth A. Klarich, and Charles Stanish, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 51. 2012. Volume X Regional Archaeology in the Inca Heartland: The Hanan Cuzco Surveys, edited by R. Alan Covey, Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 55. 2014. COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology University of Michigan Number 55 Studies in Latin American Ethnohistory & Archaeology Joyce Marcus, General Editor Volume X Regional Archaeology in the Inca Heartland The Hanan Cuzco Surveys edited by R. Alan Covey Ann Arbor, Michigan 2014 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL ©2014 by the Regents of the University of Michigan The Museum of Anthropology All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-0-915703-83-8 Cover design by Katherine Clahassey The University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology currently publishes two monograph series: Anthropological Papers and Memoirs. For permissions, questions, or catalogs, contact Museum of Anthropology Publications: 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1079; [email protected]; www.lsa.umich.edu/umma/ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Regional archaeology in the Inca heartland: the Hanan Cuzco surveys / edited by R. Alan Covey. pages cm. -- (Memoirs of the museum of anthropology, University of Michigan ; number 55) (Studies in Latin American ethnohistory & archaeology ; volume X) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-915703-83-8 (alk. paper) 1. Incas--Peru--Cuzco Region--Antiquities. 2. Archaeological surveying--Peru--Cuzco Region. 3. Cuzco Region (Peru)--Antiquities. I. Covey, R. Alan, 1974- editor, author. F3429.1.C9R44 2014 985.’3701--dc23 2014000867 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the ANSI Standard Z39.48-1984 (Permanence of Paper). Front cover: Photo of a dance group from Pisac gathering at the Inca ruins above their town to make reverence to Pachatusan (background) before descending to take part in an annual saint’s day festival. Photo: A. Covey. COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Contents List of Illustrations vii List of Tables x Foreword, by Joyce Marcus xi Acknowledgments, by R. Alan Covey xvii Introduction, by R. Alan Covey xix PART I. Regions and Research 1 Research Projects and Field and Laboratory Methods 3 R. Alan Covey, Véronique Bélisle, and Allison R. Davis 2 Environment and Ecology in the Hanan Cuzco Region 21 R. Alan Covey and Maeve Skidmore PART II. Transitions toward Sedentism and Agriculture 3 The Preceramic Occupation of the Hanan Cuzco Region 45 R. Alan Covey and Nicholas Griffis 4 Formative Period Settlement Patterns in the Xaquixaguana Region 53 Allison R. Davis 5 Formative Period Settlement Patterns in the Sacred Valley 65 R. Alan Covey PART III. Local Societies and the Effects of Wari Colonization 6 Early Intermediate Period and Middle Horizon Settlement Patterns in the Xaquixaguana Region 77 Véronique Bélisle 7 Local Developments in the Sacred Valley and Responses to Wari Colonization 93 R. Alan Covey v COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL PART IV. The Advent of the Inca State 8 Late Intermediate Period Archaeology and Inca Rivals on the Xaquixaguana Plain 111 R. Alan Covey 9 Late Intermediate Period Settlement Patterns in the Sacred Valley and the Measure of Early Inca State Power 129 R. Alan Covey PART V. Imperial Transformations 10 Local Populations, Royal Lineages, and State Entities in the Inca Occupation of the Xaquixaguana Plain 153 R. Alan Covey 11 Inca Imperial Settlement Patterns in the Sacred Valley 175 R. Alan Covey 12 Reconstructing Colonial Migration and Resettlement in the Cuzco Region 193 Kylie E. Quave vi COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL Illustrations front cover: Dance group from Pisac, gathering at Inca ruins to make reverence to Pachatusan 1. Woodcut from a 1554 edition of Pedro de Cieza de León’s Crónica del Perú, xix 2. Aerial view of the Inca monumental site of Saqsaywaman, xx 3. E. George Squier’s 1877 map of ruins in the Inca heartland, xxi 4. Map of Cuzco region showing Hanan Cuzco survey boundaries, xxii 1.1. Map of Hanan Cuzco region, 4 1.2. The relative ceramic sequence compared with radiocarbon-dated artifacts, 5 1.3. Hanan Cuzco field crew conducting survey work in the Qoricocha puna, 5 1.4. Map of Cuzco region survey projects directed by Bauer and Covey, 6 1.5. Site registration by a survey crew in the Xaquixaguana region, 8 1.6. Ridgetop boundary marker registered during the Qoricocha Puna Survey, 9 1.7. The Urubamba area in the Calca-Yanahuara survey region, 10 1.8. Formative period pottery styles, 11 1.9. Chanapata open and closed vessels, 11 1.10. Qotakalli-style pottery, 13 1.11. Muyu Urqu-style pottery, 13 1.12. Waru-style pottery, 14 1.13. Araway pottery, 15 1.14. Late Intermediate period pottery styles from across the Hanan Cuzco region, 15 1.15. Cuyo pottery, 15 1.16. Inca imperial pottery from surface collections in the Sacred Valley, 17 1.17. Inca pottery that deviates from the imperial canon, 17 2.1. Map of the Hanan Cuzco region showing contemporary cities, 22 2.2. Aerial photograph of the Cuzco Basin taken by the Shippee-Johnson expedition, 23 2.3. Tourists at the Inca ruins of Pisac in the Sacred Valley, 24 2.4. The Sacred Valley at Pisac, 26 2.5. The upper Chit’apampa Basin, 27 2.6. The lower Chongo Basin, 28 2.7. Communities in the upper Chongo Basin that established the Parque de la Papa, 28 2.8. The Poques area in the mid-valley area above Lamay, 29 2.9. The confluence of the Qochoc and Vilcanota-Urubamba rivers at Calca, 30 2.10. The mid-valley area of the Qochoc Valley, 31 2.11. The Xaquixaguana Plain, 32 2.12. Rolling hills in the Chinchero area, 34 2.13. Rolling hills near Amantuy in the district of Maras, 34 2.14. View of Lake Piuray, near Chinchero, 35 2.15. The Maras salt pans, 35 2.16. Rehabilitated Inca terraces at Zurite in the Xaquixaguana area, 37 2.17. Lake Qorichocha dominates a high puna basin, 37 2.18. Large corral complex, 38 2.19. Seasonally inundated areas of puna grassland in the Qoricocha area, 39 3.1. Projectile point from the Xaquixaguana study region, 47 3.2. Small panel of painted designs on a cliff wall at Site 139, 47 3.3. Lake Huaypo area, 48 3.4. Lower Chongo Basin in the Sacred Valley, 49 3.5. Map of aceramic and lithic sites in the Hanan Cuzco region, 49 3.6. Small rockshelter in the Xaquixaguana region, 50 3.7. Sample of projectile points collected in the Xaquixaguana region, 51 vii COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 4.1. Surface scatters of Chanapata pottery, in three groups, 56 4.2. Map of surface scatters of Marcavalle-related pottery and of Chanapata pottery, 57 4.3. Map of prime agropastoral zones, 59 4.4. Sites with Chanapata pottery, and that had visible land modification, 62 5.1. Map of Formative sites in the Sacred Valley and Calca-Yanahuara study regions, 67 5.2. Scatterplot of elevation and site size for Formative sites in the Sacred Valley, 68 5.3. Photograph of the middle of the Chit’apampa Basin, 68 5.4. View of the upper Chongo Basin, 69 5.5. View of Pukara Pantillijlla, 70 5.6. Foundations of small oval-shaped structures and a canal at Pukara Pantillijlla, 71 5.7. The site of Muyu Urqu in the Cuzco Basin, 72 6.1. The Cuzco region and archaeological sites mentioned in text, 78 6.2. Distribution of Formative sites in the Xaquixaguana region, 81 6.3. Distribution of EIP/Middle Horizon sites in the Xaquixaguana region, 82 6.4. Distribution of Qotakalli components in southern cluster of Xaquixaguana region, 85 6.5. Distribution of Araway components in the Xaquixaguana region, 86 6.6. Distribution of Araway components that contain Qotakalli pottery, 88 7.1. Map of Early Intermediate and Middle Horizon period sites in the Sacred Valley, 94 7.2. Scatterplot of estimated size and elevation for SVAP sites with Qotakalli pottery, 95 7.3. Distributions of Formative and Qotakalli pottery in the Chit’apampa Basin, 96 7.4.