The Archaeology of Wak’as The of Archaeology Wak’as Explorations of the Sacred in the Pre-Columbian Andes edited by Tamara L. Bray UNIVERSITY PRESS OF COLORADO Boulder © 2015 by University Press of Colorado Published by University Press of Colorado 5589 Arapahoe Avenue, Suite 206C Boulder, Colorado 80303 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America The University Press of Colorado is a proud member of Association of American University Presses. The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by Adams State University, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Regis University, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado, Utah State University, and Western State Colorado University. ∞ This paper meets the requirements of the ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). ISBN: 978-1-60732-317-4 ISBN: 978-1-60732-318-1 (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The archaeology of wak’as : explorations of the sacred in the pre-Columbian Andes / Tamara L. Bray, editor. pages cm Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-60732-317-4 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-60732-318-1 (ebook) 1. Indians of South America—Andes—Antiquities. 2. Huacas. 3. Andes—Antiquities. 4. Indians of South America—Peru—Antiquities. 5. Peru—Antiquities. I. Bray, Tamara L. F2229.A82 2014 985'.01—dc23 2014005436 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cover illustration: Drawing by Martin de Murúa, from Códice Galvin (2004 [1590]:98r). For Frank Salomon, whose work has been foundational, insightful, and inspirational And Chaupi Ñamca said: “Only this man, alone among all the other huacas, is a real man. I’ll stay with this one forever.” So she turned into stone and stayed forever . Huarochirí manuscript, ch. 10 (ca. AD 1600) Translated in Salomon and Urioste (1991:78) Contents List of Figures ix Acknowledgments xv PART I. INTRODUCTION 1. Andean Wak’as and Alternative Configurations of Persons, Power, and Things Tamara L. Bray 3 PART II. CONTEMPORARY ORIENTATIONS 2. The Whole World Is Watching: New Perspectives on Andean Animism Catherine J. Allen 23 3. Wak’as: Entifications of the Andean Sacred Bruce Mannheim and Guillermo Salas Carreño 47 PART III. WAK’AS IN THE TIME OF THE INKAS 4. What Is a Wak’a? When Is a Wak’a? Zachary J. Chase 75 5. Pachacamac—Old Wak’a or Inka Syncretic Deity? Imperial Transformation of the Sacred Landscape in the Lower Ychsma (Lurín) Valley Krzysztof Makowski 127 6. Of Blood and Soil: Tombs, Wak’as, and the Naturalization of Social Difference in the Inka Heartland Steve Kosiba 167 7. Men Who Would Be Rocks: The Inka Wank’a Carolyn Dean 213 8. The Importance of Being Inka: Ushnu Platforms and Their Place in the Andean Landscape Frank M. Meddens 239 9. Ordering the Sacred and Recreating Cuzco Colin McEwan 265 PART IV. DEEPER HISTORIES OF WAK’AS IN THE ANDEAN PAST 10. The Shape of Things to Come: The Genesis of Wari Wak’as Anita G. Cook 295 11. Of Monoliths and Men: Human-Lithic Encounters and the Production of an Animistic Ecology at Khonkho Wankane John W. Janusek 335 PART V. CONCLUDING THOUGHTS 12. Final Reflections: Catequil as One Wak’a among Many John R. Topic 369 List of Contributors 397 Index 399 viii CONTENTS Figures 1.1. The Inka Capac Yupanqui consulting with the wak’a Pachayachachic 6 1.2. A large, natural rock outcrop housed within its own structure at the Inka site of Urcos in the Urubamba Valley 11 2.1. Don Erasmo Hualla and his son making tassel “flowers” to adorn their horses during the Feast of Santiago 30 3.1. Semantic constellations of twists and turns 54 4.1. Performative semiotics, politics, and temporality: (a) a painted statement on the inner wall of San Damián’s soccer stadium and (b) the grammatically equivalent statement on a store wall near Peru’s central highway 79 4.2. The Proyecto Arqueológico Huarochirí– Lurín Alto (PAHLA) study area (2010–2013) with major sites of investigation indicated 88 4.3. Map of the architectural center of Llacsatambo 92 4.4. Example of one of the many multi- chambered tombs at Llacsatambo 93 4.5. Examples of Inka fineware sherds excavated and collected from Llacsatambo 94 4.6. Map of the Checa pilgrimage route based on Chapter 11 of the Huarochirí Manuscript 96 4.7. Examples of Inka architectural features at Llacsatambo 97 4.8. Panoramic photograph of Inka colcas and Llacsatambo 98 4.9. Stratigraphy in PAHLA excavation units in Late Horizon–style structures at Llacsatambo 99 4.10. Stratigraphy in PAHLA excavation unit in front of a large, Late Intermediate period– style tomb opening on apex of Llacsatambo 100 4.11. Section of Inka road below Llacsatambo and Cerro San Cristóbal showing Late Horizon construction in and around primary sites discussed 101 4.12. Cerro San Cristóbal with path spiraling around and up to the hilltop’s stone platforms 103 4.13. Stone platform excavation unit on Cerro San Cristóbal that yielded copper hand and egg artifact, and the “egg-stone ancestor” 105 4.14. Copper “hand with egg” 106 4.15. White andesite “egg-stone ancestor” excavated from Cerro San Cristóbal platform 107 5.1. Map of the Lurín Valley, south coast of Peru 129 5.2. Map of Pachacamac in the lower Lurín Valley showing principal architectural features at site 132 5.3. Map showing location of excavation areas I-E and I-F in the Pampa Sur sector of Pachacamac 133 5.4. Excavation units Nos. 3 and 4 in Sector I-E near northeast facade of the Temple of the Sun 135 5.5. Provincial Inka polychrome pottery recovered from northeast facade of Temple of the Sun in Sector I-E 136 x FIGURES 5.6. Map of southern sector of Pachacamac indicating location of First Wall and excavation units 138 5.7. Profile of wall segment showing aborted wall construction 139 5.8. Provincial Inka polychrome sherds associated with First Wall foundations 139 5.9. Map showing location of excavation units in vicinity of Second Wall 140 5.10. East-west profile across entrance to North- South Street through gate in Second Wall 141 5.11. Gateway opening in Second Wall opposite Ramped Pyramid No. 1 143 5.12. Map of remote sensing survey grid in the area of the Second Wall 145 5.13. General plan of the mitmaqkuna site of Pueblo Viejo–Pucará 149 5.14. Palatial compound in Sector II of Pueblo Viejo–Pucará 151 5.15. Offerings associated with wak’a comprising part of the summit temple 151 5.16. Two circular structures associated with Summit Temple at Pueblo Viejo–Pucará 153 5.17. Looking from Summit Temple to Cerro Botija in dry season 155 6.1. Map showing location of Ollantaytambo area 168 6.2. Monumental Inka city of Ollantaytambo, canalized Vilcanota River, and agricultural terrace complex 174 6.3. Map of pre-Inka (Ollanta phase) settlement clusters and ritual centers found in Ollantaytambo area 176 6.4. Pre-Inka political and ritual centers near Ollantaytambo built around distinct geomorphological features 178 FIGURES xi 6.5. Ollanta phase tomb structures 179 6.6. Map of Inka Imperial period settlement patterns in Ollantaytambo area 181 6.7. Map indicating locations of wak’as discussed in this chapter 184 6.8. The modified boulders of matalesPo and Saratuhuallya 186 6.9. The intricately carved boulder of Ñawpa Iglesia situated near entrance to modified cave 187 6.10. The monumental complex of Perolniyoq 190 6.11. Common stylistic attributes of carved boulders in the Ollantaytambo region 195 7.1. Inka carved double “seat” at Vilcashuamán 218 7.2. Inka carved double “seat” at Ollantaytambo 220 7.3. “Throne of the Inka” at Saqsaywamán above Cuzco 221 7.4. Inka carved double “seat” in the Vilcanota River, Urubamba Valley 222 7.5. Inka wall integrated with rock outcropping at Ollantaytambo 227 7.6. Muyuqaqa, or Mesa Redonda, in Cuzco 228 7.7. Theintiwatana at Machu Picchu 229 8.1. Map of sites, ethnic groups, and ushnu platforms in Department of Ayacucho 240 8.2. The ushnu platform at Vilcashuamán 245 8.3. The ushnu platforms at Usccunta 247 8.4. The ushnu platform at Incapirca Waminan 250 8.5. The ushnu platform at Altarniyoc 251 9.1. Map of key Inka sites with capac hucha burials also indicating where revered stone objects have been found 267 9.2. Northeast end of Inka platform at Ingapirca Waminan in Ayacucho region 270 xii FIGURES 9.3. Distinctive stone objects excavated at Ingapirca Waminan 271 9.4. Sequence of deposition of the three stones recovered below the Inka platform at Ingapirca Waminan 272 9.5. Cuzco people worshipping the mountaintop stone wak’a of Huanacauri 273 9.6. Revered mountains Sawasiray, Pitusiray, and Urcosiray mentioned in Inka myth about Mama Huaco and origins of agriculture 279 9.7. Drawing of small tumulus with three concentric stone rings found on Cerro Mercedario 280 9.8. View of Drake’s Bay on the east side of La Plata Island indicating location of Inka burial 281 9.9. Diagram of La Plata capac hucha figurines organized by social groups 283 10.1. Wari ceramic model excavated at Conchopata in Ayacucho, Peru 303 10.2. Warpa effigy vessel with anthropomorph- ized towers 304 10.3. Early Tiwanaku woven tunic displaying the Staff Deity iconography 305 10.4. D-shaped wak’a in the Cheqo Wasi sector of Wari 308 10.5.